Resumo Esta pesquisa tem interesse particular de identificar a motivação e os recursos estratégicos que suportam o projeto de expansão de uma cooperativa de crédito localizada no estado do Rio Grande do Sul para o estado de Minas Gerais. Foi realizada coleta de dados com Diretores e Gerentes que lideraram o processo de expansão, os quais responderam ao questionário elaborado à luz da literatura, e os dados analisados quantitativa e qualitativamente. Os dados apontaram que a motivação para expansão respaldou-se na possibilidade de aumentar a área de atuação, expansão da marca, diversificação e aumento da segurança de operação; os fatores de localização incluíram a utilização de índices econômicos e demográficos municipais, similaridade das áreas de atuação. Os recursos estratégicos, em sua maioria, denotam paridade competitiva, destacando-se com sustentáveis o nível de confiança, captação de recursos e sistemas informatizados, considerando os recursos intangíveis são mais difíceis de serem imitados pelos concorrentes do que os tangíveis. Em termos de localização em Minas Gerais, a cooperativa priorizou a expansão de associados, área de atuação e estratégias diferenciadas dos concorrentes. Dessa forma, a pesquisa suscita ampliação, especialmente quando considerado o protagonismo exercido pelas cooperativas de crédito e sua proeminência no crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico do Brasil. Gerais literatura qualitativamente respaldouse respaldou se marca operação municipais maioria competitiva destacandose destacando confiança informatizados tangíveis associados forma ampliação Brasil

Abstract This research is particularly interested in identifying the motivation and strategic resources that support the expansion project of a credit union located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul to the state of Minas Gerais. Data collection was carried out with Directors and Managers who led the expansion process, who answered the questionnaire elaborated in the light of the literature, and the data analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The data showed that the motivation for expansion was supported by the possibility of increasing the area of operation, brand expansion, diversification and increased operational safety; location factors included the use of municipal economic and demographic indices, similarity of areas of operation. Strategic resources, for the most part, denote competitive parity, standing out as sustainable the level of trust, fundraising and computerized systems, considering that intangible resources are more difficult to be imitated by competitors than tangible ones. In terms of location in Minas Gerais, the cooperative prioritized the expansion of members, area of operation and differentiated strategies from competitors. In this way, the research raises expansion, especially when considering the role played by credit unions and their prominence in the growth and economic development of Brazil. Gerais process literature qualitatively safety indices part parity trust systems ones members way Brazil

Resumen La justicia espacial es entendida como la democratización de la ciudad a partir de la diversificación y distribución equitativa de recursos como espacios públicos, escuelas, y centros de salud, en el territorio. Esta democratización trabaja como un complemento a otras formas sociales y temporales de abordar la cuestión de las desigualdades. Para abordar la justicia espacial, los profesionales que sirven para imaginar el territorio -arquitectos, diseñadores urbanos y del paisaje, urbanistas, ingenieros, entre otros- encarnan un interés técnico cuya pretensión es transformar lo que acontece a partir de la construcción de nuevas infraestructuras, por lo que hoy en día es frecuente la pregunta sobre cuánta infraestructura hace falta para reducir las desigualades. Esta investigación cuestiona la cuantificación sistemática de infraestructuras urbanas como métrica para reducir las desigualdades espaciales. A partir de un estudio de accesibilidad, utilizando herramientas de análisis espacial en el barrio autoproducido de Petare (Caracas, Venezuela), el autor analiza cinco escenarios de inserción de espacios públicos para demostrar que la localización estratégica de las infraestructuras es más relevante que su cuantificación. Al final, el autor abre la pregunta sobre la importancia de cuestionarnos el por qué existen determinadas infraestructuras urbanas, y cuál es el modelo de ciudad para que su distribución en el espacio físico aproxime al logro de una ciudad justa.

