A new alkaloid, named brazoide Ε (6), three known steroids (campesterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol), two glucosides (3-O-β-D-glucopyranosylsitosterol and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl stigmasterol) and sucrose were isolated from the leaves and stems of Justicia wasshauseniana. Their structures were characterized using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS), nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and 2D NMR), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. To reinforce the structural proposal, an acetylated derivative (6a) was obtained and its data compared to 6. Moreover, circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) analysis was performed to determine the absolute stereochemistry, time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) at the wB97X-D/def2-TZVP level, adopting functionals M06-2X and wB97X-D and base aug-cc-pVDZ, was employed to confirm the CD analysis. alkaloid 6, 6 , (6) campesterol, campesterol (campesterol βsitosterol, βsitosterol β sitosterol, sitosterol β-sitosterol stigmasterol, stigmasterol 3OβDglucopyranosylsitosterol OβDglucopyranosylsitosterol 3 O D glucopyranosylsitosterol 3OβDglucopyranosyl OβDglucopyranosyl glucopyranosyl wasshauseniana highresolution high resolution HRESIMS, HRESIMS (HRESIMS) 1D NMR, NMR NMR) IR (IR proposal 6a a (6a Moreover (CD stereochemistry timedependent time dependent TDDFT TD DFT (TD-DFT wB97XD/def2TZVP wB97XDdef2TZVP wBXDdefTZVP wB97X D/def2 TZVP def2 wB X def level M062X MX M06 2X M wB97XD wBXD augccpVDZ, augccpVDZ aug cc pVDZ, pVDZ aug-cc-pVDZ (6 (HRESIMS def2TZVP XD XDdef wBX Ddef2 Ddef D/def M0 ( defTZVP

Summary: The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), due to its high demand and production, is the most important vegetable in the world, coupled with this, it is a functional food due to its antioxidant content. This crop is produced under a protected system with a synthetic inorganic fertilization source, which increases production costs. It is important to find an alternative source of fertilization and agronomic management that increases yields and improves the commercial and nutraceutical quality of this crop. The aim of the study was to verify the effect on the commercial quality and bioactive compounds of tomato, with doses of solarized bovine manure and the number of stems under a protected system, as well as evaluate the effect of organic fertilization on the soil. The research was carried out during the spring-summer 2021 cycle. Eight treatments (4×2 factorial) were obtained from the combination of four fertilization doses (0, 40, 60 Mg ha-1 of solarized manure and chemical fertilizer [Urea (46-0-0) and MAP (11-52-0)] with two numbers of stems (one and two stems) per plant. The commercial quality was superior organoleptically with the treatment of 60 Mg ha-1 and with a single stem being higher than 4.8 °Brix. The highest yield was obtained with the dose of 60 Mg ha-1 of bovine manure being statistically similar to chemical fertilization. The content of bioactive compounds (lycopene and antioxidant capacity) increased by 36% with the effect of the interaction of 60 Mg ha-1 of manure and a stem compared to the chemical treatment. The content of MO, NO3 -, NH4 + and PO4 -3 in the soil increased with the doses of manure, which reflects one of the benefits of using this fertilizer organic.

Resumen: El tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) por su alta demanda y producción es la hortaliza más importante en el mundo aunado a esto es un alimento funcional por su contenido de antioxidantes. Este cultivo se produce bajo un sistema protegido con una fuente de fertilización inorgánica sintética, lo cual incrementa los costos de producción. Es importante encontrar una fuente alternativa de fertilización y un manejo agronómico que incremente los rendimientos, mejore la calidad comercial y nutraceútica de este cultivo. El objetivo del estudio fue comprobar el efecto sobre la calidad comercial y los compuestos bioactivos de tomate, con dosis de estiércol bovino solarizado y el número de tallos bajo un sistema protegido, así como evaluar el efecto de la fertilización orgánica en el suelo. La investigación se desarrolló durante el ciclo primavera-verano 2021. Se obtuvieron ocho tratamientos (factorial 4×2) originados de la combinación de cuatro dosis de fertilización (0, 40, 60 Mg ha-1 de estiércol solarizado y fertilizante químico [Urea (46-0-0) y MAP (11-52-0)] con dos números de tallos (uno y dos tallos) por planta. La calidad comercial fue superior organolépticamente con el tratamiento de 60 Mg ha-1 y con un solo tallo encontrándose superior a los 4.8 °Brix. El mayor rendimiento se obtuvo con la dosis de 60 Mg ha-1 de estiércol bovino siendo estadísticamente similar a la fertilización química. El contenido de compuestos bioactivos (licopeno y la capacidad antioxidante) se incrementó un 36% con el efecto de la interacción de 60 Mg ha-1 de estiércol y un tallo en comparación con el tratamiento químico. El contenido de MO, NO3 -, NH4 +y PO4 -3 en el suelo se incrementó con las dosis de estiércol, por lo que se ve reflejado uno de los beneficios del uso de este abono orgánico.

