ABSTRACT Toxic cyanobacteria blooms are an increasingly common global problem due to eutrophication, the effects of climate change and increased surveillance efforts in aquatic ecosystems. In Cuba, several ecosystems have been analyzed in the eastern region, demonstrating that this risk occurs to surface and inland waters, due to climatic conditions, mainly in small ecosystems with great human pressures. However, other areas are still unexplored. The objective of this work was to implement a risk management protocol in the San Blas Lagoon, Camaguey, due to the presence of toxic cyanobacteria in the ecosystem, following a community report, with the death of domestic and wild animals; unpleasant odors and dermatological symptoms in humans. A management protocol and community actions were implemented to minimize the impact of toxic cyanobacteria. In this small eutrophic reservoir, the presence of a mixed bloom of toxigenic cyanobacteria was confirmed, being Spherospermopsis torques-reginae the majority, as well as other nine species associated with the production of microcystins, anatoxins and/or cylindrospermopsins were identified. Strategic actions were implemented to contain the risk situation, with the participation of the community and experts, led by the Camagüey Criminalistics Laboratory.

RESUMEN Las floraciones de cianobacterias tóxicas constituyen un problema global cada vez más frecuente, debido a la eutrofización, los efectos del cambio climático y a un mayor esfuerzo de vigilancia en los ecosistemas acuáticos. En Cuba se han muestreado varios ecosistemas en la región oriental, demostrando que este riesgo existe en aguas superficiales e interiores, debido a las condiciones climáticas, principalmente en pequeños ecosistemas con grandes presiones humanas. Sin embargo, otras zonas están aún inexploradas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue implementar un protocolo de gestión de riesgos en la Laguna San Blas, debido a la presencia de cianobacterias tóxicas en el ecosistema, a raíz de un reporte comunitario, con muerte de animales domésticos y silvestres; olor desagradable y síntomas dermatológicos en humanos. Se implementó un protocolo de gestión y acciones comunitarias para minimizar el impacto de las cianobacterias tóxicas. En este pequeño reservorio eutrófico se confirmó la presencia de una floración mixta de cianobacterias toxigénicas, siendo mayoritaria Spherospermopsis torques-reginae, identificándose otras nueve especies asociadas a la producción de microcistinas, anatoxinas y/o cilindrospermopsinas. Se implementaron acciones estratégicas para contener la situación de riesgo, con la participación de la comunidad y expertos, liderados por el Laboratorio de Criminalística de Camagüey.

ABSTRACT This study is an essay focused on a reflective proposal framed within the context of a growing ecological crisis and biodiversity loss. Firstly, it proposes an approach to how cities are structured to achieve an epistemic change in building knowledge of urban ecosystems, drawing from the field of co-evolution. The main objective of this study is to explore how the design process provides a vision from a co-evolutionary perspective and contributes to the Transitional Design framework. A reflective review is conducted to achieve this objective. It addresses the broader context of the human-environment relationship and the civilizational impact on the complex system in which they are embedded. Additionally, the study analyzes the dichotomy between resilience and re-existence. It explains strategic interventions from biophilic and regenerative approaches and their contribution to constructing knowledge about urban ecosystems, thereby facilitating a change in the epistemic framework within which cities develop.

RESUMEN El presente estudio es una propuesta reflexiva enmarcada en un contexto de creciente crisis ecológica y de pérdida de biodiversidad. Primeramente, se propone un acercamiento a como se estructura la ciudad, para lograr un cambio epistémico para la construcción del conocimiento de los ecosistemas urbanos, desde el área de conocimiento de la co-evolución. El estudio tiene como objetivo fundamental realizar una exploración a como el diseño da una visión desde la co-evolución y proporciona el marco de trabajo del Transitional Design. Para ello, se realiza una reseña reflexiva del panorama general sobre la relación ser humano-naturaleza y su impacto civilizatorio en el sistema complejo en el que se inserta, así como se aborda la dicotomía entre resiliencia y re-existencia, explicando las intervenciones estratégicas desde enfoques de desarrollo biofílico y regenerativo y como aportan a la construcción del conocimiento de los ecosistemas urbanos para el cambio del marco epistémico en que se desarrolla la ciudad.