Abstract Spatial justice is understood as the democratization of the city based on the diversification and equitable distribution of resources such as public spaces, schools, and health centers in the territory. This democratization works as a complement to other social and temporal forms of addressing the issue of inequalities. To address spatial justice, the professionals who serve to imagine the territory - architects, urban and landscape designers, urban planners, engineers, among others - embody a technical interest aiming to transform what happens through constructing new infrastructures. Therefore, today, the question of how much infrastructure is needed to reduce inequalities is frequently asked. This research criticizes the systematic quantification of urban infrastructure as a metric to reduce spatial inequalities. Based on an accessibility study working with spatial analysis tools in the self-produced neighborhood of Petare (Caracas, Venezuela), the author analyzes five scenarios of insertion of public spaces to demonstrate that the strategic location of infrastructure is more relevant than its quantification. In the end, the author opens the question about the importance of questioning why certain urban infrastructures exist and what the city model is so that its distribution in the space comes close to achieving a just city.

Resumo A justiça espacial é entendida como a democratização da cidade através da diversificação e distribuição equitativa de recursos como espaços públicos, escolas e centros de saúde no território. Esta democratização é entendida como um complemento a outras formas sociais e temporais de abordar a questão das desigualdades. Para abordar a justiça espacial, os profissionais que trabalham para imaginar o território - arquitetos, designers urbanos e paisagistas, urbanistas, engenheiros, entre outros - representam um interesse técnico cuja intenção é transformar o que acontece a partir da construção de novas infraestruturas, por isso hoje em dia é comum a pergunta sobre quanto de infraestrutura é necessário para reduzir as desigualdades. Esta pesquisa questiona a quantificação sistemática de infraestruturas urbanas como métrica para reduzir as desigualdades espaciais. A partir de um estudo de acessibilidade, utilizando ferramentas de análise espacial no bairro autoconstruído de Petare (Caracas, Venezuela), o autor analisa cinco cenários de inserção de espaços públicos para demonstrar que a localização estratégica das infraestruturas é mais relevante do que sua quantificação. No final, o autor levanta a questão sobre a importância de questionar por que existem determinadas infraestruturas urbanas e qual é o modelo de cidade para que sua distribuição no espaço físico se aproxime da realização de uma cidade justa.

This first of three articles discusses the geopolitical importance of Egypt, the geostrategic location of the Isthmus of Suez and the channel itself. It also focuses on the construction of the canal and the imperatives to both control and retain possession of it. In the late 1700s and throughout the 19th century, up until mid-1956, European powers were interested in Egypt for various reasons, including the canal. Intermittent intrigues and conflict occurred from time to time. Much was at stake, given the fact that this Isthmus and where the canal would later be constructed, has a particular strategic significance in connecting Europe and the East and also the Indian Ocean. It became increasingly more important for Britain to control this link. France's involvement in Egypt began in 1798 with Napoleon Bonaparte and later with Ferdinand de Lesseps who was granted permission to build the Suez Canal. It was opened in 1869 and it revolutionised the shipment of goods between Britain and its colonies. Initially, Britain was opposed to the construction of the canal, but later acquired a share in it. Given the execution of his foreign policy, Germany's Otto von Bismarck showed little interest in Egypt. In 1882, British troops were deployed in Egypt to suppress a nationalist uprising. The troops stayed on until after World War I. The Entente Cordiale ended 40 years of bitter rivalry between Britain and France. It granted Britain a free hand in Egypt and France the same in Morocco. In 1922, Egypt became independent, but British forces still stayed on to protect the Suez Canal. After the Second World War, Britain increased its military presence in the vicinity of the Suez Canal considerably, but Egyptians were dissatisfied about that arrangement. Britain transferred few of the advantages derived from the use of the canal to Egypt. A series of failures by Britain in the application of its foreign policy fuelled the ever growing and multifaceted conflict between Britain and Egypt. On 23 July 1952, King Farouk was dethroned in a military coup d'état in which the young Colonel Gamal Abdul Nasser played the leading role. After that Egypt was not the same anymore. Nasser established himself as an exceptional leader, not only in Egypt, but also internationally, and as one of the outcomes of his leadership, the canal was nationalised on 26 July 1956. The consequences stretched far and wide. The second article addresses such consequences in general, while the third focuses, in particular, on the effect(s) closure of the canal has had for South Africa. Attention is paid to the sea route around the Cape, as well as the closure of the canal in 1967, bearing in mind Britain's transference of its naval base, Simonstown to South Africa in the late 1950s.

