The present work aims to extract and test cashew nut peel oil as a natural antioxidant in the oxidative stabilization of biodiesel. Therefore, determinations of the ideal time of Soxhlet and thermal extractions, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses, and evaluation of the oxidative stability by Rancimat method were carried out. FTIR analyses revealed that the 3rd cycle of extraction was sufficient to extract all the oil, with an average yield of 30.0%. For the thermal extraction of the laboratory technical cashew nut peel oil, the best extraction, based on statistical analysis, was 60 min, yielding 20.0%. The FTIR analysis of the extracted cashew nut peel oil showed characteristic peaks of phenolic groups and organic acids, showing differences in the intensities of the absorption bands. The oxidative stability showed induction period of 8 h 40 min for the hydraulic press extraction, 10 h 35 min for the Soxhlet extraction, and 10 h 65 min for the industrial technical extraction of the cashew nut peel oil. All values were below the 12-h limit established by the National Agency for Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP). The technical cashew nut peel oil extracted in the laboratory presented an induction period of 11 h 12 min, close to that recommended by ANP, proving to be a promising natural antioxidant. Cardanol presented satisfactory results with 25 h 22 min, double that suggested by ANP. Thus, cashew nut peel oil showed important and promising results as a natural antioxidant for biodiesel. biodiesel Therefore extractions (FTIR out rd 300 30 0 30.0% 6 200 20 20.0% acids bands 4 1 3 12h Petroleum ANP . (ANP) 2 Thus 30.0 20.0 (ANP 30. 20.

Abstract Rural roads serve as pivotal conduits for the transportation of harvested crops to distribution hubs in Guarapuava-PR, a national agricultural focal point. This study evaluated the impact of incorporating brick kilns ashes(BKA) into the lateritic soil of an unpaved roadway. Mixtures of soil and BKA with three distinct granulometries were formulated, featuring substitution rates of 25%, 50%, and 75% ash relative to the total mixture mass,characterized in terms of: particle size distribution, liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL), and the optimum point on the compaction curve under modified energy conditions (optimal moisture content and maximum dry bulk density). Results revealed that BKA inclusion led to increases in LL, PL, OMC, CBR, alongside a reduction of MDD and expansion for the majority of mixtures, particularly within granulometry C1 at a 25% content. Finer ashes exhibited prominence in ISC and expansion outcomes. Substitutions of 75% BKA detrimentally affected geotechnical properties; however, granulometric stabilization with BKA proved feasible, particularly in soil-C2 mixtures designated for use as a sub-base. These mixtures met recommended LL and PL parameters, providing effective waste mitigation and presenting an alternative for soil improvement in pavement applications. GuarapuavaPR, GuarapuavaPR Guarapuava PR, PR Guarapuava-PR ashesBKA ashes(BKA roadway formulated 25 50 50% 75 masscharacterized mass characterized , (LL) (PL) optimal density. density . density) OMC CBR C outcomes properties however feasible soilC2 soilC C2 soil-C subbase. subbase sub base. base sub-base parameters applications 2 5 7 (LL (PL

Resumo Estradas vicinais são muito utilizadas para o escoamento da safra da área da colheita até os centros de distribuição na cidade de Guarapuava-PR, referência nacional no setor agrícola. Esta pesquisa avaliou o efeito da adição de cinzas de fornos de olarias (CFO) ao solo laterítico de uma estrada não pavimentada. Foram produzidas misturas de solo e CFO de três diferentes granulometrias, nos teores de substituição de 25%, 50% e 75%, de cinza em relação à massa total da mistura, caracterizadas quanto à:granulometria, limite de liquidez (LL), limite de plasticidade (LP) e ponto ótimo da curva de compactação sob energia modificada (umidade ótima (wot) e peso específico aparente seco máximo (ρdmáx)). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a adição da CFO foi responsável por aumentos nos parâmetros LL, LP, wot, ISC, bem como pela redução do ρdmáx e da expansão da maioria das misturas, principalmente para a granulometria C1, no teor de 25%. Cinzas mais finas destacaram-se nos resultados de ISC e expansão. Substituições de 75% de CFO prejudicaram as propriedades geotécnicas, mas a estabilização granulométrica com CFO revelou-se viável, especialmente em misturas solo-C2 para utilização como sub-base, atendendo aos parâmetros recomendados de LL e LP, proporcionando mitigação de resíduos e uma alternativa para melhoramento de solos para pavimentação. GuarapuavaPR, GuarapuavaPR Guarapuava PR, PR Guarapuava-PR agrícola (CFO pavimentada granulometrias 25 25% 50 75 mistura àgranulometria, àgranulometria granulometria, à:granulometria , (LL) LP (LP umidade wot (wot ρdmáx. . (ρdmáx)) C1 C destacaramse destacaram se geotécnicas revelouse revelou viável soloC2 soloC C2 solo-C subbase, subbase sub base, base sub-base pavimentação 2 5 7 (LL (ρdmáx) (ρdmáx