Abstract Purpose: This article aims to highlight the existence of an Anthropocene feedback process originating from the pressures of human actions on Earth, particularly the adoption of novel technologies that bring risks and negative environmental impacts in two strategic economic sectors: energy and agriculture. Originality/value: We defend the argument that each technological advance generates new associated risks, increasing the negative pressure on terrestrial ecosystems. This argument draws inspiration from the discourse on the “risk society” (Beck, 2011), which deals with the unquantified uncertainties linked to technological progress. It also aligns with the concept of the Anthropocene (Crutzen & Stoermer, 2000), which examines how human actions and organizations impact the Earth’s system. The discussions demonstrate that uncertainty remains an inherent facet of human activities, thus perpetually subjecting such actions to risk. Design/methodology/approach: We employ a theoretical essay approach to discuss evidence that underscores the challenges posed by technological advancements in the energy and agriculture sectors, notably expressing human-induced environmental impacts. Findings: By analyzing technological advances in energy and agriculture, we substantiate the existence of the Anthropocene feedback process. This analysis contradicts the notion of a favorable “good Anthropocene” (Asafu-Adjaye et al., 2015) and challenges the misconception that technological progress alone can sufficiently mitigate the repercussions of human activities on Earth. Purpose Earth sectors Originality/value Originalityvalue Originality value ecosystems risk society Beck, Beck (Beck 2011, 2011 , 2011) Crutzen Stoermer 2000, 2000 2000) Earths s system Design/methodology/approach Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology humaninduced induced Findings good AsafuAdjaye Asafu Adjaye al al. 2015 201 200 20 2

Resumo Objetivo: Este artigo visa evidenciar a existência de um processo de retroalimentação do Antropoceno, cuja origem está nas pressões das ações humanas sobre a Terra, tomando por base a adoção de novas tecnologias que trazem riscos e impactos negativos ao meio ambiente em dois setores econômicos estratégicos: energia e agricultura. Originalidade/valor: Defendemos o argumento de que cada avanço tecnológico gera novos riscos associados, o que tende a aumentar a pressão negativa sobre os diferentes ecossistemas terrestres. Tal argumento está fundamentado em discussões sobre a “sociedade de risco” (Beck, 2011), que trata das incertezas não quantificadas dos riscos inerentes ao progresso técnico, e sobre o Antropoceno (Crutzen & Stoermer, 2000), em torno dos processos pelos quais a humanidade e suas organizações impactam o Sistema-Terra. A partir dessas discussões, entendemos que não se pode excluir totalmente a incerteza das ações humanas e, portanto, tal ação estará sempre sujeita a uma condição de risco. Design/metodologia/abordagem: A partir de um ensaio teórico, são debatidas evidências da problemática dos avanços tecnológicos nesses setores, considerados particularmente expressivos dos impactos humanos no ambiente. Resultados: As evidências do processo de retroalimentação do Antropoceno por meio da análise dos avanços tecnológicos nos setores de energia e agricultura subsidiam uma reflexão contrária à ideia de que existiria um “bom Antropoceno” (Asafu-Adjaye et al., 2015) e expõem a falácia de que o avanço tecnológico dá conta de frear os impactos das ações humanas no planeta Terra. Objetivo Terra estratégicos Originalidade/valor Originalidadevalor Originalidade valor associados terrestres sociedade risco Beck, Beck (Beck 2011, 2011 , 2011) técnico Crutzen Stoermer 2000, 2000 2000) SistemaTerra. SistemaTerra Sistema Sistema-Terra portanto Design/metodologia/abordagem Designmetodologiaabordagem Design metodologia abordagem teórico Resultados bom AsafuAdjaye Asafu Adjaye al al. 2015 201 200 20 2

Abstract Payment for Environmental Services (PES) has emerged as a strategic policy approach that promises to increase efforts to conserve and/or restore ecosystems and its associated services. In recent decades, scientific literature has provided guidelines, based on the lessons learned from experiences, especially international ones, which can be used improve the design of the instrument. This study aims to identify the essential elements pointed out in the selected literature that can be considered for the legal regulation of PES, as well as assessing whether Bahia’s state and municipal legal norms comply with these scientific guidelines. To achieve this, a narrative review of the literature on PES was conducted, with content analysis selected from references that indicate operational guidelines, criteria and approaches to the effectiveness and planning of successful PES schemes. Subsequently, the adequacy of the legislation investigated was checked for compliance with the mentioned literature. It was found that the laws (federal, state, and municipal) meet more than 60% of the essential elements indicated by the selected doctrine. (PES andor or services decades guidelines experiences ones instrument Bahias Bahia s this conducted schemes Subsequently federal, federal (federal 60 doctrine 6

