Abstract Objective Evaluate the prevalence of macrosomic newborns (birth weight above 4000 grams) in a high-risk maternity from 2014 to 2019, as well as the maternal characteristics involved, risk factors, mode of delivery and associated outcomes, comparing newborns weighing 4000-4500 grams and those weighing above 4500 grams. Methods This is an observational study, case-control type, carried out by searching for data in hospital’s own system and clinical records. The criteria for inclusion in the study were all patients monitored at the service who had newborns with birth weight equal than or greater than 4000 grams in the period from January 2014 to December 2019, being subsequently divided into two subgroups (newborns with 4000 to 4500 grams and newborns above 4500 grams). After being collected, the variables were transcribed into a database, arranged in frequency tables. For treatment and statistical analysis of the data, Excel and R software were used. This tool was used to create graphs and tables that helped in the interpretation of the results. The statistical analysis of the variables collected included both simple descriptive analyzes as well as inferential statistics, with univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results From 2014 to 2019, 3.3% of deliveries were macrosomic newborns. The average gestational age in the birth was 39.4 weeks. The most common mode of delivery (65%) was cesarean section. Diabetes mellitus was present in 30% of the deliveries studied and glycemic control was absent in most patients. Among the vaginal deliveries, only 6% were instrumented and there was shoulder dystocia in 21% of the cases. The majority (62%) of newborns had some complication, with jaundice (35%) being the most common. Conclusion Birth weight above 4000 grams had a statistically significant impact on the occurrence of neonatal complications, such as hypoglycemia, respiratory distress and 5th minute APGAR less than 7, especially if birth weight was above 4500 grams. Gestational age was also shown to be statistically significant associated with neonatal complications, the lower, the greater the risk. Thus, macrosomia is strongly linked to complications, especially neonatal complications. 400 highrisk high 201 2019 involved factors outcomes 40004500 4000-450 450 casecontrol case type hospitals hospital s records . database results statistics univariate 33 3 3.3 394 39 4 39. weeks 65% 65 (65% section 30 6 21 cases 62% 62 (62% complication 35% 35 (35% complications hypoglycemia th 7 lower Thus 40 20 4000450 4000-45 45 3. (65 2 (62 (35 400045 4000-4 (6 (3 40004 4000- (

RESUMEN Introducción: Los abortos espontáneos son sucesos que gravitan sobre la integridad psicológica y el desempeño social y familiar de estas pacientes. Las condiciones obstétricas asociadas a las deficiencias de los niveles plasmáticos de la AT III representan un alto riesgo de pérdida gestacional. Objetivo: Describir los niveles de antitrombina III en mujeres con abortos recurrentes. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal de abril 2019 a diciembre 2020, en pacientes con abortos recurrentes que provenían de la consulta del Hospital Universitario Ginecobstétrico «Mariana Grajales», remitidas al servicio de Laboratorio clínico del Hospital Universitario Clínico-Quirúrgico «Arnaldo Milián Castro», ambos de Santa Clara, para determinar sus niveles de antitrombina III. La población coincidente con la muestra estuvo constituida por 42 pacientes mayores de 20 años, con 3 o más abortos recurrentes en el período de estudio. Para la obtención de la información se utilizó la entrevista y el paquete estadístico Statistical Packagefor Social Sciences (SPSS) y el programa EPIDAT versión 3.0 en la confección de tablas y gráficos. (Anexo 2) Resultados: Predominio de pacientes de 26 a 30 años (45,2 %), piel blanca (95,2 %), cuatro embarazos (47,6 %), tres abortos recurrentes (73,8 %), antecedentes patológicos familiares de tromboembolismo (52,4%), valores en el rango normal bajo de antitrombina III (71,4 %). Conclusiones: Presencia de mujeres con aborto recurrente con antecedentes obstétricos y patológicos familiares de tromboembolismo, como factor de riesgo de la deficiencia de antitrombina III. Nivel normal bajo de antitrombina III que guarda relación con la pérdida del embarazo, fundamentalmente, en el primer trimestre del mismo.

SUMMARY Introduction: spontaneous abortions are events that affect the psychological integrity as well as the social and family performance of these patients. Obstetric conditions associated with deficiencies in plasma levels of AT III represent a high risk of pregnancy loss. Objective: to describe antithrombin III levels in women with recurrent abortions. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study in patients with recurrent abortions who came from the consultation at “Mariana Grajales” Gynecology and Obstetrics University Hospital and referred to the clinical laboratory service at “Arnaldo Milián Castro” Clinical and Surgical University Hospital both from Santa Clara city was carried out from April 2019 to December 2020 to determine their antithrombin III levels. The population matching the sample consisted of 42 patients aged over 20 years with 3 or more recurrent abortions in the study period. The interview and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and the EPIDAT program version 3.0 were used to obtain the information and to create tables and graphs. Results: patients between 26 and 30 years old (45.2%), white skin (95.2%), four pregnancies (47.6%), three recurrent abortions (73.8%), family pathological history of thromboembolism (52.4%), values in the low normal range of antithrombin III (71.4%) predominated. Conclusions: presence of women with recurrent abortion with obstetric and pathological family history of thromboembolism as a risk factor for antithrombin III deficiency. Low normal level of antithrombin III were related to pregnancy loss mainly in the first trimester.

