RESUMEN Introducción: la sensibilización a Blomia tropicalis resulta elevada entre los asmáticos y compite en importancia en cuanto a sensibilización alérgica. Objetivo: caracterizar la respuesta cutánea positiva al ácaro Blomia tropicalis en la población alérgica. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, desde enero-junio de 2023 en un universo de 187 pacientes de cinco-59 años con pruebas positivas al ácaro, atendidos en la consulta de Alergología del Policlínico Docente “Ernesto Guevara de la Serna” de Niquero, que coincidió con la muestra. Los resultados fueron procesados con el programa Statistical Package for Social Science, versión 26.0. Se aplicaron distribuciones de frecuencia absoluta y porcientos. Se calculó la media geométrica ± la desviación estándar del área del habón. Para las variables cuantitativas y cualitativas se utilizó la prueba de Chi-cuadrado con un nivel de significación p≤0.05. Resultados: predominaron los pacientes de cinco-15 años (46,52 %) y del sexo femenino (56,8 %). El asma bronquial y la rinitis fueron las enfermedades alérgicas con mayor sensibilización (52,41 % y 28,34 %), respectivamente. Prevaleció la intensidad de la reacción ligera (44,39 %) con un diámetro promedio del habón de 3,50±0,47. El perfil de sensibilización más frecuente fue la polisensibilización (71,66 %). Conclusiones: la respuesta cutánea al ácaro Blomia tropicalis en la población alérgica de Niquero obedece a perfiles de polisensibilización en enfermedades de índole respiratoria. La intensidad de la reacción detectada sugiere que existe una relación directa de este alergeno con el daño a la salud expresado principalmente en el asma bronquial y la rinitis.

ABSTRACT Introduction: in Cuba the sensitization to Blomia tropicalis it can catch up with numbers lifted between the asthmatic. At tropical humid regions this sort, compete in importance or even the first place as to allergic sensitization can occupy population. Objective: characterize the cutaneous positive answer to the acarus Blomia tropicalis in the allergic population. Methods: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out from January-June 2023 in a universe of 187 patients aged 5-59 years with positive tests for the mite, treated in the Allergology consultation of the “Ernesto Guevara of the Serna” Teaching Polyclinic of Niquero, who coincided with the sample. The results were processed with the Statistical Package for Social Science program, version 26.0. Absolute frequency and percentage distributions were applied. The geometric mean ± standard deviation of the wheal area was calculated. For the quantitative and qualitative variables, the Chi-square test was used with a significance level of p≤0.05. Results: the patients of the group of 5 to 15 years (46,52 %) and of the female sex predominated in the series (56,68 %). Spasmodic asthma and rhinitis were the allergic diseases with bigger sensitization to the acarus Bt (52,41 % and 28,34 %), respectively. The intensity of the reaction that prevailed was the light (44,39 %) with an average diameter of 3,50±0,47's habón. The profile of more frequent sensitization turned out to be the poly-sensitization (71,66 %). Conclusions: the cutaneous answer to the acarus Blomia tropicalis in Niquero's allergic population to obeys profiles of poly-sensitization most of all in diseases of respiratory nature. The intensity of the reaction detected suggests that there is a direct relationship between this allergen and health damage expressed mainly in bronchial asthma and rhinitis.

Abstract Background: With the identification of COVID-19 disease in China, a pandemic began that affected health-care systems. The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of the Hospital de Ginecobstetricia del Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente experienced an increase in patient flow as part of the COVID-19 strategy of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). This study aimed to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neonatal care and mortality indicators in our unit. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study to compare the number of hospital births, pre-term newborns (PTNB), NICU admissions, and deaths. Changes in frequencies between 2019 and 2021 were analyzed using Poisson distribution. Changes in PTNB births, proportion of admissions, and deaths/NICU discharges were analyzed by z-test for two proportions. Results: Between 2019 and 2021, the number of births increased by more than 2-fold. NICU admissions increased from 770 in 2019 to 1045 in 2021 (p < 0.01). The ratio of deaths/discharge from the service was 16.9% in 2019 and 13.1% in 2021 (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Mortality indicators in the NICU decreased from 2019 to 2021, even with the increase in the number of patients admitted during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Resumen Introducción: Con la identificación de la enfermedad por COVID-19 en China, inició una pandemia que afectó a los sistemas de salud. La Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales (UCIN) del Hospital de Ginecobstetricia del Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) vio incrementado su flujo de pacientes como parte de la Estrategia COVID-19 del IMSS. El objetivo fue analizar el impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en los indicadores de atención y mortalidad neonatal en nuestra unidad. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo para comparar el número de nacimientos en el hospital, nacimientos de recién nacidos prematuros (RNPT), ingresos a UCIN y defunciones. Se analizaron los cambios en frecuencias entre los años 2019 a 2021 mediante la distribución de Poisson. Los cambios en nacimientos de RNPT, proporción de ingresos y defunciones/egreso en UCIN se analizaron mediante prueba Z para dos proporciones. Resultados: Entre los años 2019 a 2021, el número de nacimientos incrementó más de 2 veces. Los ingresos a UCIN aumentaron de 770 en 2019, a 1045 en 2021 (p < 0.01). La proporción de defunciones/egreso del servicio fue de 16.9% en 2019, y 13.1% en 2021 (p = 0.02). Conclusiones: Los indicadores de mortalidad en la UCIN disminuyeron de 2019 a 2021, aun con el incremento en el número de pacientes atendidos durante la pandemia COVID-19.