In hierdie eerste van drie artikels word die geopolitieke belangrikheid van Egipte en die geostrategiese ligging van die landengte van Suez (Ismus) en daarná die kanaal self bespreek. Ook word gefokus op die bou van die kanaal en die noodsaaklikheid om beheer daaroor te verkry en te behou. In die laat 1700s en dwarsdeur die 19de eeu tot die middel van 1956 het Europese moondhede om verskeie redes in Egipte en dus ook die kanaal belanggestel. Intriges en konflik het by tye hoogty gevier. Baie was op die spel, gegewe die feit dat hierdie landengte en waar die kanaal later gebou sou word 'n besonder strategiese rol speel as verbindingslinie tussen Europa en die Ooste en ook die Indiese Oseaan. Dit het toenemend belangriker geword vir Brittanje om oor hierdie verbinding te beskik. Frankryk se betrokkenheid in Egipte begin in 1798 met Napoleon Bonaparte en later met Ferdinand de Lesseps wat die vergunning bekom het om die Suezkanaal te bou. Dit is in 1869 geopen en het 'n omwenteling in die verskeping van goedere tussen Brittanje en sy kolonies teweeggebring. Nadat Brittanje aanvanklik teen die bou van die kanaal gekant was, het hulle tog later 'n aandeel daarin verkry. In die toepassing van sy buitelandse beleid het Otto von Bismarck van Duitsland weinig belangstelling in Egipte getoon. Britse troepe word in 1882 in Egipte ontplooi om 'n nasionalistiese opstand te onderdruk. Die troepe bly aan tot na die Eerste Wereldoorlog. Die Entente Cordiale wat 40 jaar van bitter mededinging tussen Brittanje en Frankryk beëindig, het ook vir Brittanje 'n vrye hand in Egipte en vir Frankryk een in Marokko gegee. In 1922 het Egipte onafhanklik geword, maar Britse magte het aangebly om die Suezkanaal steeds te beskerm. Ná die Tweede Wereldoorlog het Brittanje sy militêre teenwoordigheid in die omstreke van die Suezkanaal aansienlik verhoog - iets wat Egiptenare geensins aangestaan het. Brittanje het min van die voordele wat uit die gebruik van die kanaal voortgespruit het aan Egipte oorgedra. 'n Reeks mislukkings in Brittanje se toepassing van sy buitelandse beleid het die basis vir die steeds groeiende en veelvlakkige konflik tussen Brittanje en Egipte aangevuur. Op 23 Julie 1952 word koning Faroek onttroon in 'n militêre staatsgreep waarin die jong kolonel Gamal Abdul Nasser die leidende rol speel. Daarná is Egipte nie meer dieselfde nie. Nasser het homself as 'n besondere leier nie net in Egipte nie, maar ook internasionaal gevestig, met een van die uitvloeisels van sy leierskap die nasionalisering van die Suezkanaal op 26 Julie 1956. Die gevolg hiervan strek vêr en wyd. In die tweede artikel word meer breedvoerig hierop ingegaan, terwyl die derde artikel oor die gevolge van die kanaalsluiting vir Suid-Afrika handel. Daar word gelet op die internasionale aandag wat op die seeroete om die Kaap gevestig is; die hersluiting van die kanaal in 1967 en Brittanje se oordrag van die vlootbasis by Simonstad in die laat 1950's aan Suid-Afrika.

Abstract: The investigation determined the location to build a graphite commercial warehouse (GCW), derived from the fact that the only place of production of the input is the state of Sonora, the above complicates satisfying the internal and external market of consumers due to the times and the distances. The methodology applied to determine the location for the construction of the warehouse was by means of a macro and micro analysis of location, both contemplate the diagnosis of variables through the methods of critical factors and center of gravity. The results allowed obtaining the order of alternatives for the GCW are Querétaro, followed by San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato, Tamaulipas, Aguascalientes, and Durango. The conclusion is that the GCW must be built in the location of georeferenced coordinates (20 ° 49´40.32 "N, 100 ° 18´32.38" W) or its equivalent (20.827, -100.308), specifically in the municipality of Marquez for have optimal communication channels and be a strategic point for the distribution of the product.

