Groundwater is considered an important source of water aid for human consumption. However, this water can be contaminated by impurities, such contamination spots that might reach the water tables. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of shallow groundwater in Flores neighborhood, located in the municipality of Benevides, within Belém metropolitan region, State of Pará, Brazil. Recommendations described in Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater were followed at the time to determine physical-chemical parameters such as potential hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), apparent color, turbidity, total hardness (TH), ions and trace elements. Multivariate statistical analysis has shown that most predictive water-quality parameters set for human consumption are associated with natural events involving weathering and leaching processes. Nevertheless, parameters of nitrate, phosphate, EC, TDS and pH are also influenced by anthropic conditions in the surroundings, mainly phosphate and nitrate ions. Therefore, it can be concluded that shallow groundwaters in Flores neighborhood are unsuitable for human consumption, making it necessary for municipal public authorities to take action to solve the problem of water shortage in the borough, thus preventing the population from use those shallow groundwaters, as their consumption can bring health problems. However impurities tables Benevides region Pará Brazil physicalchemical physical chemical pH, , (pH) EC (EC) TDS, (TDS) color turbidity TH, TH (TH) elements waterquality processes Nevertheless surroundings Therefore borough problems (pH (EC (TDS (TH

Abstract The mental health for workers in healthcare was affected by the overload derived from care for COVID-19 patients. It is recognized that there was no knowledge about the disease or labor systems prepared to deal with the pandemic. Mental health problems among of a group of eight nursing workers (6 women and 2 men) employed at a state health institution was addressed through a mutual help group created as an emotional support network. The information co-created by the group across 10 sessions was analyzed through narratives using a relativistic approach, with the thematic axes of emotional discomfort in the face of uncertainties and aggressions; need to be and moral dilemmas; courage to overcome institutional disorganization; emotional overload and the recovery of strategies and resources. The implications of the process narrated by the group resulted in an effective strategy for improving the mental health of the participants and the need to have virtual services to cope with needs or circumstances such as those triggered by a pandemic as well as the strength of the group process are discussed.

Resumen La salud mental del personal sanitario quedó afectada ante la sobrecarga derivada de la atención a pacientes por COVID-19. Se entiende que no había conocimientos sobre la enfermedad ni sistemas laborales preparados para atender la pandemia. La problemática de salud mental de un grupo de 8 profesionales de enfermería (6 mujeres y 2 hombres), laborando en una institución de salud estatal, fue atendida a través de un grupo de ayuda mutua creado como dispositivo de contención emocional. Se analiza la información co-creada por el proceso grupal de 10 sesiones a través de las narrativas desde un enfoque relativista, con los ejes temáticos del malestar emocional ante las incertidumbres y las agresiones; el deber ser y las disyuntivas morales; el coraje impulsor ante la desorganización institucional, la sobrecarga emocional y la recuperación de estrategias y recursos. Se discuten las implicaciones del proceso narrado por el grupo constituido como una estrategia efectiva para la mejora en la salud mental de los participantes y la necesidad de tener dispositivos virtuales ante necesidades o circunstancias como las detonadas por una pandemia, así como la fortaleza del proceso grupal.

Abstract: The article addresses the relationship between peasant and small farmer organizations in the Coquimbo region in Chile with public institutions at the communal, regional and national levels within a competitive funding scheme. It first presents background information regarding the creation of civil society organizations in Chile, and more specifically in rural areas. Second, based on information gathered through semi-structured interviews, observations and walks it describes three main types of community-based organizations identified in rural towns in Coquimbo, their objectives, activities, and their engagements with public institutions, emphasizing the mechanisms and strategies they use to access to state aid and public policies. It concludes that the strategic guidelines and public discourses of state institutions for the distribution of funds promote a fragmentation of the link between public offices and residents of rural areas. The latter need to participate in multiple organizations to access different types of public funds.