The performance of the most frequently used flood frequency probability distributions in South AfriCd (Log-Normal, Log Pearson3 and Generalised Extreme Value) were reviewed and all tend to perform poorly when lower exceedance probability frequency events are estimated, especially where outliers are present in the dataset. This can be attributed to the challenge when analysing very limited 'samples' of annual flood peak populations, which are an unknown. At present outliers are inadequately 'managed' by attempting to 'normalise'the flood peak dataset, which conceals the significance of the observed data. Thus, to adequately consider the outliers, this study was undertaken with the aim to improve the current statistical approach by developing a more stable and consistent methodology to estimate flood quantiles. The approach followed in the development of the new methodology, called IPZA, might be considered as unconventional, given that a multiple regression approach was used to accommodate the strongly skewed data, which are often associated with annual flood peak series. The main advantages of IPZA are consistency, the simplicity of application (only one set of frequency factors for every parameter, regardless of the skewness),the integrated handling of outliers and the use of conventional method of moments, thereby eliminating the need to adjust any moments. The performance of IPZA exceeded initial expectations. The results are more consistent ind, by taking outliers into account, appear to be more sensible than existing probability distributions. It is recommended that IPZA should be used as a valuable addition to the existing set of decision-making tools for hydrologists/engineers performing flood frequency analyses.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to carry out a pilot study applying the Reading and Language Together - Brazil program (RELATo-Brazil), targeting the development of reading and oral language abilities, aiming to improve phonological awareness skills and vocabulary knowledge in the school context. Methods: 9 children of both genders, aged between 8 and 10, enrolled in the second year of elementary school at a private school in the city of Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, joined in the study. The program was applied within three phases: Phase 1 - pre-intervention, with reading and vocabulary assessment tests; Phase 2 - intervention with sessions of different types, A, B, C and Phase 3 - post-intervention, which consisted of the subjects' reassessment, using the same tests applied in Phase 1. The data were stored in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets and exported for statistical analysis in the IBM SPSS software, the 25th version. The significance level considered was p ≤ 0.05. Results: following 21 intervention sessions, a better performance among the participants was observed when comparing the results of the pre-intervention and post-intervention phases. There is a statistically considerable difference in the percentage distributions of the conceptual vocabulary fields for Furniture and utensils (p=0.028), Places (p=0.009) and Shapes and colors (p=0.047). The reading rate did not show a statistical difference, but the children performed better in reading time and accuracy after the intervention. Conclusion: the data suggest that training in phoneme awareness and oral language and linking them in the context of authentic book reading are effective strategies for improving both reading and oral language skills. Purpose RELAToBrazil, RELAToBrazil RELATo , (RELATo-Brazil) abilities Methods genders 10 Florianópolis SC phases preintervention, preintervention pre intervention, types A B postintervention, postintervention post subjects reassessment software th version 005 0 05 0.05 Results p=0.028, p0028 p=0.028 028 (p=0.028) p=0.009 p0009 009 (p=0.009 p=0.047. p0047 p=0.047 . 047 (p=0.047) Conclusion (RELATo-Brazil 00 0.0 p002 p=0.02 02 (p=0.028 p=0.00 p000 (p=0.00 p004 p=0.04 04 (p=0.047 0. p00 p=0.0 (p=0.02 (p=0.0 (p=0.04 p0 p=0. (p=0. p=0 (p=0 p= (p= (p

