This article discusses guidance published on official websites regarding the response of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) psychosocial care networks (RAPS) to the public health emergency caused by Covid-19. The discussion draws on the analysis of online materials published between 06/02/20 and 31/08/21 at state and federal level across all the country’s state capitals. We compare the results of the document analysis with guidance published by international organizations to reflect on the challenges, successes, mistakes and omissions in the guidance given to the RAPS at the beginning of the pandemic. It is concluded that, despite being formal, the guidance was poorly coordinated and integrated into the networks and with other sectors and pre-existing challenges, as recommended by the international community.

A presente análise documental tem como objetivo debater as orientações publicadas on-line em sites oficiais para guiar as respostas das Redes de Atenção Psicossocial (Raps) do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) do Brasil diante da emergência de Saúde Pública causada pela Covid-19. Baseia-se na análise de materiais publicados on-line entre 6/2/20 e 31/8/21 nos níveis federal e estadual e em todas as capitais do país. Combina essa análise documental com orientações e publicações de entidades internacionais a fim de refletir sobre os desafios, acertos, erros e omissões das orientações dadas para as Raps no país durante o início do período pandêmico. Conclui que as orientações, apesar de existentes formalmente, foram pouco articuladas e integradas dentro das próprias redes, com outros setores e com desafios preexistentes, conforme preconizado pela comunidade internacional.

El presente análisis documental tiene el objetivo de debatir las orientaciones publicadas online en páginas web oficiales para guiar las respuestas de las Redes de Atención Psicosociales (RAPS) del Sistema Brasileño de Salud (SUS) ante la emergencia de salud pública causada por la Covid-19. Se basa en el análisis de materiales publicados online entre el 06/02/20 y el 31/08/21 en las esferas de la federación y de los estados en todas las capitales del país. Combina este análisis documental con orientaciones y publicaciones de entidades internacionales para reflexionar sobre los desafíos, aciertos, errores y omisiones de las orientaciones dadas para las RAPS en el país durante el inicio del período pandémico. Concluye que las orientaciones, a pesar de existentes formalmente, fueron poco articuladas e integradas dentro de las propias redes con otros sectores y con desafíos preexistentes, conforme lo determina la comunidad internacional.

Emergency medical services (EMS) are a vital component of the health system and provide pre-hospital emergency care and specialised transport for patients requiring access to health facilities, thereby contributing to universal health coverage and improving health outcomes. Evidence regarding the current state of EMS within South Africa to fulfil this role is lacking and was the motivation for this review. Our objective was to describe the current state of EMS in South Africa. A literature search was conducted using keywords, BOOLEAN operating terms, and eligibility criteria on Sabinet, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Medline, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases to find articles related to the components of the EMS system in South Africa. The articles were critically assessed, and six themes emerged: leadership and governance; resources; preparedness (knowledge, attitude, and practices) of the emergency care provider; health and safety; training; and communications. Challenges were found in all themes at a provincial EMS level despite improvements in legislation, leadership, and governance from the National Department of Health. These themes demonstrate that all components in the EMS system are not functioning optimally and may be affecting its contribution to improving universal health coverage and health outcomes. The current state of EMS appears to be constrained and requires greater leadership and governance from the Provincial Departments of Health to improve poorly functioning components of the EMS system. SIGNIFICANCE: The current state of EMS in South Africa lacks efficiency in its role to provide emergency care and transportation for patients wanting to access health facilities. Poorly functioning components of the EMS system have been identified and provide an opportunity for health authorities to make improvements so that the goal of universal health coverage and improved health outcomes can be realised.

Abstract: The present work addresses the complex social and political fabric in the implementation of National Law N° 26.160, which declares a state of emergency regarding the possession and ownership of indigenous lands in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. The analysis focuses on its articulation with local bureaucratic structures and the constraints on indigenous representation and participation. Additionally, it describes the “local styles of politics” which refer to the rules of engagement that indigenous representatives must adhere toand their influence on ethnicity, and the perceptions and evaluations of the legislation. It is concluded that overcoming ethnopolitical dilemmas is one of the most significant challenges facing Santa Fe communities to achieve outcomes that align with land tenure regularization, ensure territorial permanence, and even access to larger areas for their sociocultural development.

