ABSTRACT In this study, chemical changes during the development of acerola, cultivar Okinawa, were evaluated. The biochemical alterations during the development of the acerola cultivar Okinawa were evaluated, to determine the peroxidase activity (POD) and its thermal stability. Peroxidase (POD) has been considered the main enzyme responsible for the quality deterioration of fruits. Additionally, characteristics evaluated in this study can be important postharvest quality criteria for fruit processing, screening and breeding. Changes in physiological development were evaluated by the determination of moisture content, ascorbic acid, ashes, total and reducing sugars, pectin, chlorophyll a and b, amounts of anthocyanins, flavonols and total carotenoids. These biochemical determinations may serve as a basis for further improvement of techniques for predicting and modeling the optimal harvesting time. The values of chlorophylls, anthocyanins, flavonols, and carotenoids were higher in the peel rather than in the pulp (p < 0.05). Acerola presents high levels of ascorbic acid. The development of acerola (from opening of flowers to maturation of fruits) was of 25 days. The increase of the values for total and reducing sugars, anthocyanins, carotenoids, the solubilization of pectic acid and degradation of chlorophyll suggested that physiological maturation and harvest day occurred on days 19 and 23 after anthesis, respectively. The specific activity of POD was higher in the green stage. Maximum POD activity was observed at pH 6.5 and 45 ºC. Total inactivation was not achieved, suggesting the presence of isoenzymes with high thermal resistance. A loss of 50% of activity occurred after 4 minutes of treatment at 80 °C. (POD stability fruits Additionally processing breeding content ashes sugars pectin b anthocyanins time chlorophylls p 0.05. 005 0.05 . 0 05 0.05) from 2 1 anthesis respectively stage 65 6 5 6. ºC achieved resistance 50 8 C °C 00 0.0 0.

Abstract The use of native species in landscaping has gained prominence due to their adaptability and sustainability compared to exotic species. To introduce a new plant into landscaping, it is necessary to define desirable ornamental characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate the ornamental potential and the feasibility of reintroducing the brazilian native orchid Brassavola tuberculata Hook. in natural environments, aiming for its use in sustainable landscaping with and without fertilization. The research was conducted in two main stages. In the first stage, the morphological characteristics of three individuals with floral buds were analyzed, focusing on quantitative aspects. The results showed that the species presents elegant inflorescences and fragrant flowers, with slightly yellowish white petals and a labellum articulated at the base. In the second stage, 20 plants originating from asymbiotic seeding, approximately 10 cm in height, were reintroduced into phorophytes of Hymenaea courbaril. A mixture of buriti palm fiber and coconut chips was used as the substrate. The plants were divided into two groups: one received 12 g of controlled-release fertilizer (NPK 15-15-15 + micronutrients) and the other received no fertilization. Evaluations were carried out on the day of reintroduction (day zero) and at 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 360 days after reintroduction. The results indicate that the morphological aspects of B. tuberculata attribute ornamental potential to the species, and it can be successfully reintroduced into natural environments, even without fertilization. The plant demonstrated a remarkable ability to adapt and survive, reorganizing its metabolism to cope with initial stress. Hook environments fertilization stages stage analyzed flowers base 2 seeding 1 height courbaril substrate groups controlledrelease controlled release NPK 151515 15 15-15-1 micronutrients zero 7 14 21 30 60 90 120 180 36 B survive stress 15151 15-15- 3 6 9 18 1515 15-15 151 15-1 15-

Resumo A utilização de espécies nativas no paisagismo tem ganhado destaque devido à sua adaptabilidade e sustentabilidade em comparação com espécies exóticas. Para introduzir uma nova planta no paisagismo, é necessário definir características ornamentais desejáveis. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial ornamental e a viabilidade de reintrodução da orquídea nativa brasileira Brassavola tuberculata Hook. em ambientes naturais, visando seu uso no paisagismo sustentável com e sem fertilização. A pesquisa foi conduzida em duas etapas principais. Na primeira etapa, foram analisadas as características morfológicas de três indivíduos com botões florais, focando em aspectos quantitativos. Os resultados mostraram que a espécie apresenta inflorescências elegantes e flores perfumadas, com pétalas brancas levemente amareladas e um labelo articulado na base. Na segunda etapa, 20 plantas oriundas de semeadura assimbiótica, com aproximadamente 10 cm de altura, foram reintroduzidas em forófitos de Hymenaea courbaril. Como substrato foi utilizado mistura de paú de buriti e chips de coco. As plantas foram divididas em dois grupos: um recebeu 12 g de adubo de liberação controlada (NPK 15-15-15 + micronutrientes) e outro não recebeu adubação. As avaliações foram realizadas no dia da reintrodução (dia zero) e aos 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 e 360 dias após a reintrodução. Os resultados indicam que os aspectos morfológicos de B. tuberculata atribuem à espécie potencial ornamental e pode ser reintroduzida com sucesso em ambientes naturais, mesmo sem adubação. A planta demonstrou notável capacidade de adaptação e sobrevivência, reorganizando seu metabolismo para enfrentar o estresse inicial. exóticas desejáveis Hook naturais fertilização principais etapa florais quantitativos perfumadas base 2 assimbiótica 1 altura courbaril coco grupos NPK 151515 15 15-15-1 micronutrientes adubação zero 7 14 21 30 60 90 120 18 36 B sobrevivência inicial 15151 15-15- 3 6 9 1515 15-15 151 15-1 15-