Abstract The text addresses the analysis of the global pandemic in December 2021, caused by the Sars-Cov 2 virus, resulting in millions of deaths and transforming social, institutional, and familial life. Following the stabilization of Covid-19 in various regions, there is an emphasis on reflecting on the two years of almost complete confinement, acknowledging that this crisis is a superimposition of health, social, political, economic, educational, and environmental crises. The importance of examining the implications for the pedagogical sphere and professional training in the “new normal” is highlighted. A historical analysis of the pandemic is proposed from psychological, social, cultural, educational, and environmental perspectives. Advocacy for learning from the experience, reviewing virtual pedagogical actions, and building more promising futures by integrating educational and environmental aspects. Finally, it is suggested to use analytical perspectives from authors such as Isabelle Stengers, Donna Haraway, and Ailton Krenak to understand and address the challenges posed.

Resumen El texto aborda el análisis de la pandemia global de diciembre de 2021, causada por el virus Sars-Cov 2, que resultó en millones de muertes y transformó la vida social, institucional y familiar. Tras la estabilización del Covid en varias regiones, se destaca la necesidad de reflexionar sobre los dos años de casi total confinamiento, reconociendo que esta crisis es una superposición de crisis en salud, social, política, económica, educativa y ambiental. Se plantea la importancia de examinar las implicaciones para el ámbito pedagógico y la formación profesional en la “nueva normalidad”. Se propone un análisis histórico de la pandemia desde perspectivas psicológicas, sociales, culturales, educativas y ambientales. Se aboga por aprender de la experiencia, revisar las acciones pedagógicas virtuales y construir futuros más prometedores, integrando lo educativo y ambiental. Finalmente, se sugiere utilizar perspectivas analíticas de autores como Isabelle Stengers, Donna Haraway y Ailton Krenak para comprender y abordar los desafíos planteados.

Resumen Introducción : La enfermedad de Fabry (EF) es una enfermedad de almacenamiento lisosomal ligada al cromosoma X que afecta el metabolismo de glicoes fingolípidos. La mayoría de pacientes EF tienen afec tación cardíaca, manifestada principalmente como hipertrofia ventricular izquierda (HVI), que conduce a muerte prematura secundaria a complicaciones (arritmias, valvulopatías, afectación vascular). El trata miento de reemplazo enzimático (TRE) precoz, iniciado antes del desarrollo de la fibrosis, se relaciona con mejores resultados cardíacos en términos del índice de masa ventricular izquierda (IMVI) y parámetros funcionales. Métodos : Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo obser vacional en que se incluyeron pacientes con EF tratados con agalsidasa alfa por al menos 2 años. Los objetivos primarios fueron: [a] evaluar el cambio anual del IMVI; [b] definir la incidencia global de estabilidad, regresión o progresión del IMVI. Resultados : Se incluyeron 49 pacientes, con segui miento (mediana) de 7 años. El cambio global en el IMVI fue 0.38 g/m2.73/año, sin influencia significativa de HVI basal, sexo, edad de inicio de TRE, fracción de eyección del VI, índice de masa corporal, insuficiencia renal y factores de riesgo cardiovascular clásicos. La TRE a largo plazo con agalsidasa alfa se relacionó con la estabilización del IMVI en el 98% de los pacientes con EF, independientemente de las mismas covariables. Conclusión : Nuestros resultados están en línea con la bibliografía previa de poblaciones comparables y, pro bablemente, representan el primer estudio de este tipo en Argentina. Se destaca la importancia de la estabilidad morfométrica cardíaca como resultado positivo de la TRE.