Resumo O Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais (PSA) tem se delineado uma abordagem política estratégica que promete promover um incremento nos esforços de conservação e/ou restauração de ecossistemas e seus serviços associados. Nas últimas décadas, a literatura científica vem fornecendo orientações, a partir dos aprendizados acumulados das experiências, sobretudo internacionais, que podem ser consideradas para uma melhor concepção do instrumento. Este trabalho propõe-se a identificar os elementos essenciais, apontados pela literatura selecionada, que podem ser considerados para o regramento jurídico do PSA, além de avaliar o atendimento das normas jurídicas estaduais e municipais baianas às referidas diretrizes científicas. Para tanto, realizou-se uma revisão narrativa da literatura sobre o PSA, com análise de conteúdo selecionado a partir das referências que indicam diretrizes operacionais, critérios e abordagens sobre a eficácia e o planejamento de esquemas PSA bem-sucedidos. Posteriormente, verificou-se a adequação da legislação investigada quanto ao atendimento à referida literatura. Constatou-se que as leis (federal, estadual e municipais) atendem a mais de 60% dos elementos essenciais indicados pela doutrina selecionada. (PSA eou ou associados décadas orientações experiências internacionais instrumento propõese propõe selecionada científicas tanto realizouse realizou operacionais bemsucedidos. bemsucedidos bem sucedidos. sucedidos bem-sucedidos Posteriormente verificouse verificou Constatouse Constatou federal, federal (federal 60 6

Resumen El pago por servicios ambientales (PSA) se ha convertido en un enfoque político estratégico que promete promover un aumento de los esfuerzos para conservar y/o restaurar los ecosistemas y sus servicios asociados. En las últimas décadas, la literatura científica ha proporcionado directrices basadas en las enseñanzas extraídas de experiencias, especialmente internacionales, que pueden tenerse en cuenta para diseñar mejor el instrumento. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo identificar los elementos esenciales, señalados en la literatura seleccionada, que pueden ser considerados para la regulación jurídica de los PSA, además de evaluar la conformidad de las normas jurídicas estatales y municipales bahianas con estas directrices científicas. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una revisión narrativa de la literatura sobre PSA, analizando contenidos seleccionados de referencias que indican directrices operativas, criterios y enfoques para la eficacia y planificación de esquemas de PSA exitosos. Posteriormente, se comprobó la adecuación de la legislación investigada a la bibliografía mencionada. Se constató que las leyes (federales, estatales y municipales) cumplen más del 60% de los elementos esenciales indicados por la doctrina seleccionada. (PSA yo o asociados décadas experiencias internacionales instrumento seleccionada científicas ello operativas exitosos Posteriormente mencionada federales, federales (federales 60 6

Resumen El Parque Nacional Natural Munchique conserva ecosistemas estratégicos de Selva Inferior, Subandina y Andina, que han sido alterados por factores antrópicos; por ello, implementa una estrategia de restauración ecológica pasiva como alternativa para recuperar cobertura vegetal y proteger la biodiversidad. El monitoreo se realizó en un bosque subandino con 20 transectos tipo Gentry en dos procesos denominados restauración avanzada y restauración temprana, solo para los años 2013, 2015 y 2017, debido al orden público. Se censaron los individuos con DAP ≥ 1 cm. La riqueza en restauración avanzada fue de 35/2013, 39/2015 y 45/2017 especies mientras que en restauración temprana se registró una riqueza de 31/2013, 44/2015 y 45/2017. En los tres periodos de muestreo y para ambos procesos, las familias Rubiaceae y Melastomataceae fueron las más frecuentes. Restauración avanzada presentó una marcada dominancia de Miconia theizans con el 98 %/2013, 83 %/2015 y 65 %/2017 para el valor de importancia (IVI) y en restauración temprana la especie más importante fue Meriana speciosa con el 38 %/2013, 50 %/2015 y 55 %/2017. El monitoreo a largo plazo en ambos escenarios de restauración permitió evidenciar una recuperación lenta, pero efectiva para el aumento en diversidad y mejoramiento de la estructura vegetal.

Abstract The Munchique National Natural Park conserves strategic ecosystems that have been altered by anthropogenic factors; therefore, a passive ecological restoration strategy is implemented as an alternative to recover plant cover and protect biodiversity. The monitoring was carried out in a sub-Andean forest through 20 Gentry-type transects in two processes called advanced restoration and early restoration, only for the years 2013, 2015 and 2017, for reasons of public order. Individuals with DBH ≥ 1 cm were censored. The richness in advanced restoration was 35/2013, 39/2015 and 45/2017 species, while in early restoration a richness of 31/2013, 44/2015 and 45/2017 was recorded. In the three sampling periods and for both processes, the families Rubiaceae and Melastomataceae were the most frequent. Advanced restoration presented a marked dominance of Miconia theizans with 98 %/2013, 83 %/2015 and 65 %/2017 for the importance value (IVI) and in early restoration the most important species was Meriana speciosa with 38 %/2013 , 50 %/2015 and 55 %/2017. Long-term monitoring in both restoration scenarios revealed a slow but effective recovery for increased diversity and improved plant structure.

