We created a fast and effective thin-layer chromatography method to detect homoisoflavones in Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce (POD), demonstrating high sensitivity, specificity, and stability. Utilizing this method, we assessed the quality of 20 commercial batches of POD. Our results indicated that homoisoflavones (III, IV, and V) were present in 8 samples, absent in 7, and detected in 5. This method facilitates the effective evaluation of POD germplasm resources, laying a strong foundation for enhancing quality standards. This advancement aids in the standardization and quality control of POD, ensuring the consistency of its active ingredients and thereby supporting its therapeutic applications. thinlayer thin layer Mill. Mill (Mill. , (POD) sensitivity specificity stability 2 III, III (III IV V samples 7 5 resources standards applications (Mill (POD

Over the last two decades, metabolomics has emerged as a pivotal tool in multidisciplinary research, providing invaluable insights into metabolome modulations and finding applications across various scientific domains, including medicine and agronomy. Nonetheless, the absence of standardized procedures in sample preparation, data acquisition, and documentation of data quality presents a significant challenge. This review underscores the critical importance of quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) in untargeted metabolomics, advocating for the establishment of agreed-upon QA/QC reporting standards within the scientific community. We discuss the requisite quality controls at various stages of untargeted metabolomics studies, encompassing blank samples, pooled samples, and the utilization of external quality control samples. Methods for assessing accuracy, reproducibility, and identifying/correcting batch effects are addressed. Furthermore, emphasis is placed on standardizing the description of QA/QC data in scientific publications and repositories to foster reproducibility and transparency. We recommend the publication of QC data alongside studies in appropriate databases to facilitate data comparison and sharing among researchers, thereby enhancing the quality of untargeted metabolomics research. In summary, implementing standardized QA/QC data reporting, along with promoting best practices within the untargeted metabolomics community, is crucial for improving result quality and credibility and advancing research utilizing this powerful technique. decades domains agronomy Nonetheless preparation acquisition challenge QAQC QA (QA/QC agreedupon agreed upon community samples accuracy identifyingcorrecting identifying correcting addressed Furthermore transparency researchers summary technique

Resumo O concreto têxtil surge como uma alternativa para o reforço de estruturas de concreto armado. Porém, por ser um material relativamente novo, inexiste ainda um órgão ou norma regulamentadora que uniformize os processos de fabricação e de aplicação do material, o que gera diferenças significativas quanto às suas características e propriedades. Sob esta perspectiva, este estudo busca avaliar experimentalmente o desempenho mecânico do concreto têxtil ao ser aplicado como reforço de vigas em concreto armado submetidas ao ensaio de flexão a quatro pontos, utilizando o têxtil de fibra de vidro álcali-resistente de produção brasileira TEXIGLASS AR-360-RA-04. De caráter exploratório, o programa experimental é composto por quatorze vigas reforçadas e uma viga testemunho de seção retangular (120 mm de largura, 200 mm de altura e 1500 mm de comprimento), totalizando quinze vigas. Como variáveis, investigam-se a resistência de ligação na interface têxtil-matriz a partir do (a) tipo de matriz (argamassa polimérica industrializada ou argamassa autoadensável) e do (b) tratamento superficial do têxtil em quatro configurações: têxtil sem revestimento (SR), revestido com epóxi (E), totalmente revestido com epóxi e areia (EA) ou totalmente revestido com epóxi, mas com areia somente nas extremidades (EAP). A partir dos resultados, verificou-se principalmente que: todas as vigas reforçadas apresentaram aumentos da (a) capacidade resistente, (b) ductilidade e (c) tenacidade. Apesar da grande variabilidade de resultados, a técnica de revestimento nos exemplares dos têxteis EAP se mostrou promissora. Porém novo propriedades perspectiva pontos álcaliresistente álcali resistente AR360RA04. AR360RA04 ARRA AR 360 RA 04. 04 AR-360-RA-04 exploratório 120 (12 largura 20 150 comprimento, comprimento , comprimento) variáveis investigamse investigam têxtilmatriz (a autoadensável b (b configurações SR, SR (SR) E, E (E) EA (EA EAP. . (EAP) resultados verificouse verificou c (c tenacidade promissora AR360RA0 36 0 AR-360-RA-0 12 (1 2 15 (SR (E (EAP AR360RA 3 AR-360-RA- 1 ( AR-360-RA

