Abstract Introduction: The use of arthropods in ecological studies in the tropical dry forest (TDF) of Colombia focused mainly on spiders, butterflies, ants, and dung beetles; therefore, it is necessary to understand the seasonal dynamics of the other groups such as Geadephaga in this ecosystem. Objective: To evaluate the spatio-temporal variations and the effect of environmental conditions on the diversity of the Geadephaga communities in two TDF fragments in the Colombian Caribbean. Methods: This study was conducted during four sampling events between February and June 2018, each lasting four days, and four nights. Four sampling stations were selected in each locality (Reserva Campesina La Montaña = RCM and Reserva La Flecha = RLF), separated 350 m one from another, with square plots of 50 × 50 m. A light trap was installed in the center of each square, while pitfall traps were installed in the four vertices, and manual capture, beating sheets and leaf litter sieve were carried out. Results: A total of 348 Carabidae and 114 of Cicindelidae were captured. In both fragments, the richness and abundance presented the lowest values in dry season, while the highest values were observed during the rainy season. Tetracha affinis (Dejean, 1825) was the most abundant species in RCM during rainy season. Conclusions: The richness variation and abundance of Geadephaga corresponds to a seasonal pattern at both locations. A high dissimilarity between the communities of Geadephaga from the two fragments was found, despite having similar environmental conditions.

Resumen Introducción: El uso de artrópodos en estudios ecológicos en el bosque seco tropical (Bs-T) de Colombia se centra mayormente en arañas, mariposas, hormigas y escarabajos coprófagos; por lo tanto, es necesario comprender como es la dinámica estacional de otros grupos como Geadephaga en este ecosistema. Objetivo: Evaluar la variación espacio-temporal y el efecto de las condiciones ambientales sobre la diversidad de las comunidades de Geadephaga en dos fragmentos de Bs-T en el Caribe colombiano. Métodos: El estudio se llevó a cabo en cuatro eventos de muestreo entre febrero y junio de 2018; cada uno con una duración de cuatro días y cuatro noches. En cada localidad (Reserva Campesina La Montaña = RCM y Reserva La Flecha = RLF), se marcaron cuatro estaciones distanciadas 350 m, con parcelas de 50×50 m. En el centro de cada parcela se instaló una trampa de luz, mientras que en los cuatro vértices se instalaron trampas de caída, y se realizó captura manual, cernido de hojarasca y perturbación de follaje. Resultados: Se capturó un total de 348 ejemplares de Carabidae y 114 de Cicindelidae. La riqueza y la abundancia presentaron los valores más bajos durante el período seco, mientras que los mayores valores se observaron durante el período de lluvias, en ambos fragmentos. Tetracha affinis (Dejean, 1825) fue la especie más abundante en la RCM durante el período lluvioso. Conclusiones: La variación de la riqueza y abundancia de Geadephaga responde a un patrón estacional en ambos fragmentos. Se encontró una amplia disimilitud entre las comunidades de Geadephaga de ambos fragmentos, pese a tener condiciones ambientales parecidas.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir accidentes causados por arañas pardas (género Loxosceles) notificados por el Centro de Información de Asistencia Toxicológica de Pernambuco (CIATox-PE), Brasil, de enero de 2018 a diciembre de 2022. Métodos Reporte de 22 casos notificados de CIATox-PE. Resultados Casos con media de idade de 35 años, predominio femenino (13); los casos ocurrieron en área rural/urbana (12 versus 10), por la noche (10); Petrolina fue el municipio con más notificaciones (6); las picaduras fueron principalmente en los miembros inferiores (11) y superiores (9), casi exclusivamente en el interior de las viviendas (21); en 8 de los casos no se indicó sueroterapia específica por haber superado el tiempo de efecto. Conclusión Los casos de loxoscelismo ocurrieron con mayor frecuencia en el sexo femenino, en áreas rurales y urbanas, y principalmente en el hogar, con demoras en la búsqueda de atención médica. género Loxosceles CIAToxPE, CIAToxPE CIATox PE , (CIATox-PE) Brasil 201 2022 2 CIAToxPE. PE. CIATox-PE 3 años 13 (13) ruralurbana rural urbana 12 (1 10, 10 10) (10) 6 (6) 11 (11 9, 9 (9) 21 (21) efecto urbanas hogar médica (CIATox-PE 20 202 1 (13 ( (10 (6 (9 (21 (2