Abstract Introduction : Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked ly sosomal storage disorder affecting glycosphingolipid metabolism. Most FD patients have cardiac involvement, mainly manifested as left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), leading to early death due to complications (arrhyth mias, valvular disease, vascular involvement). Early initiation of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) before fibrosis development has been associated with better cardiac outcomes in terms of left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and functional parameters. Methods : A retrospective observational study was conducted in patients with FD treated with agalsidase alfa for at least 2 years. The primary objectives were: [a] to assess the annual rate of change in LVMI; [b] to define the overall incidence of stability, regression or progression of LVMI. Results : Forty-nine patients were included in the final analysis, with a median follow-up of 7 years. The overall change in LVMI was 0.38 g/m2.73/year, without significant influence of baseline LVH, gender, age at ERT initiation, LV ejection fraction, body mass index, renal disease, and classical cardiovascular risk factors. Long-term ERT with agalsidase alfa was associated with stabilization of LVMI in 98% of patients with FD and was independent of the same covariables. Conclusion : Our results are in line with previous literature of comparable FD populations and probably represent the first study of its kind in Argentina. We here highlight the importance of cardiac morphomet ric stability as a positive outcome of ERT.

Resumen: En la actualidad, existen materiales provenientes de la industria, que bajo ciertas condiciones físicas pueden aportar al mejoramiento de las propiedades de mecánicas de un suelo. Materiales como el polvo de ladrillo (BD) y las cenizas de carbón (FA) tienen contenidos altos de SiO2 y Al3O2, que denotan actividad puzolánica. Además, se ha comprobado que dichos materiales pueden activarse al combinarse con cal. Esto genera procesos internos de cementación cuando el tamaño de grano es de 75 micras. Las vías rurales en Colombia presentan uno de los porcentajes más altos de toda la red vial y solo un 7% aproximadamente se encuentra en buen estado. Las difíciles condiciones de acceso, la susceptibilidad de los suelos, la imposibilidad financiera de intervenir toda esta red y la necesidad de implementar procesos de economía circular hace que estos materiales sean atractivos en temas de estabilización para mejorar las condiciones de tránsito. El BD y FA fueron aplicadas en dosificaciones del 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% y 24% en suelos finogranulares (limo y arcilla) y suelos arenosos, se evaluó la compactación y se realizó un diseño experimental factorial para evaluar la influencia del material en la variable resistencia a la compresión inconfinada, por medio de un análisis ANOVA. Para evaluar el desempeño del BD y las FA, se realizó una pista de prueba sobre una vía de bajo volumen de tráfico en el norte de Colombia, la cual tenía un suelo arenoso. BD y FA fueron adicionados al 12% y activados con cal, en celdas de 30 m de longitud. Para establecer un patrón comparativo se hicieron otras celdas en las mismas condiciones geométricas con materiales que usualmente se usan en este tipo de aplicaciones como el cemento. Estas celdas fueron evaluadas en periodo de 16 meses. Características como el módulo resiliente, El índice de internacional de rugosidad IRI y el coeficiente de resistencia al deslizamiento fueron medidos en ese período. Los resultados indican que cuando se adicionan estos materiales en suelos finogranulares (limos y arcillas), la resistencia a la compresión inconfinada aumenta un 150% respecto al suelo sin estabilizar, mientras que para suelos arenosos la resistencia aumenta desde un 70% hasta un 125%. Durante el período de evaluación, el BD y las FA lograron presentar aumentos por encima del 50% en el módulo resiliente respecto al suelo sin estabilizar. Sin embargo, las FA presentaron resultados comparables respecto al tramo estabilizado con cemento. Adicionalmente, sin bien, los tramos se fueron deteriorando en el tiempo, mantuvieron su indicen de rugosidad dentro de los rangos admisibles indicativos de buen índice de serviciabilidad.