RESUMO O gladíolo é uma espécie que apresenta cultivares com flores coloridas, e essas hastes podem ser produzidas utilizando práticas de manejo simples e de baixo custo. A cultura não é explorada no Vale do São Francisco, demandando pesquisas que orientem os produtores sobre o cultivo e comercialização. O programa PhenoGlad foi criado para simular a produção de gladíolos com base em dados de temperatura do ano anterior. O objetivo do estudo foi produzir gladíolos em diferentes épocas, avaliar a qualidade das hastes e validar o modelo PhenoGlad. O experimento foi conduzido entre 2020 e 2021 na Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, utilizando o delineamento em blocos casualizados completos, em arranjo fatorial 4x3. Os tratamentos foram compostos por quatro cultivares (Red Beauty; Jester; T704; White Friendship) e três picos de colheita (C1: Festa do Dia da Padroeira de Petrolina-PE, 15 de agosto de 2020; C2: Dia de Finados, 2 de novembro de 2020; e C3: Dia Internacional da Mulher, 8 de março de 2021). Os parâmetros avaliados foram comprimento total da haste, comprimento do pendão floral, diâmetro da haste e longevidade pós-colheita no estádio R2-R5. A interação cultivares e picos de colheita foi significativa para comprimento total da haste e diâmetro da haste. Todas as cultivares se cultivadas em C1 tiveram bom desempenho e apresentaram baixo erro em relação com as observações de campo, validando o modelo PhenoGlad. O cultivo de gladíolos na região é viável, pois as hastes atendem aos padrões de qualidade e possuem longevidade para comercialização. coloridas custo Francisco comercialização anterior épocas 202 completos 4x3 x Red Beauty Jester T704 T Friendship C (C1 PetrolinaPE, PetrolinaPE Petrolina PE, PE Petrolina-PE 1 C2 Finados C3 Mulher 2021. . 2021) floral póscolheita pós R2R5. R2R5 RR R2 R5. R5 R R2-R5 campo viável 20 4x T70 (C R2R R2-R T7

ABSTRACT Gladiolus is a species that presents cultivars with flowers of different colors, and these floral stems can be produced using simple and low-cost management practices. Its growth is not widespread in the São Francisco Valley, in Brazil, thus requiring research to guide growers regarding its production and commercialization. The PhenoGlad program was developed to simulate gladiolus production based on temperature data from the previous year. Therefore, the objective of this work was to produce gladioli at different times, assess stem quality, and validate the PhenoGlad model for the region. The experiment was conducted between 2020 and 2021 at the Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, using a complete randomized block design, in a 4×3 factorial arrangement. The treatments consisted of four cultivars (Red Beauty, Jester, T704, and White Friendship) and three harvest peaks (H1: Feast of the Petrolina Patron Saint's Day, August 15, 2020; H2: All Souls' Day, November 2, 2020; and H3: International Women's Day, March 8, 2021). The parameters evaluated were total stem length, rachis length, stem diameter, and postharvest longevity at the R2-R5 stage. The interaction between cultivars and harvest peaks was significant for total stem length and stem diameter. All cultivars grown for H1 performed well and showed a low simulated error compared to field observations, validating the PhenoGlad model. Growing gladiolus in the region is feasible, as the stems meet quality standards and have a suitable shelf life for commercialization. colors lowcost cost practices Valley Brazil commercialization year Therefore times 202 design 43 4 3 4× arrangement Red Beauty Jester T704 T Friendship H (H1 Saints Saint s Day 15 H2 Souls 2 H3 Womens Women 8 2021. . 2021) diameter R2R5 RR R2 R5 R R2-R stage observations feasible 20 T70 (H 1 R2R T7