ABSTRACT Objective To describe accidents involving brown spider (genus Loxosceles) bites notified by the Pernambuco Poison Information and Care Center (CIATox-PE), Brazil, from January 2018 to December 2022. Methods This was a case series study of brown spider bites notified by the CIATox-PE. Results The study included 22 cases with median age of 35 years, the majority being female (13); the cases occurred in rural and urban areas (12 versus 10), at night (10); Petrolina was the municipality with the highest number of notifications (6); spider bites occurred mainly in the lower (11) and upper (9) limbs, almost exclusively inside households (21); specific serum therapy was not indicated for 8 cases because the time for its effectiveness had already elapsed. Conclusion Loxoscelism cases occurred more frequently in females, in both rural and urban areas and mainly at home, with delays in seeking medical care. genus Loxosceles CIAToxPE, CIAToxPE CIATox PE , (CIATox-PE) Brazil 201 2022 CIAToxPE. PE. CIATox-PE 2 3 years 13 (13) 12 (1 10, 10 10) (10) 6 (6) 11 (11 9 (9 limbs 21 (21) elapsed females home care (CIATox-PE 20 202 1 (13 ( (10 (6 (21 (2

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever os acidentes por picada de aranhas-marrons (gênero Loxosceles), notificados no Centro de Informação de Assistência Toxicológica de Pernambuco (CIATox-PE), Brasil, no período de 2018 a 2022. Métodos Estudo de série, sobre casos notificados no CIATox-PE. Resultados Foram incluídos 22 casos com mediana de idade de 35 anos e houve predomínio do sexo feminino (13); os casos ocorreram nas zonas rural e urbana (12 versus 10), durante a noite (10), e Petrolina foi o município com mais notificações (6); as picadas ocorreram, principalmente, nos membros inferiores (11) e superiores (9), quase exclusivamente dentro das residências (21); para 8 acidentados, não se prescreveu soroterapia específica por terem ultrapassado o tempo de efetividade. Conclusão Os casos de loxoscelismo ocorreram com maior frequência no sexo feminino, nas zonas rural e urbana indiferentemente, quase todos foram intradomiciliares e houve demora na procura por atendimento médico. aranhasmarrons aranhas marrons gênero Loxosceles, Loxosceles , Loxosceles) CIAToxPE, CIAToxPE CIATox PE (CIATox-PE) Brasil 201 2022 série CIAToxPE. PE. CIATox-PE 2 3 13 (13) 12 (1 10, 10 10) (10) 6 (6) principalmente 11 (11 9, 9 (9) 21 (21) acidentados efetividade indiferentemente médico (CIATox-PE 20 202 1 (13 ( (10 (6 (9 (21 (2

Abstract Background: Members of the genus Cupiennius Simon, 1891 are categorized as wandering spiders and are part of the family Trechaleidae. The genomics and proteomics of Cupiennius spiders from North America remain uncharacterized. The present study explores for the first time molecular data from the endemic species Cupiennius chiapanensis Medina, 2006, and also presents new data for Cupiennius salei (Keyserling, 1878), both collected in southern Mexico. Methods: In total, 88 Cupiennius specimens were collected from southern Mexico and morphologically identified. DNA was extracted and the mitochondrial COI fragment was amplified. COI sequences were analyzed, and a phylogenetic tree was inferred for species from the Americas. Genetic diversity was analyzed using haplotype networks and gene distances. Venom was obtained from C. chiapanensis and C. salei by electrostimulation. The venom was separated by HPLC, visualized using SDS-PAGE, and quantified for use in toxicity bioassays in mice and insects. Results: Analysis of COI sequences from C. chiapanensis showed 94% identity with C. salei, while C. salei exhibited 94-97% identity with sequences from Central and South American conspecifics. The venom from C. chiapanensis exhibited toxic activity against crickets. Venoms from C. chiapanensis and C. salei caused death in Anastrepha obliqua flies. Analysis of venom fractions from C. salei and C. chiapanensis revealed molecular masses of a similar size as some previously reported toxins and neurotoxic components. We determined the amino acid sequences of ChiaTx1 and ChiaTx2, toxins that are reported here for the first time and which showed toxicity against mice and insects. Conclusion: Our work is the first to report COI-based DNA barcoding sequences from southern Mexican Cupiennius spiders. Compounds with toxic activity were identified in venom from both species. Background Simon 189 Trechaleidae uncharacterized Medina 2006 Keyserling, Keyserling (Keyserling 1878, 1878 , 1878) Methods total 8 amplified Americas distances C electrostimulation HPLC SDSPAGE, SDSPAGE SDS PAGE, PAGE SDS-PAGE insects Results 94 9497% 9497 97% 97 94-97 conspecifics crickets flies components ChiaTx ChiaTx2 Conclusion COIbased based 18 200 187 9 949 94-9 1 20 94- 2