Resumen: El presente trabajo aborda la compleja trama social y política en la concreción de la Ley nacional N° 26.160 que declara la emergencia en materia de posesión y propiedad de tierras indígenas, en la provincia de Santa Fe (Argentina). El análisis se centra en su articulación con las estructuras burocráticas locales y en los límites para la representación y la participación indígena. A su vez, se describen los “estilos locales de hacer política” -que refiere a las reglas de juego a la que deben incorporarse los representantes indígenasy la influencia que esto tiene en la etnicidad y en la percepción y valoración de la normativa. Se concluye que superar los dilemas etnopolíticos es uno de los desafíos más importantes que tienen las comunidades santafesinas para alcanzar resultados que coincidan con la regularización del dominio de la tierra y aseguren la permanencia territorial e, incluso, el acceso a mayores extensiones para su desarrollo sociocultural.

ABSTRACT A staple of the PT governments’ new economic policy in Brazil has been the pursue of the internationalization of a selected group of domestic firms. From 2003 to 2013, the Brazilian State has promoted the globalization of such firms through various public policies, with the main goal being to position the most of them in the upper echelon of their respective industry globally. At the same time, internationalization had been a primary “defensive” strategy adopted by leading Brazilian firms since the ‘90s, turned in a truly “global strategy” in the last 20 years to deal with deeply transformative trends at world level. Here we look specifically at the internationalization path followed by JBS, VALE and AB-INBEV, highlighting common patterns such as undertaking expansive trajectories characterized by distinctive and cumulative phases of consolidation; penetrating rapidly concentrating world industries; a common tendency to dispersion of shareholding control, foreign takeover and delocalization of central activities in major markets; growing financialization of business; emergency of China as main market of reference. We conclude that the internationalization trajectories of JBS, VALE and AB-INBEV show some shortcomings in the “National Champions” strategy. Nonetheless, we warn against the temptation of regarding the mixed results of this strategy as simply a “failure” of the new industrial policy as a whole. governments 200 2013 policies globally time defensive “defensive 90s s ‘90s global 2 level JBS ABINBEV, ABINBEV AB INBEV, INBEV consolidation industries control markets business reference National Champions Nonetheless failure “failure whole 201

RESUMO Um elemento básico da nova política econômica dos governos do PT no Brasil tem sido a busca pela internacionalização de um grupo seleto de empresas nacionais. De 2003 a 2013, o Estado brasileiro promoveu a globalização dessas empresas por meio de diversas políticas públicas, com o objetivo principal de posicionar a maior parte delas no escalão superior de seus respectivos setores globalmente. Ao mesmo tempo, a internacionalização foi uma das principais estratégias “defensivas” adotadas pelas principais empresas brasileiras desde os anos ‘90, tornando-se uma verdadeira “estratégia global” nos últimos 20 anos para lidar com tendências profundamente transformadoras em nível mundial. Aqui, olhamos especificamente para o caminho de internacionalização seguido pela JBS, VALE e AB-INBEV, destacando padrões comuns como a realização de trajetórias expansivas caracterizadas por fases distintas e cumulativas de consolidação; penetração de indústrias mundiais em rápida concentração; uma tendência comum à dispersão do controle acionário, aquisição estrangeira e deslocalização das atividades centrais nos principais mercados; crescente financeirização dos negócios; emergência da China como principal mercado de referência. Concluímos que as trajetórias de internacionalização da JBS, VALE e AB-INBEV apresentam algumas deficiências na estratégia dos “Campeões Nacionais”. No entanto, alertamos contra a tentação de considerar os resultados mistos dessa estratégia simplesmente como um “fracasso” da nova política industrial como um todo. nacionais 200 2013 públicas globalmente tempo defensivas “defensivas 90 ‘90 tornandose tornando se global 2 mundial Aqui JBS ABINBEV, ABINBEV AB INBEV, INBEV consolidação concentração acionário mercados negócios referência Campeões Nacionais. Nacionais . Nacionais” entanto fracasso “fracasso todo 201 9 ‘9 ‘

Resumo Distantes temporalmente da declaração da emergência em saúde pública de importância internacional (ESPII) e emergência em saúde pública de importância nacional (ESPIN) provocada pela epidemia de zika, no ano de 2015, enunciamos a herança da emergência humanitária. Com base em uma pesquisa qualitativa, por meio de grupos focais realizados com profissionais de saúde e familiares das crianças afetadas epidemia de zika em Natal e Feira de Santana, buscamos discutir esse fenômeno de saúde pública pelas lentes da Antropologia do Estado. Concluímos que o não reconhecimento do Estado como uma instância encarnada no cotidiano das práticas por parte dos seus agentes locais leva à reprodução de práticas discriminatórias esvaziadas de sentido político e do reconhecimento de moralidades que permeiam as ausências nas ações de promoção de saúde e estratégias de reconhecimento e busca por estratégias para a garantia do direito à saúde.