Abstract Textile reinforced concrete emerges as an alternative for the strengthening of reinforced concrete structures. However, as a relatively new material, there is still no regulatory body or standardization that standardizes the manufacturing and application processes of the material, which generates significant differences regarding its characteristics and properties. From this perspective, this study seeks to experimentally evaluate the mechanical performance of textile reinforced concrete when applied as reinforcement of reinforced concrete beams subjected to four-point bending tests, using the alkali-resistant fiberglass textile produced in Brazil, TEXIGLASS AR-360-RA-04. As an exploratory study, the experimental program consists of fourteen reinforced beams and one rectangular cross-section reference beam (120 mm wide, 200 mm high, and 1500 mm long), totaling fifteen beams. As variables, the bond strength at the textile-matrix interface is investigated based on (a) the type of matrix (industrialized polymer mortar or self-compacting mortar) and (b) the surface treatment of the textile in four configurations: uncoated textile (UT), coated with epoxy (E), fully coated with epoxy and sand (ES) or fully coated with epoxy and partial sand (EPS). From the results, it was mainly found that: all reinforced beams showed increases in (a) load-carrying capacity, (b) ductility and (c) toughness. Despite the great variability of results, the coating technique in the EPS textile specimens proved promising. structures However material properties perspective fourpoint point tests alkaliresistant alkali resistant Brazil AR360RA04. AR360RA04 ARRA AR 360 RA 04. 04 AR-360-RA-04 crosssection cross section 120 (12 wide 20 high 150 long, long , long) variables textilematrix (a industrialized selfcompacting self compacting b (b configurations UT, UT (UT) E, E (E) ES (ES EPS. . (EPS) results loadcarrying load carrying capacity c (c toughness promising AR360RA0 36 0 AR-360-RA-0 12 (1 2 15 (UT (E (EPS AR360RA 3 AR-360-RA- 1 ( AR-360-RA

Abstract Standardized Work (SW) is an approach originated in the manufacturing industry, which aims to standardize and improve the efficiency of operations cycles, based on the Lean Production Philosophy. SW has the potential to support the implementation of Location-Based Planning and Control (LBPC) as it allows balancing the workload between workers or teams, contributing to the synchronization of processes. The aim of this study is to propose a method for implementing SW as an additional element of LBPC. Design Science Research was the methodological approach adopted in this investigation and an empirical study was carried out in a real estate company, in which the method for implementing SW was conceived and implemented.The following benefits were identified in the study: increase in the degree of process standardization, improvement in process synchronization, increase in the engagement of the work force with process standards, and improvement in terms of time reliability. The main contribution of this research study has been the adaptation of SW in the construction context as an additional element of LBPC. (SW industry cycles Philosophy LocationBased Location Based LBPC (LBPC teams processes company implementedThe implemented standardization standards reliability

Resumo Trabalho Padronizado (TP) é uma abordagem originária da indústria da manufatura que visa a padronizar e melhorar a eficiência dos ciclos de operações com base na Filosofia da Produção Enxuta. O TP tem o potencial de apoiar a implementação do Planejamento e Controle Baseado em Localização (LBPC), pois permite equilibrar a carga de trabalho entre os trabalhadores ou equipes, contribuindo para a sincronização de processos. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um método para implementação do TP como um elemento adicional do LBPC. Design Science Research foi a abordagem metodológica utilizada, sendo conduzido um estudo empírico em uma empresa atuante no mercado imobiliário, na qual o método para implementação do TP foi concebido e implementado. Os seguintes benefícios foram identificados no estudo: aumento do grau de padronização das operações, melhoria na sincronização entre processos, aumento do engajamento da mão-de-obra com padrões de processo, e melhoria em termos de confiabilidade em relação a prazos. A principal contribuição desta pesquisa para o avanço do conhecimento foi a adaptação da abordagem do TP ao contexto da construção civil como um elemento adicional do LBPC. (TP Enxuta LBPC, LBPC , (LBPC) equipes processos utilizada imobiliário implementado mãodeobra mão obra processo prazos (LBPC

