ABSTRACT At present, there are serious problems in sorghum harvesting, such as lodging entanglement and the loss of broken stems due to the lack of an external dividing device for the cutting table and holding device. Based on the physical and mechanical characteristics of sorghum plants, an integrated outer divider was developed. The main structural parameters and working parameters of the outer divider were determined. A comparative test of the working quality of the outer divider was carried out. The results show that the working quality of the cutting table with the outer divider is obviously better than that without the outer divider and that the harvest loss of the cutting table is effectively reduced. The Box–Behnken experimental design method was used to investigate the effects of the forward speed, rotation speed of the grain lifter and dividing angle of the outer divider on the lodging and broken stem loss rates during sorghum harvesting. The regression mathematical model and response surface of the lodging and broken stem loss rates and the analysis factors were established, and the optimal working parameters of the outer divider were determined as follows: the dividing angle of the outer divider was 20°, the forward speed was 0.8 m/s, and the rotating speed of the grain lifter was 330 rpm. Under these parameters, the loss rate of the fall was 1.08%, and the loss rate of broken stems was 1.05%, which met the requirements of sorghum cutting tables

Abstract: The homogeneity of wood growth ring width is associated with greater rigidity and mechanical strength of the material. Therefore, understanding ring width homogeneity would be useful for visually grading sawn wood for structural applications. However, the effect of homogeneity on mechanical performance of wood has not been quantified. In this study, the dispersion of the ring width was analyzed to assess its predictive value for elasticity and axial bending strength in Quercus robur (european oak) wood beams. To carry out the study, 26 adult oak trees were felled in Galicia (northwestern Spain). The stems obtained were cut and sawn to produce planks, which were air-dried and subsequently planned to produce beams with target dimensions 2000 mm × 100 mm × 50 mm. For a sample of 52 of these beams, we measured the axial bending strength, the elastic modulus in axial bending, the wood density and moisture content, as well as the percentage of sapwood and the width of each growth ring in the cross section. The descriptive variables of the ring homogeneity, calculated using data from all rings in each beam (standard deviation, variance, interquartile range), were more closely related to mechanical properties. Beams with more homogeneous rings exhibited significantly higher elastic modulus and axial bending strength, with the strongest correlation observed between ring width variance and axial bending elastic modulus (R = -0,41**). However, the correlations observed do not justify developing a predictive model for elasticity or mechanical strength based solely on ring width homogeneity, although mechanical behavior is significantly influenced by ring homogeneity. Consequently, this characteristic could be incorporated into visual strength grading standards for oak wood.

Resumen: La homogeneidad en la anchura de anillos de crecimiento de la madera se asocia a una mayor rigidez y resistencia mecánica del material. Por ello, conocer la homogeneidad de la anchura de los anillos sería útil en la clasificación visual de la madera aserrada con fines resistentes. Sin embargo, no está cuantificada la influencia de la homogeneidad en el comportamiento resistente de la madera. En este trabajo se analizó la dispersión de la variable anchura de anillos para determinar su valor predictivo sobre la resistencia y la elasticidad a flexión axial en vigas de madera de Quercus robur (roble europeo). Para realizar el estudio se talaron 26 robles adultos en Galicia (noroeste de España). Los fustes obtenidos fueron aserrados para obtener tablones, que fueron secados al aire y posteriormente fueron cepillados hasta obtener vigas de dimensiones nominales 2000 mm × 100 mm × 50 mm. En una muestra de 52 de dichas vigas se obtuvo el módulo resistente a flexión axial, el módulo elástico a flexión axial, la densidad y la humedad de la madera, así como el porcentaje de albura y la anchura de cada anillo de crecimiento en la sección transversal de cada viga. Las variables descriptivas de la homogeneidad de anillos en cuyo cálculo intervienen los datos de todos los anillos de la viga (desviación típica, varianza, rango intercuartílico) estaban más relacionadas con las propiedades mecánicas. Las piezas con anillos homogéneos presentaban un módulo elástico y una resistencia a flexión estática significativamente mayores, siendo la correlación más destacada la existente entre la varianza de la anchura de anillos y el módulo elástico a flexión (R = -0,41**). No obstante, el valor de las correlaciones obtenidas no justifica la construcción de un modelo predictivo de la elasticidad o de la resistencia mecánica usando solo la homogeneidad de la anchura de anillos como variable predictora. Sin embargo, dado que el comportamiento mecánico se ve significativamente influenciado por la homogeneidad de los anillos, esta característica podría incorporarse en las normas de clasificación visual de la madera de roble con fines resistentes.

