Abstract Cyathea corcovadensis and Cyathea phalerata are tree ferns native to Brazil, endangered in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Spore germination and gametophyte development in media with different nutrient formulations and activated charcoal were evaluated, aiming to develop a process for obtaining plants of the two species. Spores were sown in four semi-solid culture media: Meyer, Dyer, MS with 50% and MS with 25% of the original macronutrient concentration. For each medium, 10 replicates were carried out (flasks with 5 mg of spores/30 mL of medium), with and without 1% activated charcoal, respectively. Spore germination and gametophytic development (laminar and cordate stages) were quantified at 30, 60 and 90 days of culture. Cyathea corcovadensis and C. phalerata germinated and developed gametophytes in all media. For both species, the highest percentages of germination and cordate gametophytes (more advanced development stage) were recorded in Meyer medium without activated charcoal, which has higher concentrations of macronutrients and no micronutrients compared to the other evaluated media. We recommend cultivating the plants in Meyer medium for greater gametophytic development and subsequent sporophyte obtention, as a biotechnological tool for C. corcovadensis and C. phalerata conservation and for environmental restoration and enrichment using these tree ferns. Brazil Sul species semisolid semi solid Dyer 50 25 concentration 1 flasks spores30 spores 30 spores/3 , medium) respectively laminar stages 6 9 C more stage obtention 2 spores3 3 spores/

Resumo Cyathea corcovadensis e Cyathea phalerata são samambaias arborescentes nativas do Brasil, ameaçadas de extinção no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A germinação de esporos e o desenvolvimento de gametófitos em meios com diferentes formulações de nutrientes e carvão ativado foram avaliados, visando ao desenvolvimento de um processo para obtenção de plantas das duas espécies. Esporos foram semeados em quatro meios de cultura semi-sólidos: Meyer, Dyer, MS com 50% e MS com 25% da concentração original dos macronutrientes. Para cada meio, foram realizadas 10 repetições (frascos com 5 mg de esporos/30 mL de meio), respectivamente com e sem 1% de carvão ativado. A germinação dos esporos e o desenvolvimento gametofítico (estádios laminar e cordiforme) foram quantificados aos 30, 60 e 90 dias de cultivo. Cyathea corcovadensis e C. phalerata germinaram e desenvolveram gametófitos em todos os meios. Para ambas as espécies, as maiores porcentagens de germinação e de gametófitos cordiformes (estádio de desenvolvimento mais avançado) foram registradas no meio Meyer sem carvão ativado, que se caracteriza por maiores concentrações de macronutrientes e ausência de micronutrientes em comparação com os demais meios avaliados. Recomendamos cultivar as plantas em meio Meyer para maior desenvolvimento gametofítico e subsequente obtenção de esporófitos, como uma ferramenta biotecnológica para a conservação de C. corcovadensis e C. phalerata e restauração e enriquecimento ambiental usando estas samambaias arborescentes. Brasil Sul avaliados espécies semisólidos semi sólidos semi-sólidos Dyer 50 25 1 frascos esporos30 30 esporos/3 , meio) estádios cordiforme 6 9 cultivo C estádio avançado esporófitos 2 esporos3 3 esporos/

Abstract Pteris congesta an endemic and endangered species was investigated to identify morphological differences between its sterile and fertile leaves. Our findings have unveiled, leaf dimorphism in both morphology and growth patterns between fertile and sterile leaves. The sterile leaves petioles exhibited equivalent growth to the laminae, achieving complete leaf expansion within a month. In contrast, the petioles of fertile leaves elongated more than twice the size of the leaf blades that remain closed for the initial 30 days. Spore germination was carried out in both sterile and non-sterile soils, and juvenile sporophytes were cultivated to allow for morphological comparisons with those collected from the wild. One month after sowing the spores germinated in both soils resulting in a uniseriate germ filament Vittaria-type, and differentiated into laminar gametophytes, forming a Ceratopteris-type prothallus. The first leaf of the sporophyte emerged two months after sowing, and its development was completed one month later. Based on our studies, we propose that seedlings cultivated from spores germinated in soil can be used for the reintroduction of endangered fern species. unveiled laminae contrast 3 days nonsterile non wild Vittariatype, Vittariatype Vittaria type, type Vittaria-type gametophytes Ceratopteristype Ceratopteris prothallus later studies