Resumen: El presente artículo aborda la relación entre organizaciones campesinas y de pequeños agricultores/as de la región de Coquimbo en Chile con organismos públicos de nivel comunal, regional y nacional por medio de la entrega de fondos concursables. Primero, se presentan antecedentes respecto a la creación de organizaciones de la sociedad civil en Chile y, específicamente, en zonas rurales. Segundo, con base en el levantamiento de información mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas, observaciones y recorridos se describen tres tipos de organizaciones identificadas en localidades rurales de Coquimbo, sus objetivos, actividades y vínculos con organismos públicos. Asimismo, se analizan los mecanismos y estrategias utilizadas para acceder a programas y ayudas estatales. Se concluye que los lineamientos y discursos promovidos desde la estatalidad para la entrega de recursos generan una fragmentación del vínculo entre los organismos públicos y los habitantes de localidades rurales, quienes deben pertenecer a múltiples organizaciones para acceder a distintos tipos de fondos.

Resumen: En un proyecto piloto para la futura capital Bantustán en Siyabuswa, el estado sudafricano de la era del apartheid financió la investigación y construcción de 59 viviendas básicas entre 1977 y 1978, antes de frenar el esquema completo. Diseñado dentro del Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Construcción por el arquitecto emigrante argentino Jorge Luis Arrigone, el proyecto fue su intento inicial de introducir silenciosamente las ortodoxias de autoayuda del Centro Interamericano de Vivienda y Planeamiento (CINVA) y las Naciones Unidas para apoyar a las comunidades rurales desplazadas. La historia del proyecto y los prototipos de vivienda de Siyabuswa, su nacimiento y represión provocan nuevas formas de evaluación de los roles que cumplieron las periferias del sur global en la arquitectura global.

Abstract: In a pilot project for the future Bantustan capital of Siyabuswa, the South African apartheid-era state funded the research and construction of fifty-nine core houses from 1977 to 1978 before throttling the full scheme. Designed within the National Building Research Institute by Argentinian emigré architect Jorge Luis Arrigone, the project was an early attempt to introduce El Centro Interamericano de Vivienda y Planeamiento (Inter-American Housing and Planning Centre or CINVA) and United Nations orthodoxies of self-help housing to support displaced rural communities. Siyabuswa project’s appearance and repression prompt new forms of assessment of the roles played in global architecture at the peripheries of the Global South.

Abstract The US has led the way building the international development cooperation system and been the largest single donor for the last seven decades. Foreign aid has gone through different phases during the post-World War II period and remains an important geopolitical and geo-economic tool for 21st century USA. The Bush and Obama administrations, despite different nuances in terms of discourse and aid practices, invested in reforms to modernise aid programmes, increased funding for USAID, and created new global health, food security, and climate change programmes. Contrary to the historical trend, the Trump administration submitted budget requisitions characterised by a 30% reduction for State Department and USAID allocations. It is noteworthy that the Trump administration questioned the costs of global leadership, criticised international organizations and the sectoral allocation of funds, and made threats of cuts in aid to countries that opposed Washington’s interests. The purpose of this article is to understand how the strategy of ‘America First’ changed the strategic tripod of defence, diplomacy, and development, by analysing changes in US foreign aid in terms of available resources, recipient countries, aid modalities, and multilateral engagement. decades postWorld post World geoeconomic geo economic st USA administrations practices programmes health security trend 30 allocations leadership funds Washingtons Washington s interests America First defence diplomacy resources modalities engagement 3

Resumo Os EUA têm liderado a construção do sistema internacional de cooperação para o desenvolvimento e têm sido o maior doador individual durante as últimas sete décadas. A ajuda externa passou por diferentes fases durante o período pós Segunda Guerra Mundial e continua a ser um importante instrumento geopolítico e geoeconômico para os EUA do século XXI. As administrações Bush e Obama, apesar das diferentes nuances em termos de discurso e práticas de ajuda, investiram em reformas para modernizar os programas de ajuda, aumentaram o financiamento para a USAID, e criaram novos programas globais de saúde, segurança alimentar, e alterações climáticas. Ao contrário da tendência histórica, a administração Trump apresentou requisições orçamentais caracterizadas por uma redução de 30% nas dotações do Departamento de Estado e da USAID. É de notar que a administração Trump questionou os custos da liderança global, criticou as organizações internacionais e a atribuição setorial de fundos, e fez ameaças de cortes na ajuda a países que se opunham aos interesses de Washington. O objetivo deste artigo é compreender como a estratégia de ‘America First’ mudou o tripé estratégico da defesa, diplomacia e desenvolvimento, analisando as mudanças na ajuda externa dos EUA em termos de recursos disponíveis, países beneficiários, modalidades de ajuda, e compromisso multilateral. décadas XXI Obama USAID saúde alimentar climáticas histórica 30 global fundos Washington America First defesa disponíveis beneficiários multilateral 3