Resumen. Los datos de campo obtenidos de los inventarios forestales, principalmente área basal y densidad de fustes, son relevantes para el análisis de la biomasa aérea y la fragmentación forestal. Debido al suelo inundado, el trabajo de campo en los bosques de manglar requiere mucho tiempo y es complicado. Dado que los manglares son sensibles a los efectos del cambio climático, la selección de un método de campo ideal es de suma importancia. Con este fin, analizamos 4 clases de manglares: Rhizophora mangle (RM), Laguncularia racemosa (LR), Avicennia germinans (AG) y AG arbustivo. Georreferenciamos y contamos todos los fustes de mangle dentro de 4 parcelas cuadradas de 0.04 ha (20 × 20 m). Analizamos 3 áreas circulares y el método del punto cuadrante central (PCQM) basado en las parcelas cuadradas originales. Dependiendo de la clase de mangle, el PCQM sobreestimó el área basal hasta en un 34% y la densidad de fustes en un 21%. Los 3 muestreos en parcelas circulares subestimaron el área basal entre -1% y -29% y la densidad de fustes entre -3% y -25%. Basándonos en los resultados, sugerimos utilizar una parcela circular de 0.04 ha (r = 11.28 m) en bosques menos densos (RM y AG) y una parcela circular de 0.015 ha (r = 6.9 m) en densidades superiores a 3,500 fustes/ha (LR y AG arbustivo). Las ventajas de utilizar las parcelas circulares sobre el método PCQM son que los inventarios de mangle pueden cuantificarse rápidamente y no requieren un número mínimo de puntos de muestreo.

Abstract. The data obtained from field-based forest inventories, mainly basal area and stem density, are relevant for the analysis of aboveground biomass and forest fragmentation. Due to its persistently flooded ground, fieldwork in mangrove forests is time-consuming and complicated. Since mangroves are sensitive to the effects of climate change, selecting a reliable field method is of utmost importance. To this end, we analyzed 4 mangrove classes: Rhizophora mangle (RM), Laguncularia racemosa (LR), Avicennia germinans (AG), and AG shrub. We georeferenced and counted all mangrove stems within four 0.04 ha (20 × 20 m square). We analyzed data from 3 circular area plots and the plotless point-centered quarter method (PCQM) based on the original square plots. Depending on the mangrove class, PCQM overestimated basal area by up to 34% and stem density by 21%. The 3 circular plot surveys underestimated basal area from -1% to -29% and stem density from -3 to -25%. Based on the results, we suggest using a circular plot of 0.04 ha (r = 11.28 m) in less dense forests (RM and AG) and a circular plot of 0.015 ha (r = 6.9 m) with forest densities greater than 3,500 stems/ha (LR and AG shrub). The advantages of using the circular plot approach over PCQM are that mangrove inventories can be quantified quickly and do not require a minimum number of sampling points.

Abstract: The pandemic period served as a catalyst in the museums' adaptation, leading them to embrace innovation, collaboration, and resilience. As they emerged from the COVID-19 crisis, these institutions found themselves in a unique position to play a vital role in society's rebuilding and in preserving cultural heritage in an ever-changing world. The article aims to explore the main measures adopted, review the scientific literature on the subject, highlight some relevant cases in European, Asian, and American museums, and identify the challenges and dynamics driven in the post-pandemic period. The text stems from a thorough literature review to determine how the museum field should reconfigure its presence, considering three factors: technology, heritage, and audience. A landscape in which the presence of social networks, the rise of online exhibitions, and other digital resources are considered fundamental.

Resumen: El periodo pandémico supuso un catalizador en la adaptación de los museos, llevándolos a abrazar la innovación, la colaboración y la resiliencia. A medida que emergieron de la crisis del covid-19, dichas entidades se encontraron en una posición única para desempeñar un papel vital en la reconstrucción de la sociedad y en la preservación del patrimonio cultural en un mundo en constante cambio. El artículo busca conocer cuáles fueron las principales medidas adoptadas, conocer la literatura científica al respecto, reseñar algunos casos relevantes en museos europeos, asiáticos y americanos, y señalar los retos y las dinámicas impulsadas en el periodo postpandémico. El texto nace de una atenta revisión bibliográfica para delimitar de qué modo el ámbito museístico debe reconfigurar su presencia atendiendo a tres factores: tecnología, patrimonio y público. Un panorama en que la presencia de las redes sociales, el auge de las exposiciones en línea y otros recursos digitales se consideran fundamentales.