Abstract: Through a bibliometric analysis and multivariate statistical analysis techniques, the theoretical structure of social entrepreneurship was analyzed through the exploration and determination of the relationship between the dimensions and variables that make up this construct. The research allowed determining the relationships between four dimensions with their corresponding variables: social, governmental, strategic promotion of social entrepreneurship and social research device. It was found that, in the countries with better development in the field of social entrepreneurship, there was a balance between its theoretical and practical development. Social research devices were highlighted to provide a theoretical basis and use the information and knowledge management framework. It was also revealed that the most developed economies, paradoxically, are those that show the best theoretical and practical indicators of social entrepreneurship, in contrast to developing countries, where the solution to social problems accumulated for centuries, in a sustainable way, is more imperative. On the other hand, social entrepreneurship can contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals in countries with weaker economies, but its promotion must be planned and applied with a practical approach, based on economic-commercial development that supports the romantic or political ideal.

Resumen: Mediante un análisis bibliométrico y técnicas de análisis estadístico multivariado se analizó la estructura teórica del emprendimiento social a través de la exploración y determinación de la relación entre las dimensiones y variables que componen este constructo. La investigación permitió determinar las relaciones entre cuatro dimensiones con sus correspondientes variables: social, gubernamental, de fomento estratégico del emprendimiento social y dispositivo de investigación social. Se constató que, en los países con mejor desarrollo en el ámbito del emprendimiento social, existía un equilibro entre su desarrollo teórico y práctico. Se destacaron los dispositivos de investigación social para proveer una base teórica y, así, poder utilizar el marco de la gestión de la información y el conocimiento. También se reveló que las economías más desarrolladas, paradójicamente, son las que muestran mejores indicadores teóricos y prácticos de emprendimiento social, en contraposición con países en vías de desarrollo en los que es más imperioso la solución (de manera sostenible) a problemas sociales acumulados por siglos. Por otra parte, el emprendimiento social puede contribuir con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en los países con economías más débiles, pero su impulso debe planearse y aplicarse con un enfoque práctico, basado en el desarrollo económico y comercial que sustente al ideal romántico o político.

Abstract The Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) is characterized by complex oceanographic dynamics that affect the regional sea surface temperature (SST), a key parameter driving marine ecosystems. To date no comparative studies have been conducted on the spatial and temporal variations of SST among the several marine protected areas in the ETP. The present study used remote sensing to evaluate the monthly, annual, and decadal variations in SST from 1982 to 2019 in Coiba National Park (Coiba), Cocos Island National Park (Cocos), Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary (Malpelo), Gorgona Island National Park (Gorgona), Galápagos Marine Reserve (Galápagos) and La Plata Island (La Plata). An overall increasing trend in SST was observed across all study sites, except for West Galápagos. A decrease in SST anomaly was observed from February through April at Malpelo, Coiba, Gorgona and La Plata. These observations are likely in response to the Humboldt Current and upwelling events in the Colombian Pacific Basin. Using a longer SST dataset is recommended to determine if the annual, monthly and decadal trends observed here are driven by local, regional or global processes. Consistent monitoring of SST trends is a strategic practice in understanding and planning for current and projected changes in the marine environment.

Resumen El Pacífico Oriental Tropical (POT) se caracteriza por presentar una dinámica oceanográfica compleja que afecta la temperatura superficial del mar (TSM), un parámetro clave que influye los ecosistemas marinos. Hasta la fecha no se han realizado estudios comparativos de las variaciones espaciotemporales de la TSM entre las distintas áreas marinas protegidas en el POT. Esta investigación utilizó sensores remotos para evaluar las variaciones mensuales, anuales y decadales de la TSM desde 1982 a 2019 en el Parque Nacional Coiba (Coiba), Parque Nacional Isla del Coco (Coco), Santuario de Fauna y Flora Isla Malpelo (Malpelo), Parque Nacional Natural Isla Gorgona (Gorgona), Reserva Marina de Galápagos (Galápagos) e Isla de La Plata (La Plata). Se observó una tendencia creciente en la TSM en la mayoría de los sitios estudiados, excepto en el oeste de Galápagos. Se registró una disminución en la anomalía de la TSM durante los meses de febrero a abril en Malpelo, Coiba, Gorgona y La Plata. Las diferencias observadas son probablemente en respuesta a la corriente de Humboldt y eventos de afloramiento en la cuenca del Pacífico colombiano. Se recomienda emplear series de tiempo de mayor resolución temporal para determinar si las tendencias anuales, mensuales y decadales observadas en este estudio responden a cambios locales, regionales o globales. El monitoreo constante de las tendencias en la TSM es una práctica estratégica para comprender y planificar los cambios actuales y proyectados en el ambiente marino.