ABSTRACT This work considers the strategic Supply Chain Network Design (SCND) problem, which is to define the number and location of facilities, and the flow of products among them to fulfilling a long-term deterministic demand. A two-phase heuristic approach was specially developed to solve large scale problems in reasonable time, extending a previous algorithm introduced in Farias et al. (2017). In the construction phase, a multi-start approach was developed to generate diversified initial solutions from each new iteration of a layered-based rounding heuristic. In the second phase, a local search heuristic improves the solution provided by the rounding method. The solution method is evaluated using randomly generated instances, and a evaluated strategic of marketing in a real case study applied to a company to redesigning the supply chain to two lines of products.The obtained results evidence the effectiveness and flexibility of the developed approach for handling very large instances.

Resumen En el presente documento se plantea hacer una comparación entre las técnicas de relleno sanitario e incineración, para lo cual, se ha seleccionado estratégicamente un sitio cuyas actividades inciden de manera significativa sobre los componentes ambientales, por lo que el proyecto representa un caso supuesto para cuantificar los impactos bajo ciertas condiciones, y evaluado mediante la matriz de Leopold, la cual permite medir la interacción de actividades propias de un proyecto sobre los factores ambientales del proyecto. Ambas técnicas no resultan ambientalmente viables para el sitio propuesto, siendo el relleno sanitario más impactante. Se requieren realizar estudios técnicos que permitan depurar la magnitud de los impactos, así como proponer medidas ambientales durante su ejecución. Se recomienda seleccionar un sitio con características poco vulnerables desde el punto de vista ambiental y social, para favorecer la viabilidad del proyecto.

Abstract The environmental impacts of landfills and incineration are compared for a strategic location where construction and operating activities have a significant impact on the environmental components. The study case proposes to quantify the impacts under assumed conditions, to measure the interaction between project activities and the impacts on environmental factors by employing the Leopold Matrix. As a result, neither technique is environmentally feasible for the proposed site, where the landfill will have a greater impact. Technical studies are required to ensure the accuracy of the impact values, and environmental safeguards are required during implementation. To increase the project’s viability, it is recommended that a site with less vulnerable environmental and social characteristics be chosen.

Resumen: En el sector de la salud latinoamericano, parece existir una fuerte asociación entre el nivel de implementación de la estrategia de marketing y la localización de las empresas que sugieren la necesidad de estudiar el desempeño organizativo bajo esos aspectos. Para ello este trabajo contrasta las relaciones entre la orientación al mercado de una organización (OM), su localización (por ejemplo, dentro de un clúster de servicios), y el desempeño. El análisis cuantitativo se realizó entre las percepciones recogidas en 134 cuestionarios completados por gerentes y empresarios de empresas de servicios pertenecientes al sector de la salud que operan en la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. Los resultados muestran una asociación positiva entre estar localizado en un clúster de servicios y el desempeño empresarial. También se evidenció que el enfoque estratégico basado en la OM afecta positivamente al desempeño, y que es la orientación a los competidores el único componente del constructo de OM que influye significativamente en el desempeño. Las conclusiones de nuestro estudio permiten guiar la toma de decisiones estratégicas de los gerentes de esas empresas en lo que respecta a las decisiones de localización y contenido de las estrategias de marketing.

Abstract: In the Latin American healthcare industry, there seems to be an association between the implementation of the marketing strategies and the firms' location that suggests the need to study the organizational performance under these aspects. To this end, this paper contrasts the relationships between an organization's market orientation (MO), its location (for example, within a service cluster), and performance. The quantitative analysis was carried out among managers' perceptions from 134 service companies belonging to the healthcare service companies operating in the city of Cali, Colombia. The results showed a positive association between being located in a service cluster and business performance. It was also shown that the strategic approach based on OM positively affects performance. Moreover, we noted that competitors' orientation is the only component of the OM construct that significantly influences performance. The conclusions of our study allow for guiding the strategic decision-making of the managers of these companies regarding the decisions of location and content of marketing strategies.