Abstract: Currently, there are materials from industry that, under certain physical conditions, can contribute to the improvement of soils mechanical properties. Materials such as brick dust (BD) and fly ash (FA) have high SiO2 and Al2O3 contents, which denote pozzolanic activity. In addition, it has been shown that these materials can be activated when combined with lime. This generates internal cementation processes when the particle size is 0.075 mm. Rural roads in Colombia have one of the highest percentages of the entire road infrastructure, and only about 7% are in good condition. Difficult access conditions, soil susceptibility, the financial impossibility of intervening in this entire network and the need to implement circular economy processes, make these materials attractive in terms of stabilization to improve traffic conditions. BD and FA were applied in dosages of 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 24% in finogranular soils (silt and clay) and sandy soils, compaction was evaluated, and a factorial experimental design was carried out to evaluate the influence of the material on the variable unconfined compressive strength (UCS), through an ANOVA analysis. To evaluate the performance of BD and FA, a test track was made on a low traffic volume road in northern Colombia, which had a sandy soil. BD and FA were added at 12% and activated with lime, in 30 m long cells. To establish a comparative pattern, other cells were made in the same geometric conditions with materials that are usually used in this type of application, such as cement. These cells were evaluated over a period of 16 months. Characteristics such as resilient modulus, international roughness index (IRI) and slip resistance coefficient were measured during this period. The results indicate that when these materials are added to finogranular soils (silts and clays), the UCS increases by 150% with respect to the unstabilized soil, while for sandy soils the strength increases from 70% to 125%. During the evaluation period, the BD and the FA were able to increases of over 50% in the resilient modulus with respect to the unstabilized soil. However, the FA showed comparable results with respect to the cement-stabilized cell. In addition, although the sections deteriorated over time, they maintained their roughness index within the admissible ranges indicative of a good serviceability index.

Abstract This study performed LSV simulation of two-step irreversible electron oxidation with the intermediate (E↓E), which was immobilized on the electrode surface. The response exhibited either one or two peaks, depending on the intermediate stability. The first electron transfer depended on the reactant diffusion, while the second one was a function of the accumulated intermediate. For this reason, the second Ip was higher than the first one, and the single peak split into two peaks, under the influence of an increased SR. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters influence on the two components of the response were analyzed.

Resumo A economia brasileira tem dois períodos considerados como perdidos em termos de crescimento econômico e outros indicadores sociais. O primeiro é a década de 1980, na qual o país teve que lidar com o endividamento externo, hiperinflação, concentração de renda e diversos planos de estabilização que não obtiveram sucesso. A década de 1990 é uma continuação da década anterior e, apesar do êxito do Plano Real, também ficou conhecida na literatura como a segunda década perdida em decorrência do baixo crescimento, desemprego elevado e agravamento da desigualdade de renda. Na década de 2010, a taxa média de crescimento da economia brasileira foi inferior às apresentadas nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, o que permite questionar se os anos de 2010 podem ser caracterizados como a terceira década perdida. Portanto, responder a esse questionamento é o objetivo deste artigo. Classificação JEL: E32; E05; E65.

Abstract The Brazilian economy has two periods considered lost in terms of economic growth and other social indicators. The first one is the 1980s, during which the country had to deal with external debt, hyperinflation, income inequality, and various stabilization plans that were unsuccessful. The 1990s continued the challenges of the previous decade, and despite the success of the Real Plan, it is also known in the literature as the second lost decade due to low growth, high unemployment, and worsening income inequality. In the 2010s, the average growth rate of the Brazilian economy was lower than that of the 1980s and 1990s, which raises the question of whether the 2010s can be characterized as the third lost decade. Therefore, addressing this question is the objective of this article.

Resumen La encefalitis aguda es un síndrome caracterizado por alteración del estado de consciencia e inflamación del parénquima encefálico; se asocia con múltiples causas, entre ellas las infecciosas, y entre estas las virales son las más comúnmente identificadas. Para el abordaje de estos pacientes es fundamental realizar una historia clínica y un examen físico detallados, estudios del líquido cefalorraquídeo e, idealmente, una resonancia magnética cerebral. Con estos hallazgos se puede efectuar una aproximación etiológica. De acuerdo con la disponibilidad de estudios diagnósticos, en el 20% o más de los pacientes no se logra establecer la causa. La estabilización inicial y el tratamiento empírico precoz con aciclovir a dosis altas tienen impacto en mortalidad y discapacidad.