Abstract Temporarily distant from the declaration of the Public Health Emergency of International Importance (ESPII) and Public Health Emergency of National Importance (ESPIN) caused by the Zika epidemic, in 2015, we enunciate the legacy of the humanitarian emergency. Based on qualitative research, through focus groups with health professionals and families of children affected by the Zika epidemic in Natal and Feira de Santana, we seek to discuss this public health phenomenon through the lens of State Anthropology. We conclude that the non-recognition of the State as an instance embodied in the daily practices of its local agents leads to the reproduction of discriminatory practices emptied of political sense and the recognition of moralities that permeate the absences in health promotion actions and recognition strategies, and search for methods to guarantee the right to health.

Resumen La salud del trabajador migrante en la ruta bioceánica requiere acciones integrales, siendo necesario comprender sus problemas y agravios. Este es un artículo de reflexión teórica cuyo objetivo fue comprender las posibilidades de las acciones de vigilancia en salud del trabajador en situaciones de migración en la ruta bioceánica en Mato Grosso do Sul. Para una identificación desses elementos, utilizou-se a revision narrativa da literatura, à luz de um referencial teórico. Utilizou-se o portal State National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (Medline/PubMed), aplicando os termos: “Vigilancia de la Salud de los Trabajadores”; “Vulnerabilidad en Salud”; “Transitorios y Migrantes”; combinados con el operador boleeano “AND”. Se identificaron cinco aspectos que componen la vigilancia en salud del trabajador: asistencia, vigilancia, notificación, planificación y gestión. En el contexto de la asistencia, es crucial proporcionar acceso a servicios de salud, incluyendo atención de emergencia, cuidados materno-infantiles y tratamiento de enfermedades transmisibles y relacionadas con el trabajo. La vigilancia de la salud debe centrarse en la prevención y promoción de la salud a través de acciones basadas en la identificación de riesgos ocupacionales, accidentes y enfermedades relacionadas con el trabajo. La recolección y análisis de datos epidemiológicos son fundamentales para orientar las acciones de vigilancia e implementar medidas adecuadas, lo cual es posible mediante notificaciones. Para la planificación y gestión, es necesario fortalecer las alianzas con dispositivos sociales, mejorar la red de atención a la salud del trabajador y regularizar el trabajo de estos migrantes para combatir prácticas precarias e ilegales. Conclui-se que las políticas públicas deben ser dirigidas a las dimensiones que compõem a vigilância em saúde do trabalhador, visando assegurar melhores condições de life aos migrantes trabalhadores na rota bioceânica. integrales agravios Sul elementos utilizouse utilizou se literatura teórico Utilizouse Utilizou Medline/PubMed, MedlinePubMed Medline/PubMed , Medline PubMed (Medline/PubMed) termos Vigilancia Trabajadores Trabajadores” Vulnerabilidad Salud” Transitorios Migrantes Migrantes” AND. AND . “AND” asistencia notificación gestión emergencia maternoinfantiles materno infantiles ocupacionales adecuadas notificaciones sociales ilegales Concluise Conclui trabalhador bioceânica (Medline/PubMed “AND