Abstract This article aims to examine the evolution of China’s foreign policy from the adoption of the “peaceful rise” policy to the present one which stems from the concept of the “Chinese dream” presented by Xi Jinping. The analysis is carried out in the light of major traditional international relations theories and introduces the doctrine underpinning the “Chinese dream” known as Tianxia. It finds that western traditional doctrine lacks rigorous consideration of Asian historical and cultural singularities that prevent them from fully explaining the international actions of the People’s Republic of China. In particular, China’s increasing assertiveness in its international relations along with its economic, military and technological advances, as well as the military conflicts in Ukraine and Israel, have exacerbated differences with the West. It is imperative to provide diplomacy with tools to assess the international context and the opposing positions of the West and the PRC that considers a theoretical framework that incorporates elements such as Tianxia, not as a substitute for Western tradition frameworks of analysis, but to enrich them. This is particularly true for the defense and projection of the interests of developing countries, which will require extensive diplomatic skills to navigate this complex context effectively as proactive players rather than bystanders in the international arena.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo examinar la evolución de la política exterior china desde la adopción de la política del “ascenso pacífico” hasta la actual, basada en el concepto del “sueño chino” expuesto por Xi Jinping. El análisis se lleva a cabo a la luz de las principales teorías de relaciones internacionales tradicionales e introduce la doctrina que sustenta al “sueño chino” conocida como Tianxia. Se encuentra que la doctrina occidental tradicional carece de una consideración rigurosa de las aristas históricas y culturales asiáticas y esto le impide explicar plenamente el comportamiento internacional de la República Popular China (RPC). En particular, la creciente asertividad de China en sus relaciones internacionales junto a sus avances económicos, militares y tecnológicos, así como los conflictos militares en Ucrania e Israel, han exacerbado las diferencias con Occidente. Es imperativo dotar a la diplomacia de herramientas que permitan valorar el contexto internacional y las posiciones contrapuestas entre Occidente y la RPC a partir de un marco teórico que incorpore elementos como el Tianxia, no en sustitución de los esquemas de análisis de tradición occidental, sino en adhesión, para enriquecerlos. Esto es particularmente cierto, para la defensa y proyección de los intereses de los países en desarrollo, los cuales requerirán de amplias destrezas diplomáticas para navegar este complejo contexto de manera efectiva, como actores proactivos y no espectadores en la arena internacional.

Abstract Introduction. Endophytic fungi (EF) in grapevines (Vitis vinifera) have great potential for agricultural applications and may represent possible biological control agents for vineyards. Objective. To isolate and identify endophytic fungi (EF) from grapevine plants with antibiosis capacity against Botrytis cinerea. Materials and methods. Young and mature branches from forty healthy grapevine plants were collected from seven production lots in the Cañete province, Lima, Peru, during March to May 2022. EF isolation was performed on 702 sections of disinfected tissues using potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium, and identification was carried out at the genus level. Secondary metabolites were extracted from twenty-eight EF strains to determine the mycelial inhibition of the pathogen. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted on the evaluated parameters using the Minitab statistical program. Results. A total of 129 EF strains were isolated from leaves and stems of young and mature grapevine branches, encompassing seven genera (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Nigrospora, and Stemphylium). The highest frequency was found in leaves and mature branches. Trichoderma and Alternaria were the most frecuent genera in grapevine plants, with 22.48 % and 21.71%, respectively. Metabolites obtained from the EFVH-01 strain of the genus Cladosporium, and EF-99 and EF-70 strains of the genus Alternaria, had the greatest effect on mycelial inhibition of the pathogen. Conclusions. Strains of endophytic fungi from the genera Cladosporium and Alternaria showed antibiosis capacity against Botrytis cinerea at the laboratory scale, which could potential biocontrol agents of pathogens in grapevine cultivation.

Resumen Introducción. Los hongos endófitos (HE) de la vid (Vitis vinifera) tienen un gran potencial de aplicación en la agricultura y pueden representar posibles agentes de control biológico de los viñedos. Objetivo. Aislar e identificar los hongos endófitos (HE) de plantas de vid con capacidad de antibiosis hacia Botrytis cinerea. Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron ramas jóvenes y maduras de cuarenta plantas sanas de vid de siete lotes de producción en la provincia de Cañete, Lima, Perú, durante los meses de marzo a mayo 2022. El aislamiento de HE se realizó de 702 secciones de tejidos desinfectados en medio de cultivo papa dextrosa agar (PDA) y la identificación fue a nivel de género. Se extrajeron metabolitos secundarios de veintiocho cepas de HE para determinar la inhibición micelial del patógeno. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) de los parámetros evaluados con el programa estadístico Minitab. Resultados. Se aislaron un total de 129 cepas de HE de hojas y tallos de ramas jóvenes y maduras de vid, que correspondieron a siete géneros (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Nigrospora y Stemphylium). La mayor frecuencia se presentó en las hojas y rama madura. Trichoderma y Alternaria fueron los géneros más frecuentes en las plantas de vid con 22,48 % y 21,71 %, respectivamente. Los metabolitos obtenidos de las cepas HEVH-01 del género Cladosporium, HEV-99 y HEV-70 del género Alternaria, tuvieron mayor efecto en la inhibición micelial del patógeno. Conclusiones. Cepas de hongos endofitos del género Cladosporium y Alternaria mostraron capacidad de antibiosis hacia Botrytis cinerea a escala de laboratorio, los cuales podrían ser potenciales biocontroladores de patógenos en el cultivo de vid.