Abstract Ferns and lycophytes are plants often overlooked in most floristic inventories, leading to considerable gaps in the knowledge of their diversity and geographic distribution. To address this issue, we conducted a study aimed at reducing these gaps for the restingas of Santa Catarina, south Brazil. This involved conducting a series of field works in strategic sites within the municipality of Laguna, representing all three main restingas phytophysiognomies (herbaceous/subshrubby, shrubby, and arboreal), across different abiotic conditions and conservation degrees. Two species of lycophytes (one family) and 31 ferns (14 families) were recorded in the restingas of Laguna, almost three-quarters of the diversity reported for the restingas of the state of Santa Catarina. Besides, 11 of these species are mentioned here for the first time for Santa Catarina restingas. These numbers were obtained through extensive field surveys, but considering the area of restinga remnants, some of which are still relatively unexplored, it is plausible that the diversity of ferns and lycophytes in Laguna may be even greater. These findings reinforce the need to carry out floristic surveys aimed at ferns and lycophytes in the different phytophysiognomies of the restinga, because only with an increase of sampling effort, considering the environmental heterogeneity, it will be possible to better estimate the diversity of these and other plant groups. This study also provides important data for the management and conservation of the restingas, which are among the ecosystems historically most impacted by human activities. inventories distribution issue Brazil herbaceous/subshrubby, herbaceoussubshrubby herbaceous subshrubby (herbaceous/subshrubby shrubby arboreal, arboreal , arboreal) degrees one family 3 14 (1 families threequarters quarters Besides 1 remnants unexplored greater effort heterogeneity groups activities herbaceous/subshrubby (

Resumo Samambaias e licófitas geralmente são negligenciadas na maioria dos inventários florísticos. Consequentemente existem lacunas consideráveis no conhecimento sobre a diversidade e distribuição geográfica desses grupos. Neste artigo são apresentados os resultados de um estudo realizado com o objetivo de ajudar a reduzir as lacunas de conhecimento sobre esses grupos nas restingas de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil. Para tal, foram realizadas coletas em áreas específicas do município de Laguna que representam as três principais fitofisionomias de restinga (herbácea/subarbustiva, arbustiva e arbórea) em variadas condições abióticas e graus de conservação. Foram registradas duas espécies de licófitas (uma família) e 31 samambaias (14 famílias) nas restingas de Laguna, englobando quase 75% da diversidade conhecida para as restingas de Santa Catarina. Além disso, 11 espécies são aqui citadas pela primeira vez para as restingas do estado. Esses resultados são produtos de um extensivo esforço de coleta, porém, considerando a área dos remanescentes de restingas, alguns ainda escassamente explorados, é plausível que a diversidade de licófitas e samambaias em Laguna pode ser ainda maior. Esses dados reforçam a importância de inventários florísticos com enfoque em samambaias e licófitas nas diferentes fitofisionomias das restingas, pois somente com um aumento do esforço de amostragem, considerando a heterogeneidade ambiental, será possível estimar mais acuradamente a diversidade para este e outros grupos de plantas. Este estudo também fornece dados para o manejo e a conservação das restingas, que estão entre os ambientes historicamente mais impactados por atividades humanas. Catarina Brasil tal herbácea/subarbustiva, herbáceasubarbustiva herbácea subarbustiva (herbácea/subarbustiva arbórea uma família 3 14 (1 famílias 75 disso 1 estado coleta porém explorados maior amostragem ambiental plantas humanas herbácea/subarbustiva ( 7

ABSTRACT The paper aims to discuss the role of innovation ecosystems as a factor that contributes to the adoption by companies of more advanced generations of digital technologies. Based on the literature about corporate strategic management and innovation economics from Neoschumpeterian inspiration, the paper assesses whether the participation in an innovation ecosystem intensive in resources for the development of digital technologies stimulates companies’ digitalization process. The discussion derives from the analysis of results from a survey applied in 2020 to different companies located at the Campinas metropolitan region (RMC), some of them linked to the University of Campinas (Unicamp), and to companies from other Brazilian regions. The econometric exercise shows that the participation in innovation ecosystems promotes the adoption of more advanced stages of digitalization in specific economic industries. inspiration process 202 RMC, RMC , (RMC) Unicamp, Unicamp (Unicamp) regions industries 20 (RMC (Unicamp 2