Abstract Objective: analyze the territorial shifts and the main socio-environmental challenges of the global copper industry in the 21st century, with emphasis on Latin America. Methodology: based on indicators from official sources, the statistical properties and spatiotemporal changes of the copper industry were represented through thematic maps, graphs and tables. Results: it is shown that Latin America is the extractive and supplier region of raw copper, while the smelting and refining of copper made a geographical turn from Western countries toward China. Limitations: this study does not review the alternatives to the identified problems. Value: a current, comprehensive and prospective overview of global copper production, consumption and reserves is established. Conclusions: territorial expansion and socio-environmental conflict are two problems of the copper industry that will be aggravated by the energy transition that, among other negative effects, increases the extractive and dependent profile of Latin America.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar los cambios territoriales y los principales desafíos socioambientales de la industria mundial del cobre en el siglo XXI, con énfasis en América Latina. Metodología: con base en indicadores de fuentes oficiales, se representaron las propiedades estadísticas y los cambios espaciotemporales de la industria cuprífera mediante mapas temáticos, gráficos y tablas. Resultados: se muestra que América Latina es una región extractiva y proveedora de cobre bruto y que la fundición y refinación de dicho metal dio un giro geográfico desde los países occidentales hacia China. Limitaciones: el estudio no revisa las alternativas a las problemáticas detectadas. Valor: se presenta un panorama actual, integral y prospectivo de la producción, el consumo y las reservas mundiales de cobre. Conclusiones: la expansión territorial y los conflictos socioambientales son dos problemas de la industria del cobre que se verán agravados por la transición energética que, entre otros efectos negativos, aumenta el perfil extractivo y dependiente de América Latina.

RESUMO Atualmente, muitos sistemas de abastecimento de água coletam e monitoram dados diariamente, com destaque para valores de níveis de reservatórios, pressões e demandas de consumo, além de dados elétricos. Os dados gerados são transformados em informações, proporcionando o conhecimento necessário para direcionar o gestor no planejamento de ações e tomadas de decisão em geral. R é uma linguagem de programação muito utilizada para análises estatísticas e recentemente alguns trabalhos apresentaram o uso do software R acoplado ao EPANET. Dessa forma, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a potencialidade do programa R interligado ao EPANET para banco de dados de sistemas de abastecimento de água. Nesse intuito, considerou-se a metodologia em propor uma simulação no R de uma rede de distribuição de água teórica criada no EPANET para avaliar os resultados da demanda de consumo diário. A rede proposta foi simulada variando-se demandas de consumo com os níveis do reservatório, sendo obtidos vários resultados no período de 24 horas. Consequentemente, foi possível automatizar o processo de análises estatísticas gerando tabelas, gráficos referentes à dispersão das demandas, pressões dos nós, vazões dos trechos oriundos de cada variação de consumo e níveis de reservatório. Os resultados obtidos comprovaram a compatibilidade e a praticidade do modelo matemático de distribuição de água projetada no programa EPANET simulada no R e armazenada no banco de dados SQL server. Atualmente diariamente reservatórios elétricos informações geral forma intuito considerouse considerou se diário variandose variando reservatório 2 horas Consequentemente tabelas nós server

ABSTRACT Currently, many water supply systems collect and monitor data daily, among which we can highlight values of reservoir levels, pressures, and consumption demands, in addition to electrical data. The data generated is transformed into information, providing the necessary knowledge to guide the manager in planning actions and making decisions in general. The R program is a programming language widely used for statistical analysis and, recently, in some R works coupled to EPANET. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the potential of the R program interconnected to EPANET for the database of water supply systems. For this purpose, the methodology of proposing a simulation in R of a theoretical water distribution network created in EPANET was considered to evaluate the results of daily consumption demand. The proposed network was simulated by varying consumption demands with reservoir levels, obtaining several results in 24 hours. Consequently, it was possible to automate the process of statistical analysis, generating tables and graphs referring to the dispersion of demands, node pressures, and outflows of the stretches arising from each variation in consumption and reservoir levels. The results obtained proved the compatibility and practicality of the mathematical model of the water distribution project in the EPANET program, simulated in R and stored in the SQL SERVER database. Currently levels pressures information general recently Thus purpose demand 2 hours Consequently

ABSTRACT This study investigates the nature of modal constructs in advertising commercial, operational in Oral-B® Toothpaste, to explain the mechanistic integration of modes, unified to generate holistic meaning. With the application of the mood system and kinesics concepts, the author is able to interpret the video for readers. Besides using statistical substances (tables and graphs) to explore the modes, one observes a fragmentation of structures of some linguistic items such as The answer?, Easy, still fresh and strong. Repetition is a concern, where the communicator deploys the generic You, your teeth, and your mouth for a reason of emphasis. Communicative devices such as strong and healthy, and long lasting fresh breath (feeling) are details, exemplifying the Oral-B’s 2-IN-1 qualities. Gestural modes of smiling, observed in a repetitive speeches of Smile, Smile, Smile, and intimate and personal distances augment meanings as Social Actors 1 and 2 are indexical participants. Metaphorical professional actors and the dual 2-IN-1 features characterize the communication, projecting interchangeability. The advertisement is fascinating; yet, the metaphor of interchangeability could have been simplified for a purpose of sensitizing the illiterate. commercial OralB® OralB Oral B® B Oral-B Toothpaste meaning concepts readers tables graphs answer, answer , answer? Easy concern You teeth emphasis healthy feeling (feeling details OralBs s 2IN1 IN 2-IN- qualities smiling Smile participants communication fascinating yet illiterate 2IN 2-IN