ABSTRACT The mangaba Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae) is more commercially viable than other native Cerrado fruit trees due to its nutritional properties and high production of fruit used in food products. Although thrips have been reported injuring mangaba, the identification of possible species of economic importance is not yet available. Thus, identifying species that may threaten mangaba plant health is a vital step in implementing management strategies. The aim of this present study was to survey thrips species during the reproductive stage of H. speciosa, determine the variety most susceptible to damage caused by these insects and to check whether the damage is economically important to this fruit tree. Thrips were collected from the ex-situ germplasm of the Agronomy School of the Federal University of Goiás, in Goiás state, Brazil. Twelve plants of three H. speciosa varieties (gardneri, cuyabensis and pubescens) were selected, from which 20 flowers and 20 fruits were assessed for the presence of thrips in September 2018 and 2019. A total of 1,306 thrips representing 13 species were collected from flowers. Of these, Frankliniella gemina was the most abundant. On the fruits, circular lesions were observed, initially as white spots that subsequently turned silver, possibly caused by Heliothrips longisensibilis. These injuries are superficial, rarely compromising large portions of the fruit, and do not cause economic damage. Therefore, thrips are not a primary threat to fruit production for fresh consumption or processing. Apocynaceae (Apocynaceae products available Thus strategies H tree exsitu ex situ state Brazil gardneri, gardneri (gardneri pubescens selected 2 201 2019 1306 1 306 1,30 abundant observed silver longisensibilis superficial Therefore processing 130 30 1,3 3 1,

Resumen Introducción: No conocemos estudios sobre la microsporogénesis de la planta de cacao, y poco se sabe sobre la ultraestructura de sus granos de polen. Objetivo: Describir la microsporogénesis y ultraestructura de los granos de polen en T. cacao. Métodos: Procesamos más de 30 flores para cada etapa floral, teñidas con Safranina-Azul Alcian, PAS-Amidoblack y Lacmoid. Para la microscopía de transmisión procesamos las muestras en resina y las teñimos con azul de toluidina. Para microscopía electrónica de barrido, fijamos y deshidratamos en 2.2-dimetoxipropano, secamos hasta un punto crítico y recubrimos con oro. Resultados: Anteras diferenciadas por una masa celular en los extremos distales a los filamentos estaminales. Durante el desarrollo la pared de las anteras presenta varios estratos celulares y al madurar se reducen a la epidermis y al endotecio. Las células madre de microsporas se dividen por meiosis para formar tétradas. El tapete es secretor e intacto hasta que se liberan los granos, para luego degenerar. Los granos de polen son isopolares, esferoidales, pequeños, tricolpados. La ultraestructura presenta una esporodermis semitectada, con ornamentación reticulada, y un retículo heterobrochado con el muri sin ornamentación. La exina se deposita antes que la intina. Los orbículos son individuales, lisos y de tamaño variado. Hay abundante polenkit en el tectum y entre las columelas. La intina es delgada, pero se desarrolla ampliamente en las áreas del colpo, formando una intina interna compacta y una intina externa inusual con una apariencia columelada. Conclusión: La estructura y el desarrollo de las anteras siguen el patrón de las angiospermas. La microsporogénesis simultánea y la deposición centrípeta de la esporodermis se conocen de Malvaceae, pero los caracteres de la intina son nuevos para la familia.

Abstract Introduction: We know of no studies on the microsporogenesis of the cocoa plant, and little is known about the ultrastructure of its pollen grains. Objective: To describe microsporogenesis and ultrastructure of pollen grains in T. cacao. Methods: We processed over 30 flowers for each floral stage and stained with Safranin-Alcian Blue, PAS-Amidoblack and Lacmoid. For transmission microscopy we processed samples on resin and stained with toluidine blue. For scanning electron microscopy, we fixed and dehydrated in 2.2-dimethoxypropane, critically dried and coated with gold. Results: Anthers differentiated by a cellular mass at the ends distal to the staminal filaments. During development, the anther wall has several cellular layers reduced, at maturity, to the epidermis and endothecium. Microspore mother cells divide by meiosis to form tetrads. The tapetum is secretory and intact until the grains are released, to later degenerate. Pollen grains are isopolar, spheroidal, small, tricolpate. Ultrastructure has a semi-tectate sporodermis, with reticulate ornamentation, and heterobrochated reticulum with the muri without ornamentation. Exine is deposited before intine. The orbicles are individual, smooth, and varied in size. There is abundant pollenkitt on the tectum and between the columellae. The intine is thin, but develops widely in the colpus areas, forming a compact internal intine and an unusual external intine with a columellated appearance. Conclusion: Anther structure and development follows the angiosperm pattern. Simultaneous microsporogenesis and centripetal deposition of the sporodermis are known from Malvaceae, but intine characters are novel for the family.

Resumen Introducción. Algunas especies de trips del género Frankliniella (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) son de importancia cuarentenaria en diversos cultivos en la región Centroamericana, sin embargo, diversas especies de dicho género han sido reportadas como parte de la fauna visitadora de la floración, no solo en plantas con producción agrícola. Objetivo. Registrar las especies de Frankliniella asociadas a los árboles de aguacate y sus arvenses, en la región central de Costa Rica y presentar una clave para la identificación de dichos trips. Materiales y métodos. Los muestreos se realizaron cada dos meses en tres diferentes zonas en la región central de Costa Rica, durante los años 2019 y 2021. Los trips del aguacate y de las plantas arvenses se recolectaron mediante el golpe de ramas, estos fueron preparados para su visualización en un microscopio convencional de luz e identificados por medio de su morfología. Resultados. Se identificaron veintidós especies de Frankliniella, dieciocho de ellas se asociaron a arvenses que crecen en los mismos cultivares, mientras que cinco especies se asociaron directamente al follaje y flor del árbol de aguacate. Conclusión. En la región central de Costa Rica, del género Frankliniella se encontraron tres especies: F. alonso, F. doris y F. nita sobre el árbol de aguacate durante la etapa de floración, una sola especie del follaje: F. sandovalensis y una sola especie tanto en el follaje como en la floración: F. cephalica.

