RESUMO A produção de grãos apresenta crescimento constante, entretanto, a capacidade estatística de armazenamento permanece deficitária no Brasil. A falta de estruturas e a precariedade e inadequação no armazenamento ocasionam perdas na pós-colheita, devido ação de fatores que interagem com os grãos, culminando na sua deterioração. Para reversão desses efeitos, o tratamento químico é realizado, contudo, busca-se por sua substituição por substâncias naturais devido a implicações ambientais e medicinais. Objetivou-se com esta revisão, a discussão de uma potencial estratégia sustentável para o tratamento de grãos armazenados, com foco no uso de compostos naturais com propriedades bioativas como antifúngica, antioxidante e inseticida, que os torna potenciais para serem estudados. Foram delineados compostos naturais que possuem propriedades úteis para aplicação no armazenamento de grãos. Pesquisas a respeito do emprego dos compostos naturais no tratamento de grãos são incipientes, carecendo de avanços na identificação de novos compostos promissores, melhor compreensão dos mecanismos de ação e otimização/desenvolvimento de processos de extração, aplicação e formulação eficazes que viabilizem o futuro uso das substâncias. constante entretanto Brasil póscolheita, póscolheita pós colheita, colheita pós-colheita deterioração efeitos realizado contudo buscase busca se medicinais Objetivouse Objetivou revisão armazenados antifúngica inseticida estudados incipientes promissores otimizaçãodesenvolvimento otimização desenvolvimento extração

ABSTRACT Grain production is steadily increasing; however, the static storage capacity remains inadequate in Brazil. The lack of proper facilities and the precarious and inadequate storage conditions lead to post-harvest losses due to factors interacting with the grains, causing their deterioration. Chemical treatments are commonly used to reverse these effects; however, their replacement with natural substances has been sought due to environmental and human health concerns. The objective of this review was to discuss a sustainable strategy for treating stored grains, focusing on the use of natural compounds with bioactive properties, such as antifungal, antioxidant, and insecticidal activities, with potential for further studies. Natural compounds with useful properties for application in grain storage were outlined. Research on the use of natural compounds in grain treatment is still in its early stages, requiring progress in identifying new promising compounds, understanding the mechanisms of action, and developing and optimizing effective extraction, application, and formulation processes to make the use of these substances viable. increasing however Brazil postharvest post harvest grains deterioration effects concerns antifungal antioxidant activities studies outlined stages action extraction viable

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine the energy storage capacity of the material obtained from cocoa husks in a capacitor configuration. The lignocellulosic material comes from Ecuadorian cocoa harvests used in agro-industrial processes. Analysis of the volatiles generated during instant pyrolysis was conducted using GC/MS technique. Additionally, a comparison of the capacitor with two different electrolytes was made: sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and sodium chloride (NaCl). The material processing involved carbonization and chemical activation processes, carried out in a pyrolysis reactor under an inert nitrogen (N2) atmosphere at a heating rate of 20 °C min-1, and activated at 850 °C in the same atmosphere for 4 hours. Electrodes were prepared from this material and tested using cyclic voltammetry to assess energy storage at different scan rates for five cycles. The results of the GC/MS analysis and cyclic voltammetry demonstrated that the prepared secondary raw material can be used to obtain high-value added products. The main identified volatile compounds include phenols, acetic acid, and alcohols. The maximum potential was 1,1 kW kg-1 with NaCl electrolyte, and the maximum durability was achieved with H2SO4 electrolyte with a power of 0,29 kW kg-1; these values were obtained at a scan rate of 100 mV s-1.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la capacidad de almacenamiento energético del material obtenido de cascarilla de cacao en configuración de capacitor. El material lignocelulósico proviene de la cosecha de cacao ecuatoriano utilizado en procesos agroindustriales. Se realizó el análisis de los volátiles generados durante la pirólisis instantáneo mediante la técnica GC/MS; además, de la comparación del capacitor con dos electrólitos diferentes: ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4) y cloruro de sodio (NaCl). El procesamiento del material se realizó mediante un proceso de carbonización y otro de activación por vía química, los cuales se llevaron a cabo en un reactor de pirólisis en atmósfera inerte de nitrógeno (N2) a una velocidad de calefacción de 20 oC min-1 y se activaron a 850 oC en la misma atmósfera por 4 horas. A partir de este material se prepararon los electrodos y se probó mediante voltametría cíclica el almacenamiento de energía a diferentes velocidades de barrido para cinco ciclos. Los resultados del análisis GC/MS y de voltametría cíclica demostraron que la materia prima secundaria preparada puede utilizarse para obtener productos de alto valor agregado. Los principales compuestos volátiles identificados corresponden a fenoles, ácido acético y alcoholes. El máximo potencial fue de 1,1 kW kg-1 con electrolito de NaCl y, la máxima durabilidad se logró con electrolito de H2SO4 con una potencia de 0,29 kW kg-1 estos valores fueron obtenidos a una velocidad de 100 mV s-1.