RESUMO Este estudo investiga a natureza dos construtos modais em publicidade comercial, operacional no creme dental Oral-B®, para explicar a integração mecanística de modos, unificados para gerar significado holístico. Com a aplicação do sistema de humor e dos conceitos cinésicos, o autor consegue interpretar o vídeo para os leitores. Além de utilizar substâncias estatísticas (tabelas e gráficos) para explorar os modos, observa-se a fragmentação das estruturas de alguns itens linguísticos como A resposta ?, Fácil, ainda atual e forte. A repetição é uma preocupação, onde o comunicador implanta os genéricos Você, seus dentes e sua boca em razão de ênfase. Dispositivos comunicativos, como hálito fresco e duradouro (sensação), são detalhes exemplificando as qualidades 2-EM-1 do Oral-B. Os modos gestuais de sorrir, observados em discursos repetitivos de Sorriso, Sorriso, Sorriso e distâncias íntimas e pessoais aumentam os significados, visto que os Atores Sociais 1 e 2 são participantes indexicais. Atores profissionais metafóricos e as características dual 2-IN-1 caracterizam a comunicação, projetando intercambiabilidade. O anúncio é fascinante; no entanto, a metáfora da intercambialidade poderia ter sido simplificada para sensibilizar os analfabetos. comercial OralB®, OralB Oral B®, B Oral-B® holístico cinésicos leitores tabelas gráficos observase observa se , ? Fácil forte preocupação Você ênfase comunicativos sensação, sensação (sensação) 2EM1 EM 2-EM- OralB. B. Oral-B sorrir significados indexicais 2IN1 IN 2-IN- comunicação intercambiabilidade fascinante entanto analfabetos OralB® B® (sensação 2EM 2-EM 2IN 2-IN

Abstract One of the new waters, and environmentally friendly agriculture initiatives in Peru is to encourage the utilization of agricultural waste, because low agricultural output is a threat to food security there. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of harvest residues on the basidiocarp production of the fungus Pleurotus Ostreatus, in Acobamba-Huancavelica. The trial had a completely randomized design, and the treatments included T1, barley stubbles; T2, wheat stubbles; T3, pea stubbles; T4, broad bean stubbles; and T5, quinoa stubbles. The research was quantitative in nature, taking the form of an experiment with an applied, explanatory level of design. The recorded data was tabulated and analyzed with analysis of variance, as well as Tukey's test (α:0.05), for which the statistical software Infostat was used. The results are presented in tables and graphs for a better interpretation. As main results, it was obtained that the time (colonization), diameter (stem, pileus), length (stem) and weight (basidiocarps), present statistical differences between treatments showing significant enhancement in all parameters. Despite a numerical difference, a Tukey average comparison test revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the averages for the variable time for fungus colonisation, suggesting that the treatment T5 in which quinoa substrate showed the greatest average. Treatment T4 in which broad bean stubbles were used gave the most low-average. In conclusion, increment in all parámeters were noted in all treatment of Pleurotus basidiocarps ostreatus under Acobamba conditions. waters waste Ostreatus AcobambaHuancavelica. AcobambaHuancavelica Huancavelica. Huancavelica Acobamba-Huancavelica design T1 T T2 T3 nature applied variance Tukeys s α0.05, α005 α 0.05 , 0 05 (α:0.05) interpretation colonization, colonization (colonization) stem, stem (stem pileus, pileus pileus) basidiocarps, (basidiocarps) parameters colonisation lowaverage. lowaverage low-average conclusion conditions α0 α0.05 α00 005 0.0 (α:0.05 (colonization (basidiocarps α0.0 00 0. (α:0.0 α0. (α:0. (α:0 (α: (α