Abstract Acute encephalitis is a syndrome characterized by an altered state of consciousness and inflammation of the brain parenchyma. It is associated with multiple causes, including infectious ones, with viral ones being the most commonly identified. To approach these patients, it is essential to perform a detailed clinical history and physical examination, studies of the cerebrospinal fluid, and ideally, a brain MRI. With these findings, an etiological approach can be made. According to the availability of diagnostic studies, in 20% or more of patients the cause cannot be established. Initial stabilization and early empirical treatment with high-dose acyclovir have an impact on mortality and disability.

Abstract In this paper, an assessment of the state of coastal territories of Ecuador monitoring issue is conducted. The use of an autonomous robotic aerial platform is proposed as a technical solution to enhance the efficiency of remote surveillance missions performed by national security services along coastline. Considering the UAV nonlinear flight dynamics, as well as the missing information of the environment, is designed a UAV hierarchical control structure composed of an adaptive PID based MPC control strategy. The implementation of an adaptive PID based MPC controller leads to significantly improve the UAV optimal trajectory tracking task, as well as satisfy properties such as adaptiveness, self-learning, and capability of handling uncertainties caused by the unpredictable behavior of sea currents and wind loads retaining robust performance features. In this work, the investigation of external disturbances on UAV stabilization and positioning accuracy considers swirling wind flows and short-term wind gusts. These correspond to deterministic and random processes, are mathematically represented as trigonometric functions with random amplitudes determined by the gust coefficients and the wind loading periods of the pulses. The established range is given by a set of several observations of wind loads in the coastal territories of Ecuador. The analyzed data is collected from the database of national meteorological stations. Finally, the simulation process of the perturbed controlled motion of the UAV along a segmented linear trajectory, as well as the data analysis and graphics are carried out in the MATLAB environment.

Resumen En este trabajo se realiza una evaluación del estado de los territorios costeros del Ecuador en términos de monitoreo. El uso de una plataforma aérea robótica autónoma se propone como una solución técnica para mejorar la eficiencia de las misiones de vigilancia remota realizadas por los servicios de seguridad nacional a lo largo de la zona costanera. Considerando la no linealidad de la dinámica de un UAV, así como la inexistencia de información sobre el entorno, se ha diseñado una estructura jerárquica de control compuesta por una estrategia adaptativa de PID basada en un controlador MPC. La implementación del controlador adaptativo PID basado en MPC conduce a mejorar significativamente la tarea de seguimiento de trayectoria óptima del UAV, así como a satisfacer propiedades tales como la adaptabilidad, el autoaprendizaje y la capacidad de manejar incertidumbres causadas por el comportamiento impredecible de las corrientes marinas y las cargas de viento, manteniendo características robustas de rendimiento. En este trabajo, la investigación de los efectos de las perturbaciones externas sobre la estabilización y precisión de posicionamiento del UAV considera flujos arremolinados y ráfagas de corta duración. Estos corresponden a procesos deterministas y aleatorios, son representados matemáticamente como funciones trigonométricas con amplitudes aleatorias determinadas por los coeficientes de perturbaciones y los períodos de carga de viento de las pulsaciones. El rango establecido se da mediante un conjunto de varias observaciones de cargas de viento en los territorios costeros de Ecuador. Los datos analizados son recogidos de la base de datos de las estaciones meteorológicas nacionales. Finalmente, el proceso de simulación del movimiento controlado perturbado del UAV a lo largo de una trayectoria lineal segmentada, así como el análisis de datos y gráficos, se llevan a cabo en el entorno de MATLAB.