Resumen: Las Reservas Ecológicas, son la base primordial para la subsistencia de la biodiversidad, desempeñan funciones cruciales para el mantenimiento de los ecosistemas, especialmente, en la preservación de los servicios ecosistémicos de regulación del clima y suministro de agua. Determinar la capacidad de acumulación del COS en tres ecosistemas de la Reserva Ecológica Arenillas (REAR) y la influencia que tienen con los factores de profundidad y el tipo de suelo, fue el objetivo de la investigación. Se partió de la hipótesis que dichos factores ejercen un efecto sobre las propiedades físicas-químicas del suelo, provocando la variabilidad del carbono. Se establecieron 14 unidades de muestreo para los tres ecosistemas; 1) Intervenido, 2) Bosque deciduo y 3) Bosque arbustal deciduo, se extrajo de cada unidad dos muestras de suelo a profundidades de (0-10 y 10-30 cm), dando un total de 28 muestras. Los resultados revelaron diferencias significativas entre los tres tipos de ecosistemas, permitiendo afirmar que, en la REAR, el contenido de COS es mayor en el ecosistema de Bosque deciduo, que en los denominados Bosque arbustal deciduo y la zona Intervenida. Así mismo, los suelos del tipo Alfisol y Entisol en el Bosque deciduo presentaron la mayor capacidad de almacenamiento de COS, siendo la capa superficial la de mayor acumulación en los tres ecosistemas. Se concluyó que las bajas precipitaciones, el aumento de la temperatura y la esporádica vegetación producida por actividades antrópicas, afectan el almacenamiento de COS, limitando la prestación de servicios ecosistémicos relacionados con la captura de carbono edáfico.

Abstract: Ecological Reserves are the primary basis for the subsistence of biodiversity, they play crucial roles in the maintenance of ecosystems, especially in the preservation of ecosystem services of climate regulation and water supply. The objective of the research was to determine the accumulation capacity of COS in three ecosystems of the Arenillas Ecological Reserve (REAR) and the influence of depth factors and soil type. It was hypothesized that these factors exert an effect on the physical-chemical properties of the soil, causing carbon variability. Fourteen sampling units were established for the three ecosystems; 1) Intervened, 2) Deciduous Forest and 3) Deciduous shrub forest, two soil samples were extracted from each unit at depths of (0-10 and 10-30 cm), giving a total of 28 samples. The results revealed significant differences between the three types of ecosystems, allowing us to affirm that, in the REAR, the COS content is higher in the deciduous forest ecosystem than in the deciduous shrub forest and the Intermediate zone. Likewise, Alfisol and Entisol soils in the deciduous forest had the highest COS storage capacity, being the surface layer the one with the highest accumulation in the three ecosystems. It was concluded that low precipitation, increased temperature and sporadic vegetation produced by anthropic activities affect COS storage, limiting the provision of ecosystem services related to soil carbon sequestration.

RESUMEN La conservación poscosecha de frutas y hortalizas frescas es un desafío constante en la industria alimentaria. Los recubrimientos biodegradables representan una solución innovadora y sostenible para prolongar su vida útil. En este contexto, esta investigación evaluó la influencia de un recubrimiento a base de almidón oxidado de plátano (Musa paradisiaca L. grupo AAA, cv. Cavendish) y aceite de oliva en la conservación de tomates cherry (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Cerasiforme) durante su almacenamiento en condiciones ambientales. Se prepararon emulsiones formadoras de recubrimiento usando almidón (4% m v-1) con alto grado de oxidación, glicerol, Tween 80 y aceite de oliva. Los productos se recubrieron mediante inmersión. El rendimiento de extracción del almidón fue de 27,26% por el método de molienda húmeda. Los contenidos de lípidos, fibra cruda, proteínas, carbohidratos y cenizas tendieron a disminuir en los almidones oxidados al aumentar el tiempo de reacción, comportamiento opuesto para la humedad (P≤0,05). La solubilidad y capacidad de absorción de aceite aumentaron en los almidones oxidados, mientras que la absorción de agua y poder de hinchamiento disminuyeron (P≤0,05). La mejor combinación para la formulación de los recubrimientos de almidón oxidado fue 3% (m v-1) de glicerol y 0,3% (m v-1) de aceite. Este recubrimiento redujo las pérdidas de masa y retrasó el proceso de maduración. Los resultados sugirieron que el uso de recubrimientos a base de almidón oxidado de plátano y aceite de oliva es una estrategia eficaz para mantener la calidad y frescura de los frutos durante un periodo de almacenamiento más prolongado.

ABSTRACT Postharvest conservation of fresh fruits and vegetables is a constant challenge in the food industry. Biodegradable coatings represent an innovative and sustainable solution to extend their shelf life. In this context, this research evaluated the influence of a coating based on oxidized banana starch (Musa paradisiaca L. group AAA, cv. Cavendish) and olive oil on the conservation of cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Cerasiforme) during their storage at ambient conditions. Coating-forming emulsions were prepared using starch (4% m v-1) with a high degree of oxidation, glycerol, Tween 80, and olive oil. The products were dip coated. The starch extraction yield was 27.26% by the wet milling method. The contents of lipids, crude fiber, proteins, carbohydrates, and ashes tended to decrease in oxidized starches with increasing reaction time, the opposite behavior for humidity (P≤0.05). Solubility and oil absorption capacity increased in oxidized starches, while water absorption and swelling power decreased (P≤0.05). The best combination for the formulation of oxidized starch coatings was 3% (m v-1) of glycerol and 0.3% (m v-1) of oil. This coating reduced weight losses and delayed the ripening process. The results suggested that the use of coatings based on oxidized banana starch and olive oil is an effective strategy for maintaining the quality and freshness of the fruits during a longer storage period.