Resumo Uma das novas iniciativas de águas e agricultura ecológica no Peru é incentivar a utilização de resíduos agrícolas, porque a baixa produção agrícola é uma ameaça à segurança alimentar no país. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito dos resíduos da colheita na produção de basidiocarpos do fungo Pleurotus ostreatus, em Acobamba-Huancavelica. O ensaio teve um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, e os tratamentos incluíram T1, restolho de cevada; T2, soqueiras de trigo; T3, restolho de ervilha; T4, restolho de fava; e T5, restolho de quinoa. A pesquisa foi de natureza quantitativa, assumindo a forma de experimento com um nível de design aplicado e explicativo. Os dados registrados foram tabulados e analisados com análise de variância, bem como teste de Tukey (α:0,05), para o qual foi utilizado o software estatístico Infostat. Os resultados são apresentados em tabelas e gráficos para melhor interpretação. Como principais resultados, obteve-se que o tempo (colonização), diâmetro (caule, píleo), comprimento (caule) e peso (basidiocarpos) apresentam diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos, mostrando melhora significativa em todos os parâmetros. Apesar da diferença numérica, o teste de comparação de médias de Tukey revelou que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias para a variável tempo de colonização do fungo, sugerindo que o tratamento T5 em que usou o substrato quinoa, apresentou a maior média. O tratamento T4, no qual foram usadas restolhos de fava, apresentou a média mais baixa. Em conclusão, incrementos em todos os parâmetros foram observados em todos os tratamentos de Pleurotus basidiocarps ostreatus nas condições de Acobamba. agrícolas país AcobambaHuancavelica. AcobambaHuancavelica Acobamba Huancavelica. Huancavelica Acobamba-Huancavelica casualizado T1 T cevada T2 trigo T3 ervilha T4 fava quinoa quantitativa explicativo variância α0,05, α005 α 0,05 , 0 05 (α:0,05) Infostat interpretação obtevese obteve se colonização, (colonização) caule, caule (caule píleo, píleo píleo) (basidiocarpos numérica conclusão α0 α0,05 α00 005 0,0 (α:0,05 (colonização α0,0 00 0, (α:0,0 α0, (α:0, (α:0 (α: (α

ABSTRACT Introduction: The World Health Organization recognizes dementia as a public health priority. It affects 50 million people worldwide, with around 10 million new cases reported each year. Objective: To apply the diagnostic criteria to patients with dementia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-V and the International Classification of Diseases-10 at the René Vallejo Ortiz University Psychiatric Hospital between June of 2016 and December 2022. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out. The universe was made up of all patients admitted to the aforementioned institution. The non-probabilistic sample and at the discretion of the authors was made up of 66 adult patients with the diagnosis in the indicated study period. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The data was presented in tables and graphs. Results: Of the 66 patients investigated, 33.3% were between 60 and 69. The female sex represented 57.6%. According to the DSM-V, 24 patients, 36.4%, were within A9, while 12 (18.2%) were within A10. However, according to ICD -10, 93.9% meet the criteria for dementia. Conclusions: The main clinical manifestations were disorientation and hypomnesia associated with mild cognitive impairment. In the association of the classifications, it was found that only half of those studied unanimously met the diagnostic criteria.

RESUMEN Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud reconoce la demencia como una prioridad de salud pública. Afecta a 50 millones de personas en todo el mundo y se registran alrededor de 10 millones de nuevos casos cada año. Objetivo: Aplicar los criterios diagnósticos a los pacientes con demencia de acuerdo al Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales-V y la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades-10, en el Hospital Psiquiátrico Universitario René Vallejo Ortiz entre junio de 2016 y diciembre de 2022. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal. El universo estuvo compuesto por todos los pacientes ingresados en la mencionada institución. La muestra no probabilística y a criterio de los autores la integraron 66 pacientes adultos, con el diagnóstico en el periodo de estudio señalado. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Los datos se presentaron en tablas y gráficos. Resultados: De los 66 pacientes investigados el 33,3 % presentaban entre 60 y 69. El sexo femenino representó el 57,6 %. De acuerdo al Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales- V, 24 pacientes para un 36,4 % se encontraban dentro de los A9, mientras que 12 (18,2 %) en los A10. Sin embargo, según la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades-10 el 93,9 % cumplen los criterios de demencia. Conclusiones: Las principales manifestaciones clínicas fueron la desorientación y la hipomnesia con asociación al deterioro cognitivo leve. En la asociación de las clasificaciones se constató que solo la mitad de los estudiados cumplían los criterios diagnósticos de forma unánime.

Abstract: This study applies a reference model that implements data mining as part of a business intelligence environment to analyze the operation of a hydraulic turbogenerator. Data is obtained from the control and data acquisition system of a hydroelectric power plant. A model is first generated using a principal component analysis. Then, it is evaluated with new observations by using squared prediction error multivariate statistical control graphs and the Hotelling’s T2, and finally the analysis was implemented by connecting the tables generated by a conventional business intelligence tool. The model was tested on five samples corresponding to periods prior to a turbogenerator shutdown. It is concluded that the reference model presented here can be applied to analyze the operation of a hydraulic turbogenerator, that the control charts can detect atypical operating behaviors, and that previous understanding of the analyzed process is necessary for an adequate interpretation of the results.

Resumen: Este estudio aplica un modelo de referencia que implementa la minería de datos como parte de un entorno de inteligencia de negocios para analizar la operación de un turbogenerador hidráulico. Los datos analizados provienen del sistema de control y adquisición de datos de una central hidroeléctrica. Se genera un modelo utilizando análisis de componentes principales. Luego, se evalúa el modelo con nuevas observaciones utilizando los gráficos de control estadístico multivariante: cuadrado del error de predicción y T2 de Hotelling y finalmente se implementa el análisis conectando las tablas generadas con una herramienta convencional de inteligencia de negocios. El modelo se prueba en cinco muestras correspondientes a periodos previos a una parada del turbogenerador. Se concluye que el modelo de referencia utilizado puede ser aplicado al análisis de la operación de un turbogenerador hidráulico, que los gráficos de control son capaces de detectar comportamientos atípicos de operación y que es necesario el conocimiento del proceso a analizar para una adecuada interpretación de los resultados.