Abstract This work evaluated the influence of impregnation of boron compounds, in three concentrations, on Pinus sp. veneers, and its effect on the properties of plywood. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, in a 3 × 3 + 1 factorial scheme, with three boron compounds (boric acid, borax, and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate) and three solution concentrations (1%, 3%, and 5%) plus the control. The panels were produced with three or five veneers, depending on the test, impregnated by dipping in boron compound solutions for 15 min and bonded with urea-formaldehyde adhesive. The apparent density, water absorption, thickness expansion, hygroscopicity, resistance to static bending (parallel and perpendicular to the grain) and shear strength were evaluted. All tests were carried out following the European Committee for Standardization, and the results were compared to the Brazilian Association of Mechanically Processed Wood requirements. Based on the results, it is recommended to use boric acid at a concentration of 1% or 3% or the other compounds tested at a concentration of 1%. sp veneers plywood design scheme borax tetrahydrate 1%, (1% 5% 5 control test ureaformaldehyde urea formaldehyde adhesive density absorption expansion hygroscopicity parallel grain evaluted Standardization requirements (1 (

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da impregnação de compostos de boro, em três concentrações, em lâminas de Pinus sp., e seu efeito nas propriedades de compensados. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 × 3 + 1, sendo três compostos de boro (ácido bórico, bórax e octaborato dissódico tetrahidratado) e três concentrações (1%, 3% e 5%) mais o controle. Os painéis foram produzidos com três ou cinco lâminas, encolados com uréia-formaldeído, com as lâminas impregnadas por imersão nas soluções de compostos de boro por 15 min. Foram avaliadas a densidade aparente, absorção de água, expansão de espessura, higroscopicidade, resistência à flexão estática (paralela e perpendicular à grã) e resistência ao cisalhamento. Todos os testes foram realizados de acordo com o Comitê Europeu de Padronização. Para o controle de qualidade, os resultados foram comparados com as exigências da Associação Brasileira de Madeira Processada Mecanicamente. Com base nos resultados, recomenda-se usar ácido bórico na concentração de 1% ou 3% ou os demais compostos testados na concentração de 1%. Objetivouse Objetivou se sp sp. compensados casualizado 1 tetrahidratado 1%, (1% 5% 5 uréiaformaldeído, uréiaformaldeído uréia formaldeído, formaldeído uréia-formaldeído min aparente água espessura higroscopicidade paralela grã cisalhamento Padronização qualidade Mecanicamente recomendase recomenda (1 (

Abstract Introduction: Chacón-Monge et al. (2024) sought to test the accuracy of DNA barcoding for species identification in Pacific Central American shallow water echinoderms. They used cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequences derived from new material collected as part of the BioMar-ACG project in Costa Rica. Using their set of 348 echinoderm sequences, they compared species identification results from two online platforms: the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank using the nucleotide Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLASTn), and the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Identification Engine. Objective: The present article is a response to their results and conclusions. Methods: We reinterpreted the results from the authors’ Appendix 2 to enable an objective comparison between the BOLD Identification Engine and BLASTn in GenBank. Results: While the authors found that both platforms were limited by the number of reference sequences available in their respective databases, they concluded that GenBank outperformed BOLD for identification; however, we identify several methodological flaws in their analysis. These include pseudoreplication amongst query sequences, contaminated sequences stemming from sampling errors, and a lack of standardization when interpreting results from the two platforms. Their assessment of the BOLD Identification Engine was also limited by improper selection of a reference database. Conclusion: Addressing these errors, we reinterpret their results and demonstrate that there is no difference in performance between the two platforms.