SUMMARY: The rapid advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed our lives by connecting objects and creating an intelligent environment that drives automation and massive data collection. IoT has overcome challenges through remote monitoring, robotics, and sensors, with powerful wireless technologies opening up possibilities in various fields, including anatomical techniques. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of integrating IoT technology into the body maceration process by developing a low-cost, accessible, automated maceration control device compatible with theArduino IDE programming environment. Using an open-source NodeMCU system based on the ESP-12E chip, which employs the LUA programming language and is compatible with Arduino IDE, we incorporated a microSD card reader module for data storage, a digital temperature sensor (DS18B20), a clock module (DS3231), a magnetic stirrer, and an aquarium heater controlled by a digital thermostat with relay (W1209). To validate the device, we conducted maceration tests on C57BL mice, comparing two groups: Control (n=5; weight=17g) subjected to maceration in 4 liters of water at 10°C without agitation; Experimental (n=5; weight=17g) exposed to maceration in 4 liters of water at 35°C, with agitation at 1500 r/min and water flow renewal at a rate of 900 ml/h. Specimens were evaluated for their degree of maceration, cleaned, weighed, and photographed. The maceration time for the control and experi- mental groups was 730 hours and 60 hours, respectively. In the experimental group, no foul odors, damage, or bone demineralization were detected. The device cost was 60 USD, and programming through the Arduino IDE environment was straightforward. The focus on hardware contributed to accessibility and time savings. The system operated with a conventional power supply and required a water supply, making it adaptable to various configurations with greater capacity. Under this configuration, we effectively controlled the variables (temperature, agitation, and water flow). The NodeMCU-based bone maceration system improved the performance and adaptability of existing systems and increased accessibility by reducing costs, complexity, and foul odors.

RESUMEN: El rápido avance del Internet de las Cosas (IoT) ha transformado nuestras vidas al conectar objetos y crear un entorno inteligente que impulsa la automatización y la recolección masiva de datos. El IoT ha superado desafíos a través del monitoreo remoto, la robótica y los sensores, con tecnologías inalámbricas potentes que abren posibilidades en diversos campos, incluidas la anatomía y las técnicas anatómicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue demostrar la viabilidad y los beneficios de integrar la tecnología IoT en el proceso de maceración cadavérica mediante el desarrollo de un dispositivo de control de maceración automatizado, accesible y de bajo costo, compatible con el entorno de programación Arduino IDE. Usando un sistema NodeMCU de código abierto basado en el chip ESP-12E, que emplea el lenguaje de programación LUA y es compatible con Arduino IDE, incorporamos un módulo lector de tarjetas microSD para el almacenamiento de datos, un sensor de temperatura digital (DS18B20), un módulo de reloj (DS3231), un agitador magnético y un calentador de acuario controlado por un termostato digital con relé (W1209). Para validar el dispositivo, realizamos pruebas de maceración en ratones C57BL, comparando dos grupos: control (n=5; peso=17g) sometido a maceración en 4 litros de agua a 10°C sin agitación; experimental (n=5; peso=17g) expuesto a maceración en 4 litros de agua a 35°C, con agitación a 1500 r/min y renovación del flujo de agua a una velocidad de 900 ml/h. Los especímenes fueron evaluados según su grado de maceración, limpiados, pesados y fotografiados. El tiempo de maceración para los grupos control y experimental fue de 730 horas y 60 horas, respectivamente. En el grupo experimental no se detectaron malos olores, daños ni desmineralización de los huesos. El costo del dispositivo fue de 60 USD y la programación a través del entorno Arduino IDE fue sencilla. El enfoque en el hardware contribuyó a la accesibilidad y al ahorro de tiempo. El sistema operaba con una fuente de alimentación convencional y requería un suministro de agua, lo que lo hace adaptable a diversas configuraciones con mayor capacidad. Bajo esta configuración, controlamos eficazmente las variables (temperatura, agitación y flujo de agua). El sistema de maceración ósea basado en NodeMCU mejoró el rendimiento y la adaptabilidad de los sistemas existentes, y aumentó la accesibilidad al reducir los costos, la complejidad y los malos olores.

Abstract In recent years, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have presented a variety of applications. Recent studies show their advantages when quantifying areas for storm runoff estimation. However, there are uncertainties about their actual range. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the volume of rainfall captured by roofs using UAVs. The methodology consisted of selecting a study area composed of a variety of canopies, in which the areas were digitally measured, the latter by processing images captured by UAV. For the calculation of runoff volume, the average monthly precipitation data of the last 11 years were taken, and the Runoff Coefficients (Ce) reported in the literature were considered. Then, the mean monthly runoff volume was calculated for each canopy. The results show that the roofs studied (Coliseum - Library) have the capacity to capture an annual volume of 2237.75 m3. With an average volume of 406.74 m3 during the rainy season (November to March) and 29.15 m3 during the dry season (April to October). Although the use of UAV allows determining one of the values within the runoff volume calculation, in order to achieve a more accurate result, it is necessary to analyze and evaluate the other variables (Ce and precipitation).

Resumen En los últimos años, los Vehículos Aéreos No Tripulados (VANT) han presentado una variedad de aplicaciones. Estudios recientes demuestran sus ventajas al momento de cuantificar áreas para la estimación de escorrentía pluvial. Sin embargo, existen incertidumbres sobre su alcance real. Ante ello, el objetivo del estudio es estimar el volumen pluvial captado por cubiertas mediante VANT. La metodología consistió en seleccionar una zona de estudio compuesta por una variedad de cubiertas, en el que las áreas fueron medidas digitalmente, esta última por medio del procesamiento de imágenes captadas por VANT. Para el cálculo de volumen de escurrimiento, se tomaron los datos de precipitación media mensual de los últimos 11 años, y se consideraron los Coeficientes de Escorrentía (Ce) reportados en la literatura. A continuación, se calculó el volumen de escurrimiento medio mensual para cada cubierta. Los resultados muestran que las cubiertas estudiadas (Coliseo - Biblioteca), tienen la capacidad de captar un volumen anual de 2237.75 m3. Con un volumen promedio de 406.74 m3 durante la época lluviosa (noviembre a marzo) y 29.15 m3 en la época seca (abril a octubre). Aunque el uso de VANT permite determinar uno de los valores dentro del cálculo de volumen de escorrentía, para lograr un resultado más exacto, es preciso analizar y evaluar las otras variables (Ce y precipitación).