Resumo Pteris congesta, uma espécie endêmica e ameaçada de extinção, foi investigada para identificar diferenças morfológicas entre suas folhas estéreis e férteis. Revelamos que há dimorfismo foliar tanto morfológico como também nos padrões de crescimento entre as folhas férteis e estéreis. Os pecíolos das folhas estéreis crescem de forma equivalente às lâminas e alcançam a expansão foliar completa em um mês. Em contraste, as folhas férteis alongam mais que o dobro do tamanho das lâminas foliares e permanecem fechadas nos primeiros 30 dias. A germinação de esporos foi realizada em solos estéreis e não estéreis, e esporófitos juvenis foram cultivados para permitir comparações morfológicas com aqueles coletados na natureza. Um mês após a semeadura, os esporos germinaram em ambos os solos resultando em filamentos germinativos unisseriados do tipo Vittaria que se diferenciaram em gametófitos laminares, formando um prótalo do tipo Ceratopteris. A primeira folha do esporófito emergiu dois meses após a semeadura, e seu desenvolvimento foi concluído um mês depois. Com base em nossos estudos, propomos que mudas cultivadas a partir de esporos germinados no solo possam ser utilizadas para a reintrodução de espécies de samambaias ameaçadas de extinção. congesta extinção contraste 3 dias natureza semeadura laminares Ceratopteris depois estudos

Fertile plants of Lejeunea capensis were found in Tucumán, Argentina. The population discovered in the Chaco Serrano represents a new location with respect to the nearest occurrences in Northwest of Argentina and constitutes the first record of sporophyte- bearing plants. Here we provide an amended description and an illustration including the first time data of the sporophyte of L. capensis.

Plantas fértiles de Lejeunea capensis fueron encontradas en Tucumán, Argentina. La población descubierta en el Chaco Serrano representa una nueva locación con respecto a sus ocurrencias más cercanas en el Noroeste de Argentina y es el primer registro de plantas con esporofitos. Aquà proporcionamos una enmienda de la descripción original e ilustraciones que incluyen por primera vez el esporofito de L. capensis.

ABSTRACT Bryaceae is a species-rich moss family comprising ten genera and 660 species, with four genera and 54 species occurring in Brazil. Bryum is the largest genus, with 440 cosmopolitan species, while Anomobryum comprises 47 cosmopolitan species. Identifying taxa in Bryaceae is usually a difficult task, mainly due to the lack of the sporophyte in herborized specimens. This study aimed to provide a taxonomic treatment for the species of Anomobryum and Bryum in Brazil. Field expeditions were performed in all Brazilian biomes and States, with specimens deposited in the SP herbarium. We examined type specimens and collections from national and international herbaria, but mostly from the SP herbarium. Two species of Anomobryum and 18 species of Bryum were recorded for Brazil. Twenty species occur in the Atlantic Forest, with Bryum pallescens, Anomobryum conicum and A. julaceum being exclusives. Bryum pallescens is a new record for Brazil, and B. riparioides is a reestablished name also endemic to Brazil. We present the first description of the sexuality of Bryum renauldii. Ten taxa of doubtful occurrence and 20 excluded names for Bryum were reported for Brazil.

Resumo A atribuição de nomenclaturas sexuais a plantas ou estruturas da fase esporofítica das angiospermas, como no termo flor hermafrodita, é recorrente no Ensino de Botânica e pode gerar distorções conceituais. Este trabalho buscou identificar a compatibilidade entre as nomenclaturas das estruturas reprodutivas de angiospermas com as fases de vida em livros didáticos de Ensino Superior e em artigos científicos, além de classificá-las de acordo com a possibilidade de promover distorções. Criamos uma lista com as principais nomenclaturas das estruturas reprodutivas de angiospermas e, com base nela, realizamos a análise categorial dos livros e artigos. Os resultados mostram uma ausência de padronização, pois um mesmo livro ou artigo, ora utiliza uma nomenclatura sexual em referência ao esporófito, ora não atribui sexualidade. Portanto, recomendamos a padronização e a unificação dos termos, isto é, a adequação da nomenclatura de uma estrutura com a fase de vida da planta e o uso de um único termo para cada estrutura.

Abstract Assigning sexual nomenclatures to plants or structures in the sporophyte phase of angiosperms, as in the term hermaphrodite flower, is a recurring practice in the teaching of Botany and may cause misunderstandings. This work aimed to identify the compatibility in textbooks of higher education and in scientific papers, between the nomenclatures of the reproductive structures of angiosperms with the life phases and then classify such terms according to their likelihood to cause misunderstandings. We created a list with the main nomenclatures of the reproductive structures of angiosperms and, based on it, we carried out a categorial analysis of the textbooks and papers. The results showed lack of standardization, as the same textbook or paper sometimes uses a sexual nomenclature referring to the sporophyte, and sometimes it does not assign sexuality to it. Therefore, we recommend a standardization and unification of the terms, namely, using a proper nomenclature of a structure according to the life phase of the plant and using an exclusive term for each structure.