Abstract The main objective of this research was to develop an artisan formula based on whey as food supplement directed to preschool children. It was a descriptive study carried out in three phases: 1. Preliminary tests, for the determination of the technological scheme; 2. Physical-chemical evaluation, for the characterisation of the product and determination of nutrients and, 3. Sensory evaluation: the level of satisfaction of the final product measured. The data obtained from the analysis were tabulated in four repetitions and analysed through descriptive statistics of central tendency and in frequencies expressed in tables and graphs using the statistical program SPSS version 20.0. As a result, for each 100 grams of dehydrated cottage cheese this malnuprovides: 480.28 kcal, 46.5% protein; 22.36% fat and 23.26% carbohydrates. The final formulation of the drink consisted of 2.9 g of dehydrated cottage cheese, 3.6 g of previously cooked rice and 1.8 g of diluted sugar for each prepared ounce. It was determined as a hypocaloric-hyperproteic and isomolar formula, with a viscosity of 275cP, a pH of 5.1 and with 0.291% lactic acid. The artisan formula based on whey was liked by 41 children who participated in the sensory analysis. As a conclusion, it can be recommended as food supplement in children with nutritional vulnerability conditions.

Resumen Se pretendió desarrollar una fórmula artesanal, a base de lactosuero, como complemento alimenticio para niños preescolares. Se realizó una investigación descriptiva ejecutada en tres fases: 1. Ensayos preliminares para la determinación del esquema tecnológico; 2. Evaluación fisicoquímica para la caracterización del producto y determinación de macronutrientes y 3. Evaluación sensorial donde se midió el nivel de agrado del producto final. Los datos obtenidos de los análisis se tabularon en cuatro repeticiones y se analizaron a través de estadísticas descriptivas de tendencia central y en frecuencias expresadas en tablas y gráficos mediante el programa estadístico SPSS versión 20.0. Se obtuvo que en el análisis proximal del requesón deshidratado, éste aportó por cada 100 gramos de producto: 480,28 kcal, 46,5% de proteínas, 22,36% de grasas y 23,26% de hidratos de carbono. La formulación final de la bebida constó de 2,9 g de requesón deshidratado, 3,6 g de arroz previamente cocido y 1,8 g de azúcar diluidos por cada onza preparada. Se determinó que es una fórmula hipocalórica-hiperproteica e isoosmolar, con una viscosidad de 275cP, un pH de 5,1 y con 0,291% de ácido láctico. La fórmula artesanal a base de lactosuero fue de agrado para 41 niños que participaron en el análisis sensorial. Se recomienda su uso en niños que se encuentren en condición de vulnerabilidad nutricional.

Resumo O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi desenvolver uma fórmula artesanal à base de soro de leite como suplemento alimentar direcionado a crianças pré-escolares. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo em três fases: 1. Ensaios preliminares, para determinação do esquema tecnológico; 2. Avaliação físico-química, para caracterização do produto e determinação de macronutrientes e 3. Avaliação sensorial: mediu-se o grau de satisfação do produto final. Os dados obtidos das análises foram tabulados em quatro repetições e analisados por meio de estatísticas descritivas de tendência central e em frequências expressas em tabelas e gráficos utilizando o programa estatístico SPSS versão 20.0. Como resultado da análise proximal, para cada 100 gramas de requeijão desidratado fornece: 480,28 kcal, 46,5% de proteína; 22,36% de gordura e 23,26% de carboidratos. A formulação final da bebida consistiu em 2,9 g de requeijão desidratado, 3,6 g de arroz previamente cozido e 1,8 g de açúcar diluído para cada onça preparada. O resultado concluiu que é uma fórmula hipocalórica-hiperproteica e isoosmolar, com viscosidade de 275cP, pH de 5,1 e com 0,291% de ácido lático. A fórmula artesanal à base de soro de leite foi apreciada por 41 crianças que participaram da análise sensorial. É recomendado seu uso em crianças que se encontrem em condições de vulnerabilidade nutricional.

RESUMO Esta pesquisa experimental tem como objetivo analisar a influência dos parâmetros elétricos da usinagem por eletroerosão (EDM – Electrical Discharge Machining) na rugosidade média (Ra) do aço AISI P20, o qual é vastamente utilizado na indústria de moldes para injeção de termoplásticos. Também é proposto neste estudo a otimização destes parâmetros para a obtenção da rugosidade superficial pretendida ao material. O planejamento e os resultados estatísticos foram obtidos através da metodologia de design de experimento (DOE – Design Of Experiments). Utilizou-se do software Statistica para criar gráficos e tabelas de análise baseados na metodologia de superfície de resposta (RSM – Response Surface Methodology). A análise dos resultados mostrou que a duração do pulso de descarga (Ton) e a intensidade da corrente elétrica são os parâmetros de maior efeito para a rugosidade superficial. Baseados em outros trabalhos sobre EDM, a análise estatística apresentou resultados em conformidade quanto a influência dos fatores. O gráfico de otimização indicou coerentemente os níveis adequados de ajuste dos parâmetros para a obtenção da variável resposta desejável. Pode-se constatar nesta pesquisa em específico, quais são os parâmetros elétricos significativos para a rugosidade superficial média, sendo o seu conhecimento e controle, fundamentais para a otimização do processo. As técnicas estatísticas apresentaram-se como ferramentas muito úteis para o domínio da tecnologia industrial, principalmente em casos onde há necessidade do ajuste de muitos fatores, gerando previsibilidade, economia, agilidade e confiabilidade ao processo.