Abstract The health of migrant workers on the Bioceanic Route requires comprehensive actions, and it is necessary to understand their issues and problems. This is a theoretical reflection article whose objective was to comprehend the possibilities of health surveillance actions for workers in migration situations on the Bioceanic Route in Mato Grosso do Sul. For the identification of these elements, a narrative review of the literature was used, in light of a theoretical framework. Use the portal States National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (Medline/PubMed), applying the terms: “Surveillance of the Workers Health”; “Health Vulnerability”; “Transients and Migrants”; combined with the Boolean operator “AND”. Five aspects that constitute health worker surveillance were identified: assistance, surveillance, notification, planning, and management. In the context of assistance, it is crucial to provide access to health services, including emergency care, maternal and child care, and treatment of communicable and work-related diseases. Health surveillance should focus on prevention and health promotion through actions centered on identifying occupational risks, accidents, and work-related illnesses. The collection and analysis of epidemiological data are essential to guide surveillance actions and implement appropriate measures, made possible through notifications. For planning and management, it is necessary to strengthen partnerships with social devices, enhance the worker health care network, and regularize the work of these migrants to combat precarious and illegal practices. It is concluded that public policies should be addressed to the dimensions that make up the surveillance of the worker's health, aiming to ensure better living conditions for migrant workers in the Bioceanic Route. problems Sul elements used framework Medline/PubMed, MedlinePubMed Medline/PubMed , Medline PubMed (Medline/PubMed) terms Surveillance Health” Vulnerability Vulnerability” Transients Migrants Migrants” AND. AND . “AND” identified assistance notification management services workrelated related diseases risks accidents illnesses measures notifications devices network practices s (Medline/PubMed “AND

Resumo A saúde dos trabalhadores migrantes na Rota Bioceânica requer ações abrangentes, e é necessário compreender seus problemas e agravos. Este ensaio tem o objetivo de compreender as possibilidades de ações de vigilância da saúde dos trabalhadores em situações de migração na Rota Bioceânica em Mato Grosso do Sul. Para identificar esses elementos, foi utilizada uma revisão narrativa da literatura considerando um referencial teórico. Utilizou-se o portal States National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (Medline/ PubMed), aplicando os termos: “Surveillance of the Workers Health”; “Health Vulnerability”; “Transients and Migrants”; combinados com o operador booleano “AND”. Foram identificados cinco aspectos que compõem a vigilância em saúde do trabalhador: assistência, vigilância, notificação, planejamento e gestão. No contexto da assistência, é crucial fornecer acesso aos serviços de saúde, incluindo atendimento emergencial, cuidados materno-infantis e tratamento de doenças transmissíveis e relacionadas ao trabalho. A vigilância da saúde deve focar na prevenção e promoção da saúde com ações pautadas na identificação de riscos ocupacionais, acidentes e doenças relacionadas ao trabalho. A coleta e análise de dados epidemiológicos são fundamentais para direcionar ações de vigilância e implementar medidas adequadas, possível por meio das notificações. Para o planejamento e gestão deve-se fortalecer parcerias com dispositivos sociais, e a rede de atenção à saúde do trabalhador, regularizando o trabalho e combatendo práticas precárias e ilegais. Conclui-se que políticas públicas devem ser direcionadas às dimensões que compõem a vigilância em saúde do trabalhador, visando assegurar melhores condições de vida aos migrantes trabalhadores na rota bioceânica. abrangentes agravos Sul elementos teórico Utilizouse Utilizou se Medline/ Medline (Medline PubMed, PubMed , PubMed) termos Surveillance Health” Vulnerability Vulnerability” Transients Migrants Migrants” AND. AND . “AND” trabalhador assistência notificação emergencial maternoinfantis materno infantis ocupacionais adequadas notificações devese sociais ilegais Concluise Conclui bioceânica “AND

Abstract Temporarily distant from the declaration of the Public Health Emergency of International Importance (ESPII) and Public Health Emergency of National Importance (ESPIN) caused by the Zika epidemic, in 2015, we enunciate the legacy of the humanitarian emergency. Based on qualitative research, through focus groups with health professionals and families of children affected by the Zika epidemic in Natal and Feira de Santana, we seek to discuss this public health phenomenon through the lens of State Anthropology. We conclude that the non-recognition of the State as an instance embodied in the daily practices of its local agents leads to the reproduction of discriminatory practices emptied of political sense and the recognition of moralities that permeate the absences in health promotion actions and recognition strategies, and search for methods to guarantee the right to health.

Resumo Distantes temporalmente da declaração da emergência em saúde pública de importância internacional (ESPII) e emergência em saúde pública de importância nacional (ESPIN) provocada pela epidemia de zika, no ano de 2015, enunciamos a herança da emergência humanitária. Com base em uma pesquisa qualitativa, por meio de grupos focais realizados com profissionais de saúde e familiares das crianças afetadas epidemia de zika em Natal e Feira de Santana, buscamos discutir esse fenômeno de saúde pública pelas lentes da Antropologia do Estado. Concluímos que o não reconhecimento do Estado como uma instância encarnada no cotidiano das práticas por parte dos seus agentes locais leva à reprodução de práticas discriminatórias esvaziadas de sentido político e do reconhecimento de moralidades que permeiam as ausências nas ações de promoção de saúde e estratégias de reconhecimento e busca por estratégias para a garantia do direito à saúde.