RESUMO Objetivo: realizar um estudo piloto, aplicando o programa Reading and Language Together - Brazil (RELATo-Brazil), com vistas a incentivar o desenvolvimento da leitura e da linguagem oral por meio do trabalho com as habilidades de consciência fonológica e o aprimoramento do vocabulário no contexto escolar. Métodos: participaram do estudo nove crianças, de ambos os gêneros, com idade entre 8 e 10 anos, matriculadas no terceiro ano do ensino fundamental de uma escola particular do município de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. O programa foi aplicado em três fases: Fase 1- pré-intervenção, com provas de avaliação da leitura e vocabulário, Fase 2 - intervenção com sessões de diferentes tipos. Fase 3 - pós-intervenção, que constou da reavaliação dos sujeitos, utilizando a mesmas provas aplicadas na Fase 1. Os dados foram armazenados em planilhas do programa Microsoft Excel e exportados para análise estatística no software IBM SPSS versão 25. O nível de significância considerado foi de p≤0,05. Resultados: após 21 sessões de intervenção, constatou-se melhor desempenho dos participantes ao comparar os resultados das fases pré-intervenção e pós-intervenção. Há diferença estatisticamente significativa nas distribuições percentuais dos campos conceituais do vocabulário para Móveis e utensílios (p=0,028), Locais (p=0,009) e Formas e cores (p=0,047). A taxa de leitura não mostrou diferença estatística, porém melhor desempenho das crianças em tempo e acurácia da leitura após a intervenção. Conclusão: os dados sugerem que treinar a consciência fonêmica, a linguagem oral e a ligação entre as duas no contexto da leitura real de livros pode ser uma intervenção eficaz na leitura, além de promover competências de linguagem oral. Objetivo piloto RELAToBrazil, RELAToBrazil RELATo , (RELATo-Brazil) escolar Métodos gêneros 1 anos Florianópolis Catarina préintervenção, préintervenção pré tipos pósintervenção, pósintervenção pós pós-intervenção sujeitos 25 p005 p 0 05 p≤0,05 Resultados constatouse constatou se pósintervenção. p=0,028, p0028 p=0,028 028 (p=0,028) p=0,009 p0009 009 (p=0,009 p=0,047. p0047 p=0,047 . 047 (p=0,047) Conclusão fonêmica (RELATo-Brazil p00 p≤0,0 p002 p=0,02 02 (p=0,028 p=0,00 p000 00 (p=0,00 p004 p=0,04 04 (p=0,047 p0 p≤0, p=0,0 (p=0,02 (p=0,0 (p=0,04 p≤0 p=0, (p=0, p≤ p=0 (p=0 p= (p= (p

Resumo Este estudo transversal teve como objetivo investigar a associação entre defeitos de desenvolvimento do esmalte (DDE) e polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) nos genes que codificam o receptor da vitamina D (VDR) e o hormônio da paratireoide (PTH). Pacientes ortodônticos em tratamento em uma escola Odontologia foram selecionados por amostragem de conveniência. Os DDEs foram avaliados e classificados por um examinador calibrado (Kappa>0,80) através de fotografias intraorais de acordo com os critérios propostos por Ghanim et al. (2015). Os tipos de DDE considerados para análise foram: hipoplasia de esmalte, hipomineralização molar-incisivo (HMI), hipomineralização de segundos molares decíduos (HSMD) e opacidades demarcadas não-HMI/HSMD. O DNA gnômico foi extraído de células bucais. Os SNPs em VDR (rs7975232) e PTH (rs694, rs6256 e rs307247) foram genotipados por PCR em tempo real. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando o software PLINK (versão 1.03, concebido por Shaun Purcell, EUA). Foram feitos teste de qui-quadrado e teste exato de Fisher com um nível de significância de 5%. Foram incluídos noventa e um (n=91) pacientes (49 do sexo feminino e 42 do sexo masculino) (idade média de 14,1±5,8 anos). A frequência de DDE foi de 38,5% (35 pacientes). As distribuições genotípicas estavam em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. Não foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significante entre os DDEs e os SNPs avaliados. Foi observada uma associação limítrofe (p=0,09) entre a DDE e o haplótipo CC para o SNP rs7975232 no VDR. Em conclusão, os SNPs seleccionados nos genes VDR e PTH não foram associados à DDE nas amostras estudadas. (DDE (SNPs (VDR PTH. . (PTH) conveniência Kappa>0,80 Kappa080 Kappa 0 80 (Kappa>0,80 al 2015. 2015 (2015) molarincisivo molar incisivo HMI, HMI , (HMI) HSMD (HSMD nãoHMI/HSMD. nãoHMIHSMD HMI/HSMD. não-HMI/HSMD bucais rs (rs7975232 rs694, rs694 (rs694 rs625 rs307247 real versão 103 1 03 1.03 Purcell EUA. EUA EUA) quiquadrado qui quadrado 5 5% n=91 n91 n 91 (n=91 49 (4 4 masculino idade 14158 14 8 14,1±5, anos. anos anos) 385 38 38,5 35 (3 pacientes. pacientes) HardyWeinberg. HardyWeinberg Hardy Weinberg. Weinberg Hardy-Weinberg p=0,09 p009 p 09 (p=0,09 rs797523 conclusão estudadas (PTH Kappa>0,8 Kappa08 (Kappa>0,8 201 (2015 (HMI nãoHMI nãoHMI/HSMD HMIHSMD HMI/HSMD (rs797523 rs69 (rs69 rs62 rs30724 10 1.0 n=9 n9 9 (n=9 ( 1415 14,1±5 3 38, p=0,0 p00 (p=0,0 rs79752 Kappa>0, Kappa0 (Kappa>0, 20 (201 (rs79752 rs6 (rs6 rs3072 1. n= (n= 141 14,1± p=0, p0 (p=0, rs7975 Kappa>0 (Kappa>0 2 (20 (rs7975 (rs rs307 (n 14,1 p=0 (p=0 rs797 Kappa> (Kappa> (2 (rs797 rs30 14, p= (p= rs79 (Kappa (rs79 rs3 (p rs7 (rs7