Resumen Introducción: Chacón-Monge et al. (2024) intentaron probar la precisión de los códigos de barras de ADN para identificar especies de equinodermos de aguas poco profundas del Pacífico Centroamericano. Para ello, utilizaron secuencias de citocromo c oxidasa I (COI) provenientes de material recolectado recientemente como parte del proyecto BioMar-ACG en Costa Rica. Utilizando 348 secuencias de equinodermos, compararon los resultados de identificación de especies de dos plataformas en línea: GenBank del Centro Nacional de Información Biotecnológica (NCBI) empleando la herramienta de búsqueda de alineación local básica de nucleótidos (BLASTn) y la herramienta de identificación del Sistema de Datos del Código de Barras de la Vida (BOLD). Objetivo: El presente artículo es una respuesta a sus resultados y conclusiones. Métodos: Reinterpretamos los resultados presentados por los autores en Apéndice 2 para comparar objetivamente el sistema de identificación de BOLD y el de BLASTn en GenBank. Resultados: Si bien los autores encontraron que ambas plataformas estaban limitadas por la cantidad de secuencias de referencia disponibles en sus bases de datos, concluyeron que GenBank superó a BOLD en la identificación de especies; sin embargo, notamos varias fallas metodológicas en su análisis. Estas incluyeron la pseudorreplicación entre las secuencias consultadas, el uso de secuencias contaminadas derivadas de errores de muestreo y falta de estandarización al interpretar los resultados de las dos plataformas. Su evaluación del sistema de identificación de BOLD se vio limitada por la selección inadecuada de una base de datos de referencia. Conclusión: Teniendo en cuenta estos errores, reinterpretamos sus resultados y demostramos que no existe una diferencia significativa en el rendimiento de ambas plataformas.

Abstract Ovine Enzootic Abortion (OEA) is caused by Chlamydia abortus and has recently been recognized as endemic in Mexico. Due to the impact of OEA on intensive lamb production, it is necessary to establish a sanitary control plan based on an efficient diagnosis. The loop-mediated isothermal amplification technique (LAMP) is a molecular test that can specifically identify C. abortus. The aim of this study was to standardize the LAMP technique for the specific detection of C. abortus in ovine vaginal exudates. Primers were identified and modified from an electronic database. The effective conditions of the technique were determined using synthetic DNA and positive biological samples by PCR as references. The assay detection limit was 1 × 10-5 of genetic material, equivalent to 8.5 copies. The standardized LAMP test is proposed as a novel molecular tool for the rapid and specific diagnosis of C. abortus infection from ovine vaginal exudate samples in Mexico.

Resumen El Aborto Enzoótico Ovino (AEO) es causado por Chlamydia abortus y ha sido reconocido recientemente como endémico en México. Debido al impacto del AEO en la producción intensiva de corderos, es necesario establecer un plan de control sanitario basado en un diagnóstico eficiente. La técnica de amplificación isotérmica mediada por bucle (LAMP) es una prueba molecular que puede identificar específicamente a C. abortus. El objetivo de este estudio fue estandarizar la técnica de LAMP para la detección específica de C. abortus a partir de exudado vaginal ovino. Los cebadores fueron identificados y modificados a partir de una base de datos electrónica. Las condiciones efectivas de la técnica se determinaron con ADN sintético y de muestras biológicas positivas por PCR como referencia. El límite de detección de la prueba fue de 1 × 10-5 de material genético, equivalente a 8.5 copias. Se propone el test de LAMP estandarizado como una nueva herramienta molecular para el diagnóstico rápido y específico de la infección por C. abortus a partir de muestras de exudado vaginal ovino en México.

SUMMARY: This study focuses on the review and proposal for anatomical terminology associated with the anatomical concept of Hyrtl´s porus crotaphitico-buccinatorius (PCBH), which is a passage area for the lateral divisions of the mandibular nerve in the infratemporal fossa. The objective of this research is to determine the most appropriate anatomical term from the perspective of international anatomical terminology to describe the structure known as PCBH. Furthermore, it seeks to provide solid proof, based on scientific and historical evidence that supports the correct choice of the term for international anatomical terminology in order to further precise and uniform communication in anatomy and medical science. The detailed analysis of the existing structure highlights the lack of descriptive information and the presence of eponyms. The proposed "Infratemporal Pterygoalar Foramen" is presented as a more precise alternative, supported by historical and etymological definitions. Each component of this new term is carefully selected, more accurately reflecting the location, components, shape and anatomical characteristics of the structure. This research contributes to the standardization and continuous improvement of international anatomical terminology, facilitating more effective communication in the scientific and medical field.