ABSTRACT Plants require iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) at low concentrations for metabolic functions; however, excess soil Fe and Cu can cause toxicity and affect plant development. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of soil Cu and Fe concentrations on seedling emergence, as well as on the metabolism of the main reserve compounds and the biomass in roots, stems, leaves, and cotyledons of Canavalia ensiformis. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design; the Cu and Fe treatments in the soil were: (control, 50, 150, 250 and 350 mg dm-3) over a period of 10 days. Seedling emergence was not affected by the evaluated treatments; however, the results showed an increase in the emergence speed index (EVI) for the Fe treatment at a dose of 150 mg dm-3 of soil compared to 350 mg dm-3 of soil. Treatment with Cu at a dose of 350 mg dm-3 of soil reduced root length. Cu treatments reduced root dry mass. Fe treatments affected the content of soluble amino acids in the stems, leaves and cotyledons, as well as the total soluble proteins in the cotyledons and the carbohydrate content in the leaves. Cu treatments increased protein and carbohydrate content in leaves and starch content in cotyledons. High concentrations of Cu and Fe modify the production of nitrogenous compounds in the plant and reduce root biomass. (Fe (Cu functions however development roots stems ensiformis design were control, control (control 50 25 35 dm3 dm 3 1 days EVI (EVI 15 dm- length mass 5 2

RESUMO As plantas necessitam de ferro (Fe) e cobre (Cu) em baixas concentrações para realizar funções metabólicas. Porém, o excesso de Fe e Cu no solo pode causar toxicidade e afetar o desenvolvimento das plantas. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos das concentrações de Cu e Fe no solo na emergência das plântulas, bem como no metabolismo dos principais compostos de reserva e na biomassa de raízes, caules, folhas e cotilédones de Canavalia ensiformis. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado; os tratamentos de Cu e Fe no solo foram: (controle, 50, 150, 250 e 350 mg dm-3) durante um período de 10 dias. A emergência das plântulas não foi afetada pelos tratamentos avaliados; entretanto, os resultados mostraram aumento do índice de velocidade de emergência (EVI) para o tratamento com Fe na dose de 150 mg dm-3 de solo em comparação com 350 mg dm-3 de solo. O tratamento com Cu na dose de 350 mg dm-3 de solo reduziu o comprimento das raízes. Os tratamentos com Cu reduziram a massa seca das raízes. Os tratamentos com Fe afetaram o conteúdo de aminoácidos solúveis nos caules, folhas e cotilédones, bem como as proteínas solúveis totais nos cotilédones e o conteúdo de carboidrato nas folhas. Os tratamentos com Cu aumentaram os teores de proteínas e carboidratos nas folhas e o teor de amido nos cotilédones. Altas concentrações de Cu e Fe modificam a produção de compostos nitrogenados na planta e diminuem a biomassa radicular. (Fe (Cu metabólicas Porém raízes caules ensiformis vegetação casualizado foram controle, controle (controle 50 25 35 dm3 dm 3 1 dias avaliados entretanto EVI (EVI 15 dm- radicular 5 2

A new alkaloid, named brazoide Ε (6), three known steroids (campesterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol), two glucosides (3-O-β-D-glucopyranosylsitosterol and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl stigmasterol) and sucrose were isolated from the leaves and stems of Justicia wasshauseniana. Their structures were characterized using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS), nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and 2D NMR), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. To reinforce the structural proposal, an acetylated derivative (6a) was obtained and its data compared to 6. Moreover, circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) analysis was performed to determine the absolute stereochemistry, time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) at the wB97X-D/def2-TZVP level, adopting functionals M06-2X and wB97X-D and base aug-cc-pVDZ, was employed to confirm the CD analysis. alkaloid 6, 6 , (6) campesterol, campesterol (campesterol βsitosterol, βsitosterol β sitosterol, sitosterol β-sitosterol stigmasterol, stigmasterol 3OβDglucopyranosylsitosterol OβDglucopyranosylsitosterol 3 O D glucopyranosylsitosterol 3OβDglucopyranosyl OβDglucopyranosyl glucopyranosyl wasshauseniana highresolution high resolution HRESIMS, HRESIMS (HRESIMS) 1D NMR, NMR NMR) IR (IR proposal 6a a (6a Moreover (CD stereochemistry timedependent time dependent TDDFT TD DFT (TD-DFT wB97XD/def2TZVP wB97XDdef2TZVP wBXDdefTZVP wB97X D/def2 TZVP def2 wB X def level M062X MX M06 2X M wB97XD wBXD augccpVDZ, augccpVDZ aug cc pVDZ, pVDZ aug-cc-pVDZ (6 (HRESIMS def2TZVP XD XDdef wBX Ddef2 Ddef D/def M0 ( defTZVP

Resumo Conversamos com Cristóbal Gnecco sobre a colonialidade e as assimetrias geopolíticas na prática antropológica, assim como sobre sua transição da arqueologia para a etnografia que é, sobretudo, uma transição da disciplina para a indisciplina. Ao longo da entrevista, ele oferece críticas ao pensamento moderno e a tudo o que dele decorre: o fortalecimento das disciplinas, a rotulagem de certas arqueologias como “alternativas,” a arqueologia contratual, o multiculturalismo e as perspectivas multivocais. Cristóbal apresenta sua visão sobre a necessidade de “indisciplinarização”, de desaprender e de aprender novos aspectos essenciais para a transformação política urgente. Ele sugere o uso da “teoria ator-rede” como uma abordagem etnográfica analítica para descrever redes e entender como os atores se movem dentro delas. Em conclusão, ele argumenta que o ativismo das vozes que desafiam as fronteiras disciplinares está ficando mais forte e enfatiza a importância de abraçar multiplicidades para impulsionar as mudanças necessárias que ele propõe.