Abstract Introduction. Some species of thrips in the genus Frankliniella (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) are of quarantine importance in various crops in the Central American region. Meanwhile, several species of this genus have been reported as part of the visitor fauna and flowering plants, not only in plants with agricultural production. Objective. To record the species of Frankliniella associated with avocado trees and their cultivars weeds in the central region of Costa Rica and to present a key for the identification of these thrips. Materials and methods. Sampling was carried out every two months in three different zones in the central region of Costa Rica during the years 2019 to 2021. Thrips from avocado and weeds were collected by tapping branches and were prepared for viewing under a conventional light microscope and identified by their morphology. Results. Twenty-two species of Frankliniella were identified, eighteen of which were associated with weeds growing in the same cultivars, while five species were directly associated with the foliage and flowers of the avocado tree. Conclusion. In the central region of Costa Rica, three species of the genus Frankliniella were found on the avocado tree during flowering stage: F. alonso, F. doris and F. nita, one species on the foliage: F. sandovalensis, and one species on both foliage and flowering: F. cephalica.

ABSTRACT The amount of solar irradiation available in the growing environment can cause significant changes in physiology and leaf anatomy that enable crops to acclimate to different light conditions. In this sense, the objective was to characterize the leaf anatomy and to elucidate the morpho-physiological mechanisms of acclimation to high solar irradiance of heliconia genotypes during the initial stage of development under semiarid conditions. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Petrolina, Pernambuco state, Brazil (09° 19’ 14” S, 40° 32’ 40” W, and 387 m of altitude) and the behavior of three heliconia genotypes (Heliconia rauliniana; H. bihai cv. Lobster Claw Two, and H. rostrata) grown in full sun and shading (50%) environments were evaluated. At 30 days after the implementation of the experiment, leaf anatomy, chlorophyll index, plant height, number of leaves, and number of tillers were analyzed. Heliconia leaves are characterized as amphistomatous with tetracytic stomata. In its main vein there are aerenchyma structures and hypodermis on the abaxial and adaxial sides. The responses to different light conditions in plants of H. bihai, H. rauliniana, and H. rostrata are genotype-specific. Furthermore, the anatomical structures and physiological changes observed in H. bihai and H. rauliniana plants demonstrate that these genotypes present greater plasticity and consequently greater potential for acclimation to high solar irradiation conditions. Thus, the genotypes H. rauliniana and H. bihai emerge as a potential alternative for cultivation in gardens or in open areas and for exploration as cut flower in regions with high solar irradiation availability. sense morphophysiological morpho Petrolina state 09° 09 (09 19 14 S 40 32 W 38 altitude H cv Two 50% 50 (50% evaluated 3 index height analyzed stomata sides genotypespecific. genotypespecific genotype specific. specific genotype-specific Furthermore Thus availability 0 (0 1 4 5 (50 ( (5

RESUMO A quantidade de irradiação solar disponível no ambiente de cultivo pode causar alterações significativas na fisiologia e anatomia foliar que possibilite á aclimatação das culturas a diferentes condições de luminosidade. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se a caracterização anatômica foliar e a elucidação dos mecanismos morfofisiológicos de aclimatação a alta irradiância solar de genótipos de helicônias durante o estágio inicial de desenvolvimento em condições semiáridas. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Petrolina-Pernambuco (09°19’14” S, 40°32’40” O e 387 metros de altitude) e foram avaliados o comportamento de três genótipos de helicônias (Heliconia rauliniana; H. bihai cv. Lobster Claw Two e H. rostrata) cultivadas em ambientes de pleno sol e sombreamento (50%). Aos 30 dias após a implantação do experimento foi realizado análises anatômicas foliares, índice de clorofilas, altura de plantas, número de folhas e número de perfilhos. As folhas de helicônias são caracterizadas como do tipo anfiestomática com estômatos do tipo tetracítico. Em sua nervura principal há estruturas de aerênquimas e hipoderme nas faces abaxial e adaxial. As respostas as diferentes condições de luminosidade em plantas de H. bihai, H. rauliniana e H. rostrata são genótipo-específicas. Além disso, as estruturas anatômicas e as alterações fisiológicas observadas em plantas de H. bihai e H. rauliniana demostram que esses genótipos apresentam maior plasticidade e consequentemente maior potencial de aclimatação às condições de alta irradiação solar. Assim, os genótipos H. rauliniana e H. bihai surgem como potencial alternativa para o cultivo em jardins ou áreas abertas e para exploração como flor de corte em regiões com alta disponibilidade de irradiação solar. sentido objetivouse objetivou se semiáridas PetrolinaPernambuco Petrolina Pernambuco 09°1914 091914 09°19 14 09 19 (09°19’14 S 40°3240 403240 40°32 40 32 40°32’40 38 altitude Heliconia H cv 50%. 50 50% . (50%) 3 foliares clorofilas perfilhos tetracítico adaxial genótipoespecíficas. genótipoespecíficas genótipo específicas. específicas genótipo-específicas disso Assim 1914 09°191 09191 0919 09°1 1 0 (09°19’1 3240 40°324 40324 4032 40°3 4 40°32’4 5 (50% 191 091 09° (09°19’ 324 403 40° 40°32’ (50 (09°19 (5 (09°1 ( (09° (09 (0