RESUMEN: Este estudio se centra en la revisión y propuesta para la terminología anatómica asociada al concepto anatómico de Poro Crotafítico Buccinatorio de Hyrtl (PCBH) que es un área de paso para las divisiones laterales del nervio mandibular en la fosa infratemporal. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar el término anatómico más apropiado desde la perspectiva de la terminología anatómica internacional para describir la estructura denominada PCBH. Asimismo, se busca proporcionar una justificación sólida y basada en evidencia científica e histórica que respalde la elección correcta del término para la terminología anatómica internacional, con el propósito de promover una comunicación precisa y uniforme en el campo de la anatomía y la ciencia médica. El análisis detallado de la estructura existente resalta la carencia de información descriptiva y la presencia de epónimos. La propuesta del "Foramen Infratemporal Pterigoalar" se presenta como una alternativa más precisa, respaldada por definiciones históricas y etimológicas. Cada componente de este nuevo término se selecciona cuidadosamente, reflejando con mayor precisión la ubicación, componentes, forma y características anatómicas de la estructura. Esta investigación contribuye a la estandarización y mejora continua de la terminología anatómica internacional, facilitando una comunicación más efectiva en el ámbito científico y médico.

Resumen La autoevaluación de los programas de maestría impartidos total o parcialmente en entornos virtuales permite la mejora de estos y favorece la toma de decisiones basada en evidencias. La eficacia de la autoevaluación depende de los indicadores utilizados por lo que es indispensable determinar el valor de estos. El objetivo del trabajo fue implementar un instrumento de evaluación de los indicadores para la autoevaluación de la calidad de los programas virtuales de maestría. Se realizó la identificación y análisis de artículos científicos, guías de diseño y normas técnicas que abordan la evaluación de indicadores. Se empleó el motor de búsqueda de Google y Google Académico con las palabras clave: indicadores, sistemas de indicadores, evaluación de indicadores. Como resultado del análisis se identificaron seis criterios de calidad de los indicadores utilizados en la autoevaluación de los programas virtuales de maestría. Se elaboró un instrumento para medir estos seis criterios mediante una escala de Likert de cinco niveles. La prueba piloto del instrumento diseñado permitió su validación y mejorar los indicadores utilizados en la autoevaluación de los programas virtuales de maestría en la Cátedra de Calidad, Metrología y Normalización de la Universidad de La Habana.

Abstract Systematic self-assessment of master's programs taught totally or partially in virtual environments allows the improvement of these and favors evidence-based decision making. Self-assessment effectiveness is to a large extent due to indicators that are defined to carry it out. Value determination of these indicators for the self-assessment´s objectives achievement is the first step to the realization of this. Given the above, the objective of this work was to implement an instrument for evaluating the self-assessment´s indicators for quality of virtual programs master's. It was carried out identification and analysis of scientific articles, design guides and technical standards that address the evaluation of indicators. The Google and Google Scholar search engine was used with the keywords: indicators, indicator systems, indicator evaluation. As a result of the analysis, six indicators’ quality criteria used in the master's virtual programs self-assessment were identified. An instrument was developed to measure these six criteria through a five-level Likert scale. Pilot test of designed instrument allowed its validation and improve the indicators used in master's virtual programs self-assessment in the Chair of Quality, Metrology and Standardization of the University of Havana.