RESUMEN La deposición de asfaltenos es un problema que se presenta en las operaciones petroleras afectando a la mayoría de los petróleos, usándose productos inhibidores/dispersantes para su solución. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura científica para analizar productos alternativos evaluados entre 2014-2023, y las características de las investigaciones publicadas. Se utilizó Google Académico y criterios de inclusión y exclusión según la declaración PRISMA, ubicándose en total 24 artículos. Venezuela destaca con la mayor producción de investigaciones, los productos sintéticos fueron más utilizados (líquidos iónicos, resinas y nanopartículas metálicas) y entre los naturales los aceites vegetales. Los métodos de ensayo principales fueron microscopía óptica y absorbancia, los análisis se basaron principalmente en descripción/comparación y se visualizaron 4 aceites vegetales y 5 productos sintéticos con eficiencias mayores a 75 %. Se resalta la necesidad de investigación con productos naturales por ser de más fácil obtención, menos costosos y amigables con el ambiente.

ABSTRACT Asphaltene deposition is a problem that occurs in oil operations, affecting most types of crude oil. Inhibitor/dispersant products are used to address this issue. A systematic review of scientific literature was conducted to analyze alternative products evaluated between 2014 and 2023, as well as the characteristics of the published research. Google Scholar was used along with inclusion and exclusion criteria according to the PRISMA statement, resulting in a total of 24 articles. Venezuela stands out with the highest production of research. Synthetic products were more commonly used (ionic liquids, resins, and metallic nanoparticles), and among natural products, vegetable oils were prominent. The main testing methods were optical microscopy and absorbance. The analyses were primarily based on description/comparison, and four vegetable oils and five synthetic products were found to have efficiencies greater than 75%. The need for research with natural products is highlighted, as they are more easily obtainable, less expensive, and environmentally friendly.

Abstract: This research presents a novel trajectory generation algorithm and the design of a prescribed time controller for trajectory tracking tasks for autonomous vehicles. The trajectory generation algorithm uses a hybrid combination of computer vision techniques and intelligent rail detection methods using an on-board camera. Based on the previous information, a possible trajectory is then generated that the vehicle should follow. A time-prescribed controller is then developed and implemented to track the trajectory generated by the proposed methodology. The controller uses a hybrid structure in which a time-varying feedback controller transitions into a fixed-time controller. This approach achieves stabilization in the prescribed time despite the initial conditions. To address the trajectory design, a scaled autonomous vehicle simulator was used to then evaluate the prescribed time controller compared to a finite time controller and a dynamic feedback controller. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of trajectory generation and trajectory tracking control algorithms in addressing these challenges in real-world scenarios by examining two situations: unperturbed and perturbed cases.

Abstract Presented as a model of monetary stabilization, the Real Plan laid the foundations upon which the dynamics of contemporary Brazilian economy unfold. Its impact extends far beyond the containment of inflationary pressures, with repercussions on the national economy as a whole. The macroeconomic scenario shaped by this plan catalyzed a transformation in the Brazilian political economy, standardizing the financialization process: since 1994, under its contours, there had been a restructuring and subsequent consolidation of the predominant role played by national finance in the power bloc built during the 1990s. The hypothesis of inertial inflation was a subsidy for its rules, with a central focus on the operationalization of Selic to meet internal aggregate demand and exchange rate appreciation. Thereby, by the way it changed the Brazilian economic panorama, the Real Plan is understood as a central concept in our economic history, a symbol of its time and the spirit of this era. JEL: N26, N46 stabilization unfold pressures whole process 1994 contours 1990s s rules appreciation Thereby panorama history era JEL N26 N N4 199 N2 19 1

Resumo Apresentado como modelo de estabilização monetária, o Plano Real lançou as bases sobre as quais se revela a dinâmica econômica brasileira contemporânea. Seus efeitos vão além do combate às pressões inflacionárias, com reflexos na economia nacional em sua totalidade. Sua macroeconomia transformou a economia política brasileira, normatizando seu processo de financeirização: desde 1994, sob seus contornos, reestruturou-se e, posteriormente, consolidou-se o papel dominante das finanças nacionais no bloco no poder construído ao longo da década de 1990. A hipótese da inflação inercial serviu como subsídio às suas regras, cujo cerne apresenta a operacionalização da Selic visando a demanda agregada interna e a valorização cambial. Desse modo, pela maneira como alterou o panorama econômico brasileiro, compreende-se o Plano Real como conceito em nossa história econômica, símbolo de seu tempo e espírito de sua época. monetária contemporânea inflacionárias totalidade financeirização 1994 contornos reestruturouse reestruturou posteriormente consolidouse consolidou 1990 regras cambial modo brasileiro compreendese compreende época 199 19 1