Resumen Introducción: La melina (Gmelina arborea), es una especie de gran interés por su madera y propiedades medicinales. En Costa Rica, existen clones genéticamente superiores que se propagan sin el conocimiento de la edad ontogénica y fisiológica de los materiales. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación del contenido de fenoles y ligninas en hojas, peciolos, tallos y raíces de plantas con diferentes edades. Métodos: Los contenidos de fenoles y ligninas totales se determinaron mediante el método colorimétrico de Folin-Ciocalteu y el método de extracción alcalina, respectivamente. Para la investigación se eligieron plantas in vitro “año cero” y árboles de año y medio, cuatro, siete y 20 años. El muestreo se realizó en marzo y abril del 2021. Resultados: Se demostró que todas las partes de la planta analizadas contienen compuestos fenólicos y ligninas, independientemente de su edad. No hubo una correlación positiva entre la edad con el contenido de fenoles y ligninas para ninguna condición de desarrollo, pues los valores más altos no se obtuvieron en los árboles más longevos. Los extractos de hojas de las plantas in vitro y los árboles de siete años mostraron, respectivamente, los contenidos más altos de fenoles y ligninas para todas las condiciones (P < 0.05). Los valores promedio más bajos de compuestos fenólicos para todas las condiciones se obtuvieron en los árboles de cuatro años. Respecto a las ligninas, el contenido más bajo se presentó en las raíces más longevas, aunque la tendencia no se mantuvo para el resto de las partes de la planta. Conclusiones: La investigación muestra los primeros resultados del contenido de compuestos fenólicos y ligninas presentes en diferentes tejidos de una especie forestal de edades diferentes. Por lo tanto, son los primeros valores de referencia acerca del compromiso bioquímico para la síntesis fenólica según la edad y el estado de desarrollo específico de una planta leñosa.

Abstract Introduction: Melina (Gmelina arborea) is a tree species of great interest for its wood and medicinal properties. In Costa Rica, there are genetically superior clones that are propagated without knowledge of the ontogenic and physiological age of the materials. Objective: To evaluate how age influences the content of phenols and lignins in leaves, petioles, stems, and roots of melina plants. Methods: The total phenolic and lignins contents were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method and alkaline extraction method, respectively. Plants of five different ages were chosen for the investigation (in vitro plants “year 0” and trees of a year and a half, four, seven and 20 years). Sampling was done in March and April 2021. Results: All parts of the plant analyzed contain phenolic compounds and lignins, regardless of their age. There was no positive correlation between age and phenol and lignin content for any development condition, since the highest values were not obtained in the oldest trees. Leaf extracts from in vitro plants and seven-year-old trees showed, respectively, the highest phenol and lignin contents for all conditions (P < 0.05). The lowest average values of phenolic compounds for all conditions were obtained in four-year-old trees. Regarding lignins, the lowest content occurred in the oldest roots, although the trend was not maintained for the rest of the plant parts. Conclusions: This study provides the first results of the content of phenolic compounds and lignins present in different tissues of a forest species of different ages. Therefore, they are the first reference values about the biochemical commitment for phenolic synthesis according to the age and the specific developmental stage of a woody plant.