Abstract Solan, R. & M. R. Piñeiro. 2021. The Splachnaceae species (Bryophyta) from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina: spores and their dispersion modes. Darwiniana, nueva serie 9(2): 254-264. The Splachnaceae family is a bryological component of the temperate forests of Nothofagus in the Fuegian region of Argentina. It is represented by the Tayloria genera with three species, T. dubyi (endemic), T. magellanica, T. mirabilis, and Tetraplodon, with a single specie Tetraplodon fuegianus. They grow on organic substrates of animal origin and are the only family among mosses in the area in which entomochory is observed (i.e. dispersion of spores through insects). From herbarium material, the taxonomic features of gametophytes and sporophytes which allow species to be identified are described. Spores were studied with OM and SEM. Dispersal vectors for Tayloria mirabilis and morfo-ecological adaptations associated with entomochory were observed and analyzed. Mosses are differentiated from their leaves and the morphology and color of the sporophyte capsules. The spores, similar in the studied species, are dispersed in sticky masses, they are spheroidal, monoletes, 8-13 μm of diameter with a pitted-reticulate ornamentation. The dispersing agents mostly correspond to the order Diptera. The Splachnaceae family has developed adaptive strategies in relation to substrate (coprophilous gametophytes), in striking and showy sporophytes morphologies and in a particular dispersal mode of the spores by insects. All these morpho-ecological adaptations contribute to an effective action of the dispersing agents in the muscinal biocenosis.

Resumen Solan, R. & M. R. Piñeiro. 2021. Las especies de Splachnaceae (Bryophyta) de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina: las esporas y sus modos de dispersión. Darwiniana, nueva serie 9(2): 254-264. La familia Splachnaceae, es un componente briológico de los bosques templados de Nothofagus en la región fueguina de Argentina. Se halla representada por los géneros Tayloria con tres especies T. dubyi, (endémica), T. magellanica, T. mirabilis, y Tetraplodon con una única especie, Tetraplodon fuegianus. Crecen sobre sustratos orgánicos de origen animal y son la única familia de musgos en la zona que presenta entomocoria (i.e. dispersión de las esporas a través de insectos). A partir de material de herbario, se describen los caracteres taxonómicos de los gametofitos y esporofitos que permiten identificar a las especies. Las esporas fueron estudiadas con MO y MEB. Se observaron y analizaron los vectores de dispersión de Tayloria mirabilis y las adaptaciones morfo-ecológicas asociadas a la entomocoria. Los musgos se diferencian por los filidios y por la morfología y el color de las cápsulas de los esporofitos. Las esporas, similares en las especies estudiadas, se dispersan en masas pegajosas, son esferoidales, monoletes, 8-13 µm de diámetro, con ornamentación foveo-reticulada. Los agentes de dispersión corresponden en su mayoría al orden Diptera. La familia Splachnaceae ha desarrollado estrategias adaptativas en relación al sustrato (gametofitos coprófilos), en la morfología de los esporofitos con llamativas y vistosas cápsulas y en un modo particular de dispersión de las esporas por insectos. Todas estas adaptaciones morfo- ecológicas contribuyen a una acción efectiva de los agentes dispersores en la biocenosis muscinal.