Abstract This research aimed to predict the seasonal incidence of whitefly, B. tabaci (Asia II 5) with its management by new plant systemic insecticides and their influence on natural enemies on potato crop. Results concluded that the whitefly population was slightly higher in 2020-21 than in 2019-20 and temperature (minimum and maximum), relative humidity (minimum), evaporation, and sunshine hours were key factors in determining the B. tabaci population buildup with reasonable accuracy (R2=0.82). Sequential spray of Diafenthiuron and Thiamethoxam (1.61 adults/3 compound leaves) was noticed to be the most effective treatment with the highest cost-benefit ratio (1:2.55), whereas two sequential sprays of Pymetrozine (3.17 adults/3 compound leaves) was found to be the least effective with the lowest cost-benefit ratio (1:1.61). All of the insecticides sequential spray examined were found to be either harmless or slightly detrimental to natural enemies (spiders and coccinellids). The current study concluded that B. tabaci population growth and seasonal incidence were greatly influenced by weather factors and this information validates the monitoring for early decision-making prior to developing insect pest management strategies against B. tabaci. Sequential spray of Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam were shown reliable both from bio-efficacy and economic point of view in managing B. tabaci infestations in potato crop and can be incorporated into the IPM module. B Asia 5 202021 2020 21 2020-2 201920 2019 20 2019-2 minimum maximum, maximum , maximum) minimum, (minimum) evaporation R2=0.82. R2082 R R2=0.82 . R2 0 82 (R2=0.82) 1.61 161 1 61 (1.6 adults3 adults 3 adults/ leaves costbenefit cost benefit 12.55, 1255 2.55 2 55 (1:2.55) 3.17 317 17 (3.1 11.61. 1161 (1:1.61) spiders coccinellids. coccinellids coccinellids) decisionmaking decision making bioefficacy bio efficacy module 20202 202 2020- 20192 201 2019- R208 R2=0.8 8 (R2=0.82 1.6 16 6 (1. 12 12.55 125 255 2.5 (1:2.55 3.1 31 (3. 11 11.61 116 (1:1.61 R20 R2=0. (R2=0.8 1. (1 12.5 25 2. (1:2.5 3. (3 11.6 (1:1.6 R2=0 (R2=0. ( 12. (1:2. 11. (1:1. R2= (R2=0 (1:2 (1:1 (R2= (1: (R2 (R

Abstract The abundance of spiders in most terrestrial ecosystems makes them good indicators of habitat changes because they are common animals in most terrestrial ecosystems. Due to the importance of knowing the diversity of spiders for conservation efforts and the lack of studies on the spider fauna in urban parks, this work aimed to collect and identify the diversity of spiders present in an isolated fragment of native Atlantic Rainforest vegetation, in an urban area on Diadema, São Paulo. We used pitfall traps over 28 days and active nocturnal search for two hours per night over 6 nights as collection methods. We found a total of 328 individuals, of which 118 adult spiders were assigned to 13 families and 37 morphospecies. Species of families Nemesiidae, Theraphosidae and Deinopidae were found, which are not expected in urban areas. The highest values of abundance were found for the Theridiidae family, with 59 individuals and Araneidae with 28, totaling 73.7% of the total sampled, with Nephilingis cruentata and Parasteatoda tepidariorum being the most abundant morphospecies, with 15 and 11 adult individuals collected, respectively. The richness found in this work was 37 morphospecies and according to the diversity estimators Chao 1 and 2 and Jacknife 1 and 2, it was estimated that the richness of the Diadema Botanical Garden is between 44 and 54 species, a result close to the number of species collected, which indicates that the sampling effort of this work was satisfactory. This work is one of the few inventories of spider fauna in urban fragments of the Atlantic Rainforest and the first study in the Diadema city, one of the cities with the highest population density in the country. It is important to empathize that the results showed a rich and diverse araneofauna when compared with other similar studies, even in an extremely isolated fragment in one of the cities with the highest population density in the state. Public policies specifically aimed at the conservation of these areas should be encouraged so that their preservation is secured. parks vegetation Paulo methods 32 3 Nemesiidae family 5 737 73 7 73.7 sampled collected respectively 4 satisfactory city country state secured 73.