Abstract Gloriosa superba L. is a recently introduced tropical species in Argentina, cultivated as a cut flower. It is extremely important to know the nutritional demands of the crop to provide the optimal amounts of nutrients at each stage, achieving quality and good yield in flowers, reducing production costs and environmental impact. The objective of this work was to determine the dynamics of nutrient absorption in the cultivation of G. superba for cut flowers, to facilitate the creation of a fertilization program, in order to avoid crop deficiencies and contribute to sustainable production. Tuber composition analyzes were carried out and, on the other hand, an essay was installed in greenhouse beds, taking samples at seven moments of the cycle. Fresh matter and dry matter of stems, leaves, flowers, tubers, roots and chemical analysis of aerial organs were measured to obtain the absorption curve. It was verified that only around 20% of each nutrient is provided by the tuber, being necessary the external contribution from initial stages of the crop. The rate of growth and accumulation of dry matter was shown as a double sigmoid, with maximum peaks in the vegetative stage of stem elongation and beginning of flowering. Nutrient amounts were absorbed in the following order: N>K>Mg>Ca>P>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu. Fertilization rich in N, P, and Fe is recommended in the vegetative stage, balanced during the visible shoot stage, and rich in Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, and Cu during flowering. L Argentina flower flowers impact G program hand beds cycle stems leaves tubers curve 20 tuber sigmoid flowering NKMgCaPFeMnZnCu N K Mg Ca P Mn Zn N>K>Mg>Ca>P>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu 2

Resumo Gloriosa superba L. é uma espécie tropical recentemente introduzida na Argentina, cultivada como flor de corte. É de extrema importância conhecer as demandas nutricionais da cultura para fornecer as quantidades ideais de nutrientes em cada fase, obtendo qualidade e bom rendimento nas flores, reduzindo os custos de produção e o impacto ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a dinâmica de absorção de nutrientes no cultivo de G. superba para flores de corte, para facilitar a criação de um programa de adubação, a fim de evitar deficiências na cultura e contribuir para uma produção sustentável. Foram realizadas análises da composição dos tubérculos e, por outro lado, foi instalado um ensaio em canteiros de casa de vegetação, coletando amostras em sete momentos do ciclo. Foram mensuradas a massa fresca e seca de caules, folhas, flores, tubérculos, raízes e análises químicas dos órgãos aéreos para obtenção da curva de absorção. Verificou-se que apenas cerca de 20% de cada nutriente é fornecido pelo tubérculo, sendo necessária a contribuição externa desde as fases iniciais da cultura. A taxa de crescimento e acúmulo de matéria seca apresentou-se como duplo sigmóide, com picos máximos na fase vegetativa de alongamento do caule e início da floração. As quantidades de nutrientes foram absorvidas na seguinte ordem: N>K>Mg>Ca>P>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu. Recomenda-se adubação rica em N, P e Fe na fase vegetativa, balanceada na fase de primórdio floral visível e rica em Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Zn e Cu na floração. L Argentina corte ambiental G sustentável lado vegetação ciclo caules folhas Verificouse Verificou se 20 tubérculo apresentouse apresentou sigmóide floração ordem NKMgCaPFeMnZnCu N K Mg Ca Mn N>K>Mg>Ca>P>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu Recomendase Recomenda 2