RESUMEN En la región Amazonas del Perú, los arándanos nativos se encuentran en zonas altoandinas, donde se asocian con pequeños arbustos y musgos. Estos arándanos prefieren suelos poco profundos con textura arcillo-arenosa y de baja fertilidad. Sin embargo, su población se ve amenazada por su limitada capacidad regenerativa y diversos factores antropogénicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia del ácido indol butírico y del tipo de sustrato en la propagación vegetativa del arándano nativo peruano (Vaccinium sp.) cultivado en microtúnel. El experimento se realizó bajo un diseño completo al azar con arreglo factorial; A: sustrato (arena 100%, arena + fibra de coco 1:1 v/v y fibra de coco 100%) y B: concentraciones de AIB (1, 2 y 3 g L-1) y un testigo (0 g L-1), dando 12 tratamientos, 3 repeticiones y 36 unidades experimentales. En el campo, se recolectaron brotes apicales de arándano con tallos semi-lignificados y vigorosos. En el laboratorio, fueron desinfectados con fungicida y cortados a un tamaño de 7 cm. Posteriormente, se trataron con AIB y se plantaron en sustratos preparados. Tras 120 días en el microtúnel, se observó que los esquejes de arándano mostraron una mayor supervivencia en arena + fibra de coco (94,7%), enraizamiento (73,8%), número de raíces (6,9) y crecimiento radicular (9,2). Las concentraciones de AIB a 2 y 3 g L-1 tuvieron un mayor efecto en el enraizamiento, con valores superiores al 60%. El uso de sustratos y concentraciones adecuadas de auxina favorece significativamente la propagación vegetativa del arándano nativo. Esta técnica de propagación se postula como una alternativa prometedora para la propagación masiva de esta especie con fines de conservación y rehabilitación de ecosistemas degradados.

ABSTRACT In the Amazon region of Peru, native blueberries are found in high Andean areas, where they are associated with small shrubs and mosses. These blueberries prefer shallow soils with a sandy-clay texture and low fertility. However, their population is threatened by their limited regenerative capacity and various anthropogenic factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of indole butyric acid and substrate type on the vegetative propagation of native Peruvian blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) grown in microtunnel. The experiment was conducted under a complete randomized design with the factorial arrangement; A: substrate (sand 100%, sand + coconut fiber 1:1 v/v and coconut fiber 100%) and B: AIB concentrations (1, 2 and 3 g L-1) and control (0 g L-1), giving 12 treatments, three replicates and 36 experimental plots. In the field, apical shoots of blueberry with semi-lignified and vigorous stems were collected. In the laboratory, they were disinfected with fungicide and cut to a size of 7 cm. Subsequently, they were treated with AIB and planted in prepared substrates. After 120 days in the microtunnel, it was observed that blueberry cuttings showed higher survival in sand + coconut fiber (94.7%), rooting (73.8%), root number (6.9), and root growth (9.2). AIB concentrations at 2 and 3 g L-1 had a greater effect on rooting, with values above 60%. The use of suitable substrates and auxin concentrations significantly favors the vegetative propagation of native blueberries. This propagation technique is postulated as a promising alternative for the mass propagation of this species for the conservation and rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems.

Resumen Antecedentes: La información sobre las comunidades templadas es insuficiente, y esto se manifiesta de manera particular en el estado de Michoacán. Preguntas: ¿Cómo está constituido un ecosistema templado establecido en el Cinturón Volcánico Transmexicano (CVTM) en relación con su composición, estructura y diversidad? Sitio y años de estudio: El análisis se llevó a cabo en el otoño e inverno del 2018 en el Parque Nacional Barranca del Cupatitzio en Uruapan, Michoacán, México. Métodos: En 18 parcelas de 0.1 ha (20 × 50 m) se registraron plantas leñosas con un diámetro a la altura de 1.3 m (DAP) ≥ 2.5 cm y se registró el número de individuos y tallos, área basal, cobertura de copa, altura total, la diversidad alfa y se agruparon las unidades con técnicas multivariadas. Resultados: En 1.8 ha se registraron 55 especies, en 42 géneros y 32 familias. Pinaceae fue la más diversa (8) seguida de Asteraceae (9). La densidad (500-1,330 ind. ha-1), los tallos (650-3,040 ind. ha-1), la cobertura (10,999-46,390 m2ha-1), el DAP (9.2-18.9 cm), la altura (6.5-12 m) y la riqueza (6-17) varían entre parcelas. El 75 % del área basal (20.1 m2 ha-1) fue aportada por los pinos, los encinos contribuyeron con el 14 % (3.6 m2 ha-1) y el 11 % fue de otras especies (2.9 m2 ha-1). Conclusiones: Los ecosistemas forestales del parque mantienen propiedades ecológicas características de los bosques templados del CVTM. Este estudio sirve como punto de referencia para establecer metas de restauración ecológica en el parque explícitamente cuantificables.