Resumen El programa computacional para la modelación de la falla por volcamiento en dos dimensiones (2D), llamado volteoLab, permite interpretar el modo de falla tipo volcamiento (toppling en inglés) de un conjunto de bloques de roca en un talud de carretera bajo el análisis de cargas de contacto y fuerzas gravitacionales en un marco de análisis. VolteoLab ha sido realizado a partir del método de equilibrio límite. En este método se plantea el cálculo de fuerzas del peso de cada bloque de estudio y las fuerzas de fricción en la base de los mismos (i.e. las fuerzas de resistencia mecánica al corte y la normal al plano de apoyo de los bloques). Por otra parte, se usa el concepto de coeficiente de transferencia (ψ) que relaciona las componentes de las fuerzas gravitacionales con la posición espacial de cada bloque con relación a un bloque guía de ubicación estratégica (denominado bloque de cresta y con un índice de ubicación en este texto denotada como m) cuyo significado físico divide al talud de análisis en dos zonas: la zona de corte y la zona de corona. Con el coeficiente de transferencia y la ubicación del bloque de cresta es posible identificar las partes vulnerables del talud y en especial es posible tener un valor numérico de otra variable que definirá la estabilidad global del talud, que es una fuerza horizontal en la pata del mismo denominada aquí como fuerza de anclaje (P). Si esta fuerza es negativa, el talud es estable y si.

Abstract The computer program for 2D toppling modeling, named volteoLab, allows interpret the toppling mode of failure of a set of rock-blocks at road slopes; all of these by analyzing under a continuum frame taking into account the contact and gravitational forces of the blocks. The analysis is done with the limit equilibrium method. In this method, the calculation of forces, such as the weight of each rock-block, where the base frictional force is also taken into account. On the other hand, it is used the concept of transfer coefficient (ψ). Under this concept, there is relation of the gravitational force components with the spatial location of each block, those against a strategic reference block called crest block and with a location index of m, where the physical meaning divides the slope of analysis in two zones: Shear and Crown zones. With the transference coefficient and the location of the crown block, it is possible to identify vulnerable parts in the slope, and especially it is possible to have a numeric value of another variable, which will define the global stability of the slope, this that is a horizontal force at the foot of the slope called here nailing force (P). If this force is negative, the slope is stable, and if the force is positive, the slope is unstable.