Abstract This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between developmental defects of enamel (DDE) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes encoding the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Orthodontic patients receiving treatment at a dental school were selected through convenience sampling. Intra-oral photographs were used to assess DDE, which were classified according to the criteria proposed by Ghanim et al. (2015) by a single calibrated examiner (Kappa>0.80). Enamel hypoplasia, molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH), hypomimineralized second primary molar (HSPM), and non-MIH/HSPM demarcated opacities were considered for the analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted from buccal cells. The SNPs in VDR (rs7975232) and PHT (rs694, rs6256, and rs307247) were genotyped using real-time polymerase chain reactions (PCR). Statistical analyses were performed using the PLINK software (version 1.03, designed by Shaun Purcell, EUA). Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were performed at a significance level of 5%. Ninety-one (n=91) patients (49 females and 42 males) (mean age of 14.1±5.8 years) were included. The frequency of DDE was 38.5% (35 patients). Genotype distributions were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No significant statistical association was found between DDE and the SNPs evaluated. A borderline association (p=0.09) was observed between DDE and the CC haplotype for SNP rs7975232 in VDR. In conclusion, the selected SNPs in VDR and PTH genes were not associated with DDE in the studied samples. crosssectional cross sectional (DDE (SNPs (VDR PTH. . (PTH) sampling Intraoral Intra oral al 2015 (2015 Kappa>0.80. Kappa080 Kappa Kappa>0.80 0 80 (Kappa>0.80) hypoplasia molarincisor incisor MIH, MIH , (MIH) HSPM, HSPM (HSPM) nonMIH/HSPM nonMIHHSPM non MIH/HSPM analysis cells rs (rs7975232 rs694, rs694 (rs694 rs6256 rs307247 realtime real time PCR. PCR (PCR) version 103 1 03 1.03 Purcell EUA. EUA EUA) Chisquare Chi square Fishers Fisher s 5 5% Ninetyone Ninety one n=91 n91 n 91 (n=91 49 (4 4 males mean 14158 14 8 14.1±5. years included 385 38 38.5 35 (3 patients. patients) HardyWeinberg Hardy Weinberg equilibrium evaluated p=0.09 p009 p 09 (p=0.09 rs797523 conclusion samples (PTH 201 (201 Kappa08 Kappa>0.8 (Kappa>0.80 (MIH (HSPM nonMIH MIHHSPM (rs797523 rs69 (rs69 rs625 rs30724 (PCR 10 1.0 n=9 n9 9 (n=9 ( 1415 14.1±5 3 38. p=0.0 p00 (p=0.0 rs79752 20 (20 Kappa0 Kappa>0. (Kappa>0.8 (rs79752 rs6 (rs6 rs62 rs3072 1. n= (n= 141 14.1± p=0. p0 (p=0. rs7975 2 (2 Kappa>0 (Kappa>0. (rs7975 (rs rs307 (n 14.1 p=0 (p=0 rs797 Kappa> (Kappa>0 (rs797 rs30 14. p= (p= rs79 (Kappa> (rs79 rs3 (p rs7 (Kappa (rs7

Abstract Vehicular traffic is pointed out as a major source of urban noise pollution today. In this paper, we evaluated the precision of a new probabilistic model for urban traffic noise analyses. The proposed model adopts real sound signals and the Monte Carlo method in simulations. Probability distributions of traffic variables were obtained in-situ on two urban roads. The acoustic signals and corresponding energies of single pass-by of vehicles were obtained usingsound signal recordings on test tracks under free-field condition. The model simulates vehicular traffic noise on urban roads in free or in trafficlight controlled flow and considers the influence of bus stops.The proposed model calculates different acoustic descriptors, such as Statistical sound levels (LA10 and LA90), Equivalent continuous sound level (LAeq), Trafficnoise index (TNI) and Noise pollution level (LNP). Furthermore, it allowsthe listening of simulated noise. The experimental results indicate that theproposed model is reliable and accurate for vehicular traffic noise prediction. today paper analyses simulations insitu situ passby pass by freefield field condition stopsThe stops descriptors LA10 LA (LA1 LA90, LA90 , LA90) LAeq, LAeq (LAeq) TNI (TNI LNP. LNP . (LNP) Furthermore prediction LA1 (LA LA9 (LAeq (LNP

Resumo O tráfego veicular é apontado como uma importante fonte de poluição sonora urbana nos dias de hoje. Neste artigo, foi avaliada a precisão de um novo modelo probabilístico para análises de ruído do tráfego urbano. O modelo proposto adota sinais sonoros reais e o método Monte Carlo nas simulações. As distribuições de probabilidade das variáveis de tráfego foram obtidas in-situ em duas ruas urbanas. Os sinais acústicos e as energias correspondentes das passagens individuais de veículos foram obtidos usando gravações de sinais sonoros em pistas de teste sob condições de campo livre. O modelo simula o ruído do tráfego veicular em ruas urbanas com fluxo livre ou fluxo controlado por semáforos, e considera a influência das paradas de ônibus. O modelo proposto calcula diferentes descritores acústicos, tais como, Níveis sonoros estatísticos(L A10 e L A90 ), Nível sonoro contínuo equivalente (L Aeq ), Índice de ruído de tráfego (TNI) e Nível de poluição sonora (L NP ). Além disso, o modelo permite a escuta de ruídos simulados. Os resultados experimentais indicam que o modelo proposto é confiável e preciso para a previsão de ruído do tráfego veicular. hoje artigo urbano simulações insitu in situ semáforos ônibus estatísticosL estatísticos A A1 A9 , ) TNI (TNI . disso simulados