Abstract We spoke with Cristóbal Gnecco about coloniality and geopolitical asymmetries in anthropological practice, as well as his transition from archaeology to ethnography which is, by all means, a transition from discipline to undiscipline. Throughout the interview, he offers critiques of modern thought and everything that stems from it: the reinforcement of disciplines, the labeling of certain archaeologies as “alternative”, contract archaeology, multiculturalism, and multivocal perspectives. Cristóbal presents his view on the need for “un-disciplining”, unlearning, and learning new, essential aspects for the urgent political transformation required. He suggests using “actor-network theory” as an analytical ethnographic approach to describe networks and understand how actors move within them. In conclusion, he argues that the activism of voices challenging disciplinary boundaries is growing stronger and emphasizes the importance of embracing multiplicities to drive the necessary changes he proposes.

Resumen Conversamos con Cristóbal Gnecco sobre la colonialidad y las asimetrías geopolíticas en la práctica antropológica, así como sobre su transición de la arqueología a la etnografía, una transición que ha significado, sobre todo, su paso de la disciplina a la indisciplina. A lo largo de la entrevista, se destacan críticas al pensamiento moderno y todo lo que emana de dicho programa: el fortalecimiento de las disciplinas, la adjetivación de las arqueologías que se hacen llamar alternativas, la arqueología de contrato, el multiculturalismo y las perspectivas multivocales. Cristóbal nos presenta su visión sobre la necesidad de indisciplinamiento, desaprendizaje y aprendizaje de aspectos nuevos, imprescindibles en la transformación política que se necesita con urgencia. Nos propone el uso de “la teoría del actor-red” como aproximación etnográfica analítica para describir redes y entender cómo se mueven actores y actrices en ellas. Para concluir, argumenta que el activismo de las voces que impugnan a las disciplinas es cada vez más fuerte, y enfatiza la relevancia de atender a las multiplicidades para generar los cambios que plantea como necesarios.

RESUMEN En la región Amazonas del Perú, los arándanos nativos se encuentran en zonas altoandinas, donde se asocian con pequeños arbustos y musgos. Estos arándanos prefieren suelos poco profundos con textura arcillo-arenosa y de baja fertilidad. Sin embargo, su población se ve amenazada por su limitada capacidad regenerativa y diversos factores antropogénicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia del ácido indol butírico y del tipo de sustrato en la propagación vegetativa del arándano nativo peruano (Vaccinium sp.) cultivado en microtúnel. El experimento se realizó bajo un diseño completo al azar con arreglo factorial; A: sustrato (arena 100%, arena + fibra de coco 1:1 v/v y fibra de coco 100%) y B: concentraciones de AIB (1, 2 y 3 g L-1) y un testigo (0 g L-1), dando 12 tratamientos, 3 repeticiones y 36 unidades experimentales. En el campo, se recolectaron brotes apicales de arándano con tallos semi-lignificados y vigorosos. En el laboratorio, fueron desinfectados con fungicida y cortados a un tamaño de 7 cm. Posteriormente, se trataron con AIB y se plantaron en sustratos preparados. Tras 120 días en el microtúnel, se observó que los esquejes de arándano mostraron una mayor supervivencia en arena + fibra de coco (94,7%), enraizamiento (73,8%), número de raíces (6,9) y crecimiento radicular (9,2). Las concentraciones de AIB a 2 y 3 g L-1 tuvieron un mayor efecto en el enraizamiento, con valores superiores al 60%. El uso de sustratos y concentraciones adecuadas de auxina favorece significativamente la propagación vegetativa del arándano nativo. Esta técnica de propagación se postula como una alternativa prometedora para la propagación masiva de esta especie con fines de conservación y rehabilitación de ecosistemas degradados.