ABSTRACT Introduction: Water pollution by hydrocarbons is a worldwide concern due to its environmental and economic impact. Several highly effective synthetic sorbent materials have been developed to control oil spills, but the additional storage or disposal costs are high. Objective: To evaluate agro-industrial wastes (sugar cane bagasse and pine sawdust) and their mixtures, as biosorbent materials for the removal of hydrocarbons in water. Materials and Methods: Natural bagasse (NB) and pine sawdust (PS) were sieved to obtain a uniform biomass. The studies are carried out with granulometries (+1 -2 mm) and (+0.315 - 1 mm) for NB and PS for the mass percentages and homogeneity of the fractions. Humidity, real density, apparent density, porosity and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled to EDX were determined for the selected material. To determine the maximum sorption capacity (Ca) of NB and PS, diesel (32.7 ºAPI) was used. An experimental design 22 was carried out. Statgraphics Centurion XV.II software was used for statistical analysis. Results and discussion: The results obtained show that the highest (Ca) was reached with (+0.315 -1 mm) and 80%NB/20%PS and 50%NB/50%PS mixtures. The results obtained show that the most influential variable on (Ca) is the biosorbent concentration. Conclusions: It is concluded that it is possible to use agricultural waste (NB and PS) and their mixtures as biosorbent materials, in non-conventional and sustainable treatments for the removal of hydrocarbons in water.

RESUMEN Introducción: La contaminación de las aguas por hidrocarburos es una preocupación mundial debido a su impacto ambiental y económico. Se han desarrollado varios materiales sorbentes sintéticos muy efectivos para controlar los derrames de hidrocarburos, pero los costos adicionales de almacenamiento o disposición final son elevados. Objetivo: Evaluar residuos agroindustriales (bagazo de caña de azúcar y aserrín de pino) y sus mezclas, como materiales biosorbentes para la remoción de hidrocarburos en agua. Materiales y Métodos: El bagazo natural (BN) y el aserrín de pino (AP) fueron tamizados para obtener una biomasa uniforme. Los estudios se realizan con granulometrías (+1 -2 mm) y (+ 0,315 - 1 mm) para el BN y el AP por los porcentajes másicos y la homogeneidad de las fracciones. Al material seleccionado se le determinó: humedad, densidad real, densidad aparente, porosidad y Microscopía Electrónica de Barredura (SEM) acoplada a EDX. Para la determinación de la máxima capacidad de sorción (Ca) de BN y AP, se utilizó diésel (32,7 ºAPI). Se realizó un diseño experimental 22. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el software Statgraphics Centurión XV.II. Resultados y Discusión: Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la mayor (Ca) se alcanzó con (+0,315 -1 mm) y mezclas 80%BN/20%AP y 50%BN/50%AP. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la variable más influyente en la (Ca) es la concentración de biosorbente. Conclusiones: Se concluye que es posible la utilizar de residuos agrícolas (BN y AP) y sus mezclas como materiales biosorbentes, en tratamientos no convencionales y sostenibles para la remoción de hidrocarburos en agua.

Resumen La agricultura es una actividad humana vital que contribuye al desarrollo sostenible. Hace unas décadas, el sector agrícola introdujo el Internet de las Cosas (IoT), desempeñando un papel relevante en la agricultura de precisión e inteligente. Los desarrollos IoT en agricultura requieren colaboración entre múltiples dispositivos, lo que incrementa su vulnerabilidad, debido principalmente a la falta de seguridad integrada por restricciones del contexto. Otras amenazas a estos dispositivos conciernen el almacenamiento y procesamiento de datos conectados a servidores periféricos o en nube. Para garantizar que las soluciones IoT cumplen los requisitos funcionales y no funcionales, especialmente los de seguridad, las empresas de software deberían adoptar un enfoque centrado en la seguridad para su especificación de requerimientos de software. El objetivo del artículo consistió en proponer un método ligero para especificar escenarios de seguridad integrando los puntos de vista de requisitos y arquitectura en el contexto del IoT en soluciones agrícolas. El método comprende cuatro actividades: (i) crear escenarios de buen uso, (ii) crear escenarios de uso incorrecto, (iii) traducir el escenario anterior en escenario de seguridad aplicando reglas y (iv) refinar el escenario de seguridad resultante. También se describe un prototipo de herramienta que utiliza el algoritmo propuesto para ayudar a reforzar el escenario de uso incorrecto basado en el escenario de uso correcto, dando al experto la posibilidad de completar la información para el análisis y posterior derivación del escenario de seguridad. Por último, se proporciona una evaluación preliminar del método propuesto. Los resultados de mostraron que el enfoque propuesto permite a los ingenieros de software definir y analizar escenarios de seguridad en los contextos de IoT y agricultura con buenos resultados. La encuesta, aplicada a cinco expertos en seguridad, encontró que el método de escenario de seguridad propuesto es generalmente útil, pero necesita mejoras en diferentes áreas.

Abstract Agriculture is a vital human activity that contributes to sustainable development. A few decades ago, the agricultural sector adopted the Internet of Things (IoT), which has played a relevant role in precision and smart farming. The IoT developments in agriculture require that numerous connected devices work cooperatively. This increases the vulnerability of IoT devices, mainly because they lack the necessary built-in security because of their context and computational capacity. Other security threats to these devices are related to data storage and processing connected to edge or cloud servers. To ensure that IoT-based solutions meet functional and non-functional requirements, particularly those concerning security, software companies should adopt a security-focused approach to their software requirements specification. This paper proposes a method for specifying security scenarios, integrating requirements and architecture viewpoints into the context of IoT for agricultural solutions. The method comprises four steps: (i) describe scenarios for the intended software, (ii) describe scenarios with incorrect uses of the system, (iii) translate these scenarios into security scenarios using a set of rules, and (iv) improve the security scenarios. This paper also describes a prototype application that employs the proposed algorithm to strengthen the incorrect use scenario based on the correct use scenario. Then, the expert can complete the information for the analysis and subsequent derivation of the security scenario. In addition, this paper describes a preliminary validation of our approach. The results show that the proposed approach enables software engineers to define and analyze security scenarios in the IoT and agricultural contexts with good results. A survey administered to five security experts found that the proposed security scenario method is generally useful for specifying agricultural IoT solutions but needs improvement in different areas.