Abstract At the present time one of the tasks of modern agricultural industry consists in obtaining the ecologically safe and clean products. Contamination of soils with heavy metals due to an anthropogenic impact drives up their content in the composition of plant products. This shapes not only a reduction in crop yields, but also a deterioration in products quality. Within the terms of vegetation research in soil culture, there has been studied the protective and stimulating effect of sodium selenite upon the adaptive capacity of spring wheat plants of the variety Zlata under conditions of oxidative stress due to the soil contamination with cadmium. There has been studied the effect of different methods of sodium selenite application on the yield of spring wheat and the plants photosynthetic activity, depending on the level of soil contamination with cadmium. The object of research was a spring wheat variety Zlata. Plants have been cultivated in a greenhouse trial under soil culture conditions in Mitscherlich-vessels with a capacity of 6 kg of soil. Sod-podzolic soil has been used for research. Sodium selenite was introduced in three ways: pre-sowing seed treatment, foliar treatment of vegetative plants at the beginning of stage VI of organogenesis - the end of the tillering phase - the beginning of the stem-extension phase and the application of a salt solution into the soil when packing the vessels. The control samples represented variants without sodium selenite. To assess the plants photosynthetic productivity, there has been determined the chlorophyll content in plant leaves. The research results made it possible to determine the protective effect of sodium selenite on the adaptive capacity of plants under conditions of oxidative stress due to the soil contamination with cadmium. The increase in the adaptive capacity of plants manifested itself through the decrease in yield diminishing due to the improvement of conditions for fertile florets and ear initiations on the vegetative apex, as well as the development of flowers into grains, which contributed to increase in the grain content of the spike. The stimulating effect of selenium on the intensity of photosynthetic processes has been revealed, which showed not only the increase of chlorophylls content, but also the ratio changes of chlorophylls a and b. yields quality cadmium activity Mitscherlichvessels Mitscherlich vessels Sodpodzolic Sod podzolic ways presowing pre sowing stemextension stem extension productivity leaves apex grains spike revealed b

Resumo Atualmente, uma das tarefas da indústria agrícola moderna consiste em obter produtos ecologicamente seguros e limpos. A contaminação dos solos com metais pesados devido ao impacto antrópico aumenta o seu conteúdo na composição dos produtos vegetais. Isto molda não apenas uma redução no rendimento das colheitas, mas a deterioração da qualidade dos produtos. No âmbito da investigação da vegetação em cultura do solo, estudou-se o efeito protetor e estimulante do selenito de sódio sobre a capacidade adaptativa de plantas de trigo de primavera da variedade Zlata em condições de stress oxidativo devido à contaminação do solo com cádmio. Tem sido estudado o efeito de diferentes métodos de aplicação de selenito de sódio na produtividade do trigo de primavera e na atividade fotossintética das plantas, dependendo do nível de contaminação do solo com cádmio. O objeto de pesquisa foi uma variedade de trigo de primavera Zlata. As plantas foram cultivadas em um teste de estufa sob condições de cultura do solo em vasos Mitscherlich com capacidade para 6 kg de solo. Solo sod-podzólico tem sido usado para pesquisa. O selenito de sódio foi introduzido de três maneiras: tratamento de sementes pré-semeadura, tratamento foliar de plantas vegetativas no início da fase VI da organogênese - final da fase de perfilhamento - início da fase de extensão do caule e aplicação de solução salina no solo ao embalar os vasos. As amostras de controle representaram variantes sem selenito de sódio. Para avaliar a produtividade fotossintética das plantas, determinou-se o teor de clorofila nas folhas das plantas. Os resultados da pesquisa permitiram determinar o efeito protetor do selenito de sódio sobre a capacidade adaptativa de plantas em condições de estresse oxidativo devido à contaminação do solo com cádmio. O aumento da capacidade adaptativa das plantas se manifestou pela diminuição do rendimento diminuindo devido à melhoria das condições para floretes férteis e iniciações de espigas no ápice vegetativo, bem como o desenvolvimento de flores em grãos, o que contribuiu para o aumento do grão conteúdo da espiga. O efeito estimulante do selênio na intensidade dos processos fotossintéticos foi revelado, o que mostrou não apenas o aumento do teor de clorofilas, mas também as mudanças na proporção de clorofilas a e b. Atualmente limpos vegetais colheitas estudouse estudou cádmio sodpodzólico sod podzólico maneiras présemeadura, présemeadura pré semeadura, semeadura pré-semeadura determinouse determinou vegetativo grãos espiga revelado b

Abstract Brown rot and blossom blight caused by fungi of the genus Monilinia are the most important peach diseases. The increased concern with the environment and the health of workers and consumers, as well as the emergence of fungus isolates resistant to the main fungicide molecules favor control strategies such as genetic resistance. The objective of this study was to adjust a phenotyping protocol for evaluation of resistance/susceptibility to blossom blight in peach, as well as to quantify the antioxidant compounds present in the petals of these flowers and their correlation with the disease incidence and severity. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block split-split plot design, the plot being four concentrations of Monilinia fructicola conidia; the subplot two phenological flower stage; and the sub-subplot four peach genotypes. The quantification of antioxidant compounds and their correlation with susceptibility to blossom blight was performed in the four genotypes analyzed. Phenotyping was more efficient when concentrations between 400 and 4,000 conidia mL-1 were used, regardless of phenological flower stage. The phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity are positively correlated among them, and negatively correlated with the blossom blight incidence and severity. In order to estimate the blossom blight susceptibility, it is recommended to use flowers at the pink or bloom stage, inoculum equivalent to 20-200 conidia per flower, and perform the evaluation at 96 hours after inoculation. This study suggests that more intense pink flowers have a higher content of antioxidant compounds and less blossom blight susceptibility. diseases consumers resistance resistancesusceptibility severity splitsplit split design stage subsubplot sub analyzed 40 4000 4 000 4,00 mL1 mL 1 mL- used them 20200 20 200 20-20 9 inoculation 00 4,0 2020 2 20-2 0 4, 202 20-