ABSTRACT Professionals in careers related to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are among the most in demand worldwide, but various media and studies have reported that the demand for them far exceeds the current supply. Paraguay does not escape this reality, so this paper seeks to analyze the academic offer of this type of career and the number of graduates who graduate from them through the quantitative analysis of open data provided by the Ministry of Education and Sciences. For this purpose, the Excel tool was used, importing the source data in csv format and using mainly dynamic tables and some functions described in the work. It is observed that both the academic offer and the percentage of graduates of the total are very low, in both cases not exceeding 2% of the total, data that coincides with the few previous studies on the subject. However, some aspects that affect this result are mentioned in the work, specifically referring to the cleaning and standardization of the data used for the study.

RESUMEN Los profesionales de las carreras relacionadas a las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) son de los más demandados a nivel mundial, pero varios medios y estudios han informado que la demanda de estos supera por mucho la oferta actual. Paraguay no escapa de esta realidad por lo que el presente trabajo busca analizar la oferta académica de este tipo de carreras y la cantidad de egresados que se titulan en las mismas a través del análisis cuantitativo de los datos abiertos provistos por el Ministerio de Educación y Ciencias. Para el efecto se utilizó la herramienta Excel importando los datos de origen en formato csv y utilizando principalmente tablas dinámicas y algunas funciones descriptas en el trabajo. Se observa que tanto la oferta académica como el porcentaje de egresados del total son muy bajos no superando en ambos casos el 2% del total, dato que coincide con los pocos estudios anteriores sobre el tema. No obstante, se mencionan en el trabajo algunos aspectos que inciden en este resultado, referidos específicamente a la limpieza y estandarización de los datos utilizados para el estudio.

Resumen: A lo largo del siglo XX, las reformas educativas en Chile y el aumento en la escolaridad impulsaron al Estado a buscar sistemas que facilitaran la expansión de la infraestructura educativa a escala nacional. Este artículo discute el proceso de estandarización de los entornos escolares rurales. Examinándolo a la luz de nociones modernistas como “tipología” y “estándares”, se revelan las características únicas de un proceso que, a lo largo del tiempo y a través de distintos actores, exploró diversos enfoques hacia la estandarización funcional, formal y técnica.

Abstract: Throughout the 20th century, educational reforms in Chile and increased school enrollment drove the State to seek systems that would facilitate the expansion of educational infrastructure nationwide. This article delves into the standardization of rural schools. By examining this experience alongside modernist notions of “typology” and “standards,” it reveals the distinctive traits of a process that, over time and through various actors, showcased a range of approaches to functional, formal, and technical standardization.

Abstract Mexico has great traditional knowledge of the use of medicinal plants, threatened by globalization and the standardization of educational systems. In Aguascalientes, the semiarid areas of the east are little studied on the ethnobotanical topic. The objective was to evaluate and update ethnobotanical knowledge of eastern Aguascalientes. Interviews, field trips, and collections of the mentioned medicinal plants were carried out. The Knowledge Wealth Index (KWI) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were calculated by the age and sex of the interviewees. 52 medicinal species were identified, with main uses in the treatment of digestive, respiratory, renal, and traumatic diseases. Low KWI was obtained with a mean of 0.13 (limited knowledge), and without significant differences in knowledge between men and women, and age. The importance of documenting and preserving traditional knowledge and the use of medicinal plants in eastern Aguascalientes is highlighted.

Resumen México posee gran conocimiento tradicional en el uso de plantas medicinales, amenazado por la globalización y la estandarización de los sistemas educativos. En Aguascalientes, la región semiárida del oriente es un área poco estudiada en el ámbito etnoflorístico. El objetivo fue evaluar y actualizar el conocimiento etnoflorístico del oriente de Aguascalientes. Se hicieron entrevistas, recorridos en campo y colectas de las plantas medicinales mencionadas. Se calculó el índice de riqueza de conocimiento (IRC) y análisis de varianza (ANOVA) por edad y sexo de los entrevistados. Se identificaron 52 especies medicinales, con usos principales en el tratamiento de enfermedades digestivas, respiratorias, renales, y traumatismos. Se obtuvo bajo IRC con media de 0.13 (conocimiento limitado), y sin diferencias significativas en el conocimiento entre hombres y mujeres, ni por edad. Se destaca la importancia de documentar y preservar el conocimiento tradicional y el uso de plantas medicinales en el oriente de Aguascalientes.