RESUMO O artigo tem por objetivo discutir o papel do ecossistema de inovação como fator que contribui para a adoção de gerações mais avançadas de tecnologias digitais nas empresas. Com base na literatura sobre gestão estratégica de empresas e economia da inovação de inspiração neoschumpeteriana, o artigo avalia se a participação em um ecossistema de inovação intensivo em recursos para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias digitais estimula o processo de digitalização das empresas. A discussão baseia-se na análise dos resultados de um questionário aplicado em 2020 a empresas localizadas na região metropolitana de Campinas, algumas das quais vinculadas à Unicamp, e a empresas de outras regiões do Brasil. O exercício econométrico comprova que a participação das empresas em ecossistemas de inovação promove a adoção de estágios mais avançados de digitalização para setores econômicos específicos. neoschumpeteriana baseiase baseia 202 Campinas Unicamp Brasil específicos 20 2

PURPOSE: This article explores the symbiosis between the fields of responsible leadership and purpose-driven brand building to offer a new, integrated perspective along with strategic guidelines for implementation by leaders in Africa DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: This conceptual paper is based on a critical review of literature that follows a three-phased approach, with 87 literature sources included across 4 literature domains. Thematic content analysis of data delivers five themes revealing the symbiotic nature of responsible leadership through purpose-driven brand building FINDINGS: Findings are captured in a conceptual model, which suggests that responsible leadership should be embedded in brand purpose which serves to benefit brand stakeholders and society. Responsible leaders align all decisions and actions to build and enhance cohesive brands - creating ecosystems that cogently work together toward a shared goal. Through purpose-driven brand building, responsible leaders could bolster socio-economic development in Africa, garner trust and attract investment PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS AND VALUE: The central value of this article lies in the integration of the previously separate domains of responsible leadership and purpose-driven brand building as well as the directions provided for further research. The new perspective is practically operationalised with strategic guidelines for responsible leadership on the African continent by serving brand purpose to the benefit of all stakeholders

This article synthesises principles towards achieving responsible waste management in South African protected areas. These principles are distilled from and based on existing legislation, guidelines and best practices applicable to environmental management, waste management and protected areas management. The principles are framed around the South African environmental management principles, and specifically contextualised for waste management in protected areas, based on legislation, guidelines and best practices from the literature. Six key principles are synthesised, which aim to achieve responsible waste management in protected areas through: (1) protection of ecosystems and biodiversity; (2) prevention and remediation of pollution; (3) implementation of the waste management hierarchy; (4) provision of effective waste services and infrastructure; (5) promotion of participation and building of partnerships; and (6) contribution to wellbeing, livelihoods and capacity. These principles provide a first step towards the development of detailed guidance on dealing with waste management in South African protected areas and may have relevance in other countries. CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS: The suggested principles for responsible waste management in protected areas aim to provide strategic direction, coordinate and standardise waste management in protected areas. The ultimate aim of the principles is to reduce the adverse impacts of waste in protected areas and to align waste management practices with South African laws and international best practice.

Resumen Los ecosistemas costeros como las playas, son áreas estratégicas, que soportan una gran diversidad biológica y promueven el desarrollo económico de las comunidades, a partir del aprovechamiento y la explotación de sus recursos naturales (turismo, pesca, agricultura, asentamientos humanos). No obstante, el ejercicio incontrolado de estas actividades desencadena un manejo inadecuado del ecosistema generando impactos ambientales como la contaminación por Residuos Sólidos (RS), la modificación de los paisajes, el deterioro en la calidad de los cuerpos de agua, la sobreexplotación de los recursos costeros, y el tráfico de la fauna y flora. Está situación no solo se ha convertido en un problema a nivel ambiental, sino que también afecta la estética y el crecimiento de la economía costera. Con esta revisión se abordarán algunos de los tópicos anteriormente mencionados, evaluando el estado actual del arte con respecto al uso de las playas y su contaminación por RS para el Caribe colombiano, identificando las principales problemáticas que aquejan a las playas de esta región del país. Obteniendo como resultado que las actividades como el turismo y la pesca son una de las principales fuentes contaminantes de las playas. Se requiere ampliar estudios que permitan visibilizar y ampliar el estado de esta problemática en la región, dado que no se observan registros sobre el impacto de las actividades socioeconómicas como fuentes generadoras de RS, y la degradación de las playas, así mismo se evidencia la necesidad de integrar el contexto social y económico para poder reconocer la dinámica propia de cada contexto, que permitan diseñar e implementar herramientas eficientes para la planificación de las zonas costeras y el desarrollo sostenible de las actividades socioeconómicas a lo largo de las playas.