Resumo As aranhas são um dos predadores generalistas mais abundantes na maioria dos ecossistemas terrestres, tornando-as bons indicadores de mudanças de habitat, uma vez que são animais comuns na maioria dos ecossistemas terrestres. Devido à importância do conhecimento da diversidade de aranhas para os esforços de conservação e à falta de estudos sobre a aracnídeos em parques urbanos, este trabalho teve como objetivo coletar e identificar a diversidade de aranhas presentes em um fragmento isolado de vegetação nativa da Mata Atlântica, em um ambiente área urbana de Diadema, São Paulo. Utilizamos armadilhas de queda ao longo de 28 dias e busca noturna ativa durante duas horas por noite, ao longo de 6 noites como métodos de coleta. Encontramos um total de 328 indivíduos, dos quais 118 aranhas adultas foram distribuídas em 13 famílias e 37 morfoespécies. Foram encontradas espécies das famílias Nemesiidae, Theraphosidae e Deinopidae, que não são esperadas em áreas urbanas. Os maiores valores de abundância foram encontrados para a família Theridiidae, com 59 indivíduos e Araneidae com 28, totalizando 73,7% do total amostrado, sendo Nephiliengis cruentata e Parasteatoda tepidariorum as morfoespécies mais abundantes, com 15 e 11 indivíduos adultos coletados, respectivamente. A riqueza encontrada neste trabalho foi de 37 morfoespécies e de acordo com os estimadores de diversidade Chao 1 e 2 e Jacknife 1 e 2, estimou-se que a riqueza do Jardim Botânico de Diadema está entre 44 e 54 espécies, resultado próximo ao número de espécies coletadas, o que indica que o esforço amostral deste trabalho foi satisfatório. Este trabalho é um dos poucos inventários da aracnídeos em fragmentos urbanos de Mata Atlântica e o primeiro estudo na cidade de Diadema, uma das cidades com maior densidade populacional do pais. É importante ressaltar que os resultados mostraram uma araneofauna rica e diversa quando comparado com outros estudos similares, mesmo em um fragmento extremamente isolado em uma das cidades com maior densidade populacional do estado. Políticas públicas voltadas especificamente à conservação dessas áreas devem ser incentivadas para que sua preservação seja garantida. terrestres tornandoas tornando habitat Paulo noite coleta 32 3 Nemesiidae Deinopidae urbanas Theridiidae 5 737 73 7 73,7 amostrado coletados respectivamente estimouse estimou se 4 coletadas satisfatório pais similares estado garantida 73,

Abstract Background: Loxoscelism refers to a set of clinical manifestations caused by the bite of spiders from the Loxosceles genus. The classic clinical symptoms are characterized by an intense inflammatory reaction at the bite site followed by local necrosis and can be classified as cutaneous loxoscelism. This cutaneous form presents difficult healing, and the proposed treatments are not specific or effective. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of mesenchymal stromal cells-derived secretome on dermonecrosis induced by Loxosceles intermedia spider venom in rabbits. Methods: Sixteen rabbits were distributed into four groups (n = 4). Except for group 1 (G1), which received only PBS, the other three groups (G2, G3, and G4) were initially challenged with 10 μg of L. intermedia venom, diluted in 100 μL of NaCl 0.9%, by intradermic injection in the interscapular region. Thirty minutes after the challenge all groups were treated with secretome, except for group 2. Group 1 (G1-control group) received intradermal injection (ID) of 60 μg of secretome in 0.15 M PBS; Group 2 (G2) received 0.9% NaCl via ID; Group 3 (G3) received 60 μg of secretome, via ID and Group 4 (G4), received 60 μg of secretome by intravenous route. Rabbits were evaluated daily and after 15 days were euthanized, necropsied and skin samples around the necrotic lesions were collected for histological analysis. Results: Rabbits of G1 did not present edema, erythema, hemorrhagic halo, or necrosis. In animals from G2, G3, and G4, edema appeared after 6h. However, minor edema was observed in the animals of G2 and G3. Hemorrhagic halo was observed in animals, six hours and three days after, on G2, G3, and G4. Macroscopically, in G4, only one animal out of four had a lesion that evolved into a dermonecrotic wound. No changes were observed in the skin of the animals of G1, by microscopic evaluation. All animals challenged with L. intermedia venom showed similar alterations, such as necrosis and heterophilic infiltration. However, animals from G4 showed fibroblast activation, early development of connective tissue, neovascularization, and tissue re-epithelialization, indicating a more prominent healing process. Conclusion: These results suggest that secretome from mesenchymal stromal cells cultured in a xeno-free and human component-free culture media can be promising to treat dermonecrosis caused after Loxosceles spiders bite envenoming. Background genus loxoscelism effective cellsderived derived Methods n 4. . 4) G , (G1) PBS (G2 G3 L 09 0 9 region G1control Gcontrol control (ID 6 015 0.1 0.9 (G3 (G4) route euthanized analysis Results erythema 6h h However Macroscopically wound evaluation alterations infiltration activation neovascularization reepithelialization, reepithelialization re epithelialization, epithelialization re-epithelialization process Conclusion xenofree xeno free componentfree component envenoming (G1 (G 01 0. (G4