Abstract Objective: to analyze the administrative structure of the bluefin tuna capture and fattening ranches, in Ensenada, Baja California to learn about the value and supply chain management, the collaboration with academics, the access to financing and promotion, and the bluefin tuna’s international sustainability measures effect on exports to the Japanese market. Methodology: mixed study emphasizing the qualitative approach by means of interviews to key informants. Results: the reconstruction of the productive chain contrasting the degree of contribution of the academy, financial institutions and government. Limitations: interviews were mostly virtual, reducing nonverbal language, interest and motivation, others face-to-face. Value: empirical study about the fishery of in the wild endangered species, which is highly profitable and valued by the export market. Conclusions: a strategic linkage associated with its geographic location is evident, rare concurrence of the triple helix model, influence of the market and international organizations in charge of the sustainability of the species.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar la estructura administrativa de los ranchos de captura y engorda de atún aleta azul en Ensenada, Baja California, para conocer la gestión de la cadena de valor y de la cadena de suministros, la colaboración con académicos e investigadores, el acceso a financiamiento y al fomento y el efecto de las medidas internacionales de sustentabilidad del atún aleta azul en las exportaciones al mercado japonés. Metodología: mixta con énfasis en el enfoque cualitativo a través de entrevistas a informantes claves. Resultados: la reconstrucción del encadenamiento productivo mediante el contraste entre el nivel de contribución de la academia, de las instituciones financieras y del gobierno. Limitaciones: las entrevistas en su mayoría fueron virtuales reduciendo el lenguaje no verbal, el interés y motivación; otras, presenciales. Valor: estudio empírico sobre la pesquería de una especie escasa en el medio natural, muy redituable y valorada por un mercado de exportación. Conclusiones: se evidencia un eslabonamiento estratégico vinculado a su ubicación geográfica, escasa concurrencia del modelo triple hélice, influencia del mercado y organizaciones internacionales encargadas de la sustentabilidad de la especie.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar o perfil dos enfermeiros egressos de uma universidade do sul do Brasil e verificar a efetividade do uso das redes sociais na localização e adesão dos egressos. Métodos: estudo quantitativo, descritivo e exploratório, realizado com 314 egressos através de questionário elaborado no Google Forms, disponibilizado por redes sociais digitais e e-mails. Resultados: o perfil dos egressos foi de mulheres, sem formação em curso técnico/auxiliar de enfermagem, participantes de projetos e grupos de pesquisa, com pós-graduação. Ainda, mais de 75% obtiveram o primeiro emprego em até seis meses após a formatura, mais de 80% atuavam na área assistencial, com vínculo empregatício público, carga horária de até 40 horas semanais, renda entre quatro e dez salários mínimos e 92% indicaram estarem satisfeitos e/ou muito satisfeitos com o curso. Conclusões: o uso estratégico das redes sociais possibilitou maior adesão do público-alvo e o delineamento do perfil do egresso de enfermagem.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the profile of nursing students at a university in southern Brazil and verify the effectiveness of the use of social networks in students’ location and adherence. Methods: a quantitative, descriptive and exploratory study, carried out with 314 students through a questionnaire prepared on Google Forms, made available through digital social networks and e-mails. Results: students were women, without training in a technical/assistance nursing course, participants in projects and research groups, with a graduate degree. Furthermore, more than 75% obtained their first job within six months after graduation, more than 80% worked in healthcare, with public employment, workload of up to 40 hours a week, income between four and ten minimum wages, and 92% indicated that they were satisfied and/or very satisfied with the course. Conclusions: the strategic use of social networks enabled greater adherence by the target audience and nursing students’ profile design.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar el perfil de los enfermeros graduados de una universidad del sur de Brasil y verificar la efectividad del uso de las redes sociales para localizar e incorporar a los graduados. Métodos: estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio, realizado con 314 graduados a través de un cuestionario elaborado en Google Forms, disponible a través de redes sociales digitales y correos electrónicos. Resultados: el perfil de los graduados fue de mujeres, sin formación en un curso técnico/auxiliar de enfermería, participantes en proyectos y grupos de investigación, con posgrado. Además, más del 75% consiguió su primer trabajo dentro de los seis meses posteriores a la graduación, más del 80% trabajó en el área de cuidado, con empleo público, carga de trabajo de hasta 40 horas semanales, ingresos entre cuatro y diez salarios mínimos, y el 92% indicó estar satisfecho y/o muy satisfecho con el curso. Conclusiones: el uso estratégico de las redes sociales permitió una mayor adhesión del público objetivo y el diseño del perfil de egresado de enfermería.

The mismanagement of waste in protected areas may lead to significant and irreversible environmental, economic and social impacts, such as land degradation, resource depletion, surface and groundwater pollution, loss of biodiversity and impacts on the aesthetic value of these areas. This paper aims to identify the challenges and opportunities for sustainable solid waste management in privately protected areas, given the limited research conducted on this topic. A case study approach was followed, which focused on the Sabi Sand Wildtuin, a private nature reserve (PNR) in South Africa. Interviews were conducted with 30 participants, which included representatives from the management authority, commercial lodges, non-commercial properties and a waste service provider. Several challenges have been identified by interviewees. Behaviour was the most frequently mentioned challenge, where interviewees raised concerns about negative attitudes, unwillingness to implement waste management measures and a possible lack of support. Other frequently mentioned challenges included foreseen difficulties due to the size and location of the reserve and concerns around funding of waste management measures, especially given the financial implications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) travel and tourism restrictions. The most frequently identified opportunities included creating jobs and improving livelihoods, providing assurance and transparency of what happens to waste 'beyond the gate' and improving awareness, knowledge and skills related to waste management. To optimise the opportunities towards sustainable solid waste management, PNRs should focus on aligning their strategic direction to achieve legal compliance and support community initiatives to establish waste-related infrastructure and services that cannot be implemented within the reserve. CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS: The pursuit of waste-related opportunities within privately protected areas could enhance the implementation of sustainable solid waste management in PNRs, whilst also contributing to pollution prevention, community upliftment and other secondary benefits, which could ultimately result in increased conservation efforts.