ABSTRACT This experimental research aims to analyze the influence of electrical parameters of electrical discharge machining (EDM) on the average roughness (Ra) of AISI P20 steel, which is widely used in the mold industry for thermoplastic injection. It is also proposed in this study the optimization of these parameters to obtain the desired surface roughness of the material. The planning and statistical results were obtained through the experiment design methodology (DOE). Statistica software was used to create graphs and tables based on the response surface methodology (RSM). The analysis of the results showed that the duration of the discharge pulse (Ton) and the intensity of the electric current are the parameters with the greatest effect on surface roughness. Based on other studies on EDM, the statistical analysis presented results in conformity with regard to the influence of factors. The optimization graph consistently indicated the adequate levels of adjustment of the parameters to obtain the desired response. It can be verified in this research in specific, what are the significant electrical parameters for the average surface roughness, being its knowledge and control, fundamental for the optimization of the process. Statistical techniques were presented as very useful tools for mastering industrial technology, especially in cases where there is a need to adjust many factors, generating predictability, economy, agility and reliability to the process.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The figures corresponding to terminally ill patients, both worldwide and in Cuba, are alarming, a reason why it is necessary to study the preparation of the caregivers of these patients. Objective: To characterize the caregiver of the terminally ill patient, their preparation, experience, knowledge about care and emotional overload in San Luis Municipality. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in the period 2017-2019, with a universe of 47 caregivers, to whom a nonprobabilistic sampling was applied. The sample was made up of twenty caregivers who met the established inclusion criteria and gave their informed consent. The instruments used were the individual interview and the Zarit Caregiver Load Scale. Empirical and statistical methods were used. The texts were processed with Word XP. The tables and graphs were made with Excel XP. Results: There was a prevalence of pre-university education level and married as marital status. The most frequent degree of kinship in the sample was made up of children who had no previous caregiving experience. The most frequent causes of terminal illnesses were dementias. Conclusions: Those over sixty years of age predominated, as well as the female sex with little knowledge about care, which influenced the high emotional overload present in them.

RESUMEN Introducción: Resultan alarmantes las cifras de pacientes terminales tanto a nivel mundial como en Cuba, por lo que es necesario estudiar la preparación de los cuidadores de estos pacientes. Objetivo: Caracterizar al cuidador del paciente con enfermedad terminal, su preparación, experiencia, conocimientos sobre los cuidados y sobrecarga emocional en el municipio de San Luis. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en el periodo 2017-2019, en un universo de 47 cuidadores, a los que se les aplicó un muestreo no probabilístico. La muestra quedó conformada por 20 cuidadores que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión establecidos y dieron su consentimiento informado. Los instrumentos usados fueron la entrevista individual y la escala de carga del cuidador de Zarit. Se utilizó el método empírico y el estadístico y los textos se procesaron con Word XP, las tablas y gráficos se realizaron con Excel XP. Resultados: Prevaleció el nivel de escolaridad preuniversitaria y el estado civil casado. El grado de parentesco más frecuente en la muestra fue los hijos que no poseían experiencia previa de cuidado. Las causas más frecuentes de las enfermedades terminales fueron las demencias. Conclusiones: Predominaron los mayores de 60 años, el sexo femenino con escasos conocimientos sobre los cuidados, lo que influyó en la alta sobrecarga emocional presente en ellos.

Resumen: En este artículo se reporta una revisión de literatura respecto a las investigaciones sobre tablas y gráficos estadísticos en libros de texto de educación primaria de Iberoamérica, con el objetivo de entregar al lector un panorama de lo desarrollado y algunas implicaciones a futuro. Bajo una metodología cualitativa, se realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura de los últimos 15 años, en cinco etapas: 1) planeación, 2) búsqueda, 3) selección, 4) evaluación de calidad, y 5) extracción y síntesis. La búsqueda se realizó en la base de datos de libre acceso Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) y en los buscadores Google Scholar y Semantic Scholar. De los resultados de la búsqueda, se seleccionaron 39 investigaciones: 29 publicadas en revistas y 10 en memorias de congresos. Entre los hallazgos, el diagrama geográfico evidencia una amplia exploración y concentración de la línea investigativa solo en algunos países, con un enfoque en la exploración de la calidad de las actividades y/o en identificar el tipo de representación estadística usada y sus complejidades para resolver las tareas. Además, se identifica una gran variedad de unidades de análisis empleadas para el desarrollo de estas investigaciones, situándolas en analizar el nivel de lectura, el nivel de complejidad semiótica, la tarea solicitada y el tipo de contexto de las actividades en las que aparecen las tablas y gráficos estadísticos.