ABSTRACT In the Amazon region of Peru, native blueberries are found in high Andean areas, where they are associated with small shrubs and mosses. These blueberries prefer shallow soils with a sandy-clay texture and low fertility. However, their population is threatened by their limited regenerative capacity and various anthropogenic factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of indole butyric acid and substrate type on the vegetative propagation of native Peruvian blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) grown in microtunnel. The experiment was conducted under a complete randomized design with the factorial arrangement; A: substrate (sand 100%, sand + coconut fiber 1:1 v/v and coconut fiber 100%) and B: AIB concentrations (1, 2 and 3 g L-1) and control (0 g L-1), giving 12 treatments, three replicates and 36 experimental plots. In the field, apical shoots of blueberry with semi-lignified and vigorous stems were collected. In the laboratory, they were disinfected with fungicide and cut to a size of 7 cm. Subsequently, they were treated with AIB and planted in prepared substrates. After 120 days in the microtunnel, it was observed that blueberry cuttings showed higher survival in sand + coconut fiber (94.7%), rooting (73.8%), root number (6.9), and root growth (9.2). AIB concentrations at 2 and 3 g L-1 had a greater effect on rooting, with values above 60%. The use of suitable substrates and auxin concentrations significantly favors the vegetative propagation of native blueberries. This propagation technique is postulated as a promising alternative for the mass propagation of this species for the conservation and rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Colombia cuenta con una legislación de control del tabaco desde 2009 sin embargo, no existe una regulación específica sobre los Sistemas Electrónicos de Administración de Nicotina (SEAN), por lo tanto, es vital caracterizar las dimensiones cualitativas de consumo. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las prácticas y representaciones de los consumidores de SEAN con el fin de obtener elementos para orientar las acciones necesarias para prevenir su consumo. Materiales y métodos: Este artículo presenta los resultados identificados en el componente cualitativo de una investigación macro sobre la prevalencia del uso de SEAN entre estudiantes universitarios. Se realizaron 14 entrevistas individuales y 1 grupo focal, analizados con el software NVivo10®. Resultados: Se presentan como resultados principales la identificación de las prácticas de consumo, de las cuales se derivó que el núcleo central de la representación social sobre SEAN es no autónomo, lo que posibilita un cambio que desincentive su consumo; el sistema periférico de la representación está conformado por tres elementos: la dimensión social, el consumo de SEAN como estilo de vida y la dimensión corporal y emocional. Conclusiones: Se concluye que las acciones de prevención de consumo de SEAN deben partir de la identificación de características particulares y exclusivas del consumo de SEAN y la incorporación de los elementos del sistema periférico que permitan abordar un consumo que no se basa en la toma de decisiones informadas.

ABSTRACT Objective: Colombia has had a tobacco control legislation since 2009, however there is no specific regulation on Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS). Therefore, it is crucial to characterize the qualitative dimensions of consumption. The study aimed to answer the question: What are the representations and practices of the university population regarding the consumption of SEAN? The objective of the study is to identify the practices and representations of ENDS consumers in order to obtain elements to guide the necessary actions to prevent their consumption. Methods: This paper presents the results identified in the qualitative component of a main study on the prevalence of ENDS use among university students. 14 individual interviews and 1 focus group were conducted and analyzed with the NVivo10® software. The corpus consisted of the transcripts of the 14 interviews and 1 focus group, which constitutes a total of 116 pages of raw data. The techniques used were semi-structured interviews and focus groups, using the Microsoft Teams platform. Taking into account ethical aspects, in each interview and in the focus group the informed consent was read and authorization was requested for the interview to be recorded. The average duration of each interview was one hour and forty-five minutes and the focus group lasted a total of 120 minutes. The capture of practices and representation related to the use/non-use of SEAN was achieved by incorporating two phases of analysis: a)Inductivephase: it was developed with an ordered matrix on the theoretical categories of the project, b)Phase of deductive analysis was carried out based on processes typical of the founded theory that allowed expanding the analytical framework having as its axis the identification of consumption practices and the elements that make up the central core and the peripheral system of representation. Results: The main results are the identification of consumption practices, from which it was derived that the central nucleus of the social representation of SEAN is non-autonomous, which enables a change that discourages its consumption. The reasons and practices for consuming ENDS are closely related to conventional cigarette consumption, which corresponds to the fact that 11 of the 14 interviewees who identify themselves as consumers have consumed conventional cigarettes and only two have been exclusive ENDS consumers. The following practices were identified: a) The consumption motivations were grouped like social, economic and socio-emotional; b) Three types of consumption spaces: prohibited, exclusive and recovered spaces. These last ones are places where you couldn't smoke cigarettes and now they feel empowered to vape; c) There are forms of differential consumption and access to ENDS related to the quality, price, exclusivity and adherence; d) Habits and rituals are not related to moments of daily life, as with cigarettes, but to practices such as searching for and mixing "salts" to obtain flavors, cleaning and maintaining the device, smoking tricks; e) About information channels among the interviewees it was noted that the practice of informed consumption is not frequent and that there are few sources of information that offer low confidence. Finally, the peripheral system of representation is made up of three elements: social dimension, the consumption of SEAN as a lifestyle, bodied and emotional dimension. Conclusion : It is concluded that the actions to prevent the consumption of ENDS should start from the identification of particular and exclusive characteristics of the consumption of ENDS and the incorporation of the elements of the peripheral system that allow addressing a consumption not based on making informed decisions. The main finding is the identification of a non-autonomous representation that stems from the difficulty of establishing notable differentiations between conventional cigarette consumption and e-cigarettes. Therefore, the main vein of research that opens up is to delve into the particular and exclusive characteristics of this consumption. It is essential to incorporate bodily, emotional, and especially social (interpersonal) dimensions as important variables in understanding the practices and representations of e-cigarettes through complex approaches that can break the solid elements on which conventional cigarette consumption is anchored, as it continues to define dynamics of electronic device consumption. It is important at this point to recognize that emotions can be understood as the intermediary between the lived experience in the body and everything that happens in the environment. Thus, it is not possible to think of this representation without recognizing that consumption is an embodied exercise, and the absence of the body in discourses about e-cigarettes can be a revealing element of a disconnection between practices and meanings that are reinforced in the insistence on an action (smoking is smoking) despite the recognition of its negative effects on health (even though it should not be). The understanding of the social representation of e-cigarette consumption in relation to specific practices related to it provides some clues on which to work on processes of information, communication, prevention, and regulation to discourage this consumption that appears relatively new.