Abstract: Background and Aims: In Argentina seven species of the genus Anemia are recognized; one of them, A. phyllitidis, has two varieties. The anatomical records for A. phyllitidis var. phyllitidis are scarce and refer to the ontogeny of stomata, epidermis structure and type of petiole stele. This variety, which occurs in riparian forests, is affected by the increase of seasonal ecological pressures. There is scarce information about its sporophyte anatomy; hence, the aim of this work was to characterize it. Methods: Five specimens were collected from the margin of the El Parque stream (Tucumán-Argentina). A part was herborized and the other part was fixed in FAA. Subsequently, conventional histological techniques were used and stoma density and size of stomata and trichomes were determined. Histochemical tests were performed to detect starch (lugol) and phenolic compounds (10% ferric chloride). Key results: Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis shows diarch roots and dictyostelic rhizome covered with glandular trichomes. The petiole is covered by glandular trichomes, epidermis and subepidermis composed of lignified fibers, vascular bundle with phloem surrounding xylem, two-layered pericycle surrounded by endodermis and cortical tissue with starch and phenolic compounds. Sterile pinnae have pericytic, anomocytic, and desmocytic stomata (mean size 49.8 µm × 38.7 µm); glandular trichomes; dorsoventral hypostomatic lamina, vascular bundles with pericycle and endodermis. Fertile pinnae are anatomically similar to the rachis. Silica is present in some epidermal cells of the different organs. Conclusions: The sporophyte of A. phyllitidis var. phyllitidis showed anatomical, morphological and physiological traits that reveal its adaptation to the riparian habitat where it grows. At the same time, the description of this variety is deepened and unpublished data for the genus are provided, such as the presence of stegmata in the fertile pinnae.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: En Argentina, el género Anemia se encuentra representado por siete especies, una de ellas, A. phyllitidis, con dos variedades. Los antecedentes anatómicos para A. phyllitidis var. phyllitidis son escasos y están referidos a la ontogenia de estomas, estructura de epidermis y tipo de estela del pecíolo. Esta variedad, que habita en bosques riparios, es afectada por el incremento de presiones ecológicas estacionales. Debido a que la información que se registra acerca de la anatomía del esporofito es escasa, el objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizarlo. Métodos: Cinco especímenes fueron colectados en la ribera del arroyo El Parque (Tucumán-Argentina). Una parte fue herborizada y la otra se fijó en FAA. Posteriormente fueron utilizadas técnicas histológicas convencionales y se determinaron la densidad estomática y el tamaño de estomas y tricomas. Se realizaron pruebas histoquímicas para la detección de almidón (lugol) y compuestos fenólicos (cloruro férrico al 10%). Resultados clave: Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis muestra raíces diarcas y rizoma dictiostélico cubierto por tricomas glandulares. El pecíolo posee tricomas glandulares, epidermis y subepidermis formada por fibras lignificadas, haz vascular con xilema rodeado por floema, periciclo bistrato rodeado por endodermis y en el tejido cortical almidón y compuestos fenólicos. Las pinnas estériles poseen estomas pericíticos, anomocíticos y desmocíticos (tamaño promedio 49.8 µm × 38.7 µm); tricomas glandulares; lámina dorsiventral, hipostomática y haces vasculares con periciclo y endodermis. Las pinnas fértiles son anatómicamente semejantes al raquis. Algunas células epidérmicas de los distintos órganos evidenciaron la presencia de sílice. Conclusiones: El esporofito de A. phyllitidis var. phyllitidis mostró rasgos anatómicos, morfológicos y fisiológicos que revelan su adaptación al hábitat ribereño donde crece. Al mismo tiempo, se profundiza la descripción de esta variedad y se aportan datos inéditos del género, como la presencia de estegmata en las pinnas fértiles.

Abstract Background: Although there have been studies on the sexual phase of some species of Thelypteridaceae, none have included germination types and prothallial development. Question: Is there variation in the type of germination and prothallial development in the gametophytes of four species in the family Thelypteridaceae? Study species: Four species of the family Thelypteridaceae: Meniscium falcatum, Goniopteris mollis, Goniopteris liebmannii, and Goniopteris minor of the states of Chiapas, Oaxaca, and Tabasco. Methods: Spores were collected, sown in Petri dishes with Thompson culture medium, stored in transparent plastic bags, and placed in a plant growth chamber. The various stages of gametophyte development were fixed in FAA with 0.8 % sucrose, dehydrated in gradual alcohols, critical point dried, mounted on stubs, and coated with gold. The photomicrographs were obtained using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) Model Jeol JSM5310-LV. Results: The spores are monolete and perinate. Germination is of the Vittaria type, and prothallial development of the Aspidium type. Adult gametophytes are cordiform-spatulate, with numerous glandular, simple and single-celled hairs, antheridia and archegonia are of the leptosporangiate type. The first sporophyte leaf is bi or trilobate, with free dichotomous venation, with capitate-glandular hairs, simple, unicellular and acicular hairs, and hypostomatic polycytic stomata. Conclusions: The differences observed among the studied species are: spore size, perispore ornamentation, germination and emergence timing of the rhizoids, type and size of hairs, and development time of gametangia and sporophytes.

Resumen Antecedentes: Existen trabajos sobre la fase sexual para algunas especies de Thelypteridaceae, pero no hacen mención sobre tipos de germinación y desarrollo protálico. Pregunta: ¿Existe variación en el tipo de germinación y desarrollo protálico en los gametofitos de cuatro especies de la familia Thelypteridaceae? Especies de estudio: Cuatro especies de la familia Thelypteridaceae: Meniscium falcatum, Goniopteris mollis, Goniopteris liebmannii y Goniopteris minor, de los estados de Chiapas, Oaxaca y Tabasco. Métodos: Se recolectaron esporas, se sembraron en cajas Petri con medio de cultivo Thompson, guardándose en bolsas de plástico transparentes y se colocaron en una cámara de crecimiento de plantas. Las fases de desarrollo de los gametofitos se fijaron en FAA con sacarosa al 0.8 %, se deshidrataron en alcoholes graduales, se desecaron en punto crítico, se montaron en porta-muestras y se recubrieron con oro. Las microfotografías se obtuvieron usando un microscopio electrónico de barrido (MEB) Modelo Jeol JSM5310-LV. Resultados: Las esporas son monoletes y perinadas. La germinación es de tipo Vittaria, y el desarrollo protálico de tipo Aspidium. Los gametofitos adultos son cordiforme-espatulados, con pelos-capitados glandulares, simples y unicelulares. Los anteridios y arquegonios son del tipo leptosporangiados. La primera hoja del esporofito tiene forma lobada, bi o trilobada, con venación dicotómica abierta, con pelos-capitados glandulares, simples unicelulares y aciculares y estomas polocíticos hipostomáticos. Conclusiones: Las diferencias observadas entre las especies estudiadas son: tamaño de las esporas, ornamentación del perisporio, períodos de germinación y emergencia del rizoide, tipo y tamaño de los pelos, tiempo de desarrollo de los gametangios y esporofitos.