Abstract: In Latin America, scales have been built to assess Early Child Development (EChD), most of them for direct evaluations. In Chile, the Psychomotor Development Evaluation Scale (EEDP) and the Test of Psychomotor Development (TEPSI) were developed in the 70’s and 80’s and are still used in different Spanish-speaking countries, but have not been updated or revalidated. In response to the need for a new instrument built in Chile for the evaluation of EChD on a large scale, the Test of Early Learning and Development (TADI-2, for its acronym in Spanish) was built and standardized between 2009 and 2012. This was updated and strengthened between 2018 and 2023 as TADI-2. Objective: To describe the main methodological requirements considered in the construction of a health measurement instrument and, in this context, to analyze the validity of the TADI-2. Development: The rigorous validation process of the TADI-2 stands out, complying with the standards of content selection, standardization, reliability, validity in different sociocultural and ethnic environments, low cost, easy application and open use. Sensitivity for the global score in 4- and 5-year-olds was very good and, in younger children, moderate. Conclusions: The gathered evidence shows that the TADI-2 may be implemented for EChD screening through direct assessment of children under 6 years of age in Chile and the rest of the continent. It is recommended to continue studying the instrument in larger samples to know the consistency of the results in complementary and population-based studies.

Resumen: En Latinoamérica se han construido distintas escalas para la evaluación del Desarrollo Infantil Temprano (DIT), la mayoría de aplicación directa. En Chile, en los años 70-80 se crearon la Escala de Evaluación del Desarrollo Psicomotor (EEDP) y el Test de Desarrollo Psicomotor (TEPSI), utilizadas hasta la actualidad en distintos países hispanoparlantes, sin que hayan sido actualizadas ni revalidadas. En respuesta a la necesidad de contar con un nuevo instrumento construido en Chile para la evaluación del DIT a gran escala, entre los años 2009 y 2012 se construyó y estandarizó el Test de Aprendizaje y Desarrollo Infantil (TADI). Este fue actualizado y robustecido entre 2018 y 2023 como TADI-2. Objetivo: Describir los principales requerimientos metodológicos considerados en la construcción de un instrumento de medición en salud y, en ese contexto, analizar la validez del TADI-2. Desarrollo: Destaca el riguroso proceso de validación del TADI-2, cumpliendo con los estándares de selección de contenido, estandarización, confiabilidad, validez en distintos entornos socioculturales y étnicos, bajo costo, fácil aplicación y uso abierto. La sensibilidad para el puntaje global en los niños/ as de 4 y 5 años fue muy buena y, en los menores, moderada. Conclusiones: La evidencia recabada muestra que el TADI-2 puede ser implementado para el tamizaje del DIT a través de aplicación directa, de los niños/as menores de 6 años de Chile y resto del continente. Se recomienda continuar estudiando el instrumento en muestras más amplias para conocer la consistencia de los resultados en estudios complementarios y poblacionales.