ABSTRACT Soil is a medium that stores and transfers air, water, nutrients and heat to microorganisms and plants. Its water storage capacity is studied by analysing water retention curves (WRCs), which establish the relationship between soil water content and the force with which water is retained. The objective of this work was to evaluate the capacity of functional geostatistics in predicting the spatial distribution of water retention curves in two types of soils. Experimental areas with two types of soil, Andisol and Oxisol, were selected, and a regular grid of 75 sites was established, from which water retention curves were obtained at two depths. The curves were subjected to geostatistical functional analysis (GF), and the applicability of this method was evaluated by obtaining the usable water table (LAA) and comparing the results with experimental data obtained using traditional methods. Based on cross-validation, it was verified that GF produced a better fit for the Andisol since the coefficient of determination between the LAA values for the measured data and predictions was high, with an R2 of 99%; however, the proposed methodology was also reliable for the Oxisol, since an R2 of 94% was obtained at the two depths studied. air plants WRCs, WRCs , (WRCs) retained soils Oxisol selected 7 established GF, (GF) (LAA methods crossvalidation, crossvalidation cross validation, validation cross-validation high R 99% 99 however 94 (WRCs (GF 9

RESUMO O solo é um sistema que armazena e transfere ar, água, nutrientes e calor para microrganismos e plantas. Sua capacidade de armazenamento de água é estudada analisando a curva de retenção de água (WRC), que estabelece a relação entre a umidade do solo e a força com que ela é retida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade preditiva da geoestatística funcional na distribuição espacial das curvas de retenção de água em dois tipos de solos. Foram selecionadas duas áreas experimentais, um Andisol e um Oxisol, nas quais foi estabelecida uma grade regular com 75 pontos, das quais foram obtidas curvas de retenção de água em duas profundidades. As curvas foram submetidas à análise geoestatística funcional (GF), sua aplicabilidade foi avaliada obtendo a tabela de água utilizável (LAA) e sua posterior análise espacial por métodos tradicionais nos quais os resultados foram comparados com os dados experimentais. Com base na validação cruzada, verificou-se que o uso de GF tem um melhor ajuste para o Andossolo, uma vez que o coeficiente de determinação entre os valores de LAA obtidos com os dados observados e aqueles obtidos com as previsões foi alto, com R2 de 99%; no entanto, para o Latossolo, a metodologia proposta também é confiável, uma vez que foi obtido um R2 de 94% nas duas profundidades estudadas. ar plantas WRC, WRC , (WRC) retida solos experimentais Oxisol 7 pontos GF, (GF) (LAA cruzada verificouse verificou se Andossolo alto R 99% 99 entanto Latossolo confiável 94 estudadas (WRC (GF 9

Abstract Developing decision support systems to help farmers and technicians achieve greater efficiency in weed management is one of the pillars of integrated weed management programs. Greater efficiency is achieved by applying a control measure when most seedlings have already emerged. Having a tool that indicates when this moment is would be of great help to the technician or farmer. In this paper we present an application for mobile and desktop that predicts the field emergence of various winter and summer species based on daily precipitation and temperature data collected from weather stations. Based on these data the program calculates for the selected species the onset of emergencies and elaborates the curve of emergencies, indicating the percentage of seedlings with respect to the expected total for the year. When 90% or a given value set by the user is reached, the system generates a warning for quick action. For the calculations, a hydrothermal model that considers air temperature and water content of the soil is applied. Soil moisture is estimated daily from a water balance based on precipitation, evapotranspiration and water storage capacity of the soil according to its texture. The emergence pattern is fitted with a Gompertz model.