RESUMEN. El avance de la legislación nacional e internacional ha contribuido a reafirmar la dignidad y los derechos fundamentales de las personas con discapacidad. Todavia, la participación sociocultural efectiva de esta población se ve obstaculizada por las barreras discriminatorias impuestas en los más diversos ámbitos de la sociedad. Por tanto, es necesario promover reflexiones sobre la ‘cultura de la normalidad’ dominante, y su consecuente influencia en situaciones de exclusión, opresión y discriminación de sujetos con discapacidad. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar el concepto de discapacidad en la época contemporánea desde la perspectiva filosófica de Emmanuel Levinas, autor responsable de criticar el pensamiento filosófico occidental, especialmente las acciones de exclusión y discriminación de la alteridad que de él resultan. Para ello se utilizó el método del estado del arte, recogiendo 12 artículos, 11 disertaciones y 4 tesis. Las obras fueron categorizadas de manera cuantitativo-descriptiva y posteriormente analizadas a partir de la obra Totalidade e infinito y estudios contemporáneos sobre discapacidad, ética y responsabilidad. Se observó un análisis crítico de las obras en relación a las acciones e intervenciones actuales dirigidas al público con discapacidad, denunciando su insuficiencia en la garantía de los derechos fundamentales. También se señaló la necesidad de reemplazar las concepciones totalizadoras y universalizadoras de las diferencias por perspectivas de reconocimiento del Otro y consideración de la singularidad humana. Se concluye que la Ética de la Alteridad, propuesta por Levinas, invita a la implicación del Mismo hacia el Otro, para ayudar sin esperar a la reciprocidad, volviéndose, por tanto, relevante en los campos político y académico como un enfoque ético, teórico-práctico y marco analítico para la interpretación de las cuestiones relacionadas con la discapacidad. RESUMEN Todavia sociedad tanto cultura normalidad dominante Levinas occidental resultan arte 1 artículos tesis cuantitativodescriptiva cuantitativo descriptiva responsabilidad humana Alteridad reciprocidad volviéndose ético teóricopráctico teórico práctico

ABSTRACT. The advancement of national and international laws has contributed to reassuring the dignity and fundamental rights of people with disabilities. Even so, the effective sociocultural participation of these people is jeopardized by discriminatory barriers imposed across multiple spheres of society. Therefore, it is necessary to promote reflections about ‘normality culture’ and its consequences in situations of exclusion, oppression, and discrimination of people with disabilities. This study aimed to analyze the contemporary concept of disability in the light of Emmanuel Levinas’s philosophy, author responsible for criticizing Western philosophy affirming that the exclusion of alterity stems from it. To this end, a State of the Art analysis was done, and 12 papers, 11 master’s theses, and 4 doctoral dissertations were found. The works were classified by quantitative characteristics and were later analyzed in the light of Levinas’s major work, Totalidade e infinito, and the contemporary studies on disability, ethics, and responsibility. It was observed that the works had done critical analyses about governmental actions and interventions destined to people with disabilities, showing the insufficiency in ensuring fundamental rights of these people. We also identified the need to substitute conceptions that totalize and universalize the differences with perspectives that recognise the Other in its singularity. This article concludes that the Ethics of Alterity proposed by Levinas invites one to infinite commitment of the Self to the Other, who does not expect anything in return to the aid provided. Therefore, it is relevant to politics and the academic field as an ethical, theoretical, practical, and analytical principle to interpret questions relating to the field of disability studies. ABSTRACT disabilities so society Therefore normality culture oppression Levinass s end 1 papers masters master theses found work infinito ethics responsibility singularity provided ethical theoretical practical