Resumo: Este artigo apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica de pesquisas sobre tabelas e gráficos estatísticos em livros escolares do ensino fundamental na Ibero-América, com o objetivo de proporcionar ao leitor uma visão geral do que foi desenvolvido e algumas implicações para o futuro. Sob uma metodologia qualitativa, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura dos últimos 15 anos em cinco etapas: 1) planejamento, 2) busca, 3) seleção, 4) avaliação da qualidade, e 5) extração e síntese. A pesquisa foi realizada no banco de dados de acesso aberto Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) e nos mecanismos de busca Google Scholar and Semantic Scholar. Dos resultados da pesquisa, foram selecionados 39 trabalhos de pesquisa: 29 publicados em revistas e 10 em anais de conferências. Entre as conclusões, o diagrama geográfico apresenta uma ampla exploração e concentração da linha de pesquisa em apenas alguns países, com foco na exploração da qualidade das atividades e/ou identificação do tipo de representação estatística utilizada e suas complexidades na resolução das tarefas. Além disso, é identificada uma grande variedade de unidades de análise empregadas para o desenvolvimento dessas investigações, colocando-as na análise do nível de leitura, do nível de complexidade semiótica, da tarefa solicitada e do tipo de contexto das atividades em que as tabelas e gráficos estatísticos aparecem.

Summary: This article reports a literature review regarding research on statistical tables and graphs in primary school textbooks in Latin America, with the aim of providing the reader with an overview of what has been developed and some implications for the future. Under a qualitative methodology, a systematic review of the literature of the last 15 years was carried out, in five stages: 1) planning, 2) search, 3) selection, 4) quality evaluation, and 5) extraction and synthesis. The search was carried out in the open access database Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) and in the search engines Google Scholar and Semantic Scholar. From the search results, 39 investigations were selected: 29 published in journals and 10 in conference memoires. Among the findings, the geographic diagram shows a broad exploration and concentration of the research line only in some countries, with a focus on exploring the quality of activities and/or identifying the type of statistical representation used and its complexities to resolve tasks. In addition, a great variety of analysis units used for the development of these investigations is identified, placing them in analyzing the reading level, the level of semiotic complexity, the requested task and the type of context of the activities in which the tables and statistical graphics appear.

Abstract River processes have the ability to modify all terrestrial systems. The release of components, their transport and deposition as sediments by water have important environmental consequences, many of which can be deteriorating or irreversible. Arid regions are susceptible to water erosion, since the mere existence of water flow is exceptional and the common situation is its extreme speed, which is combined with the spatio-temporal variability of sediment transport. In this context, the objective was to analyze the dynamics of sediment transport in the Lorohuasi river basin, Cafayate, Salta, in the middle sections of the Alisal and Colorado tributaries, throughout the Lorohuasi river and the river mouth in the Santa María river, between the years 2016 and 2020. In 30 plots of 1 m2 located in 14 study sites, 30 samples of medium and fine sediments were collected in the active channel of the rivers. At each site, the width and slope of the channel was measured, as well as the flow, with the granulometric data of the medium sediments, were constructed accumulated frequency graphs and tables of statistical parameters (mean, median, mode, standard deviation, asymmetry and kurtosis), in order to characterize and analyze the distribution of the granulometric fractions along the river courses, evaluate the sedimentation dynamics and characterize the transport agent. The results show that in general lines, the mean granulometry of all the analyzed material transported in the Lorohuasi river basin is mean sand (phi 1.15), with mean-median-mode in the same fraction, the distribution is mesokurtic, symmetric and the material is poorly selected. The sediment is transported majorly by saltation in the Colorado and Alisal rivers, and by saltation and/or suspensión in the Lorohuasi river. It is concluded that the physical characteristics of the basin and anthropic activities influence the granulometry of the analyzed sediments, especially in the lower basin, and that rehabilitation techniques in affected riverbank areas could restore their functionality and protect the river system.

Resumen Los procesos fluviales tienen la capacidad de modificar todos los sistemas terrestres. La libe ración de componentes, su transporte y depositación como sedimentos por el agua, tienen consecuencias ambientales importantes, muchas de las cuales pueden ser deteriorantes o irreversibles. Las regiones áridas son susceptibles a la erosión hídrica, ya que la sola existencia de flujo ácueo es excepcional y la situación común es su extrema velocidad, que se conjuga con la variabilidad espacio-temporal del transporte de sedi mentos. En este contexto, el objetivo fue analizar la dinámica en el transporte de sedimentos en la cuenca del río Lorohuasi, Cafayate, Salta, en los tramos medio de los tributarios Alisal y Colorado, en todo el río Lorohuasi y el sector de desembocadura con el río Santa María, entre los años 2016 y 2020. En 30 parcelas de 1 m2 ubicadas en 14 sitios de estudios, se recolectaron 30 muestras de sedimentos medianos y finos en el cauce activo de los ríos. En cada sitio se midió el ancho y pendiente del cauce, como así también el caudal; con los datos granulométricos de los sedimentos medianos se construyeron gráficos de frecuencia acumu lada y tablas de parámetros estadísticos (media, mediana, moda, desviación estándar, asimetría y curtosis), a fin de caracterizar y analizar la distribución de las fracciones granulométricas a lo largo de los cursos fluviales, evaluar la dinámica de sedimentación y caracterizar el agente de transporte. Los resultados ex ponen que en general, la granulometría media de todo el material analizado transportado en la cuenca del río Lorohuasi es arena media (phi 1,15), con media-mediana-moda en la misma fracción, la distribución es mesocúrtica, simétrica y el material es pobremente seleccionado. El sedimento se transporta mayormente por saltación en los ríos Colorado y Alisal, y por saltación y/o suspensión en el río Lorohuasi. Se concluye que las características físicas de la cuenca y las actividades antrópicas influyen en la granulometría de los sedimentos analizados, especialmente en la cuenca baja, y que técnicas de rehabilitación en las riberas afectadas podrían devolver la funcionalidad de las mismas y proteger el sistema fluvial.