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chronic diseases greatly impact the quality of life of patients, either due to their inherent characteristics or due to the derived complications that cause recurrent emergencies. Objective: To predict the days of hospitalization until the outcome of patients with chronic disease admitted to a Peruvian public hospital. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional investigation was carried out from July to August 2022, with 488 patients with chronic disease admitted to Cajamarca Regional Teaching Hospital. Admission demographic data and type of patient diagnosis were provided by the hospital statistics office. The univariate analysis was performed with absolute and relative distributions, along with their 95% confidence intervals and the prognostic relationship with Log Rank (Mantel-Cox) - chi square, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (p < 0.05) and mortality tables. Results: 53.1% of patients were women, with average age of 67.1 years, who were admitted to the hospital through the Emergency Service (66.0%) and chronic disease was the main cause (79.1%). The average hospitalization time was 67.5 days, with greater number in high blood pressure (63 days). The numerical differences in hospitalization time, according to chronic disease, are not reflected at a statistical level (p = 0.130). Deaths occurred within the first month of hospitalization. Conclusion: The days of hospitalization until the outcome are not independent of the patients' chronic illness, since in both cases deaths can occur if their clinical characteristics are irrecoverable.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las enfermedades crónicas repercuten en gran medida en la calidad de vida de los pacientes, ya sea por sus características inherentes o por las complicaciones derivadas que ocasionan emergencias recurrentes. Objetivo: Pronosticar los días de hospitalización hasta el desenlace de pacientes con enfermedad crónica ingresados en un hospital público peruano. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, retrospectiva y transversal, entre julio y agosto del 2022, con 488 pacientes con enfermedad crónica ingresados en el Hospital Regional Docente de Cajamarca. Los datos demográficos de ingreso y el tipo de diagnóstico de los pacientes fueron proporcionados por la oficina de estadística del hospital. El análisis univariado se realizó con distribuciones absolutas y relativas, junto a sus intervalos de confianza al 95 % y la relación pronóstica con Log Rank (Mantel-Cox) - ji al cuadrado, análisis de supervivencia de Kaplan-Meier (p < 0,05) y tablas de mortalidad. Resultados: El 53,1 % de pacientes fueron mujeres, con 67,1 años de edad promedio, ingresaron al hospital por el servicio de emergencia (66,0 %) y la enfermedad crónica fue la causa principal (79,1 %). El promedio de hospitalización fue de 67,5 días, con mayor número en la hipertensión arterial (63 días), las diferencias numéricas en el tiempo de hospitalización según enfermedad crónica no se reflejan a nivel estadístico (p = 0,130). Las defunciones ocurrieron dentro del primer mes de hospitalización. Conclusión: Los días de hospitalización hasta el desenlace no son independientes de la enfermedad crónica de los pacientes, pues en ambos casos pueden ocurrir defunciones si sus características clínicas son irrecuperables.

Resumen En este trabajo se empleó el método de balance de masa para evaluar cambios espaciales en patrones de taza de recarga y descarga. Para evaluarlo, se generaron dos modelos numéricos de diferencias finitas en estado estacionario de un acuífero aluvial en la Región Lagunera al norte de México utilizando MODFLOW. Se desarrolló además, un programa de hoja de cálculo para generar la distribución inicial de patrones de taza de recarga-descarga correspondientes a los años 2002 y 2014. El proceso de calibración se realizó mediante modelación numérica inversa, aplicando un código universal de estimación de parámetros. La raíz del error cuadrático medio entre las cargas observadas y simuladas se usó como medida de control estadístico para evaluar la calibración de los modelos. Los resultados mostraron que los valores de recarga predominan en la áreas circundantes mientras que los valores de descarga son dominantes en las zonas centrales coincidiendo con áreas agrícolas. Adicionalmente, la hipótesis alternativa de la prueba de signos sugiere que ha ocurrido un cambio en la distribución de patrones para el periodo estudiado.

Abstract This study addresses the application of the mass-balance method to evaluate spatial changes in recharge and discharge rate patterns. Using MODFLOW it was generated two finite-difference steady-state groundwater models for an alluvial aquifer in the Lagunera Region of northern Mexico. Additionally, a spreadsheet program was developed to generate recharge-discharge rate pattern distributions corresponding to 2002 and 2014 years. Inverse numerical modeling was used to calibrate the steady-state groundwater models by applying a universal parameter estimation code. The root-mean-square error between the observed and simulated heads was used as a statistical control to evaluate model calibration. The results showed that recharge values were predominant in the surrounding areas, whereas discharge values were dominant in the central zones, coinciding with agricultural areas. Furthermore, the alternative-hypothesis from the sign test suggests that a change has occurred in the recharge pattern distribution during the study period.