RESUMO. O avanço de legislações nacionais e internacionais contribuiu para a reafirmação da dignidade e dos direitos fundamentais das pessoas com deficiência. Ainda assim, a efetiva participação sociocultural dessa população é prejudicada pelas barreiras discriminatórias impostas nos mais diversos âmbitos da sociedade. Faz-se necessário, portanto, promover reflexões sobre a ‘cultura da normalidade’, e sua consequente influência em situações de exclusão, opressão e discriminação dos sujeitos com deficiência. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o conceito de deficiência na contemporaneidade sob a ótica da filosofia de Emmanuel Levinas, autor responsável por tecer críticas ao pensamento filosófico ocidental, principalmente às ações de exclusão e discriminação da alteridade dele decorrentes. Para tanto, utilizou-se o método do Estado da Arte, coletando-se 12 artigos, 11 dissertações e quatro teses. Os trabalhos foram categorizados de maneira quantitativo-descritiva e, posteriormente, analisados a partir da obra Totalidade e infinito e dos estudos contemporâneos sobre deficiência, ética e responsabilidade. Observou-se uma análise crítica dos trabalhos em relação às atuais ações e intervenções voltadas ao público com deficiência, denunciando sua insuficiência na garantia de direitos fundamentais. Constatou-se também a necessidade de substituição de concepções totalizantes e universalizantes das diferenças por perspectivas de reconhecimento do Outro e consideração da singularidade humana. Conclui-se que a Ética da Alteridade, proposta por Levinas, convida ao compromisso infinito do Mesmo para com o Outro, à ajuda sem espera de reciprocidade, fazendo-se, portanto, relevante nos campos político e acadêmico como princípio ético, teórico-prático e analítico para a interpretação de questões relativas à deficiência. RESUMO assim sociedade Fazse Faz se necessário portanto cultura normalidade, normalidade , normalidade’ Levinas ocidental decorrentes tanto utilizouse utilizou Arte coletandose coletando 1 artigos teses quantitativodescritiva quantitativo descritiva posteriormente responsabilidade Observouse Observou Constatouse Constatou humana Concluise Conclui Alteridade reciprocidade fazendose, fazendose fazendo se, fazendo-se ético teóricoprático teórico prático

Abstract Grout is a material usually applied to enhance the mechanical properties of structural masonry. As such, the demand for grout has been growing parallel to the demand for structural masonry. Without guidelines for grout mixing design, these products are often prepared on-site based on the same concepts used for preparing ordinary Portland cement-based concretes. Several grout properties still need to be investigated and understood due to this mixing-design approach, and consequently, the production of ecoefficient grouts is a secondary priority. Due to these obstacles, there is a demand for technical-scientific studies to aid with developing grout design guidelines. This work evaluates the rheological and hardened properties of grout compositions that simulate in-field conditions to show the inadequacy of the mixing design method and a way to understand this lack in the technology. The research investigates how the changes in the water-to-cement ratio, to increase the strength, would affect the fresh and hardened state properties of grouts for structural masonry. The grout’s mixing was done in a rheometer which made it possible to determine the rheological behaviour and parameters during mixing and under different shear conditions. Compressive strength, porosity, and air-permeability were evaluated in the hardened state. The results showed that compositions with more cement content does not necessarily reflect enhanced mechanical properties since the differences were not statistically significant, because other variables were also changed. The research findings suggest that the design method used in practice may not be appropriate and potentially result in the waste of cementitious materials and no-eco-friendly compositions. masonry such onsite site cementbased concretes mixingdesign approach consequently priority obstacles technicalscientific technical scientific infield field technology watertocement water ratio strength s porosity airpermeability air permeability significant changed noecofriendly no eco friendly