Resumo Distantes temporalmente da declaração da emergência em saúde pública de importância internacional (ESPII) e emergência em saúde pública de importância nacional (ESPIN) provocada pela epidemia de zika, no ano de 2015, enunciamos a herança da emergência humanitária. Com base em uma pesquisa qualitativa, por meio de grupos focais realizados com profissionais de saúde e familiares das crianças afetadas epidemia de zika em Natal e Feira de Santana, buscamos discutir esse fenômeno de saúde pública pelas lentes da Antropologia do Estado. Concluímos que o não reconhecimento do Estado como uma instância encarnada no cotidiano das práticas por parte dos seus agentes locais leva à reprodução de práticas discriminatórias esvaziadas de sentido político e do reconhecimento de moralidades que permeiam as ausências nas ações de promoção de saúde e estratégias de reconhecimento e busca por estratégias para a garantia do direito à saúde. ESPII (ESPII ESPIN (ESPIN 2015 humanitária qualitativa Santana 201 20 2

Abstract Temporarily distant from the declaration of the Public Health Emergency of International Importance (ESPII) and Public Health Emergency of National Importance (ESPIN) caused by the Zika epidemic, in 2015, we enunciate the legacy of the humanitarian emergency. Based on qualitative research, through focus groups with health professionals and families of children affected by the Zika epidemic in Natal and Feira de Santana, we seek to discuss this public health phenomenon through the lens of State Anthropology. We conclude that the non-recognition of the State as an instance embodied in the daily practices of its local agents leads to the reproduction of discriminatory practices emptied of political sense and the recognition of moralities that permeate the absences in health promotion actions and recognition strategies, and search for methods to guarantee the right to health. ESPII (ESPII ESPIN (ESPIN 2015 emergency research Santana Anthropology nonrecognition non strategies 201 20 2

Abstract The SARS-CoV-2 emergency and the covid-19 pandemic are a global public health phenomenon. The objective of this study was to analyze the time trends of covid-19 pandemic in Guanajuato and México. For the analysis, the public database of the National Epidemiological Surveillance System was used to show the indicators of covid-19 (monthly) corresponding to the Institute of Public Health of the State of Guanajuato and the rest of Mexico. Online graphs were designed with the counts; for comparisons, the rate ratio in semi-annual periods was chosen. Guanajuato showed a better performance at the beginning of the pandemic, but in January 2021 this trend seems to reverse. In later months the curves tend to be more similar between Guanajuato and the rest of Mexico. The explanations for this phenomenon may be the coordination of local actions, the biology of the pandemic itself, or vaccination plans.

Resumen La emergencia de SARS-CoV-2 y la pandemia por covid-19 son un fenómeno de salud pública global. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la evolución de la pandemia covid-19 en Guanajuato y en México. Para esto, se utilizó la base de datos pública del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica a fin de mostrar los indicadores de covid-19 (mensualmente) correspondientes al Instituto de Salud Pública del Estado de Guanajuato y el resto de México. Con los conteos se diseñaron gráficas en línea, y para comparaciones se optó por la razón de tasas en periodos semestrales. Guanajuato mostró un mejor desempeño al inicio de la pandemia, pero en enero de 2021, esta tendencia parece revertirse. En meses posteriores, las curvas tienden a ser más semejantes entre Guanajuato y el resto de México. Las explicaciones a este fenómeno pueden ser la coordinación de las respuestas locales, variaciones de la evolución de la pandemia o esquemas de vacunación.