Resumen La divergencia Kullback-Leibler, κ, es una medida ampliamente usada de la diferencia entre una distribución de probabilidad observada y otra distribución de referencia; κ=0 cuando ambas distribuciones son iguales, pero no tiene un valor tope que permita interpretar la significatividad de cualquier otro valor de κ. Usando como ejemplo el problema de distinguir cúmulos o vacancias en la ocurrencia temporal de sismos de sismicidad distribuida con probabilidad uniforme en el tiempo, se presenta un método de Monte Carlo para evaluar la significatividad de algún valor de κ, método que toma en cuenta el largo de la muestra. Este método y dos posibles valores de referencia son presentados usando la distribución de Poisson como ejemplo, pero pueden ser utilizados con cualquier otra distribución de referencia.

Abstract The Kullback-Leibler divergence, κ, is a widely used measure of the difference between an observed probability distribution and a reference one; κ=0 when the two distributions are equal, but it has no upper limit to help interpret the significance of any other κ value. Using as an example the problem of distinguishing clustering or gaps in the time occurrence of earthquakes from seismicity uniformly distributed in time, a Monte Carlo method for evaluating the significance of a particular κ value is presented, a method that takes into account the number of classes in the distributions and the length of the sample. Application of this method yields a probability according to which the hypothesis of the observed distribution being a realization of the reference one can be discarded or accepted with a quantitative degree of confidence. This method, and two possible reference values, are presented using the Poisson distribution as an example, but they can be used for other reference distributions.

In the environmental reclaiming process, it is essential to distinguish between concentrations of chemical elements that occur naturally in water resources (geochemical background), from those concentrations in which the presence of these elements results from anthropogenic activities. Despite the environmental efforts that have been carried out for more than two decades in the southern Brazilian region impacted by coal mining, its geochemical background is still not completely known. Filling this environmental knowledge gap was the objective of this work, which systematically analyzed the results of monitoring efforts carried out by the Geological Survey of Brazil (SGB/CPRM) across three years. Quality parameter distributions of rivers and streams unaffected by anthropogenic impact were analyzed. The database was used to perform principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis, and to define the background values, which was done through the boxplot and ± 2 MAD (Median Absolute Deviation) methods. The results of multivariate statistical analyses clustered the monitoring sites into two groups, one related to the sedimentary rocks of the Paraná Basin and another to the crystalline basement rocks. The sedimentary group had a greater correlation with the parameters Eh, SO42-, Ca, Mg, EC, Mn, Acidity, Zn and Na; while, and the crystalline rocks group were better correlated with pH, Cu, Al, K, and Fe. The results of the geochemical background were similar for both methods, with values of pH, Fe, Al, and Mn being slightly different from those defined in Brazilian legislation (CONAMA 357/05 and MS 888/21).

A diferenciação entre concentrações naturais de espécies químicas presentes nos recursos hídricos, background geoquímico, daquelas encontradas em locais contaminados é fundamental em projetos de recuperação de áreas degradadas. Apesar das ações de melhoria ambiental que vem sendo realizadas por mais de duas décadas na região de Santa Catarina impactada pela mineração de carvão, seu background geoquímico ainda não é plenamente conhecido. O preenchimento dessa lacuna de conhecimento foi objetivo deste estudo, que analisou os resultados de campanhas de monitoramento realizadas pelo Serviço Geológico do Brasil SGB/CPRM durante três anos. A distribuição de parâmetros de qualidade dos rios e córregos não afetados por contaminações antrópicas da área de estudo foi analisada. Este banco de dados foi utilizado para realização de análises de componentes principais (ACP) e de cluster, e na definição dos valores de background, que foi feito pelos métodos de boxplot e mediana ± 2 MAD (Median Absolute Deviation). As análises estatísticas multivariada convergiram para o agrupamento dos locais de coleta em dois grupos, um relacionado às rochas sedimentares da Bacia do Paraná, com maior correlação com os parâmetros Eh, SO42-, Ca, Mg, EC, Mn, acidez, Zn, e Na, e outro às rochas do embasamento cristalino, correlacionadas com pH, Cu, Al, K, e Fe. O resultado do background geoquímico foi similar para ambos os métodos, com valores de pH, Fe, Al, e Mn levemente diferentes daqueles definidos nas normas CONAMA 357/05 e Portaria MS 888/21.

Abstract In this article, an income inequality index is proposed based on the concept of relative income of the recipients, and simulations are carried out under the Pareto, log normal and log logistic distributions for its calculation. The proposal is novel in the economic literature since the index is referenced in descriptive statistical measures and at the same time is based on a framework of social welfare theory. The analytical basis of the index allows interpreting the geometric mean ratio - arithmetic mean as an expression of the effective well-being - maximum well-being relationship. The proposed index does not meet some of the desirable properties; however, it is a measure of inequality based on descriptive statistics that has a normative framework: the Nash welfare function. In addition, it complements the formulation of an Atkinson index of inequality aversion equal to one. The index presents a good performance in the simulations, presenting a high correlation with the Gini index.