Resumo O graute é um material normalmente aplicado para melhorar as propriedades mecânicas da alvenaria estrutural. Assim, a demanda pela utilização do grautes vem crescendo paralelamente à demanda por alvenaria estrutural. Sem diretrizes específicas para dosagem, esses produtos geralmente são preparados no local com base nos mesmos conceitos para preparo de concretos comuns. Várias propriedades do graute ainda precisam ser investigadas e compreendidas como ineficiência dos parâmetros de dosagem, resultando na produção de grautes não ecoeficientes. Desta forma, existe uma demanda por estudos técnico-científicos que auxiliem no desenvolvimento de diretrizes para dosagens de grautes. Este trabalho avalia as propriedades reológicas e do endurecidas de composições de grautes que simulam condições de campo para mostrar a inadequação do método de dosagem, demonstrando uma maneira de entender essa lacuna na tecnologia. A pesquisa investiga como as mudanças na relação água/cimento, para aumentar trabalhabilidade, afetariam as propriedades de estado fresco e endurecido de grautes para alvenaria estrutural. A mistura dos grautes foi realizada em um reômetro que permitiu determinar o comportamento e os parâmetros reológicos durante a mistura e em diferentes condições de cisalhamento. A resistência à compressão, a porosidade e a permeabilidade ao ar foram as propriedades avaliadas no estado endurecido. Os resultados mostraram que composições com maior teor de cimento não necessariamente refletiram propriedades mecânicas melhores, uma vez que não houve alterações estatística, pois outras variáveis também foram alteradas. Os resultados da pesquisa sugerem que o método de projeto usado em obra pode não ser apropriado o que pode resultar no desperdício de materiais cimentícios e composições não ecoeficientes. estrutural Assim dosagem comuns ecoeficientes forma técnicocientíficos técnico científicos tecnologia águacimento água água/cimento trabalhabilidade cisalhamento compressão melhores estatística alteradas

ABSTRACT School dropout has significant consequences for individuals and society, including increased crime, reduced productivity, and limited economic innovation. Identifying students at risk of dropping out is crucial. This paper aims to develop a logistic regression-based tool for predicting dropout in the state’s public schools of Espírito Santo, Brazil. We utilized students’ information, such as grades, school attendance, socioeconomic data, and others, provided by Espírito Santo State Education Secretariat and the National Institute of Educational Studies and Research Anísio Teixeira. Various regularization methods were employed. We compared three model specifications for students in the first year of high school in Espírito Santo using data from 2019 to 2022. The results indicated that the models could identify at-risk students satisfactorily, highlighting the effective use of available data by educational departments to identify potential dropouts. This tool can aid educators in creating targeted interventions to minimize dropout rates. society crime productivity innovation crucial regressionbased regression based states state s Brazil information grades attendance others Teixeira employed 201 2022 atrisk satisfactorily dropouts rates 20 202 2

ABSTRACT The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD; trial 1) and the apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of the amino acids (AA) (trial 2) in canola meal (CM) were evaluated with the addition of exogenous multi-carbohydrase (MC) and phytase (Phy). A total of 80 28-day-old broilers were allotted in a completely randomized design to receive treatments up to 35 days of age. A 2 × 2 factorial design was used to determine the enzyme effects on the ATTD of dry matter, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and fibre; as well as energy use and the AID and SID of AA, in five replicate cages. Supplementation with exogenous enzymes showed a positive interaction (p<0.05) between MC and Phy for nitrogen and energy. The isolated inclusion of Phy or MC showed a favorable effect (p<0.05) for dry matter, calcium, phosphorus and fiber. The enzyme inclusion on the AID and SID of AA in CM, established by comparing the means, suggested a better response to the addition of MC or Phy. Supplementation with Phy or MC was shown to be a viable alternative to increase the ATTD of nutrients and energy. The isolated inclusion of Phy or carbohydrate resulted in higher apparent and standardized digestibility of AA from CM. (ATTD 1 (AID (SID (AA CM (CM multicarbohydrase multi carbohydrase (MC . (Phy) 8 28dayold dayold 28 day old 3 age matter calcium fibre cages p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.05 fiber means (Phy p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 p<0. p0 (p<0. p<0 (p<0 p< (p< (p

ABSTRACT This research evaluates the quality of life of the ninety-two cities in the state of Rio de Janeiro using a non-compensatory composite aggregator index. It was a multimethodological research, which combines a qualitative conceptual map with a quantitative multicriteria model to assess variables of difficult definition. The criteria are based on Maslow’s concepts, which also define the weights between them, bringing more coherence to the index. We conclude that our measurement model with non-compensatory rationality offers an alternative for calculating the quality of life. The cities of Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro and Volta Redonda scored best in our proposed index. Silva Jardim, Sumidouro and São Francisco de Itabapoana scored worst. Niteroi scored best in Physiological and Esteem needs. Nova Friburgo scored best in Safety needs. Mesquita scored best in Love and belonging needs. A sensitivity analysis shows that our method’s structure makes results distortion difficult. ninetytwo ninety two noncompensatory non compensatory index definition Maslows Maslow s concepts them Jardim worst needs methods method