ABSTRACT Background: therapeutic physical culture programs accompanied by adequate nutritional advice in groups of obese people, is a common practice to reduce excess weight in people. Objective: to evaluate the benefits of the dance therapy program in its Zumba modality combined with Tae Bo, in overweight and obese women between 20 and 60 years old, in an area of the Pueblo Griffo Cienfuegos municipality. Method a community intervention study of the before and after type was carried out, 47 women from a universe of 56 were studied, anthropometric variables were measured at the beginning, at one month and at two months of the exercise program. The results are presented in tables and graphs and statistical inference tests (difference between means) were applied to determine the differences between each stage with a requirement of 95 %. Results: the values of the body mass index, weight in Kg, skin folds and the measurements of the abdomen and waist diameter decreased, which reflects the weight loss and body fat. In addition, there was a decrease in heart rate and in the results of the Ruffier-Dickson functional test, which indicates an improvement in the functions of the cardiovascular system. All the results were highly significant. Conclusions these results show that the therapeutic program developed in Cienfuegos with nutritional advice, is effective to reduce weight and body fat and also to improve the functioning of the cardiovascular system.

RESUMEN Fundamento: los programas de cultura física terapéutica acompañados de adecuados consejos nutricionales en grupos de personas obesas constituyen una práctica común para disminuir el exceso de peso. Objetivo: evaluar los beneficios del programa de la bailoterapia en su modalidad Zumba combinada con Tae Bo, en mujeres con sobrepeso y obesas de 20 a 60 años, en un área del Consejo Popular Pueblo Griffo del municipio Cienfuegos. Método: se realizó un estudio de intervención comunitaria del tipo antes y después, se estudiaron 47 mujeres de un universo de 56. En ellas se midieron variables antropométricas al inicio, al mes y a los dos meses del programa de ejercicios. Los resultados se presentan en tablas y gráficos y se aplicaron pruebas de la inferencia estadística (diferencia entre promedios), para determinarlas diferencias entre cada etapa con una exigencia del 95 %. Resultados: disminuyeron los valores del índice de masa corporal, peso en kilogramos, pliegues cutáneos y las mediciones del diámetro de abdomen y cintura, lo que refleja la pérdida de peso y grasa corporal. Existió una disminución de la frecuencia cardiaca y de los resultados del test funcional de Ruffier-Dickson lo que evidencia el mejoramiento de las funciones del sistema cardiovascular. Todos los resultados fueron altamente significativos. Conclusiones: estos resultados ponen de manifiesto que el programa terapéutico desarrollado en Cienfuegos con consejos nutricionales es eficaz para reducir el peso y la grasa corporal y también para mejorar el funcionamiento del trabajo del sistema cardiovascular.

Abstract This article presents a critical inventory of the totality of carnival ensembles of Afroargentines and of white people parading in blackface (or imitating afro descendants in any other way) that featured at the Buenos Aires carnival between 1865 and 1922. The database consists of 243 ensembles, which allows for the first time to appreciate the extraordinary magnitude of performances of blackness in the old porteño carnivals. The ensembles are listed with their names and years of existence, classified by ethnicity and with graphs and tables that show their evolution over time. In the end, this article proposes statistical exercises to remedy archival omissions and biases, so as to arrive to a more complete picture of the magnitude and evolution of the ensembles of each ethnic type.

Resumen El artículo presenta un relevamiento crítico de la totalidad de comparsas y agrupaciones de carnaval integradas por afroporteños o por blancos que se disfrazaban de negros y/o imitaban bailes y ritmos de raíz africana que actuaron en los carnavales porteños entre 1865 y 1922. La base de datos consta de 243 comparsas, lo que permite por primera vez apreciar la extraordinaria magnitud que tuvieron las referencias a la colectividad negra en los carnavales de antaño. Las comparsas se listan con sus nombres y años de existencia, clasificadas por la etnicidad de sus miembros y con cuadros y gráficos que permiten ver la evolución temporal. Al final, mediante ejercicios estadísticos se proponen modos de subsanar sesgos y omisiones de archivo que permitan arribar a una idea más cabal de la magnitud y patrones de evolución temporal de las comparsas de cada tipo étnico.