Abstract Terminalia argentea tree, native to Brazil, is widely used in landscaping, recovering degraded areas, its wood, coal production, and the bark or leaf extracts has medicinal use. Despite of its importance, the arthropod fauna associated to this plant and its interspecific relationships still needs further studies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the arthropods, their ecological indices and the distribution in the leaf faces on T. argentea saplings. The numbers of phytophagous insects (e.g., Cephalocoema sp.), pollinators (e.g., Tetragonisca angustula), and natural enemies (e.g., Oxyopidae), and their ecological indices (e.g., species richness), were higher on the adaxial leaf faces on T. argentea saplings. Aggregated distribution of phytophagous insects (e.g., Aphis spiraecola), pollinators (e.g., Trigona spinipes), and natural enemies (e.g., Camponotus sp.) on T. argentea saplings was observed. Abundance, diversity, and species richness of natural enemies correlated, positively, with those of phytophagous and pollinators insects. Predators and tending ants followed their prey and sucking insects, respectively. Tending ants protected sucking insects against predators, and reduced chewing insects. The high number of Cephalocoema sp. on T. argentea saplings is a problem, because this insect can feed on leaves of this plant, but its preference for the adaxial leaf face favors its control. The aggregation behavior of arthropods on T. argentea saplings favors the control of potential pests of this plant. There seems to be competition between tending ants for space and food resources on T. argentea saplings. tree Brazil landscaping areas wood production use importance studies T e.g., eg e g (e.g. sp., sp , angustula, angustula angustula) Oxyopidae, Oxyopidae Oxyopidae) richness, richness) spiraecola, spiraecola spiraecola) spinipes, spinipes spinipes) observed Abundance diversity correlated positively respectively predators problem e.g. (e.g e.g

Resumo Terminalia argentea, árvore nativa do Brasil, é muito utilizada no paisagismo, na recuperação de áreas degradadas, sua madeira na produção de carvão e o extrato da casca ou das folhas tem uso medicinal. Apesar de sua importância, a fauna de artrópodes associada a esta planta e suas relações interespecíficas ainda carecem de estudos mais aprofundados. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar os artrópodes, seus índices ecológicos e a distribuição nas faces foliares de mudas de T. argentea. O número de insetos fitófagos (ex.: Cephalocoema sp.), polinizadores (ex.: Tetragonisca angustula), e inimigos naturais (ex.: Oxyopidae), e seus índices ecológicos (ex.: riqueza de espécies), foram maiores nas faces adaxiais das folhas das mudas de T. argentea. Foi observada uma distribuição agregada de insetos fitófagos (ex.: Aphis spiraecola), polinizadores (ex.: Trigona spinipes) e inimigos naturais (ex.: Camponotus sp.) em mudas de T. argentea. A abundância, diversidade e riqueza de espécies de inimigos naturais correlacionaram-se, positivamente, com as de insetos fitófagos e polinizadores. Os predadores e as formigas cuidadoras seguiram as suas presas e os insetos sugadores, respectivamente. As formigas cuidadoras protegeram os insetos sugadores contra os predadores e reduziram os insetos mastigadores. O elevado número de Cephalocoema sp. em mudas de T. argentea é um problema, pois esse inseto pode se alimentar de folhas dessa planta, mas sua preferência pela face adaxial da folha favorece seu controle. O comportamento de agregação de artrópodes em mudas de T. argentea favorece o controle de potenciais pragas dessa planta. Parece haver competição entre as formigas cuidadoras por espaço e recursos alimentares nas mudas de T. argentea. Brasil paisagismo degradadas medicinal importância aprofundados T ex. ex (ex. sp., sp , angustula, angustula angustula) Oxyopidae, Oxyopidae Oxyopidae) espécies, espécies) spiraecola, spiraecola spiraecola) spinipes abundância correlacionaramse, correlacionaramse correlacionaram se, correlacionaram-se positivamente respectivamente mastigadores problema (ex