Resumo A percepção tradicional de direitos e obrigações mútuos no mundo em desenvolvimento estava praticamente limitada apenas aos seres humanos. Felizmente, esse entendimento convencional está crescendo para incluir todos os seres vivos no âmbito de certos direitos básicos. Também está abordando aquelas criaturas que coexistem naturalmente com as sociedades humanas ou estão associadas à subsistência e interdependência delas. Isso significa que deve haver um corpo prescrito de regras e regulamentos para regular a conduta humana na sociedade. No Paquistão, o despertar social para os direitos dos animais, apoiado por campanhas internacionais, levou as instituições estatais a criar um corpo adequado de regras e regulamentos para a proteção dos direitos dos animais. O objetivo de desenvolver a compreensão necessária é, em primeiro lugar, esclarecer: o que é um direito e o que é uma obrigação? Em segundo lugar, qual deve ser a natureza desses direitos e obrigações? Devem ser apenas específicos dos seres humanos ou existem outros seres que também possuem certos direitos? Se outros seres vivos e espécies têm direitos, como esses direitos devem ser conferidos e regulamentados? Quem está obrigado a fornecer esses direitos? Quem é o responsável por garantir o cumprimento de tais obrigações? Está ficando mais claro que, assim como os seres humanos, os animais têm certos direitos enquanto seres vivos. Quase todas as religiões do mundo prescreveram certos direitos a eles que estão criptografados em seus livros sagrados. A maioria das pessoas está ciente do conceito básico de observar o comportamento suave e gentil apenas para animais de estimação. Hoje, sabemos cientificamente que a humanidade e os animais têm uma inevitabilidade coexistente. Ao observar o comportamento e a sensação mútuos, o mundo concedeu direitos especiais aos animais, fazendo leis e atos. A implementação desses direitos só pode ser feita por meio do entendimento mútuo dos cidadãos sob a supervisão das agências de aplicação da lei. É responsabilidade do Estado e dos cidadãos dos Estados proteger conjuntamente os animais quando seus direitos estão sendo violados.

Abstract The traditional perception of mutual rights and obligations in the developing world was practically confined to human beings only. Fortunately, this conventional understanding is growing to include all living beings in the scope of certain basic rights. It is also addressing those creatures which are co-existing with human societies naturally or are associated for their subsistence and interdependence. It means that there should be prescribed body of rules and regulations to regulate human conduct in the society. In Pakistan social awakening for animal rights supported by international campaigns have urged state institutions to make adequate body of rules and regulations for protection of animal rights. Purpose of developing required understanding, at the first place is to clarify what is a right and what is an obligation? Secondly what should be the nature of these rights and obligations. Should these be only specific to human beings or there are other beings who also possess certain rights? If other living beings, species have rights, how these rights are to be conferred and regulated? Who is under obligation to provide these rights? Who is liable and responsible to ensure observance of such obligations? It is becoming clearer that like human beings’ animals do have certain rights as living beings. All most all religions of the world have prescribed certain rights to them which are encrypted in their holy books. Most of the people are aware of basic concept of observing mild and kind behavior towards pet animals only. Today we scientifically know that humanity and animals have co-existing inevitability. By observing mutual behavior and sensation, the world has provided special rights to the animals by making laws and Acts. Implementation of those rights can only be made through mutual understanding of the citizens under the supervision of law enforcing agencies. It is the responsibility of state and citizens of the states jointly to protect the animals when their rights are being violated.