Abstract Studies about the viability and vigor of seeds during storage, especially on the characterization of enzymatic changes, may increase the harvesting efficiency of immature seeds and guarantee their viability for a prolonged period. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the behavior of immature seeds of Tabebuia caraiba during storage. For this, thirty selected mother plants at the anthesis stage located in São João do Cariri and Sumé, Paraíba, Brazil were selected. Flowers of each tree were marked, and the fruits were harvested at 35, 42, and 49 days after anthesis (DAA) and characterized according to their maturation stages. The seeds from each maturation stage and city were packed in paper bags and stored in a refrigerator (6 ± 2 °C) for 360 days. The seed quality, seedling vigor, and enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX) were evaluated at the beginning of the storage period and intervals of 90 days. The seeds of T. caraiba harvested at 35, 42, and 49 DAA maintained high viability for 360 days of storage. T. caraiba seeds stored for 360 days withstood with high vigor when harvested at 42 DAA. The CAT, SOD, and POX activity was correlated to the deterioration process of the seeds under storage conditions. changes Therefore Sumé Paraíba marked 35 4 (DAA stages 6 ( °C C 36 quality SOD , (SOD) CAT (CAT) (POX 9 T conditions 3 (SOD (CAT

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las características morfológicas y analizar los parámetros de crecimiento de tres cultivares híbridos de girasol (Helianthus annuus L.) para flor de corte, cultivados a campo abierto. Los cultivares híbridos Vicent Choice, Sunrich Orange y SM-373 se evaluaron en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. El ciclo del cultivo se finalizó al 40 % de apertura floral, a los 53 días después de la siembra para Vicent Choice, 55 días para Sunrich Orange y 63 para SM 373. La longitud del tallo promedio para los tres cultivares fue 87,36 cm. La dinámica de crecimiento de los tres cultivares se ajustó a un modelo cuadrático, en el que el tallo presentó el 50,12% del total de materia seca promedio, y el cultivar híbrido Vicent Choice obtuvo la mayor acumulación de masa seca total (42,54 g). La floración fue el estado de desarrollo con mayor eficiencia fotosintética y el índice de área foliar promedio de los tres cultivares fue de 1,33 a los 46 días después de la siembra, y Vicent Choice produjo 679 tallos exportables, lo que representó el 70,72 % del total de la producción del estudio.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the flower morphological characteristics and analyze the growth parameters for cut-flower of three sunflower hybrid cultivars (Helianthus annuus L.), coming from open field cultivation. Hybrid cultivars Vicent Choice, Sunrich Orange and SM-373 were evaluated in a Complete Block Design with four replicates. The cycle of sunflower cultivation was finalized at 40% flower opening, which occurred at 53 days after planting for Vicent Choice, 55 days for Sunrich Orange and 63 days for SM-373. In this study, the three hybrid cultivars stem length average was 87.36 cm. The growth dynamic of the three varieties was adjusted to a quadratic model, in which the stem yielded in average 50.12% of dry matter, and the Vicent Choice hybrid cultivar recorded the highest total dry matter accumulation (42.54g). Flowering was the development stage with highest photosynthetic efficacy, the average foliar area index of the three varieties was 1.33 at 46 days after planting, and Vicent Choice produced 679 exportable stems, representing 70.72% of the study's total production.