ABSTRACT This work stems from an interinstitutional investigation aiming to develop a systemic model for economic transition in the Meta Department, Colombia, focusing on areas of oil exploitation. The purpose of this study is to reduce dependence on hydrocarbons through green projects, aligned with sustainable growth, contributing to local development and environmental preservation. The proposed methodology combines qualitative and quantitative approaches, identifying categories related to the department's needs and potentialities. Econometric models will be employed to assess the significance of variables and their effects on businesses and hydrocarbon dependence. The findings will contextualize the impacts of oil extraction in Meta, outlining effective national and international policies for green growth and identifying key variables for the economic transition model.

RESUMEN Este trabajo surge de una investigación interinstitucional, con el objetivo de elaborar un modelo sistémico para la transición económica en el Departamento de Meta, Colombia, focalizado en zonas de explotación petrolera. El propósito de este estudio es reducir la dependencia de los hidrocarburos, mediante proyectos verdes, alineados con el crecimiento sostenible, para contribuir al desarrollo local y la preservación ambiental. La metodología propuesta fusiona enfoques cualitativos y cuantitativos, identificando categorías vinculadas a las necesidades y potencialidades del Departamento. Se utilizarán modelos econométricos para evaluar la significancia de las variables y sus efectos en los negocios y la dependencia de los hidrocarburos. Los resultados contextualizarán los impactos de la extracción petrolera en Meta, delineando políticas nacionales e internacionales eficaces para el crecimiento verde y señalando variables clave para el modelo de transición económica.

Resumen Introducción. Los hongos endófitos (HE) de la vid (Vitis vinifera) tienen un gran potencial de aplicación en la agricultura y pueden representar posibles agentes de control biológico de los viñedos. Objetivo. Aislar e identificar los hongos endófitos (HE) de plantas de vid con capacidad de antibiosis hacia Botrytis cinerea. Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron ramas jóvenes y maduras de cuarenta plantas sanas de vid de siete lotes de producción en la provincia de Cañete, Lima, Perú, durante los meses de marzo a mayo 2022. El aislamiento de HE se realizó de 702 secciones de tejidos desinfectados en medio de cultivo papa dextrosa agar (PDA) y la identificación fue a nivel de género. Se extrajeron metabolitos secundarios de veintiocho cepas de HE para determinar la inhibición micelial del patógeno. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) de los parámetros evaluados con el programa estadístico Minitab. Resultados. Se aislaron un total de 129 cepas de HE de hojas y tallos de ramas jóvenes y maduras de vid, que correspondieron a siete géneros (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Nigrospora y Stemphylium). La mayor frecuencia se presentó en las hojas y rama madura. Trichoderma y Alternaria fueron los géneros más frecuentes en las plantas de vid con 22,48 % y 21,71 %, respectivamente. Los metabolitos obtenidos de las cepas HEVH-01 del género Cladosporium, HEV-99 y HEV-70 del género Alternaria, tuvieron mayor efecto en la inhibición micelial del patógeno. Conclusiones. Cepas de hongos endofitos del género Cladosporium y Alternaria mostraron capacidad de antibiosis hacia Botrytis cinerea a escala de laboratorio, los cuales podrían ser potenciales biocontroladores de patógenos en el cultivo de vid.

Abstract Introduction. Endophytic fungi (EF) in grapevines (Vitis vinifera) have great potential for agricultural applications and may represent possible biological control agents for vineyards. Objective. To isolate and identify endophytic fungi (EF) from grapevine plants with antibiosis capacity against Botrytis cinerea. Materials and methods. Young and mature branches from forty healthy grapevine plants were collected from seven production lots in the Cañete province, Lima, Peru, during March to May 2022. EF isolation was performed on 702 sections of disinfected tissues using potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium, and identification was carried out at the genus level. Secondary metabolites were extracted from twenty-eight EF strains to determine the mycelial inhibition of the pathogen. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted on the evaluated parameters using the Minitab statistical program. Results. A total of 129 EF strains were isolated from leaves and stems of young and mature grapevine branches, encompassing seven genera (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Nigrospora, and Stemphylium). The highest frequency was found in leaves and mature branches. Trichoderma and Alternaria were the most frecuent genera in grapevine plants, with 22.48 % and 21.71%, respectively. Metabolites obtained from the EFVH-01 strain of the genus Cladosporium, and EF-99 and EF-70 strains of the genus Alternaria, had the greatest effect on mycelial inhibition of the pathogen. Conclusions. Strains of endophytic fungi from the genera Cladosporium and Alternaria showed antibiosis capacity against Botrytis cinerea at the laboratory scale, which could potential biocontrol agents of pathogens in grapevine cultivation.