Resumen Desarrollar sistemas de soporte a la decisión que sirvan de ayuda a los agricultores y técnicos para conseguir una mayor eficacia en la gestión de la flora arvense es uno de los pilares de los programas de gestión integrada de malas hierbas. Una mayor eficacia se consigue aplicando una medida de control cuando la mayoría de plantas ya hayan emergido. Tener una herramienta que advierta de cuál es este momento sería de gran ayuda para el técnico o agricultor. En esta comunicación presentamos una aplicación para móvil y escritorio que predice la emergencia en campo de diversas especies de invierno y verano a partir de datos de precipitación y temperatura diarios recogidos de estaciones meteorológicas o introducidos por el propio usuario. En función de estos datos y para la especie seleccionada, el programa calcula el inicio de las emergencias y elabora la curva de emergencias, indicando el porcentaje existente en el campo respecto al total esperable para el año. Cuando se alcanza el 90% o un valor fijado por el usuario el sistema genera un aviso que permite una rápida actuación. Para los cálculos se aplica un modelo hidrotermal que tiene en cuenta la temperatura del aire y el contenido de agua del suelo, el cual se estima diariamente a partir de un balance hídrico en función de la precipitación, evapotranspiración y capacidad de almacenamiento de agua del suelo de acuerdo con su textura. El patrón de emergencia se ajusta a un modelo de Gompertz.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to identify critical aspects of the Cold Chain in the immunization process in Peru. Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted, analyzing data from the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) and the Ministry of Health (MINSA) for the years 2020-2021, as well as administrative records from the MINSA's Regional Health Strategies for immunizations in 2020. Technical aspects established in the Health Technical Standard for Cold Chain Management, such as obsolescence, allocation, functionality, and storage capacity were taken into account. Results: In the year 2020, at the national level, 61.8% of the cold chain equipment showed obsolescence, with some regions exceeding 75%, with Lima’s metropolitan region being the most affected at 88%. Concerning equipment allocation, 9% of the first-level health facilities lacked refrigeration equipment, with Loreto having the highest deficit (46%), followed by Huancavelica with a 21% gap. The overall equipment functionality nationwide was 84%, meaning that 16% of health facilities experienced technical failures, affecting vaccine’s storage capacity and posing risks to their safety and immunogenicity. Significant gaps were identified when considering quarterly or monthly storage for COVID-19 vaccines or other health emergencies. Conclusions: This study highlights potential risks in the operability and storage capacity of the national immunization program's vaccines in Peru during contingencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic or other health emergencies.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar aspectos críticos de la Cadena de Frío en el Perú Metodología: Estudio descriptivo. Se analizaron datos del Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF) y del Ministerio de Salud (MINSA) de los años 2020-2021, así como los registros administrativos de las Estrategias Sanitarias Regionales de inmunizaciones del MINSA en 2020. Se consideraron aspectos técnicos de la Norma Técnica de Manejo de cadena de frío, como es obsolescencia, dotación, funcionalidad y capacidad de almacenamiento. Resultados: En el año 2020, en términos de obsolescencia el 61.8% de los equipos de cadena de frío a nivel nacional presentaban obsolescencia, siendo regiones claves como Lima Metropolitana (capital del país) la más afectada con un 88%. En cuanto a la dotación de equipos, el 9% de los establecimientos de salud del primer nivel carecen de equipos de refrigeración, siendo Loreto la región con mayor déficit 46%, seguida de Huancavelica con un 21% de brecha. En términos de funcionamiento, se registra que el 84% de los equipos a nivel nacional funcionan, y el 16% reportan fallas técnicas, lo cual representa alto riesgo en la seguridad y potencia inmunogénica de las vacunas a prever. En términos de capacidad, al considerar el almacenamiento trimestral o mensual para las vacunas contra la COVID-19 u otras emergencias sanitarias se identificaron brechas significativas. Conclusiones: Existen riesgos en la operatividad, suministro y capacidad de almacenamiento de las vacunas del esquema nacional de inmunizaciones de Perú incluso ante emergencias sanitarias.

Abstract Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera( cv. Medjool is a significant plant, grown in Jordan. In vitro propagation gives operative resources for the significant propagation of date palms. Maximum callus induction was achieved from MS media supplemented with benzyl amino purine (BA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The highest plant regeneration was recorded on MS medium supplemented with dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 3.0 mg/L, and BA at 2.0 mg/L. A significant positive impact on shoot formation was recorded on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BA with 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L NAA in both liquid and solid MS medium. To maintain survival and regrowth capacity, sucrose could be used for medium-term conservation at lower concentrations (0.1 - 0.2 M). In addition, sorbitol might be used at 0.1 M to maintain the quality of explants. The vitrification technique for long-term preservation was experimented. Embryogenic callus was used as explants for conservation. The survival as well as regrowth percentages of non-cryopreserved and cryopreserved tissue cultures were affected by their duration of treatment with the vitrification solution plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2) and modified plant vitrification solution 2 (MPVS2). Results showed that using PVS2 for 60 minutes for cryopreserved calli was more effective than other treatments. After storage in liquid nitrogen, the highest survival rate (65%) and regrowth rate (40%) were achieved. Phoenix dactylifera cv Jordan palms (BA NAA. . (NAA) 2,4D 24D D 2,4 4 (2,4-D 30 3 0 3. mgL mg L 20 2. 10 1 1. 05 5 0. 15 capacity mediumterm term 01 (0. 02 M. M) addition longterm long experimented noncryopreserved non PVS (PVS2 MPVS2. MPVS2 MPVS (MPVS2) 6 treatments nitrogen 65% 65 (65% 40% 40 (40% (NAA 4D 24 2, (0 (PVS (MPVS2 (65 (40 ( (MPVS (6 (4

Resumo A tamareira (Phoenix dactylifera cv. Medjool) é uma planta significativa, cultivada na Jordânia. A propagação in vitro fornece recursos operacionais para a propagação significativa de tamareiras. A indução máxima de calos foi alcançada a partir de meio MS suplementado com benzil amino purina (BA) e naftaleno ácido acético (ANA). A maior regeneração das plantas foi registrada em meio MS suplementado com ácido diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) a 3,0 mg/L e BA a 2,0 mg/L. Um impacto positivo significativo na formação de brotos foi registrado em meio MS suplementado com 1,0 mg/L BA com 0,5 a 1,5 mg/L NAA em meio MS líquido e sólido. Para manter a sobrevivência e a capacidade de regeneração, a sacarose pode ser usada para conservação em médio prazo em concentrações mais baixas (0,1 - 0,2 M). Além disso, o sorbitol pode ser utilizado a 0,1 M para manter a qualidade dos explantes. A técnica de vitrificação para preservação em longo prazo foi experimentada. Calos embriogênicos foram utilizados como explantes para conservação. A sobrevivência, bem como as porcentagens de novo crescimento de culturas de tecidos não criopreservadas e criopreservadas, foram afetadas pela duração do tratamento com a solução de vitrificação, a solução de vitrificação de plantas 2 (PVS2) e a solução de vitrificação de plantas modificada 2 (MPVS2). Os resultados mostraram que o uso de PVS2 por 60 minutos para calos criopreservados foi mais eficaz do que outros tratamentos. Após armazenamento em nitrogênio líquido, foram alcançadas as maiores taxas de sobrevivência (65%) e de rebrota (40%). Phoenix cv Medjool Jordânia tamareiras (BA ANA. ANA . (ANA) 2,4D 24D D 2,4 4 (2,4-D 30 3 0 3, mgL mg L 20 2, 10 1 1, 05 5 0, 15 sólido 01 (0, 02 M. M) disso experimentada PVS (PVS2 MPVS2. MPVS2 MPVS (MPVS2) 6 tratamentos 65% 65 (65% 40%. 40 40% (40%) (ANA 4D 24 (0 (PVS (MPVS2 (65 (40% ( (MPVS (6 (40 (4