BACKGROUND: HIV testing remains an entry point into HIV care and treatment services. In 2007, Nigeria adopted and implemented a two-test rapid HIV testing algorithm of three HIV rapid test kits, following the sequence: Alere Determine (first test), UnigoldTM (second test), and STAT-PAK® as the tie-breaker. Sub-analysis of the 2018 Nigeria HIV/AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey data showed significant discordance between the first and second tests, necessitating an evaluation of the algorithm. This manuscript highlights lessons learnt from that evaluation. INTERVENTION: A two-phased evaluation method was employed, including abstraction and analysis of retrospective HIV testing data from January 2017 to December 2019 from 24 selected sites supported by the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief programme. A prospective evaluation of HIV testing was done among 2895 consecutively enrolled and consented adults, aged 15-64 years, accessing HIV testing services from three selected sites per state across the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria between July 2020 and September 2020. The prospective evaluation was performed both in the field and at the National Reference Laboratory under controlled laboratory conditions. Stakeholder engagements, strategic selection and training of study personnel, and integrated supportive supervision were employed to assure the quality of evaluation procedures and outcomes. LESSONS LEARNT: The algorithm showed higher sensitivity and specificity in the National Reference Laboratory compared with the field. The approaches to quality assurance were integral to the high-quality study outcomes. RECOMMENDATIONS: We recommend comparison of testing algorithms under evaluation against a gold standard. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS: This study provides context-specific considerations in using World Health Organization recommendations to evaluate the Nigerian national HIV rapid testing algorithm.

Indonesia situated within the volatile Ring of Fire, faces recurring and devastating earthquakes that pose significant economic threats. The Government of Indonesia (GoI) has initiated a disaster risk financing strategy to address these challenges. However, the implementation of disaster insurance within this strategy remains limited. This study examined the GoI's disaster risk financing methods, assessed the effectiveness of existing disaster insurance practices, and proposed strategies for improving disaster risk reduction (DRR). Literature review was used to analyse disaster fund and insurance implementation. A building vulnerability simulation, based on Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) P-154 rapid visual screening, determined the appropriate financing strategy. State buildings were assessed using nine vulnerability factors and categorised by seismicity. The research found that disaster financing mostly relied on national funds to cover all disaster damages. Existing disaster insurance lacked clarity in defining insurable buildings, resulting in broad inclusion. Vulnerability assessments showed that each building type exhibited different potential earthquake damage levels. Consequently, insurance coverage is recommended for high-damage categories but discouraged for low to moderately vulnerable buildings. CONTRIBUTION: This study offered insights into Indonesia's current disaster risk financing and insurance landscape, and provides a strategic framework for optimising these mechanisms to better protect state buildings from earthquake-related risks.

Abstract Introduction: The International Health Regulations were created by the World Health Organization with the purpose of preventing the international spread of diseases. The 196 signatory countries are bound by this international agreement. In this article, we conducted a scoping review of the literature concerning the implementation and operationalization of measures at both the continental and national levels to prevent the spread of vector-borne diseases. The purpose was to understand the main strategies and policies adopted, as well as how they have been operating. Methods: Out of an initial search on PubMed™, SCOPUS™, and Web of Science™ using combinations of “International Health Regulations” and “vector-borne diseases”, 75 references were obtained, of which 27 were included after careful qualitative analysis. Results: Publication dates of included articles ranged from 1996 to 2022. Four major categories of measures were identified: (a) surveillance and epidemic intelligence; (b) Declaration of Public Health Emergency of International Concern; (c) measures in Points of Entry; and (d) vaccination status. Implemented measures were found in all continents: Africa, Oceania (Australia), Asia (China, India, Taiwan), Europe (Ireland, the Netherlands, and Mediterranean countries), North America (USA), and South America (Brazil). Yellow fever, Zika, Dengue, and Chikungunya were the most cited vector-borne diseases but Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Japanese encephalitis, Lyme disease, Malaria, Leishmaniasis, Tick-borne encephalitis, and West Nile fever were also mentioned. Conclusion: There are severe asymmetries across countries on the implementation of international regulations with regards to vector-borne diseases, particularly on the issue of surveillance systems. State Parties should consider the lessons learned from the pandemic and perfect their core capacities to prevent future outbreaks of infectious diseases.