ABSTRACT Costa Rica has the need to implement strategic development policies in regions outside the GAM; for which it is necessary to know the productive and labor dynamics (competitiveness, specialization, and location) that the different territories present. Also, given that there are differences in the specialization of productive activities within each region, an effort must be made to evaluate the competitive advantages in the different territories, to obtain better results from public policies of productive transformation. For this, it is strategic to identify and define productive corridors, with the potential to articulate productive activities and generate convergence in terms of the productivity of the economic units (sectoral) and at the level of the different geographical areas (regional). For the case of this research, we have found very favorable location and specialization conditions for the development of the San José-Puerto Caldera corridor.

RESUMEN Costa Rica tiene la necesidad de implementar políticas estratégicas de desarrollo en las regiones fuera de la GAM; para lo cual se requiere conocer la dinámica productiva y laboral (competitividad, especialización y localización) que los distintos territorios presentan. También, dado que existen diferencias en la especialización de las actividades productivas dentro de cada región, se debe hacer un esfuerzo por evaluar las ventajas competitivas en los distintos territorios, con el fin de obtener mejores resultados de las políticas públicas de transformación productiva. Para esto es estratégico identificar y definir corredores productivos, con potencial de articular actividades productivas y generar convergencia en términos de la productividad de las unidades productivas (sectorial) y a nivel de las distintas zonas geográficas (regional). Para el caso particular de esta investigación, hemos encontrado condiciones de localización y de especialización muy favorables para el desarrollo del corredor San José-Puerto Caldera.

ABSTRACT In Trujillo, a norther city from Peru, the number of fire hydrants is currently 497; only 10% are working out in the center of this city. Faced with this situation, the firefighters do not attend in optimum time the various emergencies happen, making possible the increase of material damages and victims due to the lack of water supply caused by the inoperativeness hydrants and also a non-optimum distribution. In this research, a network of hydrants was strategically located through the design and output of a genetic algorithm, GA. There are many solutions, and only one individual must be selected, the most efficient. It was evaluated by the fitness function about the length from a common point to others where the hydrants are, and the best solution was determined by applying genetic operators like crossover and mutation, which means the location points of the hydrants on the map of the city. The result shows a very good solution for a hydrant network; in addition, the number of hydrants that make up the network with the average distance of the network that reduce the time to attend an emergency. The result shows a very good solution for a hydrant network; the number of hydrants that make up the network with the average distance of the network reduces the time to attend an emergency. It will be useful to redistribute the hydrants for better locations.

RESUMEN En Trujillo, una ciudad al norte de Perú, el número de hidrantes es actualmente 497; solo 10% están operativos en el centro de la ciudad. Frente a esta situación, los bomberos no atienden en tiempo óptimo diversas emergencias que suceden, haciendo posible que se incremente los daños materiales y las víctimas debido a la falta de agua de los hidrantes inoperativos y a su no óptima distribución. En esta investigación fue localizada estratégicamente una red de hidrantes mediante el diseño y la salida de un algoritmo genético. Hay muchas soluciones candidatas y solamente una debe ser seleccionada, la más eficiente. Fueron evaluadas con una función de calidad que relaciona las distancias entre un punto común del incendio a otros puntos donde están los hidrantes y la mejor solución fue encontrada aplicando operadores genéticos como el cruce y la mutación, lo que representaba la ubicación de los puntos de los hidrantes sobre un mapa de la ciudad. El resultado es una buena solución para una red de hidrantes; además el número de hidrantes que componen la red con su distancia media que reduce el tiempo para atender una emergencia. Será muy útil redistribuir los hidrantes a mejores ubicaciones.