ABSTRACT Despite their large size and intimidating appearance, most mygalomorph spiders do not cause severe envenomation in Brazil. “Programa Estadual de Vigilância de Acidentes por Animais Peçonhentos da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Paraná”, through the “Sistema de Notificação de Animais Peçonhentos” (SINAP), documents the occurrence of synanthropic species captured by the public and reported to municipal health services. In this study, we present a list of the mygalomorph species received by Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná (SESA) and their distribution across the state of Paraná, based on the SINAP reports. A total of 575 mygalomorph specimens were identified, originating from all 22 Regional Health Centers (RS) of SESA-PR. We identified species of four families: Actinopodidae (on species: Actinopus itapitocai); Dipluridae (1 species: Diplura catharinensis; Pycnothelidae (two species: Psalistopoides emanueli, and P. fulvimanus); and Theraphosidae (10 species in four genera: Acanthoscurria paulensis, Eupalaestrus campestratus, Grammostola actaeon, Pterinopelma longisternale, Tekoapora wacketi, Vitalius dubius, V. lucasae, V. paranaensis, V. sorocabae and V. vellutinus). Of the aforementioned species, Vitalius paranaensis has the widest distribution, occurring in all Regional Centers of Health except Paranaguá. The other most frequently collected species were Pterinopelma longisternale, Vitalius sorocabae, and Psalistopoides emanueli. In total, the 575 records resulted in only 12 accidents. The results highlight the broad distribution of some species; contributes to the identification of the main species encountered by the population and reported to SINAP in Paraná; and helps to bring attention to the low number of accidents caused by these large-sized spiders. appearance Brazil Programa , Paraná” Sistema SINAP, (SINAP) services study SESA (SESA reports 57 2 RS (RS SESAPR. SESAPR PR. PR SESA-PR families itapitocai itapitocai) 1 ( catharinensis two emanueli P fulvimanus fulvimanus) 10 genera paulensis campestratus actaeon longisternale wacketi dubius V lucasae vellutinus. vellutinus . vellutinus) Paranaguá largesized sized (SINAP 5

Resumo Os objetivos da presente pesquisa foram descobrir a diversidade da família Araneidae no distrito Swat, Paquistão, e fornecer uma lista atualizada da família Araneidae nesse país. Sua ocorrência ao longo do ano também foi dada no Distrito Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Os dados foram coletados de janeiro de 2018 a dezembro de 2018 de sete diferentes Tehsils, do Distrito Swat, usando métodos diferentes, como armadilha de queda, coleta no solo com a mão e coleta no ar com a mão, e foram então preservados em frascos de plástico e tubos eppendorf usando etanol 70%. Foi usada câmera montada em microscópio para fotografia. Utilizando a literatura do World Spider Catalog (2022), as aranhas foram identificadas em nível de espécie. Em um total de 1.243 exemplares da família Araneidae, foram identificados 4 gêneros e 7 espécies. A espécie dominante com grande número de espécimes coletados foi Cyrtophora citricola com 229 (18,4%) amostras, seguida por Bojaranius mitificus (15,7%), Neoscona scylla (15,4%), Argiope lobata (14,8%), Neoscona theisi (14,6%) e Neoscona polyspinippes (13,8%), respectivamente. Já a menor coleta foi feita de Argiope versicolor com 90 (7,3%) amostras. A alta ocorrência de aranhas foi estudada em julho, com 187 amostras. A oscilação na temperatura pode afetar a diversidade de aranhas observadas e registradas no presente estudo com menor coleta feita em baixa temperatura. Além disso, a umidade também desempenha um grande papel na população e ocorrência de aranhas.

Abstract The aims of the present research was to find out the diversity of family Araneidae in district Swat Pakistan and to provide updated checklist of the family Araneidae from Pakistan. Also their occurrence throughout the year was given from District Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Data was collected from January 2018 to December-2018 from seven different Tehsils of District Swat by using different methods like pitfall trap, ground hand collection, air hand collection and were then preserved in plastic vials and appendorf tubes by using 70% ethanol. Camera mounted on microscope was used for photography. By using literature from World Spider Catalog, 2022, spiders were identified to species level. In a ttal of 1243 specimens of family Araneidae 4 genera and 7 species were identified. Dominant species with great number of specimen collected was Cyrtophora citricolla with 229 (18.4%) samples, followed by Bojaranius mitificus (15.7%), Neoscona Scylla (15.4%), Argiope lobata (14.8), Neoscona theisi (14.6%) and Neoscona polyspinippes (13.8%) respectively. While lowest collection was done of Argiope versicolor with 90 (7.3%) samples. High occurrence of spiders was studied during July 187 samples. Fluctuation in temperature can affect the diversity of spiders observed and recorded in present study with lowest collection done in low temperature. Moreover, the humidity also play a great role in spiders’ population and occurrence.