Abstract with the objective of determining the productive components, chemical characterization, digestibility and energy contribution of the Brachiaria hybrid vc Mulato I at different ages of cuts in both periods of the year. For which a randomized block design with four repetitions was used. It was sampled in plots of 25 m2, to which a uniformity cut was applied 10 cm from the ground, without irrigation or fertilization. The yield of total dry matter, leaves and stems was determined; the length and width of the leaves; the leaf-stem ratio, chemical composition (CP, NDF, ADF, ADL, CC, Si, P, Ca, ash and OM), energy contributions and digestibility. A double classification analysis of variance was applied to each variable studied and the means were compared according to Duncan. Crude protein decreased with age for both periods, showing significant differences between all ages. The best values were shown at 30 days of cutt (9.47 and 10.40 % in the rainy and dry periods respectively), the fiber increased with age with its best values at 75 days with (71.39 and 70.11 % in the rainy periods and little rain), aspects that conditioned the quality with a decrease in digestibility and energy intake. The yield of the plant was affected by the periods of the year, being higher in the rainy period. It is concluded that the increase in regrowth age directly influences the depression of nutritional quality and yield in both periods of the year.

Resumen Con el objetivo de determinar los componentes productivos, caracterización química, digestibilidad y aporte energético del Brachiaria híbrido vc Mulato I a diferentes edades de corte en ambas épocas del año. Para lo cual se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Se muestreó en parcelas de 25 m2, a las cuales se les aplicó un corte de uniformidad a 10 cm del suelo, sin riego ni fertilización. Se determinó el rendimiento de materia seca total, hojas y tallos; el largo y ancho de las hojas; la relación hoja-tallo, composición química (PB, FDN, FDA, LAD, CC, Si, P, Ca, cenizas y MO), aportes energéticos y digestibilidad. Se aplicó un análisis de varianza de clasificación doble a cada variable estudiada y se compararon las medias según Duncan. La proteína cruda disminuyó con la edad para ambos períodos, mostrando diferencias significativas entre todas las edades. Los mejores valores se presentaron a los 30 días de corte (9,47 y 10,40 % en los períodos lluvioso y poco lluvioso respectivamente), la fibra se incrementó con la edad con sus mejores valores a los 75 días con (71,39 y 70,11 % en los períodos lluvioso y poco lluvioso), aspectos que condicionaron la calidad con una disminución en la digestibilidad y el aporte energético. El rendimiento de la planta se vio afectado por los períodos del año, siendo mayor en el período lluvioso. Se concluye que el aumento de la edad de rebrote influye directamente en la disminución de la calidad nutricional en ambos períodos del año.

Abstract The study aimed to analyze how the use of staking influences the production of cut flowers of three varieties of Hypericum spp. A randomized complete block design with split plots was used, where the main plots represented management with and without staking, and the subplots included three varieties of Hypericum spp. (Vulcano, Rubí, and Code V71), distributed across four blocks, with 10 plants per block as the experimental unit. Regarding the variable of stem lodging, Vulcano presented an average of 2.5 stems per plant. The number of induced axillary buds in the three varieties was not affected by staking. The estimation of Leaf Area Index [LAI] placed V71 with the best index of 0.66, with no influence of the use or absence of tutoring meshes. The straightness of stems was observed in Rubí and V71, showing a tendency for straight stem growth while Vulcano, due to its growth habit, presented various curvatures in the stem. Regarding the number of berries, Rubí exhibited up to 60 % of stems with more than 12 berries, indicating outstanding quality for commercialization. The marketable stems for Rubí and V71 were 140 and 136 stems m-2, respectively, demonstrating their yield potential compared to Vulcano. In contrast, for non-marketable stems, the V71 variety exhibited a higher quantity, with an average of 49.25 stems m-2. Nevertheless, staking is recommended only for the Vulcano variety due to its lower performance. These results underscore the importance of studying and applying staking specifically according to the characteristics of each Hypericum spp. variety intended for export.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue analizar cómo el uso de tutoreo influye en la obtención de flores de corte de Hypericum spp. Se empleó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con parcelas divididas, donde las parcelas principales representaron el manejo con y sin tutoreo, y las subparcelas incluyeron tres variedades de Hypericum spp. (Vulcano, Rubí y Código V71), distribuidas en cuatro bloques, con diez plantas/bloque como unidad experimental. En relación con la variable de acame de tallos, Vulcano presentó una media de 2,5 tallos por planta. El número de yemas axilares inducidas en las tres variedades no se vio afectado por el tutoreo. La estimación del IAF ubicó a V71 con el mejor índice de 0,66, sin que el uso o no de mallas tutoras tuviera influencia en esta variable. La rectitud de tallos se observó en Rubí y V71, con disposición a un crecimiento de tallos rectos, mientras que Vulcano, debido a su hábito de crecimiento, presentó diversas curvaturas en los tallos. En cuanto al número de bayas, Rubí exhibió hasta el 60 % de tallos con más de 12 bayas, indicando una calidad destacada para la comercialización. Los tallos comerciables de Rubí y V71 fueron de 140,63 y 136,13 tallos m-2, respectivamente, y demostraron su potencial de rendimiento en comparación con Vulcano. En contraste, en el caso de tallos no comerciales, la variedad V71 exhibe una mayor cantidad con un promedio de 49,25 tallos m-2. No obstante, se recomienda aplicar el tutoreo únicamente en la variedad Vulcano debido a su rendimiento más bajo. Estos resultados demuestran la relevancia de estudiar y aplicar el tutoreo de manera específica según las características de cada variedad de Hypericum spp. destinada a la exportación.