Abstract Background: Information about temperate communities is insufficient, and this is particularly evident in the state of Michoacán. Questions: How is a temperate ecosystem established in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) organized in terms of its composition, structure, and specific diversity? Study Site and Date: The analysis was conducted in the fall and winter of 2018 in the Barranca del Cupatitzio National Park in Uruapan, Michoacán, Mexico. Methods: In 18 plots of 0.1 hectares (20 × 50 m), woody plants with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 2.5 cm were recorded. Information was collected on the number of individuals and stems, basal area, canopy cover, height, alpha diversity, and units were grouped using multivariate techniques. Results: In 1.8 hectares, 55 species were recorded, belonging to 42 genera and 32 families. Pinaceae was the most diverse family with 8 species, followed by Asteraceae with 9 species. Density (500-1,330 individuals per hectare), stems (650-3,040 per hectare), canopy cover (10,999-46,390 m2 ha-1), DBH (9.2-18.9 cm), height (6.5-12 m), and species richness (6-17) varied among plots. 75 % of the basal area (20.1 m2 ha-1) was contributed by pines, oaks contributed 14 % (3.6 m2 ha-1), and 11 % came from other species (2.9 m2 ha-1). Conclusions: The forest ecosystems in the park exhibit ecological properties typical of temperate forests in the TMVB. This study serves as a reference point for establishing quantifiable ecological restoration goals in the park.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los periodos de sequía en el Desierto Sonorense aumentan el interés por cultivos con baja huella hídrica. Stenocereus thurberi es una alternativa, incluyendo beneficios económicos para los pobladores. Hipótesis: La propagación vegetativa de tallos con areolas diferenciadas de Stenocereus thurberi con fines productivos, mostrará una alta supervivencia tomando en cuenta los patrones estacionales, actividad metabólica y asimilación de CO2, reflejando así la adaptabilidad, resistencia y productividad de la especie. Especie de estudio: Stenocereus thurberi. Sitio de estudio y fechas: Hermosillo, Sonora, México; 2014. Métodos: Se evaluó supervivencia de tallos propagados vegetativamente, producción de calor metabólico (CM) de areolas reproductivas, intercepción de luz diaria integrada (LDI) y asimilación instantánea de CO2. Resultados: Los tallos mostraron una supervivencia del 100 %, crecimiento vegetativo anual de 9.3 ± 0.6 cm y producción de 2.0 ± 0.8 frutos por tallo. La mayor cantidad de LDI se registró en mayo (27.2 mol m-2 d-1) y el lado oeste (23.4 mol m-2 d-1). Las areolas reproductivas mostraron mayor producción de CM en mayo con 2 µW mg-1 peso seco (ps) y el mayor gasto energético con 1,759.6 kJ mol-1. La menor tasa respiratoria en areolas fue en junio con 0.003 nmol mg-1s-1 mg-1 ps. Las tasas de mayor asimilación de CO2 se presentaron en marzo, septiembre y octubre con 6.3, 3.8 y 6.5 µmol CO2 m-2s-1, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Es posible reproducir vegetativamente pitayas a partir de tallos con areolas reproductivas diferenciadas con fines productivos, promoviendo un cultivo eficiente con bajo consumo de agua y potencial económico.

Abstract Background: Periods of drought in the Sonoran Desert increase interest in crops with a smaller water footprint. Stenocereus thurberi is an alternative, including economic benefits for the residents. Hypothesis: Vegetative propagation of Stenocereus thurberi stems with differentiated floral areoles for productive purposes will demonstrate high survival, considering seasonal patterns, metabolic activity, and CO2 assimilation, reflecting the adaptability, resistance, and productivity of the species. Study species: Stenocereus thurberi. Study site and dates: Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico; 2014. Methods: Survival of vegetative propagated stems, metabolic heat production (CM) of reproductive areoles, integrated daily light interception (LDI), and instantaneous CO2 assimilation were evaluated. Results: The vegetatively transplanted stems showed a survival of 100 %, an annual vegetative growth of 9.3 ± 0.6 cm, and a production of 2.0 ± 0.8 fruits per stem. The highest LDI amount was recorded in May (27.2 mol m-2 d-1) and the west side (23.4 mol m-2 d-1). The reproductive areoles showed the highest CM production in May with 2 µW mg-1 dry weight (ps) and the highest energy expenditure with 1,759.6 kJ mol-1. The lowest respiratory rate of the areolas occurred in June with 0.003 nmol s-1 mg-1 dw. The rates of greatest CO2 assimilation occurred in March, September, and October with 6.3, 3.8, and 6.5 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1, respectively. Conclusions: It is possible to reproduce pitayas vegetatively from stems with differentiated reproductive areoles for productive purposes, promoting an efficient cultivation with low water consumption and economic potential.