Resumo Acacia mangium é uma espécie pioneira, de rápido crescimento e utilizada na recuperação de áreas degradadas. Os objetivos foram avaliar insetos e aranhas, seus índices ecológicos e interações com plantas de A. mangium em área tropical degradada em processo de recuperação. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com 24 repetições, com os tratamentos representados pelos primeiro e segundo anos após a plantio de A. mangium. Os números de folhas/galhos, galhos/plantas e cobertura do solo por plantas de A. mangium, de Hemiptera: Phenacoccus sp. e Pachycoris torridus; Hymenoptera: Tetragonisca angustula e Trigona spinipes, Brachymyrmex sp., Camponotus sp. e Cephalotes sp.; Blattodea: Nasutitermes sp. e Neuroptera: Chrysoperla sp.; a abundância, riqueza de espécies de insetos polinizadores, formigas cuidadoras e a abundância de predadores de Sternorrhyncha foram maiores no segundo ano após o plantio. Os números de Hemiptera: Aethalium reticulatum, Hymenoptera: Camponotus sp., Cephalotes sp., Polybia sp., T. angustula, T. spinipes, formigas cuidadoras, insetos polinizadores, predadores de Sternorrhyncha e a riqueza de espécies de formigas cuidadoras foram maiores em plantas de A. mangium com maior altura e número de folhas ou galhos. O aumento populacional de artrópodes e da cobertura do solo com o processo de envelhecimento das plantas de A. mangium indicam impacto positivo dessa planta na recuperação de áreas degradadas.

Abstract Acacia mangium is a pioneer species with fast growth and frequently used in the recovery of degraded areas. The objectives were to evaluate insects and spiders, their ecological indices and interactions on A. mangium saplings in a tropical degraded area in recovering process. The experimental design was completely randomized with 24 replications, with treatments represented by the first and second years after A. mangium seedling planted. Numbers of leaves/branch, branches/sapling, and ground cover by A. mangium saplings, Hemiptera: Phenacoccus sp. and Pachycoris torridus; Hymenoptera: Tetragonisca angustula and Trigona spinipes, Brachymyrmex sp., Camponotus sp. and Cephalotes sp.; Blattodea: Nasutitermes sp. and Neuroptera: Chrysoperla sp.; abundance, species richness of pollinating insects, tending ants, and the abundance of Sternorrhyncha predators were greatest in the second year after planting. Numbers of Hemiptera: Aethalium reticulatum, Hymenoptera: Camponotus sp., Cephalotes sp., Polybia sp., T. angustula, T. spinipes, tending ants, pollinating insects, Sternorrhyncha predators and species richness of tending ants were highest on A. mangium saplings with greatest numbers of leaves or branches. The increase in the population of arthropods with ground cover by A. mangium saplings age increase indicates the positive impact by this plant on the recovery process of degraded areas.

Resumo Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) é amplamente distribuído por todo o ecossistema de cerrado. Os frutos de C. brasiliense são utilizados na alimentação humana e constitui uma importante fonte de renda para muitas comunidades. A perda de habitat provocada pelas mudanças de uso da terra coloca em risco a conservação de C. brasiliense. Insetos sugadores constituem um importante fator ecológico que, potencialmente, afeta o fitness de C. brasiliense em ambientes degradados. Além disso, as metodologias de amostragem de insetos para aplicação em estudos relacionados à conservação de C. brasiliense são pouco desenvolvidas. Neste estudo, o número de insetos sugadores (Hemiptera) e seus predadores foram avaliados em três estratos verticais do dossel de C. brasiliense. A distribuição das espécies sugadoras apresentou estratificação vertical ao longo da estrutura do dossel. O estrato basal do dossel apresentou o maior número de insetos sugadores Aphis gossypii (Glover 1877) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) e Bemisia tabaci (Genn. 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), e seus predadores Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), aranhas (Araneae) e Zelus armillatus (Lep. & Servi., 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Os predadores distribuíram-se de acordo com a disponibilidade de recursos, ocorrendo em maior número nas partes do dossel com maior abundância de suas presas.

Abstract Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) trees are widely distributed throughout the Cerrado ecosystem. The fruits of C. brasiliense trees are used by humans for food and as the main income source in many communities. C. brasiliense conservation is seriously threatened due to habitat loss caused by the land-use change. Sucking insects constitute an important ecological driver that potentially impact C. brasiliense survival in degraded environments. In addition, insects sampling methodologies for application in studies related to the conservation of C. brasiliense are poorly developed. In this study, sucking insects (Hemiptera) and their predators were recorded in three vertical strata of Caryocar brasiliense canopies. The distribution of sucking species showed vertical stratification along the canopy structure of C. brasiliense. The basal part of the canopy had the highest numbers of sucking insects Aphis gossypii (Glover 1877) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Bemisia tabaci (Genn. 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and their predators Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), spiders (Araneae), and Zelus armillatus (Lep. & Servi., 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Predators' distribution follows the resource availability and preferred C. brasiliense tree parts with a higher abundance of prey.