Resumo Flores de cravo (Dianthus caryophyllus cv. Dover) foram colhidas no estádio de pincel no início da manhã, pré-resfriadas a 4 °C por 6 horas e então movidas a seco para o laboratório. As flores foram pesadas e tratadas por 24 horas com nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) a 0, 5 ou 10 ppm em baldes plásticos. Após os tratamentos de plusing, as flores cortadas foram transferidas para frascos de vidro de 500 mL contendo 300 mL de solução de preservação incluindo, individualmente, ácido húmico a 200, 400 ou 600 ppm e gel de Aloe vera a 2,5%, 5.0% ou 7,5% até o final do experimento (quando a cor da flor começou a desbotar, as pétalas começaram a enrolar). Água destilada foi utilizada para o controle e preparação das soluções testadas. Sacarose 2% foi adicionada a todos os tratamentos, incluindo o controle. A adição de todos os conservantes às soluções de vaso aumentou significativamente características estudadas em relação ao controle (água destilada, valores mínimos). Os tratamentos com nanopartículas de prata têm potencial para serem usados como soluções conservantes para melhorar a vida de vaso e a qualidade das flores de cravo. Observou-se incremento na vida de vaso, massa fresca relativa, absorção de solução de vaso, diâmetro das flores e clorofilas totais nas folhas, carboidratos totais e fenóis totais nas folhas e pétalas, além de diminuição na contagem bacteriana na solução de vaso. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos utilizando 5 ppm de AgNPs + 5.0% de gel de Aloe vera seguido por 5 ppm de AgNPs + 7.5% de soluções de gel de Aloe vera. O gel de Aloe vera, especialmente o nível de 5%, mostrou melhores resultados do que o ácido húmico quando usado sozinho ou combinado com AgNPs. Nanosilver a 5 ppm registrou resultados melhores do que 10 ppm quando usado como um único tratamento.

Abstract Standard Carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus cv. Dover) were harvested at the paint brush stage in the early morning, pre-cooled at 4° C for 6-h then moved under dry conditions to the laboratory. Flowers were weighted and treated for 24-h with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at 0, 5 or 10 ppm in plastic buckets. After pulsing treatments, cut flowers were transferred to 500 mL glass jars containing 300 mL of preservation solution treatments including, individually, humic acid at 200, 400 or 600 ppm and Aloe vera gel at 2.5%, 5.0% or 7.5% (w/v) till the end of the experiment (when flower color began to fade, petals began to roll). Distilled water was used for the control and to prepare the tested solutions. 2% sucrose was added to all treatments including the control. Addition of all preservatives to vase solutions significantly increased all the studied characteristics of cut flowers compared to control (distilled water, least values). Nanosilver treatments have the potential to be used as preservative solutions for improving postharvest vase life and quality of carnation flowers. An increment in vase life, relative fresh weight, vase solution uptake, flower diameter as well as total chlorophylls in leaves, total carbohydrates and total phenols in leaves and petals was observed, in addition to a decrease in bacterial counts in vase solution. Best results were obtained using 5 ppm AgNPs + 5.0% Aloe vera gel followed by 5 ppm AgNPs +7.5% Aloe vera gel solutions. Aloe vera gel, especially 5.0% level, showed better results than humic acid when used alone or combined with AgNPs. Nanosilver at 5 ppm recorded better results than 10 ppm when used as a single treatment.

Abstract New parthenocarpic gynoecious cucumber line ‘PBRK-11’ was developed, morphologically characterized and observed that its fruits were dark green, cylindrical, seedless, bitter free, and long (19-22 cm). Besides, different chemicals {GA3, AgNO3, and [Ag(S2O3)2-3]} having different concentrations were used for altering the sex expression of parthenocarpic gynoecious line to induce male flowers for seed production. Analysis of variance showed that chemical applications significantly affect the male flower induction and plant mortality percentage of parthenocarpic gynoecious cucumber inbred. Application of silver thiosulphate @ 250 ppm induced maximum number of male flowers per plant, minimum plant mortality percentage and induced male flowers for longer duration in parthenocarpic gynoecious plants when sprayed at 3-4 leaf stage at weekly interval for three weeks. Besides, in vitro protocol was standardized to maintain it. Shoot tip explants cultured on half MS media showed higher regeneration rate of 53% with highest shoot initiation response in 32 days followed by M5 [MS + BAP (1.0 mgL-1) + Kinetin (1.0 mgL-1)] media with 48% regeneration. Root induction rate (80%) was high in MS media supplemented with IAA (1.0 mgL-1). The parthenocarpic gynoecious expression was found to be stable in tissue culture regenerated progenies.

Abstract we conducted anatomical analysis of anthers with the aim to establish the differences in the development pattern of microsporophytes and microgametophytes between perfect and imperfect flowers in the tribe Gardenieae (Rubiaceae). The species studied were: Tocoyena formosa (monoecious with perfect flowers), Cordiera concolor, Genipa americana, Randia calycina, and Randia heteromera (dioecious with imperfect flowers). Flowers in successive stages of development were collected and fixed. The material was processed and examined using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The present study revealed the stage when pollen is arrested in the functionally pistillate flowers of the dioecious taxa. Based on these observations an evolutionary sequence of changes towards the reduction of non-functional anthers in Rubiaceae is proposed. In addition, we describe and discuss characters that might be of importance in future phylogenetic studies in Rubiaceae (e.g., pollen morphology and its dispersal unit, the presence of orbicules, and a new type of placentoid). Rubiaceae. . (Rubiaceae) monoecious flowers, , flowers) concolor americana calycina flowers. fixed taxa nonfunctional non functional proposed addition e.g., eg e g (e.g. unit orbicules placentoid. placentoid placentoid) (Rubiaceae e.g. (e.g e.g