Abstract Coastal ecosystems such as beaches are strategic areas that support great biological diversity and promote the economic development of communities, based on the use and exploitation of their natural resources (tourism, fishing, agriculture, human settlements). However, the uncontrolled management of these activities have generated a disequilibrium of the ecosystem, generating environmental impacts such as contamination by Solid Waste (RS), modification of landscapes, deterioration in the quality of water bodies, overexploitation of resources coastal areas, and the traffic of fauna and flora. That situation not only become an environmental problem, but also affects the culture of the near populations and growth of the coastal economy. This literature review will address some of the mentioned aspects, evaluating the current state of the art regarding the use of beaches and their contamination by RS for the Colombian Caribbean, identifying the main problems that afflict the beaches of this region of the country. Obtaining as a result that those activities such as tourism and fishing are one of the main polluting sources of the beaches. In conclusion, it is necessary to expand studies that do it possible to make visible and expand the status of this problem in the region, since there are no records on the impact of socioeconomic activities as generating sources of RS, and the degradation of beaches. Likewise the need is evident to integrate the social and economic context in order to recognize the dynamics of each context, which allow the design and implementation of efficient tools for planning coastal areas and the sustainable development of socio-economic activities along the beaches.

Resumen Con el fin de contribuir a una mejor toma de decisiones para enfrentar el cambio climático, la UICN analizó 43 proyectos sobre cambio climático en Costa Rica cuyo periodo de ejecución va del 2012 a 2022. Los resultados muestran la tendencia a enfocar esfuerzos en el fortalecimiento de capacidades, luego en la protección y recuperación de ecosistemas, seguidamente en el recurso hídrico (tema transversal) y en menor medida, en la seguridad alimentaria. La mayor parte fueron implementados por Organizaciones No Gubernamentales (ONG) y los organismos internacionales quienes manejan en gran parte los presupuestos asociados a este tema. La mayor inversión se dio en las provincias costeras. Se identificaron cinco retos para aumentar la contribución de los proyectos a la disminución de las vulnerabilidades climáticas: fortalecer las capacidades locales y los mecanismos de gobernanza en la gestión; hacer más directa la participación comunitaria; aumentar los esfuerzos en seguridad alimentaria (tema clave además por las vulnerabilidades profundizadas por la pandemia del COVID19); incorporar la gestión del riesgo como un eje estratégico; y dar prioridad al monitoreo para generar evidencia científica sobre los avances e impactos.

Abstract IUCN analyzed 43 projects related to climate change implemented in Costa Rica from 2012 to 2022 as a contribution to improve decision making to face climate change. The results show a strong tendency to focus efforts in strengthening of capacities, the protection and restoration of ecosystems, water resources management (a cross-cutting issue) and finally, food security. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) were the major implementing organizations, but the international organizations managed the largest amount of budget. The largest economic investment of these initiatives was in coastal provinces. Five challenges were identified to increase the contribution of projects to the reduction of climate vulnerabilities: strengthening local capacities and governance mechanisms in project management; improve more direct community participation; increase efforts in food security (key issue also given the vulnerabilities deepened by the COVID19 pandemic); include risk management as a strategic theme; and prioritize monitoring to generate scientific evidence on progress and impacts.

RESUMEN La apicultura, a nivel mundial, es de gran importancia, por el desempeño que realizan las abejas, como agentes polinizadores del 75 % de los cultivos, que garantizan la seguridad alimentaria de millones de personas. En Colombia, el sector apícola contribuye al fortalecimiento de la economía campesina y promueve la conservación de diferentes ecosistemas estratégicos. Respecto al municipio de Fortul, Arauca, cuenta con una importante zona de reserva forestal y una amplia variabilidad de ecosistemas, aptos para el desarrollo de la apicultura, actividad que, actualmente, se desarrolla por la asociación “Panaldemiel”, la cual, requiere un acompañamiento y fortalecimiento de las capacidades organizacionales y gerenciales. Es así, que el objeto de la presente investigación es “fortalecer la gestión administrativa de la Asociación de Apicultores “Panaldemiel”, del municipio de Fortul, Arauca”, estudio soportado en el método de investigación Acción-participación, bajo la estrategia de estudio de caso, que permite analizar la problemática en un contexto real, facilitando la obtención de información necesaria, para la formulación de herramientas estratégicas, encaminadas a dinamizar el proceso productivo y competitivo de la asociación, en el ámbito local y regional. Se concluye, que la asociación cuenta con un alto porcentaje de aspectos positivos internos y externos que la respalda, de manera significativa; sin embargo, se requiere de un compromiso gubernamental para mitigar la coyuntura de orden público que se vive en esta región.