ABSTRACT The research, which evaluates the sustainability of the practice of textile dyeing with vegetable species, has practical implications for the textile industry. The study was conducted by artisan producers of sheep wool in the community of Apagua, province of Cotopaxi, Ecuador. The main objective was to elaborate a chromatic record of natural textile fibers dyed with the extract of chuquiragua flowers, leaves and stems and the extract of linden stems and leaves; the plant samples were collected in the community mentioned above. A quantitative approach was used, a comparative experimental study that sought to obtain valid reasons; the independent study variables were the dyeing plant species (linden and chuquiragua), and the dependent variables were the type of natural fiber (wool and cotton) and the post-mordant applied (alum, sodium bicarbonate, lemon, salt, and vinegar). As a result, a record of 40 tonal values was obtained, and the potential use for textile dyeing of the species chuquiragua (Chuquirahua jussieui) and linden (Sambucus peruviana) was determined.

RESUMEN La investigación revaloriza la sostenibilidad de la práctica de teñido textil con especies vegetales, implementada por productores artesanales de lana de oveja de la comunidad de Apagua, provincia de Cotopaxi, Ecuador. El objetivo principal fue elaborar un registro cromático de fibras textiles naturales teñidas con el extracto de las flores, hojas y tallos de chuquiragua y el extracto de tallos y hojas de tilo; las muestras vegetales fueron recolectadas en la comunidad mencionada. Se empleó un enfoque cuantitativo, un estudio experimental comparativo que buscó obtener razones válidas, las variables de estudio independientes fueron: la especie vegetal tintórea (tilo y chuquiragua), y las variables dependientes: el tipo de fibra natural (lana y algodón) y el pos-mordiente aplicado (alumbre, bicarbonato de sodio, limón, sal y vinagre). Como resultado, se obtuvo un registro de 40 valores tonales y se determinó el potencial uso para tinturado textil de las especies chuquiragua (Chuquirahua jussieui) y tilo (Sambucus peruviana).

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo examinar la evolución de la política exterior china desde la adopción de la política del “ascenso pacífico” hasta la actual, basada en el concepto del “sueño chino” expuesto por Xi Jinping. El análisis se lleva a cabo a la luz de las principales teorías de relaciones internacionales tradicionales e introduce la doctrina que sustenta al “sueño chino” conocida como Tianxia. Se encuentra que la doctrina occidental tradicional carece de una consideración rigurosa de las aristas históricas y culturales asiáticas y esto le impide explicar plenamente el comportamiento internacional de la República Popular China (RPC). En particular, la creciente asertividad de China en sus relaciones internacionales junto a sus avances económicos, militares y tecnológicos, así como los conflictos militares en Ucrania e Israel, han exacerbado las diferencias con Occidente. Es imperativo dotar a la diplomacia de herramientas que permitan valorar el contexto internacional y las posiciones contrapuestas entre Occidente y la RPC a partir de un marco teórico que incorpore elementos como el Tianxia, no en sustitución de los esquemas de análisis de tradición occidental, sino en adhesión, para enriquecerlos. Esto es particularmente cierto, para la defensa y proyección de los intereses de los países en desarrollo, los cuales requerirán de amplias destrezas diplomáticas para navegar este complejo contexto de manera efectiva, como actores proactivos y no espectadores en la arena internacional.

Abstract This article aims to examine the evolution of China’s foreign policy from the adoption of the “peaceful rise” policy to the present one which stems from the concept of the “Chinese dream” presented by Xi Jinping. The analysis is carried out in the light of major traditional international relations theories and introduces the doctrine underpinning the “Chinese dream” known as Tianxia. It finds that western traditional doctrine lacks rigorous consideration of Asian historical and cultural singularities that prevent them from fully explaining the international actions of the People’s Republic of China. In particular, China’s increasing assertiveness in its international relations along with its economic, military and technological advances, as well as the military conflicts in Ukraine and Israel, have exacerbated differences with the West. It is imperative to provide diplomacy with tools to assess the international context and the opposing positions of the West and the PRC that considers a theoretical framework that incorporates elements such as Tianxia, not as a substitute for Western tradition frameworks of analysis, but to enrich them. This is particularly true for the defense and projection of the interests of developing countries, which will require extensive diplomatic skills to navigate this complex context effectively as proactive players rather than bystanders in the international arena.