Resumen En el presente artículo se propone un índice de desigualdad de ingresos basado en el concepto de ingreso relativo de los receptores y se realizan simulaciones bajo las distribuciones de Pareto, log normal y log logística para su cálculo. La propuesta es novedosa en la literatura económica dado que, el índice está referenciado en medidas estadísticas descriptivas y a la vez está fundamentado en un marco de la teoría del bienestar social. La fundamentación analítica del índice permite interpretar el ratio media geométrica - media aritmética como una expresión de la relación bienestar efectivo - bienestar máximo. El índice propuesto incumple algunas de las propiedades deseables, sin embargo, es una medida de la desigualdad basada en estadísticos descriptivos que posee un marco normativo: la función de bienestar de Nash. Además, complementa la formulación de un índice de Atkinson de aversión a la desigualdad igual a uno. El índice presenta un buen performance en las simulaciones, presentando una alta correlación con el índice de Gini.

ABSTRACT Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by CYP21A2 gene mutations, and its molecular diagnosis is widely used in clinical practice to confirm the hormonal diagnosis. Hence, considering the miscegenation of the Brazilian population, it is important to determine a mutations panel to optimise the molecular diagnosis. The objective was to review the CYP21A2 mutations’ distribution among Brazilian regions.Two reviewers screened Brazilian papers up to February 2020 in five databases. The pair-wise comparison test and Holm method were used in the statistical analysis. Nine studies were selected, comprising 769 patients from all regions. Low proportion of males and salt-wasters was identified in the North and Northeast regions, although without significant difference. Large gene rearrangements also had a low frequency, except in the Center-West and South regions (p < 0.05). The most frequent mutations were p.I172N, IVS2-13A/C>G, p.V281L and p.Q318X, and significant differences in their distributions were found: p.V281L was more frequent in the Southeast and p.Q318X in the Center-West and Northeast regions (p < 0.05). Thirteen new mutations were identified in 3.8%-15.2% of alleles, being more prevalent in the North region, and six mutations presented a founder effect gene. Genotype-phenotype correlation varied from 75.9%-97.3% among regions. The low prevalence of the salt-wasting form, affected males and severe mutations in some regions indicated pitfalls in the clinical diagnosis. The good genotype-phenotype correlation confirms the usefulness of molecular diagnosis; however, the Brazilian population also presents significant prevalence of novel mutations, which should be considered for a molecular panel. 21hydroxylase hydroxylase 21 CYPA CYP A CYP21A Hence regionsTwo Two 202 databases pairwise pair wise analysis selected 76 saltwasters salt wasters difference frequency CenterWest Center West p 0.05. 005 0.05 . 0 05 0.05) pI172N pIN I172N I N p.I172N IVS213A/C>G, IVS213ACG IVSACG IVS2 13A/C>G, 13A C G IVS IVS2-13A/C>G pV281L pVL V281L V L pQ318X pQX Q318X Q X found 3.8%15.2% 38152 3.8% 15.2% 3 8 15 2 3.8%-15.2 alleles region Genotypephenotype Genotype phenotype 75.9%97.3% 759973 75.9% 97.3% 75 9 97 75.9%-97.3 saltwasting wasting form genotypephenotype genotype however 20 7 00 0.0 pI IN IVS213A IVS213A/C>G ACG 13ACG 13A/C>G pV VL pQ QX 3.8%15.2 3815 38 3.8 152 15.2 1 3.8%-15. 75.9%97.3 75997 759 75.9 973 97.3 75.9%-97. 0. IVSA 3.8%15. 381 3. 15. 3.8%-15 75.9%97. 7599 75. 97. 75.9%-97 3.8%15 3.8%-1 75.9%97 75.9%-9 3.8%1 3.8%- 75.9%9 75.9%-

Resumen En este trabajo se aplican las distribuciones Gaussiana y Weibull modificada para obtener las sobretensiones representativas de maniobras de energización en líneas de Extra Alto Voltaje y se comparan los resultados obtenidos en las sobretensiones representativas fase-tierra y fase-fase para tres escenarios de energización. Además, se expone la metodología para realizar un estudio estadístico de sobretensiones en el software ATPDraw, tomando como caso de estudio la interconexión Ecuador-Perú 500 kV. Los resultados demuestran que ambas distribuciones son aplicables para un análisis estadístico de sobretensiones si se consideran magnitudes de voltaje con igual probabilidad de aparecer en el sistema.

Abstract: In this paper, the Gaussian and modified Weibull distributions are applied to obtain the representative overvoltages of energizing switching operations in Extra High Voltage lines, and the results obtained in the representative phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase overvoltages for three energizing scenarios are compared. In addition, the methodology to perform a statistical study of overvoltages in the ATPDraw software is presented, using the Ecuador-Peru 500 kV interconnection as a case study. The results show that both distributions are applicable for statistical analysis of overvoltages if voltage magnitudes with equal probability of appearing in the system are considered.