Resumo Este artigo investiga os fundamentos econômicos que facilitaram a liderança de Buenos Aires em sua disputa com a Confederação Argentina durante o período de 1852 a 1862. Ao contrário de parte da literatura que destaca a importância das reformas fiscais e monetárias promovidas pelas autoridades portenhas como causa da estabilização econômica e institucional da província, o trabalho argumenta que o elemento decisivo para resolver a disputa foi o histórico poder financeiro conferido pela moeda fiduciária. Esse poder permitiu um financiamento militar praticamente ilimitado, sem alterações significativas após a batalha de Caseros. Para respaldar essa hipótese, são considerados trabalhos destacados da historiografia argentina. 185 1862 província fiduciária ilimitado Caseros hipótese argentina 18 186 1

Abstract This article analyzes the economic foundations that facilitated the leadership of Buenos Aires in its dispute with the Argentine Confederation during the period 1852-1862. Unlike a part of the literature that emphasizes the relevance of the fiscal and monetary reforms promoted by the Buenos Aires authorities (as a cause of the economic and institutional stabilization of that province), the work proposes that the decisive aspect to settle the dispute was the historical financial power that its fiduciary currency conferred on it. This power allowed it a practically unlimited military financing, which was not altered after the Battle of Caseros. For these purposes, distinguished works of Argentine historiography that support the sustained hypothesis are considered. 18521862. 18521862 1852 1862. 1862 1852-1862 as province, province , province) financing Caseros purposes considered 1852186 185 186 1852-186 185218 18 1852-18 18521 1 1852-1 1852-

Resumen Este artículo indaga los fundamentos económicos que facilitaron el liderazgo de Buenos Aires en su disputa con la Confederación Argentina, durante el período 1852-1862. A diferencia de una parte de la literatura que enfatiza la relevancia de las reformas fiscales y monetarias impulsadas por las autoridades porteñas como causa de la estabilización económica e institucional de esa provincia, el trabajo plantea que el aspecto decisivo para dirimir la disputa fue el histórico poder financiero que le confirió su moneda fiduciaria. Dicho poder le permitió un financiamiento militar prácticamente ilimitado, que no tuvo alteraciones con posterioridad a la batalla de Caseros. A estos fines se consideran trabajos distinguidos de la historiografía argentina que respaldan la hipótesis sostenida. JEL: E42, H77, N46. Argentina 18521862. 18521862 1852 1862. 1862 1852-1862 provincia fiduciaria ilimitado Caseros sostenida JEL E42 E H77 H N46 N 1852186 185 186 1852-186 E4 H7 N4 185218 18 1852-18 18521 1 1852-1 1852-

Abstract: Soil is the basic material for the manufacture of compressed earth bricks, which is worked without any type of stabilization to obtain the minimum physical and mechanical properties required according to Peruvian standard E.070. The objective of this research is to evaluate the physical and mechanical characteristics of compressed earth bricks stabilized with different dosages of 5, 8, 12, 12, 15 and 18% of cement in dry weight of soil. The tests performed were: absorption, compressive strength, flexural strength per unit of masonry, compressive strength in piles, diagonal compressive strength of walls and the X-ray diffraction test. The results obtained show that with 18% of cement the optimum resistance is obtained, in terms of compressive strength increased by 53.95%, flexural strength by 43%, pile compressive strength by 36.6%, and wall diagonal compressive strength by 41.24%, respectively. The X-ray diffraction test applied to the optimum stabilized compressed earth brick sample shows that its composition is dominated by certain components such as 32.4% calcium silicate, 23.8% aluminum silicate, 17.4% hydrated calcium, 14.2% illite, 6.86% calcium oxide, 3.34% quartz, 1.2% kaolinite and 0.8% goethite. It is concluded that cement-stabilized compressed earth bricks (LTCEC) are a sustainable construction alternative that improves the mechanical properties of earth bricks.