Resumen Introducción: Pteridium aquilinum es un helecho heliófilo ampliamente distribuido en México. Es una especie pionera que usualmente se encuentra en hábitats alterados y tiene gran relevancia ecológica por sus propiedades alelopáticas, su resistencia al fuego y a condiciones de sequía. Objetivo: Realizar una descripción integral de la forma y ornamentación de las esporas de P. aquilinum, así como de la morfogénesis del gametofito, incluyendo el tipo de germinación y el desarrollo protálico (resaltando su morfología). Además, describir la anatomía del esporofito joven desarrollado en condiciones in vitro. Metodología: Se utilizó microscopía electrónica de barrido y técnica histológica de parafina para la descripción de las fases del gametofito y esporofito. Resultados: Las esporas son globulares y el trilete tiene ornamentación granulada, mientras que su germinación fue de tipo Vittaria y el desarrollo protálico correspondió al tipo Adiantum. Los anteridios se observaron 13 días después de la siembra, mientras que los arquegonios surgieron al día 17. La primera hoja del esporofito apareció entre los días 60 y 70. Al cuarto mes, la fase esporofítica desarrollada in vitro mostró la anatomía típica de la especie a esta edad, dado que no presentó vitrificación. El análisis histológico del rizoma, la base del peciolo, el raquis de primer orden y la lámina mostraron los sistemas de tres tejidos bien diferenciados. Las modificaciones anatómicas observadas in vitro, como una dictiostela monocíclica y sólo una banda de esclerénquima en el rizoma, podrían atribuirse a la edad de los individuos. Por otra parte, los estomas están presentes en la superficie adaxial de la lámina, que corresponde al tipo anomocítico. Aunque estos estomas se formaron en condiciones in vitro, es importante resaltar que son completamente funcionales. Conclusiones: Nuestro trabajo describe por primera vez la morfo-anatomía de las fases gametofítica y esporofítica del ciclo de vida de P. aquilinum en condiciones in vitro. Nuestros resultados posiblemente permitan la exploración con mayor profundidad de las propiedades biológicas, fisiológicas y ecológicas de la especie.

Abstract Introduction: Pteridium aquilinum is a heliophilous fern widely distributed in Mexico. It is a pioneer species usually found within disturbed habitats with high ecological relevance because of its allelopathic properties, its resistance to fire and drought conditions. Objective: Provide an integrative description regarding P. aquilinum spores shape and ornamentation, and also on gametophyte morphogenesis, including the type of germination and the prothallic development (highlighting its morphology). Furthermore, the anatomy of young sporophyte grown under in vitro conditions was described. Methods: We used scanning electron microscopy and histological paraffin technique to describe the gametophytic and sporophytic phases. Results: The evaluation of the spores showed the presence of globular morphology and triletes with granulated ornamentation; while their germination was Vittaria-type, the prothallic development corresponded to the Adiantum-type. The antheridia were observed 13 days following to the sowing, whereas archegonia arose at day 17. The first leaf of the sporophyte appeared between days 60 and 70. At fourth month, the in vitro grown sporophyte showed the typical anatomy of the individuals of the species at this age, since it did not exhibit vitrification. The histological analysis of rhizome, the petiole base, first order rachis and lamina showed the three tissue systems well differentiated. The anatomical modifications observed in vitro, such as a non-polycyclic dictyostele and just one band sclerenchyma in the rhizome, may be attributed to the individuals age. Moreover, the stomata are present on the adaxial surface of lamina, corresponding to the anomocytic type. Although these stomata were developed under in vitro conditions, it is important to highlight that they are completely functional. Conclusions: Our work describes for the first time the morpho-anatomy of both the gametophytic and the sporophytic phases in the life cycle of P. aquilinum under in vitro conditions. Our results indicate that this method will allow deeper exploration of biological, physiological and ecological properties of the species.