BACKGROUND: Unavailability of healthcare resources can lead to poor patient outcomes. The latter is true for infants with hearing loss and require early hearing detection and intervention (EHDI]. AIM: To determine the availability and distribution of resources for EHDI in state hospitals in the Eastern Cape (EC) province, South Africa SETTING: Sixteen state hospitals (nine district, four regional and three tertiary hospitals. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional survey completed between July 2022 and October 2022. RESULTS: Thirteen hospitals had audiologists (n = 4) or speech therapists and audiologists (n = 9). Specific to equipment, 10 hospitals had a screening otoacoustic emissions or automated auditory brainstem response, 8 hospitals had diagnostic middle ear analysers and only 3 hospitals had diagnostic auditory brainstem response and/or auditory steady state response. Twelve hospitals did not have visual response audiometry (VRA) and 94% had no hearing aid verification systems. Budget allocations were uneven, with only 10 hospitals, i.e., 4 districts, all regional and 2 tertiary hospitals being allocated varying amounts. Subsequently, only 50% provided newborn hearing screening, 56% provided diagnostic evaluations and 14 hospitals fitted hearing aids. CONCLUSION: Results revealed a limited and uneven distribution of resources, which negatively impacted the provision of EHDI. Even distribution of healthcare resources and further research aimed at strengthening hearing health services is recommended as these could potentially improve equitable access to EHDI and the overall quality of healthcare provided. CONTRIBUTION: This study highlights the need for even distribution of resources and strengthening of health systems, especially in the dawn of the National Health Insurance.

How do we repair and reconcile a society broken multiple times by years of political violence and cyclic mass atrocity events? Reconciliation processes in post-conflict societies tend to favour state-led peace processes to aid individuals and communities alike to heal, make sense of the past while also imagining and forging an interdependent future together. The Burundi Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), established in 2014, has the mandate to investigate past crimes and mass violence events dating from 1885 to the 4 December 2008 ceasefire with the aim of aiding truth-teUing, reconciliation and transitional justice. The article comments on how the TRC shapes ongoing healing, reconciliation and transitional justice efforts in post-conflict Burundi. This article uses desk-based research to draw insights from documented works and reports of the TRC between 2018 and 2022. The TRC's findings sparked multiple narratives and pubUc discourse in the Senate which further led to the reexamination of the 1972-1973 massacre, the legacy of colonisation and its impact in cementing ethnic divisions that led to cyclic mass violence in Burundi.

Resumen: En este artículo se reflexiona acerca de la relación entre política y sectores populares a partir de una exploración etnográfica que vincula el pasado y presente en una localidad rural de la región del los Valles Calchaquíes, provincia de Salta, norte de Argentina. Se indagan las formas de acceso a los recursos y bienes elementales para la reproducción de la vida y las relaciones sociales implicadas en ello. El análisis interrelaciona la desarticulación del sistema de trabajo residencial de las fincas vitivinícolas, las formas tradicionales de acceso a la tierra y la vivienda con el proceso de formación de las tramas de estatalidad a nivel municipal. Se toman dos momentos, los años 1970-80 y 2019-2020 y dos vías etnográficas de tratamiento: las tramas sociales de la implementación del primer plan de viviendas sociales en la localidad de Animaná (departamento San Carlos) y las interacciones envueltas en torno a las “ayudas” y “asistencias” municipales. Las estrategias metodológicas complementan el trabajo de campo en terreno, -la observación y registro de situaciones cotidianas y la realización de entrevistas en períodos distintos a múltiples actores sociales-, con el análisis de documentos administrativos y fuentes escritas de origen institucional.

Abstract: This article reflects on the relationship between politics and popular sectors based on an ethnographic exploration that links the past and present in a rural town in the Valles Calchaquíes region, province of Salta, northern Argentina. The forms of access to resources and basic goods for the reproduction of life and the social relations involved in this are investigated. The analysis interrelates the dismantling of the residential work system of wine estates, the traditional forms of access to land and housing with the process of formation of statehood networks at the municipal level. Two moments are taken, the 1970s and 80s and 2019-2020 and two ethnographic routes of treatment: the social plots of the implementation of the first social housing plan in the town of Animaná (San Carlos department) and the interactions involved around municipal “aid” and “assistance”. The methodological strategies complement field work in the field - the observation and recording of everyday situations and conducting interviews in different periods with multiple social actors - with the analysis of administrative documents and written sources of institutional origin.

Resumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo oferecer algumas reflexões sobre a relação entre a política e os setores populares, a partir de uma exploração etnográfica multitemporal que vincula o passado e o presente através da questão das formas de acesso ao que é essencial para a reprodução da vida e as relações sociais nela envolvidas. A partir dessa questão, são estabelecidas conexões entre a desarticulação do sistema de trabalho residencial, as formas tradicionais de acesso à terra e à moradia e a configuração dos laços interpessoais nas propriedades vinícolas do Vale Calchaquí, com o processo de formação de estruturas estatais a nível municipal. O processo é analisado com foco em dois momentos: os anos 1970-1980 e 2019-2020 e com base no recorte de duas entradas etnográficas: as tramas sociais da implementação do primeiro plano de habitação social na localidade de Animaná (departamento de San Carlos) e a dinâmica da interação diária na solicitação e concessão de assistência social no município. As estratégias metodológicas articulam o trabalho de campo no campo - a observação e registro de situações quotidianas e a realização de entrevistas em diferentes períodos com múltiplos atores sociais - com a análise de documentos administrativos e fontes escritas de origem institucional.

ABSTRACT Scorpion envenoming is considered a public health problem in Brazil. A recent study described a variation in the clinical outcome of envenoming by Tityus obscurus in two populations separated by 850 km in the northeastern Amazon region. Our aim was to evaluate whether such clinical and toxinological variations are associated with underlying differences in genetic diversity between these two T. obscurus populations. We obtained DNA from five individuals of each population, in the municipalities of Belém and Santarém, located east and west of the state of Pará, Brazil, respectively. Gene regions encoding mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and ribosomal 16S RNA (16S) were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inferences (BA) for both molecular data (COI and 16S). The sampled T. obscurus populations corresponded to two distinct mtDNA lineages (genetic distance COI K2 P = 0.08 to 0.13; 16S K2 P = 0.10 to 0.11) with no shared mutations between groups and well supported by ML and BA inferences. Based on the divergence values found between eastern and western populations (COI, 0.07 to 0.12; 16S, 0.10), our study confirms the genetic heterogeneity of T. obscurus populations within the state of Pará, which correlates with observed venom and clinical differences, and reinforces the need for mapping the distribution of haplotypes throughout the geographic range of T. obscurus, to aid in future epidemiological, toxinological, and evolutionary studies. Brazil 85 region T population Santarém Pará respectively (mtDNA S (16S sequenced (ML (BA 16S. . 16S) K 008 0 08 0.0 0.13 013 13 010 10 0.1 0.11 011 11 COI, 007 07 0.12 012 12 0.10, , 0.10) epidemiological studies 8 00 0. 01 1

RESUMO O envenenamento por escorpiões é considerado um problema de saúde pública no Brasil. Um estudo recente descreve a variação do quadro clínico de envenenamento por Tityus obscurus em duas populações separadas por uma distância de 850 km no nordeste da Amazônia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se tais variações clínicas e toxicológicas estão associadas a diferenças subjacentes na diversidade genética entre essas duas populações de T. obscurus. Obtivemos DNA de cinco indivíduos de cada população nos municípios de Belém e Santarém, localizados a leste e oeste do estado do Pará, Brasil, respectivamente. Regiões gênicas que codificam marcadores de DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA) citocromo oxidase subunidade I (COI) e RNA ribossômico 16S (16S) foram amplificadas e sequenciadas. As análises filogenéticas foram realizadas por máxima verossimilhança (ML) e inferência Bayesiana (BA) para ambos os dados moleculares (COI e 16S). As populações de T. obscurus amostradas corresponderam a duas linhagens distintas de mtDNA (distância genética COI K2 P = 0,08 a 0,13; 16S K2 P = 0,10 a 0,11) sem mutações compartilhadas entre os grupos, e bem corroboradas por inferências ML e BA. Com base nos valores de divergência encontrados entre as populações oriental e ocidental (COI, 0,07 a 0,12; 16S, 0,10), nosso estudo confirma a heterogeneidade genética das populações de T. obscurus no estado do Pará. Os resultados são congruentes com as diferenças observadas no quadro clínico dos acidentes e toxicidade do veneno, e reforçam a necessidade de mapear a distribuição de haplótipos em toda a distribuição geográfica de T. obscurus, para auxiliar em futuros estudos epidemiológicos, toxinológicos e evolutivos. Brasil 85 Amazônia T Santarém Pará respectivamente (mtDNA S (16S sequenciadas (ML BA (BA 16S. . 16S) K 008 0 08 0,0 0,13 013 13 010 10 0,1 0,11 011 11 grupos COI, 007 07 0,12 012 12 0,10, , 0,10) veneno epidemiológicos evolutivos 8 00 0, 01 1