ABSTRACT Beekeeping worldwide is of great importance for the performance of bees as pollinating agents of 75 % of the crops that guarantee the food security of millions of people. In Colombia, the beekeeping sector contributes to the strengthening of the peasant economy and promotes the conservation of different strategic ecosystems. With respect to the municipality of Fortul-Arauca has an important forest reserve area and wide variability of ecosystems suitable for the development of beekeeping, an activity that is currently developed by the association "Panaldemiel", which requires an accompaniment and strengthening of organizational and managerial capacities, so the purpose of this research is "to strengthen the administrative management of the Association of Beekeepers "Panaldemiel" of the municipality of Fortul-Arauca" study supported by the Action-participation research method, under the case study strategy, which allows analyzing the problem in a real context, facilitating the obtaining of information necessary for the formulation of strategic tools aimed at boosting the productive and competitive process of the association at the local and regional level. It is concluded that the association has a high percentage of internal and external positive aspects that support it significantly, however, a government compromise is required to mitigate the situation of public order that is lived in this region.

Resumen Introducción: la Serranía de los Yariguíes, ubicada en el centro del departamento de Santander, constituye uno de los ecosistemas estratégicos más relevantes del oriente de los Andes colombianos. Sin embargo, no hay información actualizada que describa cómo la deforestación y la sobreexplotación han afectado las coberturas de los ecosistemas de la microcuenca la Cinco Mil. Objetivo: establecer el cambio en las coberturas del suelo de la microcuenca la Cinco Mil para el periodo 2010-2016. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un análisis multitemporal, a partir de la información disponible en el Sistema de Información Geográfica para la Planeación y el Ordenamiento Territorial Nacional del Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi, técnicas de clasificación visual a partir de imágenes de satélite y la metodología de tabulación cruzada desarrollada por Robert Pontius. Resultados: Las categorías de bosque denso y bosque fragmentado presentaron el mayor cambio total en una proporción de 11,79 % (1.178,79 ha) y 14,72 % (1.472,21 ha) respectivamente. Conclusiones: adelantar procesos de reconocimiento en campo, que permitan caracterizar las áreas naturales protegidas de los Yariguíes a través de sus pobladores, con el fin de identificar iniciativas que contribuyan a la conservación de los servicios ecosistémicos.

Resumo Introdução: a Serranía de los Yariguíes, localizada no centro do departamento de Santander, constitui um dos ecossistemas estratégicos mais relevantes do leste dos Andes colombianos. No entanto, não há informações atualizadas que descrevam como o desmatamento e a sobreexploração afetaram a cobertura do ecossistema da microbacia do Cinco Mil. Objetivo: constatar a alteração da ocupação do solo da microbacia La Cinco Mil para o período 2010-2016. Materiais e Métodos: esta pesquisa foi realizada uma análise multitemporal, com base nas informações disponíveis no Sistema de Informação Geográfica de Planejamento e Ordenamento Territorial Nacional do Instituto. Geográfico Agustín Codazzi, técnicas de classificação visual a partir de imagens de satélite e a metodologia de tabulação cruzada desenvolvida por Robert Pontius. Resultados: os resultados foram obtidos mostram que a cobertura florestal densa sofreu uma variação de 11,79 %, em decorrência do desenvolvimento de atividades antrópicas. Conclusões: realização de processos de reconhecimento em campo, que permitam caracterizar as áreas naturais protegidas dos Yariguíes por meio de seus habitantes, a fim de identificar iniciativas que contribuam para a conservação dos serviços ecossistêmicos.

Abstract Introduction: Yariguíes's mountain range, located in the center of the department of Santander, constitutes one of the most relevant strategic ecosystems in the eastern Colombian Andes. However, there is no updated information that describes how deforestation and overexploitation have affected the ecosystem coverage of the Cinco Mil micro-basin. Objective: establish the change in the land cover of the Cinco Mil micro-basin for the 2010-2016 period. Materials and Methods: a multi-temporal analysis was carried out, based on the information available in the Geographic Information System for Planning and the National Territorial Ordering of the Agustín Codazzi Geographical Institute, techniques of visual classification based on satellite images and the cross-tabulation methodology developed by Robert Pontius. Results: The dense forest and fragmented forest categories presented the highest total change in a proportion of 11.79 % (1,178.79 ha) and 14.72 % (1,472.21 ha) respectively. Conclusions: advance reconnaissance processes in the field, which allow characterizing the protected natural areas of the Yariguíes through their inhabitants, in order to identify initiatives that contribute to the conservation of ecosystem services.