Resumo Introdução: O Regulamento Sanitário Internacional foi criado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde com o objetivo de prevenir a propagação de doenças a nível internacional. Os 196 países signatários estão vinculados a este acordo internacional. Neste artigo realizámos uma revisão de âmbito sobre a implementação e a operacionalização de medidas a nível continental e nacional para prevenir a propagação de doenças transmitidas por vetores. O objetivo foi compreender quais as principais estratégias e políticas adotadas e como têm sido implementadas.Métodos: A partir de uma pesquisa inicial nas bases PubMed™, SCOPUS™ e Web of Science™ utilizando as combinações dos termos “Regulamento Sanitário Internacional” e “Doenças transmitidas por vetores”, foram obtidas 75 referências, das quais 27 foram incluídas no trabalho após análise qualitativa. Resultados: Foram incluídos artigos de 1996 até 2022. Identificaram-se quatro grandes categorias de medidas: a) Vigilância e inteligência epidemiológica; b) Declaração de Emergência de Saúde Pública de Importância Internacional; c) Medidas nos Pontos de Entrada; e d) Situação vacinal. As medidas implementadas foram encontradas em todos os continentes: África, Oceania (Austrália), Ásia (China, Índia, Taiwan), Europa (Irlanda, Países Baixos e Países da região do Mediterrâneo) e América do Norte (Estados Unidos da América) e do Sul (Brasil). Febre amarela, Zika, Dengue e Chikungunya foram as doenças transmitidas por vetores mais referidas, tendo sido também citadas a febre hemorrágica Crimeia-Congo, a encefalite japonesa, a doença de Lyme, a malária, a leishmaniose, a encefalite transmitida por carraça e a infeção pelo vírus do Nilo Ocidental. Conclusão: Foram observadas grandes assimetrias entre países na implementação do Regulamento Internacional nas doenças transmitidas por vetores, particularmente, nos sistemas de vigilância. Os Estados signatários devem ter em conta as lições aprendidas com a pandemia e aperfeiçoar as suas capacidades básicas para a prevenção de futuros surtos de doenças infeciosas.

Resumen La emergencia sanitaria nacional producto de la pandemia por COVID-19 ha llevado a las distintas instancias educativas a cambiar la forma en la cual evalúan a las personas estudiantes, al pasar de un formato presencial a uno virtual. De manera general, se desconoce la opinión del estudiantado de ingeniería civil sobre la aplicación de los exámenes en línea, por lo que esta investigación tiene como objetivo brindar información al profesorado sobre la aplicabilidad del examen en línea como una posible herramienta de evaluación de aprendizajes en ingeniería civil. Se presentan los resultados de encuestar a tres grupos de estudiantes de la carrera de ingeniería civil en tres momentos temporales distintos, uno antes de la emergencia sanitaria y dos durante esta, para así, en un marco comparativo del antes y durante la pandemia, dar cuenta de sus opiniones mediante la aplicación de la misma encuesta y si estas han cambiado a lo largo del tiempo. Se encuentra que la opinión con respecto a la aplicación de exámenes en línea de una muestra de los cursos Mecánica de Suelos I y II de la Universidad de Costa Rica y del Tecnológico de Costa Rica se ha vuelto más favorable durante la emergencia sanitaria.

Abstract The national health emergency as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic has led different educational entities to change how they evaluate students, going from a face-to-face format to an online environment. In general, the perception of students regarding the application of online tests is not precisely known. Therefore, this research aims to provide information to professors about the applicability of the online test as a possible learning assessment tool in civil engineering. The author presents the results of several surveys of three civil engineering groups of students in three different temporal scenarios. To account for the state of students’ perceptions and how they have changed over time, before and during the pandemic, one survey was conducted before the health emergency and two were conducted during the pandemic. Thus, the researcher determined that the perception of the students, from a sample group of individuals from the University of Costa Rica and the Costa Rica Institute of Technology, has become more favorable during the COVID-19 health emergency.

Resumen En marzo del 2020 inició una pandemia que afectó a todo el mundo. En primera instancia, el Comité de Operaciones de Emergencia (COE) nacional declaró estado de excepción, todo fue cerrado y se ingresó a cuarentena. Se dio inicio a una educación virtual, en la que se dejó atrás las aulas de clase; se crearon y adaptaron plataformas y entornos virtuales para dar inicio a una educación virtual. En el sector rural se presentaron muchas dificultades: hogares sin Internet por falta de recursos, estudiantes que no podían conectarse a clases y el único recurso al que accedían era a la guía semanal emitida por el docente. En este sentido, la finalidad del presente trabajo fue determinar los efectos y problemas que ha causado la pandemia en la educación del sector rural. Las modalidades de investigación fueron bibliográficas y de campo, los niveles fueron exploratorio y descriptivo. La muestra fue conformada por los padres de familia de los diferentes barrios rurales de San Buenaventura. La recolección de la información se realizó con la aplicación de la técnica de la encuesta y como instrumento el cuestionario. Los resultados permitieron identificar que en el sector rural la mayoría de los hogares no cuentan con Internet, motivo por el cual obstaculiza el aprendizaje.