Resumen La policía es una institución jerárquica y vertical. Este mantra se enseña en espacios de formación policiales, circula entre oficinas, se escribe en normativas y se repite una y otra vez cuando un superior le emite una orden a un subordinado. La consigna es cierta, o por lo menos expresa el principio jerárquico que rige a la mayoría de las relaciones sociales que habitan el mundo policial, aunque no a todas ellas. Empleando una metodología etnográfica, en este trabajo someto a examen la relación jerárquica policial hasta identificar sus imperfecciones, sus fisuras, sus puntos de fuga. Describo, algunas de las modalidades en las que los policías esquivan, suspenden y/o desafían la relación jerárquica con sus superiores. Para denominar estas modalidades repongo tres categorías nativas que circulan por el mundo policial uruguayo relativas a determinadas tipologías policiales: el saca-culo, el blandito y el parra. Añado una cuarta categoría que completa la indagación: los compañeros. Esta última modalidad emana del proceso de sindicalización policial en Uruguay, y se distingue de las otras tres por su carácter colectivo. El artículo documenta cómo el sindicalismo policial interpeló la jerarquía policial y reconfiguró el modo en que los policías uruguayos se relacionan entre sí.

Abstract The police is a hierarchical and vertical institution. This mantra is taught in police training spaces, circulated among offices, written into regulations, and repeated time and again when a superior issues an order to a subordinate. The maxim is true, or at least it expresses the hierarchical principle that governs most of the social relations within the policing world, although not all of them. Employing an ethnographic methodology, this paper scrutinizes the police hierarchical relationship until identifying its imperfections, its fissures, its points of escape. I describe some of the modalities in which police officers evade, suspend, and/or challenge the hierarchical relationship with their superiors. To designate these modalities, I draw on three native categories that circulate within the Uruguayan police world regarding certain police typologies: the «saca-culo», the «blandito», and the «parra». I add a fourth category that completes the inquiry: «compañeros». This last modality stems from the process of police unionization in Uruguay and is distinguished from the other three by its collective nature. The article documents how police unionism challenged police hierarchy and reconfigured the way Uruguayan police officers relate to each other.

Resumen: El tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) por su alta demanda y producción es la hortaliza más importante en el mundo aunado a esto es un alimento funcional por su contenido de antioxidantes. Este cultivo se produce bajo un sistema protegido con una fuente de fertilización inorgánica sintética, lo cual incrementa los costos de producción. Es importante encontrar una fuente alternativa de fertilización y un manejo agronómico que incremente los rendimientos, mejore la calidad comercial y nutraceútica de este cultivo. El objetivo del estudio fue comprobar el efecto sobre la calidad comercial y los compuestos bioactivos de tomate, con dosis de estiércol bovino solarizado y el número de tallos bajo un sistema protegido, así como evaluar el efecto de la fertilización orgánica en el suelo. La investigación se desarrolló durante el ciclo primavera-verano 2021. Se obtuvieron ocho tratamientos (factorial 4×2) originados de la combinación de cuatro dosis de fertilización (0, 40, 60 Mg ha-1 de estiércol solarizado y fertilizante químico [Urea (46-0-0) y MAP (11-52-0)] con dos números de tallos (uno y dos tallos) por planta. La calidad comercial fue superior organolépticamente con el tratamiento de 60 Mg ha-1 y con un solo tallo encontrándose superior a los 4.8 °Brix. El mayor rendimiento se obtuvo con la dosis de 60 Mg ha-1 de estiércol bovino siendo estadísticamente similar a la fertilización química. El contenido de compuestos bioactivos (licopeno y la capacidad antioxidante) se incrementó un 36% con el efecto de la interacción de 60 Mg ha-1 de estiércol y un tallo en comparación con el tratamiento químico. El contenido de MO, NO3 -, NH4 +y PO4 -3 en el suelo se incrementó con las dosis de estiércol, por lo que se ve reflejado uno de los beneficios del uso de este abono orgánico.

Summary: The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), due to its high demand and production, is the most important vegetable in the world, coupled with this, it is a functional food due to its antioxidant content. This crop is produced under a protected system with a synthetic inorganic fertilization source, which increases production costs. It is important to find an alternative source of fertilization and agronomic management that increases yields and improves the commercial and nutraceutical quality of this crop. The aim of the study was to verify the effect on the commercial quality and bioactive compounds of tomato, with doses of solarized bovine manure and the number of stems under a protected system, as well as evaluate the effect of organic fertilization on the soil. The research was carried out during the spring-summer 2021 cycle. Eight treatments (4×2 factorial) were obtained from the combination of four fertilization doses (0, 40, 60 Mg ha-1 of solarized manure and chemical fertilizer [Urea (46-0-0) and MAP (11-52-0)] with two numbers of stems (one and two stems) per plant. The commercial quality was superior organoleptically with the treatment of 60 Mg ha-1 and with a single stem being higher than 4.8 °Brix. The highest yield was obtained with the dose of 60 Mg ha-1 of bovine manure being statistically similar to chemical fertilization. The content of bioactive compounds (lycopene and antioxidant capacity) increased by 36% with the effect of the interaction of 60 Mg ha-1 of manure and a stem compared to the chemical treatment. The content of MO, NO3 -, NH4 + and PO4 -3 in the soil increased with the doses of manure, which reflects one of the benefits of using this fertilizer organic.