ABSTRACT Objective: to extract and determine the antiviral activity of compounds from Chondracanthus chamissoi and Chlorella peruviana against DENV-2 in Vero-76 cells. Materials and methods: carrageenan from Chondracanthus chamissoi and soluble carbohydrates from Chlorella peruviana were extracted, and toxicity tests in VERO-76 cells and antiviral activity were determined. Results: carrageenan from Chondracanthus chamissoi sporophyte and gametophyte phases were obtained, the compound was identified as k-carrageenan using infrared light. Nine sugars (ribose, xylose, arabinose, fructose, mannose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, and lactose) were identified using chromatography in the soluble carbohydrate mix from Chondracanthus chamissoi, and four sugars (glucose, sucrose, maltose, and lactose) from Chlorella peruviana were identified. Compounds from Chondracanthus chamissoi and Chlorella peruviana soluble carbohydrate solutions did not show any cytotoxic effect, carbohydrates from the raw extract from Chlorella peruviana did have this effect. All fractions from the raw extract from the gametophyte phase from Chondracanthus chamissoi were positive in the plate reduction test at 1:5 dilution. K-carrageenan from Chondracanthus chamissoi in both phases, as well as the crude extracts of soluble carbohydrates from Chondracanthus chamissoi and Chlorella peruviana as well as the soluble carbohydrate solution from Chlorella peruviana inhibited growth of dengue virus, but that was not the case with the carbohydrates of the raw extract from Chlorella peruviana. Conclusions: compounds obtained from Chondracanthus chamissoi and Chlorella peruviana show antiviral activity against DENV-2, so it is necessary to continue studies aiming to determine the antiviral potential of these fractioned and purified compounds.

RESUMEN Objetivo: extraer y evaluar la actividad antiviral de los compuestos de Chondracanthus chamissoi y Chlorella peruviana contra DENV-2 en células Vero-76. Materiales y métodos: se extrajeron el carragenano de Chondracanthus chamissoi, los carbohidratos solubles de Chondracanthus chamissoi y Chlorella peruviana y se realizó la prueba de toxicidad en células VERO-76 y la evaluación de la actividad antiviral. Resultados: se obtuvieron carragenanos de la fase de esporofito y gametofito de Chondracanthus chamissoi, los mismos que fueron identificados, mediante infrarrojo, como k-carragenano. Por cromatografía se identificaron nueve azúcares (ribosa, xilosa, arabinosa, fructuosa, manosa, galactosa, sucrosa, maltosa y lactosa) en la muestra de carbohidratos solubles de Chondracanthus chamissoi fase gametofito y cuatro azucares (glucosa, sucrosa, maltosa y lactosa) en la de Chlorella peruviana. Los compuestos de Chondracanthus chamissoi y la solución de carbohidratos solubles de Chlorella peruviana no presentaron efecto citotóxico; los carbohidratos del extracto crudo de Chlorella peruviana sí los tuvieron. Todas las fracciones del extracto crudo de Chondracanthus chamissoi fase gametofítica fueron positivas por la prueba de reducción del número de placas(50) a la dilución 1:5. El k-carragenano de Chondracanthus chamissoi en ambas fases y los extractos crudos de carbohidratos solubles de Chondracanthus chamissoi, Chlorella peruviana y la solución de carbohidratos solubles de Chlorella peruviana inhibieron el crecimiento del virus dengue, pero no los carbohidratos del extracto crudo de la Chlorella peruviana. Conclusiones: los compuestos obtenidos de Chondracanthus chamissoi y Chlorella peruviana presentan actividad antiviral contra DENV-2 por lo cual es necesario continuar los estudios del potencial antiviral de estos compuestos fraccionados y purificados.