Abstract Forest inventories are tools that allow the collection and recording of information for the estimation of volume and biomass in order to determine carbon sequestration in forest biomass using regression techniques. The objective of the study was to generate allometric equation parameters that accurately estimate the biomass and total aboveground carbon content of 25 temperate species from UMAFOR 2012, San Juan Quiahije, Oaxaca. Circular sampling sites of 1000 m2 were established, where the normal diameter and total height of 16 863 trees of 25 species were taken; subsequently, biomass and aboveground carbon content were estimated through allometric equations, using SAS software. The simultaneous potential equation had the best goodness of fit, where the adjusted coefficient of determination (R2 adj) was over 87% for total biomass, while the total carbon estimate had an R2adj of 99% for all species. Pinus maximinoi had the highest average biomass (35 971.85 and 2 922.03 kg) and carbon content (17 985.92 and 1 462.01 kg) in branches and stems, respectively.

Resumen Los inventarios forestales son herramientas que permiten la recolección y registro de información para la estimación del volumen y la biomasa con la finalidad de determinar la retención del carbono en la biomasa forestal mediante técnicas de regresión. El objetivo del estudio fue generar parámetros de ecuaciones alométricas que estimen de forma precisa la biomasa y el contenido de carbono total aéreo de 25 especies de clima templado de la UMAFOR 2012 en San Juan Quiahije, Oaxaca. Se establecieron sitios circulares de muestreo de 1000 m2, donde se tomó el diámetro normal y la altura total de 16 863 árboles de 25 especies; posteriormente se estimó la biomasa y el contenido de carbono aéreo a través las ecuaciones alométricas, mediante el Software SAS. La ecuación potencial simultánea fue la que presentó la mejor bondad de ajuste, donde el coeficiente de determinación ajustado (R2 adj) fue superior a 87% para la biomasa total, mientras que en la estimación del carbono total se obtuvo un R2 adj de 99% para todas las especies. El género Pinus presentó mayor proporción en los compartimentos, destacando Pinus maximinoi con el mayor promedio en biomasa (35 971.85 y 2 922.03 kg) y contenido de carbono (17 985.92 y 1 462.01 kg) en ramas y fuste, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT Drought stress is a major limiting factor for soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) growth and yield in arid and semi-arid regions. This study investigates the N content in different organs and the yield impact of two drought-tolerant soybean cultivars, Hei Nong44 and Hei Nong65, under varying drought intensities and re-watering at different growth stages. The results indicate that the effect of drought stress on N content varies with growth stage and organ. During the seedling and flowering stages, the ammoniacal N content in leaves and petioles of both cultivars generally decreased, with a reduction of 16.04%-21.95% during seedling stage and 6.46%-23.52% during flowering stage under severe drought (S), while it increased in stems. The nitrate N content in leaves peaked under moderate drought during the seedling stage and under severe drought during the flowering stage, increasing by 20.00% and 16.21%, 15.71% and 55.56% for ‘Hei Nong44’ and ‘Hei Nong65’, respectively, while it decreased in stems. During the pod-filling stage, ammoniacal N content increased in leaves and stems, with an increase of 20.99%-60.13% under S, while it showed a rising-then-falling trend in pods. Nitrate N content had the highest increase in leaves and stems, rising by 67.02%-69.31% under S, while it decreased in petioles with increasing drought severity. After re-watering, both cultivars showed some recovery in N content. Yield reduction was more significant during the flowering and pod-filling stages, decreasing by 17.45%-32.66% and 21.47%-35.63%, respectively.

The selection of an underground mining method stems from a multivariate analysis that considers geomechanical, geological, economic, and operational parameters. Even after identifying the most compatible method, there is no assurance that the mining company will achieve the best performance. The geological complexity of some deposits requires adaptations of methods described in the literature to obtain more selectivity and reduce mining waste. There are some studies on geometry of underground structures, but a methodology that describes an adaptation of a room-and-pillar mining method for ore bodies with down-dip varying from 20° to 25° is novel. The present work aimed to reduce dilution by adapting the traditional room-and-pillar mining method (TRP) to inclined ore bodies. This new method is entitled short-hole room-and-pillar (SHRP). The equations that measure the dilution are defined according to the geometry of stopes and openings. The results comprise comparative analyses of the operational and planned dilutions to measure the performance of the SHRP method. The average operating dilution of the SHRP method was more than five times lower than the planned dilution according to the TRP method. Low operational dilution indicates high selectivity of the method and its potential to reduce underground mining tailings.

Abstract This research seeks to delve into the dynamics of participation within news platforms curated by non-professional journalists residing in inland Portugal. Through an exploratory study, two initiatives originating from communities located in the country’s inland areas are analysed: Vela Notícias, in the Centre region, and Jornal da Aldeia, in the Alentejo region. These initiatives serve as empirical objects illustrating a phenomenon that reflects the shift away from traditional media, the community’s eagerness to disseminate locally pertinent knowledge, and the citizens’ yearning for social and cultural representation. Both initiatives have emerged in ageing and sparsely populated regions, with fewer than 1,000 inhabitants, according to the 2021 Census (Instituto Nacional de Estatística, 2021). To understand and address these concerns, alongside a thorough review of pertinent literature, semi-structured interviews were conducted as a methodological approach involving participants engaged in information production for the two community media outlets. The significance of this study lies in unravelling the intricacies of proximity communication dynamics spearheaded by non-journalist citizens. The residents of both parishes actively contribute to content creation, topic selection, editing, and distribution of the newspapers. Production operates outside the norms of journalistic selection, filtering, and hierarchy. Nevertheless, interviewees exhibit keen interest and confidence in the published information. The motivation for participation stems from a desire to share common values and cultural connections, fostering a sense of belonging and social responsibility.