Abstract In March 2020, a pandemic began that affected the entire world. In the first instance, the national Emergency Operations Committee (COE) declared a state of emergency, everything was closed and quarantined. Virtual education began, in which classrooms were left behind; platforms and virtual environments were created and adapted to start virtual education. In the rural sector there were many difficulties: homes without Internet due to lack of resources, students who could not connect to classes and the only resource they had access to was the weekly guide issued by the teacher. In this sense, the purpose of this work was to determine the effects and problems caused by the pandemic in education in the rural sector. The research modalities were bibliographic and field, the levels were exploratory and descriptive. The sample consisted of parents from the different rural neighborhoods of San Buenaventura. The information was collected through the application of the survey technique and the questionnaire as an instrument. The results made it possible to identify that in the rural sector most of the homes do not have Internet, which hinders learning.

Resumen El riesgo de desastres por incendios de interfase en la Comarca Andina del Paralelo 42° se sitúa como un problema ambiental central para los municipios, instituciones provinciales, nacionales y la población en general. Incendios cada vez más frecuentes generan ingentes pérdidas y muestran grandes dificultades a la hora de su gestión y prevención. En este marco, las responsabilidades sobre los incendios son puestas en debate cada vez que se genera un escenario de emergencia o desastre. En este trabajo, se parte de la teoría social del riesgo para comprender que los desastres ambientales son parte de un proceso que involucra dos elementos solo separados teóricamente: la percepción sobre una situación riesgosa, y la creación y re-creación material de condiciones de peligro y vulnerabilidad. Utilizando el incendio del 9 de marzo de 2021 como ejemplo, se muestra que fueron principalmente las condiciones de vulnerabilidad de la población las que determinaron los daños desigualmente sufridos. Articulado a esto, se analizan tres campañas de prevención diseñadas por instituciones estatales -cuya función es el manejo de incendios en la Comarca- y se observa de qué modo interpretan este riesgo al diseñar sus estrategias de gestión. El objetivo es desentrañar el mensaje, narrativa, y sujetos sociales a los que se dirigen tales campañas. Se busca comprender los modos en que es orientada la prevención y construidos los sentidos de responsabilidad en torno a este riesgo. Fueron analizados para este trabajo folletos, infografías, historietas, manuales de campañas que circulan en redes, cartelería, normativas, notas periodísticas, también se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad a funcionarios y afectados directos e indirectos por los incendios. Del análisis se desprende que las campañas de prevención estatal se orientan principalmente a sujetos individuales, sean estos visitantes, pobladores rurales o nuevos habitantes de la interfase. De este modo, acotan el riesgo a su causa de ignición y condiciones de peligro. Por último, a modo de cierre, expongo algunas reflexiones y posibles líneas de abordaje frente a esta problemática, que implicaría intervenciones a escalas de paisaje, planificación de las formas de urbanizar, garantía de derechos y servicios básicos para poblaciones vulnerables.

Abstract The hazard of wildland urban interface fires in the Comarca Andina del Paralelo 42° rerpresents a significant environmental issue for local municipalities, provincial and national institutions, and the general population. These increasingly frequent fires result in substantial losses and present significant challenges in terms of management and prevention. Within this framework, the responsibilities on the fires are set upon debate each time an emergency or disaster scenery arises. This study adopts a social risk theory framework to examine the complex relationship between human perception of risk and the creation and re-creation of hazardous and vulnerable conditions in environmental disasters. Analyzing the case of the March 9th, 2021 fire, the study highlights how population vulnerability significantly influenced the extent of damage incurred. Furthermore, three prevention campaigns conducted by state institutions responsible for fire management in the region are evaluated to understand how they interpret and address the associated risks in their strategies. The analysis reveals that these campaigns predominantly target individual subjects, including visitors, rural residents, and new interface inhabitants, limiting their focus to the causes of ignition and dangerous conditions. Brochures, infographics, cartoons, networking campaign manuals, signs, regulations and interviews were analyzed, together with in-depth interviews with officials, and direct and indirect fire victims. In conclusion, the study offers reflections and proposes potential approaches to address this complex issue, emphasizing landscape-scale interventions, urban planning considerations, and the provision of rights and essential services for vulnerable populations. This research contributes to the scientific understanding of responsibilities and preventive measures necessary for mitigating wildland interface fire risk in the Comarca Andina del Paralelo 42°, in Patagonia Argentina.