Resumo A cultura do milho, por sua fácil adaptação aos mais diversos agroecossistemas, se espalha por diferentes regiões do mundo, tornando-se uma das mais importantes culturas agrícolas. Nesta cultura, os insetos-praga se destacam por causar prejuízos tanto no campo quanto nos armazéns. A aplicação de óleos essenciais pode ser uma importante técnica a ser investigada no manejo de insetos devido à sua conhecida atividade inseticida e baixo risco o meio ambiente. O objetivo do deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito inseticida e repelente de óleos essenciais de capim-limão exótico (Cymbopogon citratus) e capim-limão nativo (Elionurus sp.) para o manejo do gorgulho do milho (Sitophilus zeamais (Mots., 1855, Coleoptera: Curculionidae). A análise química dos óleos feita por CG-MS mostrou que a composição química do capim-limão nativo e exótico é semelhante, entretanto, as espécies exóticas apresentaram maior número de compostos. Os óleos essenciais de capim-limão nativo e exótico têm eficiência na mortalidade do gorgulho do milho, e verifica-se que o aumento na dose aplicada reflete na redução do tempo de exposição do inseto até que ocorra a morte. O óleo essencial de ambas as espécies apresentou capacidade repelente em todos os momentos avaliados. Assim, pode-se afirmar que ambas as espécies possuem capacidade e potencial para serem utilizadas no manejo do gorgulho do milho, podendo ser uma alternativa para a agricultura familiar e produção orgânica.

Abstract Corn crop, due to its easy adaptation to the most diverse agroecosystems, spreads throughout the different regions of the world, making it one of the most important agricultural crops. In this crop, pest insects stand out for causing losses both in the field and in warehouses. The application of essential oils can be an important technique to be investigated in the management of insects due to its known insecticidal activity and low risk to the environment. The objective of the work was to value the insecticide and repellent effect of essential oils of exotic lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and native lemongrass (Elionurus sp.) for the management of maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais (Mots., 1855, Coleoptera: Curculionidae)). The chemical analysis of the oils made by CG-MS showed that the chemical composition of the native and exotic lemongrass is similar, however, the exotic species presented a greater number of compounds. The essential oils of native and exotic lemon grass have efficiency on maize weevil mortality, and it is verified that the increase in the applied dose reflects in a reduction in the insect's exposure time for death to occur. The essential oil of both species showed repellent capacity at all times evaluated. Thus, it can be said that both species have the capacity and potential to be used in the management of corn weevil, and can be an alternative for smallhorders farmers and organic production.

ABSTRACT: Purple-fleshed sweet potato is a tuber rich in anthocyanins, which are phenolic pigments that confer color and present bioactive capacity. Moreover, its incorporation into dairy products can bring technological and functional benefits. Thus, this article evaluated the impact of the addition of lyophilized purple-fleshed sweet potato powder- LP (0% - Control, 2%, and 4%) on the physical, chemical, and technological characteristics of Greek yogurt. LP showed in vitro antioxidant and bioactive capacity by DPPH (20.64 ± 1.61 μmol TE g-1), FRAP (112.93 ± 4.38 μmol TE g-1), total phenolic content (103.66 ± 3.35 mg GAE g-1), and total anthocyanin content (51.10 ± 1.87 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside 100 g-1). Additionally, the assays demonstrated that the LP has 16.82 ± 0.63% of resistant starch. The fortification of Greek yogurt with LP reduced the syneresis, indicating that LP increased the water retention capacity. LP also inhibited the post-acidification process, increasing apparent viscosity, hardness, and gumminess, and promoting a stable pink coloration throughout the storage (P < 0.05). At the 4% level, the yogurt was firmer and showed greater chewiness, which is highly desirable for Greek yogurt. Therefore, the results suggested that lyophilized purple-fleshed sweet potato powder is a potential multifunctional natural ingredient. ABSTRACT Purplefleshed Purple fleshed anthocyanins Moreover benefits Thus purplefleshed purple 0% 0 (0 Control 2 2% 4 physical chemical 20.64 2064 20 64 (20.6 161 1 61 1.6 g1, g1 g , g-1) 112.93 11293 112 93 (112.9 438 38 4.3 103.66 10366 103 66 (103.6 335 3 35 3.3 51.10 5110 51 10 (51.1 187 87 1.8 3glucoside glucoside g1. . Additionally 1682 16 82 16.8 063 63 0.63 starch syneresis postacidification post acidification process viscosity hardness gumminess P 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) level chewiness Therefore ingredient ( 20.6 206 6 (20. 1. g-1 112.9 1129 11 9 (112. 43 4. 103.6 1036 (103. 33 3. 51.1 511 5 (51. 18 8 168 16. 06 0.6 00 0.0 20. (20 g- 112. (112 103. (103 51. (51 0. (2 (11 (10 (5 (1