RESUMEN Los procesos independentistas en Centroamérica se han visto influenciados por su ubicación de gran importancia geopolítica dentro del continente, la cual ha servido de espacio-ruta para las potencias, especialmente desde los años ochenta hasta la actualidad. Esto también ha intervenido en la conformación de los Estados del istmo, fragmentando su desarrollo y debilitando su potencial, lo que expone a la región, aún más, a los intereses de poderes externos. De esta forma, analizar Centroamérica desde la geopolítica crítica permitirá su entendimiento como poseedora de espacios de poder y cómo estos han sido tomados por potencias para ejercer dominio sobre la zona, interfiriendo, incluso, con las opciones de integración. Su localización, en el nivel general, ha servido como una ruta de comercio internacional de gran trascendencia, una de las razones de la disputa geopolítica por el control del Canal de Panamá. Además, en esta condición de paso, queda abierta la posibilidad de otros flujos, como es el caso de las personas migrantes o del tráfico de drogas. La región centroamericana se ha construido bajo directrices externas y desde arriba, por lo que repensarla desde una visión deconstructiva se hace necesario para darle un giro a su rumbo y aprovechar las fortalezas del istmo, principalmente, para lo interno y, en específico, para su población.

ABSTRACT The independence processes in Central America have been influenced by the area’s geographical position and its geopolitical relevance in the continent. The region has been seen by the global powers as a space-route, especially from the eighties to the present. This geopolitical condition has predisposed the formation of the Central American countries by fragmenting their development process and weakening their whole potential; as a result, the territory is even more vulnerable to external interests. Therefore, analyzing Central America from the Critical Geopolitics perspective will contribute to understand it as a place defined by politics of space in which global powers interfere undermining possibilities for regional integration among other effects. The geographical location of this region has been used as a trade-route for international transportation, being this one of the reasons for the dispute regarding the Panama Canal’s control by global powers; besides its strategic location allows other kinds of flows as it is the case of migrants and drugs, for example. Since the area has been built due to external influences, a deconstructive approach is needed to better understand its current reality, thinking about possibilities of positive changes, and taking advantage of its own strengths to benefit its population.

Resumo A atenção especializada do sistema público de saúde brasileiro é crítica e subfinanciada. Poucos estudos avaliaram o planejamento da atenção secundária em um nível estratégico, portanto ainda há questões em aberto a serem examinadas. Este estudo objetiva determinar a localização de centros médicos e a quantidade de equipamentos com base em um processo de otimização em duas etapas para atender a população. Balanceamos decisões conflitantes de propensão dos médicos em trabalharem em metrópoles e de pacientes em mudarem o mínimo de seus municípios para fornecer a localização dos centros médicos, e equipamentos a esses locais e as horas adicionais de especialistas para atender aos padrões oficiais de demanda. Para a demanda restante, a segunda etapa do modelo de otimização sugere a aquisição de equipamento para os centros médicos eleitos, para atender às necessidades. A localização proposta das unidades de atendimento secundário abrange 834 municípios, correspondendo a 97,77% do estado, com um deslocamento médio de pacientes de 58,73 km (IC95%: 56,18 km - 61,28 km). Em geral, 39 das 77 regiões de saúde devem contratar horas adicionais de especialidades médicas. Pediatria e ginecologia representam a maior lacuna.

Abstract The specialized care level of the public Brazilian national health system is critical and chronically underfunded. Few studies have evaluated public secondary care planning on a strategic level, so there are open issues yet to examine. This study aims at locating medical centers and sizing equipment based on a two-step optimization process to meet the population’s needs. The models consider physicians’ propensity for working on a metropolis and the patients’ choice on moving the least from their municipalities, therefore, conflicting decisions. The models provide the location of medical centers, the assignment of equipment to such locations, and the additional hours of specialists required to meet official standards of demand. Available equipment with idle capacity should partly satisfy the requirement for exams within the current infrastructure. For the remaining uncovered demand, the second step of the optimization model suggests the acquisition of additional equipment for the elected medical centers to meet established needs. The proposed location of secondary care facilities covers 834 municipalities, corresponding to 97.77% of the estate, with an average patient displacement of 58.73 km (CI95%: 56.18 km - 61.28 km). In general, 39 out of 77 health regions should hire additional hours of medical specialties. Pediatrics and gynecology represent the major gap.