Abstract Background and Aims: The bryophytes are non-vascular plants that reproduce by spores, gemmae or fragments of gametophytes (diaspores); their distribution and survival depend on them. This contribution evaluates the role of the sexual condition on the distribution of Mexican Pottiaceae, a diverse and frequent moss family in Mexico. It is proposed that: a) the monoicous species exhibit a wide distribution in the country due to frequent sporophyte production, b) dioicous species that do not produce sporophytes show discontinuous or restricted distribution patterns and c) species that only produce gemmae should have small areas of distribution. Methods: Based on bibliographic information and herbarium data, distribution maps of the Pottiaceae family in Mexico were prepared to detect possible differences in distribution patterns between dioicous and monoicous species. Environmental data were added to refine the grouping of dioicous and monoicous species. Key results: Dioicous and monoicous Pottiaceae differ in number of species. However, two distinct ranges were observed among taxa represented by similar number of records. The dioicous taxa Plaubelia sprengelii var. sprengelii and Weissia jamaicensis are mainly distributed in eastern and southeastern Mexico, while the monoicous species Syntrichia obtusissima and Timmiella anomala are mainly distributed in central and northwestern regions in Mexico. Conclusions: The Pottiaceae species are widely distributed in Mexico regardless of their sexual condition. Gemmae-producing species do not show a restricted or limited distribution. However, species without no sporophytes or gemmae do show narrower ranges.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Las briofitas son plantas no vasculares que se reproducen por esporas, yemas o fragmentos de gametofitos (diásporas); de ellos depende su distribución y supervivencia. En esta contribución se evalúa el papel de la condición sexual en la distribución de las especies mexicanas de Pottiaceae, una familia de musgos diversa y frecuente en México. Se propone lo siguiente: a) las especies monoicas deben exhibir una distribución amplia en el país debido a su frecuente producción de esporofitos, b) las especies dioicas que no producen esporofitos, muestran una distribución discontinua o restringida y c) las especies que solo producen yemas deben tener áreas de distribución reducidas. Métodos: Con información bibliográfica y de herbario se elaboraron mapas de distribución de la familia Pottiaceae en México para detectar posibles diferencias en los patrones de distribución de especies dioicas y monoicas. Se agregaron datos de factores ambientales para afinar la agrupación de especies dioicas y monoicas. Resultados clave: Las Pottiaceae dioicas y monoicas difieren en el número de especies. En ambas, sin embargo, se detectaron dos tipos de distribución en México, en grupos que cuentan con un número similar de registros. Los taxa dioicos Plaubelia sprengelii var. sprengelii y Weissia jamaicensis se distribuyen principalmente en el oriente y sureste, mientras que las especies monoicas Syntrichia obtusissima y Timmiella anomala están mejor representadas en las regiones centro y noroeste. Conclusiones: Las Pottiaceae se distribuyen en México sin importar su condición sexual. Las especies que producen yemas no muestran una distribución restringida o limitada, pero las que no tienen esporofitos ni yemas muestran una distribución más reducida.

Resumen Efectos del hongo Pestalotiopsis maculans (Ascomycota: Amphisphaeriales) en el desarrollo gametofítico del helecho Lygodium venustum (Lygodiaceae). Lygodium Sw. es el único género de la familia Lygodiaceae, con alrededor de 25 a 40 especies que habitan en su mayoría en regiones tropicales del mundo. En Argentina se desarrollan dos especies; uno de ellas, L. venustum, crece en el noreste del país. Algunas especies de Lygodium son invasivas, mientras que para algunos taxones se han reportado usos medicinales. Como parte de un proyecto para indagar sobre la biología reproductiva de los helechos nativos en Argentina, se encontró un hongo durante el cultivo in vitro de esporas de L. venustum. Asimismo, se observaron manchas marrones oscuras y pústulas eruptivas en hojas fértiles. Así, surgieron como objetivos de este trabajo: 1) recuperar e identificar el hongo presente en el esporofito y en los cultivos de esporas, 2) investigar el impacto del hongo en la generación gametofítica y 3) realizar experimentos con esporas no tratadas para demostrar que el hongo está asociado a las esporas recolectadas de esporofitos infestados. Se aplicaron técnicas fitopatológicas para aislar el hongo y luego lograr cultivos monospóricos. Las características morfo-biométricas de los conidios correspondieron a las de Pestalotiopsis maculans (Corda) Nag Raj [= Pestalotiopsis guepinii (Desm.) Steyaert] (Amphisphaeriales, Ascomycota). La re-inoculación de conidios en gametofitos sanos condujo a su necrosis y muerte. Los porcentajes de germinación de esporas fueron inicialmente más altos en los cultivos no esterilizados, lo que sugiere que el protocolo de desinfección pudo haber afectado la germinación de las esporas. Este es el primer reporte de Pestalotiopsis maculans sobre los esporofitos de Lygodium venustum. La información que surge de nuestro trabajo podría ser útil para el control biológico de otras especies de Lygodium, consideradas malezas en otras regiones del mundo.

Abstract Lygodium Sw. is the only genus of the family Lygodiaceae, with around 25 to 40 species inhabiting mostly tropical regions worldwide. In Argentina two species develop; one of them, L. venustum, grows in the Northeast of the country. Some species of Lygodium are invasive whereas medicinal uses have been reported for some taxa. As part of a project to ascertain on the reproductive biology of native ferns in Argentina, a fungus was found during in vitro spore culture of L. venustum. Dark brown spots and eruptive pustules were also observed in fertile leaves. Thus, emerged as objectives of this work: 1) to retrieve and identify the fungus from the sporophyte and from the spores cultures, 2) to inquire on the impact of the fungus on gametophyte generation, and 3) to perform experiments with untreated spores to demonstrate that the fungus is associated to the spores collected from infested sporophytes. Phytopathological techniques were applied in order to isolate the fungus and then to achieve monosporic cultures. The morpho-biometric features of the conidia corresponded with those of Pestalotiopsis maculans (Corda) Nag Raj [= Pestalotiopsis guepinii (Desm.) Steyaert] (Amphisphaeriales, Ascomycota). Re-inoculation of conidia on healthy gametophytes conducted to their necrosis and death. The percentages of spore germination were initially higher in unsterilized cultures, suggesting that disinfection protocol may have affected spore germination. This is the first report of Pestalotiopsis maculans on the sporophytes of Lygodium venustum. The information that emerges from our work could be useful for the biocontrol of other species of Lygodium, considered weeds in other regions of the world.