RESUMO: Batata-doce de polpa roxa é um tubérculo rico em antocianinas, as quais são pigmentos fenólicos que conferem cor e apresentam capacidade bioativa. Além disso, sua incorporação em produtos lácteos pode trazer benefícios tecnológicos e funcionais. Desta forma, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto da adição de pó liofilizado de batata-doce de polpa roxa - LP (0% - Controle, 2% e 4%) nas características físicas, químicas e tecnológicas de iogurte tipo Grego. LP apresentou capacidade antioxidante e bioativa in vitro para DPPH (20.64 ± 1.61 μmol TE g-1), FRAP (112.93 ± 4.38 μmol TE g-1), teor de compostos fenólicos totais (103.66 ± 3.35 mg GAE g-1) e teor de antocianinas totais (51.10 ± 1.87 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside 100 g-1). Adicionalmente, os ensaios demonstraram que o LP possui 16,82 ± 0,63% de amido resistente. A fortificação do iogurte Grego com LP reduziu a sinérese, indicando que LP aumentou a capacidade de retenção de água, LP também inibiu o processo pós-acidificação, aumentando a viscosidade aparente, a dureza e a gomosidade, e promovendo uma coloração rosa estável durante todo o armazenamento (P < 0,05). No nível de 4%, o iogurte apresentou-se mais firme e com maior mastigabilidade, o que é altamente desejável para o iogurte tipo Grego. Assim, os resultados sugerem que o pó liofilizado de batata-doce de polpa roxa é um potencial ingrediente natural multifuncional. RESUMO Batatadoce Batata doce disso funcionais forma batatadoce batata 0% 0 (0 Controle 2 4% 4 físicas 20.64 2064 20 64 (20.6 161 1 61 1.6 g1, g1 g , 112.93 11293 112 93 (112.9 438 38 4.3 103.66 10366 103 66 (103.6 335 3 35 3.3 g-1 51.10 5110 51 10 (51.1 187 87 1.8 3glucoside glucoside g1. . Adicionalmente 1682 16 82 16,8 063 63 0,63 resistente sinérese água pósacidificação, pósacidificação pós acidificação, acidificação pós-acidificação aparente gomosidade P 0,05. 005 0,05 05 0,05) apresentouse se mastigabilidade Assim multifuncional ( 20.6 206 6 (20. 1. 112.9 1129 11 9 (112. 43 4. 103.6 1036 (103. 33 3. g- 51.1 511 5 (51. 18 8 168 16, 06 0,6 00 0,0 20. (20 112. (112 103. (103 51. (51 0, (2 (11 (10 (5 (1

Abstract In many urban buildings, there is the presence of gas central storage, which contain pressurized tanks. One of the main risks in these places is an explosion, which may or may not is followed by fire. In general, the shock wave formed by this phenomenon is disastrous and can cause material damage and even fatalities. Recent research has contributed to understanding protective systems against this phenomenon; however, it is necessary to advance in developing protection devices for gas central storage. From this perspective, the implementation plan of these devices in order to mitigate the harmful effects of explosions are essential to raise the safety level in construction. Physical protection barriers are appropriate solutions for the protection of buildings, especially in places where it is impossible to bury gas reservoirs. In addition to the potential to reduce back pressure levels, protective walls, when properly designed, can also prevent the spread of debris from the explosion. Another kind of barrier that influences the propagation of the shock wave close to the ground is the ditches, whose function is related to the absorption and redirection of wave energy. Understanding the positioning, geometry, and overpressure attenuation potential of physical barriers are essential in developing safer and more reliable projects. This article aims to study protective barriers in buildings with pressurized gas tanks. The study was developed numerically using the Autodyn software. This program is a tool based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The protective capacity of the proposed types of protection regarding the mitigation of incident overpressures was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. storage tanks explosion fire general fatalities however perspective construction reservoirs levels walls designed ditches energy positioning geometry projects software CFD. CFD . (CFD) quantitatively (CFD

Resumo Em muitas edificações urbanas há a presença de centrais de gás, as quais contém tanques pressurizados. Nesses locais, um dos principais riscos existentes é a explosão, que pode ser seguida ou não de incêndio. Em geral, a onda de choque formada por este tipo de fenômeno é desastrosa e pode ocasionar diversos danos materiais e até mesmo fatalidades. Pesquisas recentes têm contribuído para o entendimento dos sistemas protetivos contra este fenômeno, entretanto, é necessário avançar no desenvolvimento de dispositivos de proteção quanto as centrais de gás. Nessa perspectiva, a implementação destes para mitigação dos efeitos danosos das explosões é imprescindível para elevar o patamar de segurança nas construções. As barreiras físicas de proteção são soluções apropriadas para proteção de edificações, principalmente em locais onde há a impossibilidade de enterrar os reservatórios de gás. Além do potencial em reduzir os níveis de sobrepressão na parte posterior, os muros de proteção, quando corretamente projetados, também são capazes de impedir a propagação dos detritos oriundos da explosão. Outro tipo de barreira que influencia na propagação da onda de choque próxima ao solo são as valetas, cuja função está relacionada à absorção e redirecionamento da energia da onda. A compreensão sobre o posicionamento, geometria e potencial de atenuação de sobrepressões das barreiras físicas é indispensável no desenvolvimento de projetos mais seguros e confiáveis. Este artigo objetiva o estudo de barreiras protetivas em edificações com tanques de gás pressurizados. O estudo foi desenvolvido numericamente por meio do software Autodyn. Este programa é uma ferramenta baseada na dinâmica dos fluidos computacional (CFD). Avaliou-se qualitativamente e quantitativamente a capacidade protetiva dos tipos de proteção propostos quanto à mitigação das sobrepressões incidentes. pressurizados explosão incêndio geral fatalidades entretanto perspectiva construções posterior projetados valetas posicionamento confiáveis Autodyn CFD. CFD . (CFD) Avaliouse Avaliou se incidentes (CFD