ABSTRACT The present work is a study that describes and analyzes the transformation of four spaces in the city of Chillán (Chile), from the theoretical perspective of the non-places of Marc Augé (2010). The study shows how increasing urbanization and globalization has contributed to the homogenization and standardization of public spaces in the city, which has led to the proliferation of places that lack identity and cultural significance for the local population. These contemporary spaces are characterized by being anonymous, transitive, furtive and functional, for example: highways and tolls, parking lots and shopping centers. The following cases are addressed in this study: Main Square of Chillán; Fair of Chillán; Shopping Center of Chillán; y Chillán Railway Station. All four offer the possibility of applying a methodology of practical work from the description and analysis of photographic texts, which are a complement to expand the social analysis on how the local population relates to these places and not places, and how it affects the daily, social and cultural life of the city. It also highlights the value of public spaces, inhabited and seen as places of encounter and coexistence, and how the increase in non places reduces the scope of organized and participatory social life of these spaces of identity in the city.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo es un estudio que describe y analiza la transformación de cuatro espacios en la ciudad de Chillán (Chile), desde la perspectiva teórica de los no lugares de Augé. El estudio muestra cómo la creciente urbanización y globalización ha contribuido a la homogeneización y estandarización de los espacios públicos en la ciudad, lo que ha llevado a la proliferación de no lugares que carecen de identidad y significado cultural para la población local. Estos espacios contemporáneos se caracterizan por ser anónimos, transitivos, furtivos y funcionales, por ejemplo: autopistas y peajes, estacionamientos y centros comerciales. Ahora bien, como objeto de este estudio se aborda los casos siguientes: Plaza de Armas de Chillán; Feria de Chillán; Centro Comercial de Chillán y la Estación de Ferrocarriles de Chillán. Los cuatro, ofrecen la posibilidad de aplicar una metodología de trabajo práctico a partir de la descripción y análisis de textos fotográficos, los que constituyen un complemento para ampliar el análisis social sobre cómo se relaciona la población local con estos lugares y no lugares, y cómo afecta la vida cotidiana, social y cultural de la ciudad. Asimismo, se destaca el valor de los espacios públicos, habitados y vistos como lugares de encuentro y convivencia, y cómo el aumento de no lugares reduce el alcance de la vida social organizada y participativa de estos espacios de identidad en la ciudad.

Resumo O artigo reflete sobre as políticas administrativas e seu papel como eixo central da gestão educacional. A tese sustenta que essas políticas consolidam um sistema capaz de modificar e impor mudanças no trabalho das instituições e atores educacionais. A escrita se concentra em dois argumentos: o primeiro coloca as políticas administrativas como uma nova forma de exercer controle e regulação por meio da validação de mecanismos baseados na descentralização, padronização, privatização e rendição de contas. O segundo argumento fundamenta-se na distorção das práticas pedagógicas, subordinação e desprofissionalização do trabalho docente, como consequência do discurso da qualidade e eficácia. A reflexão visa contribuir para o debate teórico sobre as políticas administrativas e seu papel no fortalecimento de uma visão instrumental da Educação baseada em resultados acadêmicos como sinônimos de qualidade e suas implicações para o Ensino. educacional educacionais argumentos descentralização padronização contas fundamentase fundamenta pedagógicas docente eficácia Ensino

Abstract This article reflects on managerialist policies and their role as a central axis in educational management. This thesis maintains that these policies have consolidated a system capable of modifying and imposing changes in the work of educational institutions and actors. The writing focuses on two arguments. The first places managerialist policies as a new way of exercising control and regulation through the validation of mechanisms based on decentralization, standardization, privatization, and accountability. The second argument is based on the distortion of pedagogical practices, subordination, and deprofessionalization of teaching work as a consequence of the discourse of quality and effectiveness. This reflection aims to contribute to the theoretical debate on managerialist policies and their role in strengthening an instrumental vision of Education based on academic results as synonyms of quality and its implications for teaching. management actors arguments decentralization standardization privatization accountability practices subordination effectiveness

Resumen El artículo reflexiona sobre las políticas gerencialistas y su rol como eje central en la gestión educativa. La tesis sostiene que dichas políticas han consolidado un sistema capaz de modificar e imponer cambios en el quehacer de las instituciones y los actores educativos. El escrito se enfoca desde dos argumentos: el primero ubica a las políticas gerencialistas como una nueva forma de ejercer control y regulación a través de la validación de mecanismos basados en la descentralización, estandarización, privatización y rendición de cuentas. El segundo argumento sustentado en la distorsión de las prácticas pedagógicas, subordinación y desprofesionalización del trabajo docente, como consecuencia del discurso de la calidad y la efectividad. La reflexión pretende contribuir al debate teórico sobre las políticas gerencialistas y su rol en el fortalecimiento de una visión instrumental de la Educación basada en los resultados académicos como sinónimos de calidad y sus implicancias en el quehacer docente. educativa educativos argumentos descentralización estandarización cuentas pedagógicas docente efectividad