Resumen: El suelo es el material básico para la fabricación de ladrillos de tierra comprimida, el cual se trabaja sin ningún tipo de estabilización para obtener las propiedades físicas y mecánicas mínimas requeridas según la norma peruana E.070. El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar las características físicas y mecánicas de ladrillos de tierra comprimida estabilizados con diferentes dosificaciones de 5, 8, 12, 15 y 18% de cemento en peso seco de suelo. Los ensayos realizados fueron: absorción, resistencia a la compresión, resistencia a la flexión por unidad de mampostería, resistencia a la compresión en pilas, resistencia a la compresión diagonal de muros y el ensayo de difracción de rayos X. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que con 18% de cemento se obtienen la resistencia óptima, en términos de resistencia a la compresión aumenta en un 53.95%, resistencia a la flexión en un 43%, resistencia a la compresión en pilas en un 36.6%, y resistencia a la compresión diagonal de muros en un 41.24%, respectivamente. La prueba de difracción de rayos X aplicada a la muestra óptima de ladrillo de tierra comprimida estabilizada muestra que en su composición predominan ciertos componentes como 32.4% de silicato de calcio, 23.8% de silicato de aluminio, 17.4% de calcio hidratado, 14.2% de illita, 6.86% de óxido de calcio, 3.34% de cuarzo, 1.2% de caolinita y 0.8% de goethita. Se concluye que los ladrillos de tierra comprimida estabilizados con cemento (LTCEC) son una alternativa de construcción sostenible que mejora las propiedades mecánicas de los ladrillos de tierra.

Resumen Dentro de las estructuras de retención o contención, usadas ampliamente en la infraestructura vial, existe una gama amplia de posibilidades, como son las estructuras de gravedad convencionales (gaviones, criba, etc.), reforzadas, embebidas, anclajes, suelo estabilizado mecánicamente, entre otras. Dentro de ellas también, se encuentran las bolsas gigantes de geotextil, las cuales funcionan por gravedad usando material de relleno del sitio y demostrando un buen rendimiento ante la protección contra la erosión fluvial, marítima y en obras de protección o de contención para vías. Este artículo presenta la versatilidad de las bolsas gigantes de geotextil en la infraestructura vial, en la estabilización de terraplenes, taludes; y control de erosión fluvial y costera. Se presenta como estudio de caso a la zona de Bengala (kilómetro 21 de la vía Garzón - Neiva) y Túnel de Crespo (Cartagena - Colombia). La metodología utilizada para evaluar la evolución de la mejora con la intervención de bolsas gigantes de geotextil se realiza mediante el reporte de diseño, ejecución, seguimiento y control de la geometría del sitio de estudio. Las zonas intervenidas con bolsas de geotextil gigante presentan un comportamiento efectivo en la estabilidad del terreno, en el control de erosión y en la recuperación geométrica. A nivel cualitativo se logra evidenciar el proceso de restauración y estabilización de la costa y talud afectados, gracias a la intervención con bolsas de geotextil gigantes. A nivel cuantitativo se aprecia la estabilidad a largo plazo y la recuperación geométrica de las zonas intervenidas.

Abstract Between retaining structures, widely used in road infrastructure, there is a wide range of possibilities: conventional gravity structures (gabions, screens, etc.), reinforced, embedded, anchors, mechanically stabilized soil, among others. Among them, there is also the giant geotextile bags, which work by gravity using fill material from the site and demonstrating good performance against fluvial and maritime erosion, and road protection or containment. This article presents the versatility of giant geotextile bags in road infrastructure, embankment or slope stabilization; and river and coastal erosion control. As a case study, the Bengala (kilometer 21 of the Garzón - Neiva road) and Crespo Tunnel (Cartagena - Colombia) are presented. The methodology used to evaluate the evolution of the improvement with the intervention of giant geotextile bags is done through the report of design, execution, follow-up and control of the geometry of the intervened site. The areas intervened with giant geotextile bags show an effective behavior in soil stability, erosion control and geometric recovery. At a qualitative level, the process of restoration and stabilization of the affected coast and slope is evident, thanks to the intervention with giant geotextile bags. At a quantitative level, the long-term stability and geometric recovery of the intervened areas can be appreciated.