ABSTRACT: The development of the prothalus and the young sporophyte of Pteris quadriaurita Retz. are described. Studied material was collected in a cloud forest in Tototla, Xochicoatlán municipality, State of Hidalgo, México. The spores were sown in glass vessel of 125 ml prepared in the following manner: the glasses were layered with ceramic, river stone, mosquito net and three natural substrates (plant litter, maquique and moss) all previously sterilized and enclosed in plastic bag tied with copper wire. The cycle proved to be isosporeus with prothallial development corresponding to the Ceratopteris type. The gametophytes were only male, only female and few hermaphrodites. Young sporophytes were apogamous obtained around 231 days after sowing in moss and maquique, in plant litter, they were nor development.

RESUMEN: Se describe el desarrollo del prótalo y del esporófito joven de Pteris quadriaurita Retz. Los especímenes fueron recolectados en un bosque mesófilo de montaña en Tototla, municipio de Xochicoatlán, estado de Hidalgo, México. Las esporas fueron sembradas en frascos de vidrio de 125 ml con cerámica (barro molido), piedra de río, tela de mosquitero y tres soportes de cultivo (tierra, maquique y musgo), todo previamente esterilizado y cerrado con plástico y alambre de cobre. El ciclo fue isospórico con desarrollo del prótalo tipo Ceratopteris. Los gametófitos fueron unisexuados masculinos, unisexuados femeninos y pocos bisexuados. Los esporófitos apogámicos se obtuvieron a los 231 días en musgo y maquique, mientras que en tierra de hoja no se formaron.

RESUMO A diversidade de macroal gas lóticas tem sido pouco estudada no Brasil. Levantamentos florísticos não têm sido publicados, gerando um déficit de informações sobre a ecologia e taxonomia desses grupos. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar o levantamento de espécies de macroalgas de riachos da Serra do Japi, uma área de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (23º12’- 23º21’ S e 46º30’-46º05’ W). Foram amostrados 16 riachos e foram identificados 16 táxons (11 infragenéricos, 4 genéricos e um estágio de vida, ‘Chantransia’), distribuídos em quatro divisões. Cyanobacteria foi o grupo melhor representado, com cerca de 38% das espécies, seguido de Rhodophyta com aproximadamente 31% dos táxons amostrados. O estágio esporofí- tico ‘Chantransia’ e Phormidium aerugineocaeruleum foram os táxons os mais bem distribuídos, ocorrendo em 50% e 29% dos pontos investigados, respectivamente. O conhecimento sobre a composição e ocorrência das espécies de macroalgas pode trazer informações valiosas para a tomada de decisões sobre a conservação de recursos hídricos, particularmente em áreas protegidas como a Serra do Japi.

ABSTRACT Diversity of lotic macroalgae has been scarcely studied in Brazil. Floristic studies have not been recently published with a lack of information about ecology and taxonomy of these groups. Therefore, the present work aimed to survey macroalgae species from streams of the Serra do Japi, an area of Semideciduous Seasonal Forest (23º12’-23º21’ S and 46º30’-46º05’ W). We sampled 16 streams and we identified 16 taxa (11 infrageneric, 4 generic and one life stage, ‘Chantransia’), distributed in four divisions. Cyanobacteria was the best well represented group, with about 38% of the species, followed by Rhodophyta with approximately 31% of the taxa sampled. The sporophyte stage ‘Chantransia’ and Phormidium aerugineocaeruleum were the most widespread, occurring in 50% and 29% of the streams investigated, respectively. The knowledge about the composition and occurrence of macroalgae species can provide valuable information for decision-making on conservation of water resources, particularly in protected areas as Serra do Japi.

First record of the genus Actinostachys (Schizaeaceae) for Argentina. The fern Actinostachys pennula (Schizaeaceae) is cited for the first time from Argentina, on the basis of material recently collected in the northeast of Misiones province. It is provided a description of the species, ecological observations, and ÍNustrations of sporophyte and spores.

Se registra por primera vez para la flora Argentina el helecho Actinostachys pennula (Schizaeaceae), sobre la base de material recién recolectado en el nordeste de la provincia de Misiones. Se incluye una descripción de la especie, observaciones ecológicas, e ilustraciones del esporofita y esporas características de la especie.