As exploration is time-consuming, costly, and risky, determination of the erosion surface of a metalliferous deposit before geophysical surveying and exploration drilling might be very helpful. Geochemical haloes can be used to determine whether the erosion surface is supra-ore or sub-ore and thus reduce the risk of exploration operations. The aim of this investigation is to determine the erosion surface of the North ROK porphyry deposit (NRPD) in northwestern British Columbia in Canada using linear productivity (LP), which is the content of an element defining the halo multiplied by the width of the halo. A total of 2045 soil samples from the B horizon were analysed using ICP-MS for 36 elements, including Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn, Au, As, Ag, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn. The data-set was snalysed to obtain the statistical parameters and the elements Cu, Mo, Pb, and Zn were chosen to calculate the linear productivity and the total linear productivity. These four elements were modelled using probability plots to identify and separate subpopulations in terms of anomalous haloes and background, including the threshold values of each subpopulation. The results of the probability plot modelling and thresholds values were then used to map the distribution of each element in a GIS to calculate the linear productivity. The total linear productivity indicated that the erosion surface is supra-ore. Finally, a 3D orebody model of the Cu, Mo, Pb, and Zn distributions was constructed using borehole data and used to validate the results.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between 25OHD (total, bioavailable and free) with bone mass and microarchitecture among primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) patients and controls. Subjects and methods: Sixty-four patients in the preoperative period of PHPT and 63 matched controls, who had not taken vitamin D in the last three months. To calculate the bioavailable and free 25OHD, the genetic variants of the vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) were determined. Bone mineral density (BMD) was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The distributions of total, bioavailable and free 25OHD and their correlation with TBS and DXA were evaluated. Results: PHPT showed BMD and TBS values lower than CTRL in all locations (p < 0.05). There were no statistical differences in the levels of free, bioavailable and total 25OHD between the PHPT and CTRL groups [mean, min-max: 3.4 (1.4-8.6) vs. 3.1 (1.0-9.8) pg/mL, 1.51 (0.43-3.58) vs. 1.41 (0.38-3.48) ng/mL, 22.6 (11.0-39.9) vs. 20.6 (8.9-35.3) ng/dL, respectively; (p > 0.05). The distribution of DBP haplotypes was similar between groups. DXA showed no correlation with any form of 25OHD in both groups. TBS presented a weak correlation with the total 25OHD in PHPT (r = 0.28; p = 0.02) and a moderate correlation with the total, free and bioavailable 25OHD in CTRL (r = 0.42; r = 0.42; r = 0.43; respectively, p < 0.01). Conclusion: The concentrations of total, free and bioavailable 25OHD were similar in both the PHPT and control groups. 25OHD concentrations correlated positively with TBS and not with DXA, especially in controls, suggesting that this method may be more sensitive to assessing the consequences of vitamin D deficiency on bone quality in individuals without PHPT. Objective OHD (total (PHPT controls methods Sixtyfour Sixty four 6 months Dbinding binding (DBP (BMD dualenergy dual energy Xray X ray DXA. . (DXA) evaluated Results 0.05. 005 0.05 0 05 0.05) mean, mean [mean minmax min max min-max 34 3 4 3. 1.48.6 1486 1.4 8.6 1 8 (1.4-8.6 vs 31 1.09.8 1098 1.0 9.8 9 (1.0-9.8 pgmL pg mL pg/mL 151 51 1.5 0.433.58 043358 0.43 3.58 43 58 (0.43-3.58 141 41 0.383.48 038348 0.38 3.48 38 48 (0.38-3.48 ngmL ng ng/mL 226 22 22. 11.039.9 110399 11.0 39.9 11 39 (11.0-39.9 206 20 20. 8.935.3 89353 8.9 35.3 35 (8.9-35.3 ngdL dL ng/dL respectively 0.28 028 28 0.02 002 02 0.42 042 42 043 0.01. 001 0.01 01 0.01) Conclusion (DXA 00 0.0 1.48. 148 14 1. 86 8. (1.4-8. 09 1.09. 109 10 98 9. (1.0-9. 15 5 433 0.433.5 04335 0.4 358 3.5 (0.43-3.5 383 0.383.4 03834 038 0.3 348 (0.38-3.4 2 039 11.039. 11039 110 11. 399 39. (11.0-39. 935 8.935. 8935 89 353 35. (8.9-35. 0.2 04 0. 1.48 (1.4-8 1.09 (1.0-9 0.433. 0433 (0.43-3. 0.383. 0383 03 (0.38-3. 11.039 1103 (11.0-39 93 8.935 893 (8.9-35 (1.4- (1.0- 0.433 (0.43-3 0.383 (0.38-3 11.03 (11.0-3 8.93 (8.9-3 (1.4 (1.0 (0.43- (0.38- (11.0- (8.9- (1. (0.43 (0.38 (11.0 (8.9 (1 (0.4 (0.3 (11. (8. ( (0. (11 (8 (0