Resumo Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender as dinâmicas de participação presentes em veículos informativos produzidos por cidadãos não-jornalistas, no interior de Portugal. A partir de um estudo exploratório, são analisadas duas iniciativas desenvolvidas por comunidades localizadas no interior do país, o Vela Notícias, na região Centro, e o Jornal da Aldeia, na região do Alentejo. Estas são entendidas como objetos empíricos de um fenómeno que reflete o distanciamento e os constrangimentos dos média tradicionais, o desejo das populações destes territórios de partilharem conhecimento de interesse local e a necessidade de os cidadãos se sentirem representados social e culturalmente. As duas iniciativas surgiram em regiões desertificadas, com menos de 1.000 habitantes, e envelhecidas, segundo os Censos 2021 (Instituto Nacional de Estatística, 2021). A fim de compreender e discutir tais questões, além da revisão da literatura pertinente ao tema, realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas, como procedimento metodológico, aos participantes envolvidos na produção informativa dos dois média comunitários. A importância do estudo consiste em compreender dinâmicas comunicacionais de proximidade que envolvem cidadãos não-jornalistas. Os cidadãos das duas freguesias participam na criação de conteúdos, na escolha dos assuntos, na edição e na distribuição dos periódicos. A produção não está submetida às lógicas de seleção, filtragem e hierarquização jornalísticas. Ainda assim, os entrevistados demonstram interesse e confiança nas informações publicadas. O interesse em participar relaciona-se com o desejo de partilha de valores comuns e vínculos culturais, que contam ainda com o sentimento de pertença e de responsabilidade social.

ABSTRACT In the Amazon-Cerrado ecotone, increased costs from non-organic inputs and transportation render substrates more expensive, prompting the use of decomposed biomass from native palm stem for seedlig production. The study was carried out with the objective of evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of the decomposed biomass of babassu palms (BDB), carnauba (BDC), and buriti (BBU) compared to the commercial substrate (SC) via multivariate analysis. This study employed a database comprising 90 substrates, obtained from Maranhão, Brazil farms. These samples underwent physicochemical characterization following the Brazilian protocol for seedling substrates. The substrates based on BDB and BDC have pH and nutrient contents at acceptable values, in addition to lower potential acidity and high base saturation compared to BBU and SC substrates. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering revealed similarities between BDB, BDC and SC. Biomass decomposed from the stems of babassu and carnauba palms is recommended as an alternative substrate for seedling producers in the in the Amazon-Cerrado ecotone. AmazonCerrado Amazon Cerrado ecotone nonorganic non organic expensive production , (BDB) BDC, (BDC) (BBU (SC 9 Maranhão farms values (BDB (BDC

RESUMO No ecótono Amazônia-Cerrado, o aumento dos custos com insumos não orgânicos e transporte torna os substratos mais caros, estimulando o uso da biomassa decomposta do caule da palmeira nativa para a produção de mudas. O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as características físico-químicas da biomassa decomposta de babaçu (BDB), carnaúba (BDC) e buriti (BBU) comparado ao substrato comercial (SC) via estatística multivariada. O estudo utilizou um banco de dados composto por 90 substratos, obtidos em fazendas do Maranhão, Brasil. Essas amostras passaram por caracterização físico-química seguindo o protocolo brasileiro para substratos de mudas. Os substratos à base de BDB e BDC apresentam pH e teores de nutrientes em valores aceitáveis, além de menor acidez potencial e elevada saturação por bases em comparação aos substratos BBU e SC. A análise de componentes principais e agrupamento hierárquico revelou similaridades entre BDB, BDC e SC. A biomassa decomposta dos caules das palmeiras babaçu e carnaúba é recomendada como substrato alternativo para produtores de mudas no ecótono Amazônia-Cerrado. AmazôniaCerrado, AmazôniaCerrado Amazônia Cerrado, Cerrado Amazônia-Cerrado caros físicoquímicas físico químicas , (BDB) (BDC (BBU SC (SC multivariada 9 Maranhão Brasil físicoquímica química aceitáveis AmazôniaCerrado. Cerrado. (BDB