Abstract The effect of peptide toxins on voltage-gated ion channels can be reliably assessed using electrophysiological assays, such as the patch-clamp technique. However, much of the toxinological research done in Central and South America aims at purifying and characterizing biochemical properties of the toxins of vegetal or animal origin, lacking electrophysiological approaches. This may happen due to technical and infrastructure limitations or because researchers are unfamiliar with the techniques and cellular models that can be used to gain information about the effect of a molecule on ion channels. Given the potential interest of many research groups in the highly biodiverse region of Central and South America, we reviewed the most relevant conceptual and methodological developments required to implement the evaluation of the effect of peptide toxins on mammalian voltage-gated ion channels using patch-clamp. For that, we searched MEDLINE/PubMed and SciELO databases with different combinations of these descriptors: “electrophysiology”, “patch-clamp techniques”, “Ca2+ channels”, “K+ channels”, “cnidarian venoms”, “cone snail venoms”, “scorpion venoms”, “spider venoms”, “snake venoms”, “cardiac myocytes”, “dorsal root ganglia”, and summarized the literature as a scoping review. First, we present the basics and recent advances in mammalian voltage-gated ion channel’s structure and function and update the most important animal sources of channel-modulating toxins (e.g. cnidarian and cone snails, scorpions, spiders, and snakes), highlighting the properties of toxins electrophysiologically characterized in Central and South America. Finally, we describe the local experience in implementing the patch-clamp technique using two models of excitable cells, as well as the participation in characterizing new modulators of ion channels derived from the venom of a local spider, a toxins’ source less studied with electrophysiological techniques. Fostering the implementation of electrophysiological methods in more laboratories in the region will strengthen our capabilities in many fields, such as toxinology, toxicology, pharmacology, natural products, biophysics, biomedicine, and bioengineering. voltagegated voltage gated assays patchclamp patch clamp However origin approaches patchclamp. clamp. MEDLINEPubMed MEDLINE PubMed descriptors electrophysiology, electrophysiology , “electrophysiology” techniques, techniques” Ca2+ Ca2 Ca “Ca2 channels, channels” K+ K “K venoms, venoms venoms” scorpion spider snake cardiac myocytes, myocytes myocytes” dorsal ganglia, ganglia ganglia” review First channel s channelmodulating modulating e.g. eg e g (e.g snails scorpions spiders snakes, snakes snakes) Finally cells fields toxinology toxicology pharmacology products biophysics biomedicine bioengineering “electrophysiology “Ca e.g

Resumo As espécies de aranhas são importantes para manter o equilíbrio ecológico, controlar populações de insetos e fornecer fontes potenciais de compostos medicinais. Destacando a importância das espécies de aranhas, o presente estudo teve como objetivo explorar a diversidade da fauna de aranhas e a riqueza de espécies em vários habitats no Distrito de Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão, de março de 2021 a dezembro de 2021. As aranhas foram coletadas por meio de diferentes métodos: armadilhas de queda, busca críptica, coleta manual no solo, coleta manual aérea e batida na vegetação. Em seguida, as aranhas capturadas foram lavadas em álcool e preservadas em uma combinação de 80% de álcool e 20% de glicerol, para observação posterior. A identificação foi realizada com a ajuda de chaves de identificação de aranhas disponíveis e da literatura. Um total de 578 espécimes representando 29 espécies, de 17 famílias e 26 gêneros, foram coletados e identificados. A família Lycosidae foi a família mais dominante (13,49%), seguida por Salticidae (10,2%), Araneidae (8,47%), Tetragnathidae (7,61%), Pholicidae (6,4%), Oxyopidae (5,88%), Thomisidae (5,7%), Clubionidae (5,53%), Sicariidae (5,19%), Scytodidae (5,01%), Corinnidae (4,67%), Agelenidae (4,32%), Cheiracanthiidae e Sparassidae (4,15%), Oecobiidae e Hersiliidae (3,97%) e Theridiidae, que foi a mais rara entre todas (1,21%). As espécies mais comumente identificadas são Hippasa partita, Lycosa poonaesis, Lycosa terrestris, Draposa oakleyi, Plexippus paykulli, Menemerus nigli, Thyene imperialis, Thyene bivittate e Hasarius adansoni, Argiope versicolor, Neoscona theisi, Tetragnatha extensa, Crossopriza lyoni e Oxyopes Javanus. Durante o estudo atual/presente, observou-se que espécies de aranhas foram encontradas abundantemente em áreas quentes de maio a agosto, o que demonstra que a fauna de aranhas da área de estudo é muito rica, mas ainda pouco explorada. ecológico medicinais Mardan Pakhtunkhwa Paquistão 202 métodos queda críptica solo vegetação 80 20 glicerol posterior literatura 57 2 1 gêneros identificados 13,49%, 1349 13,49% , 13 49 (13,49%) 10,2%, 102 10,2% 10 (10,2%) 8,47%, 847 8,47% 8 47 (8,47%) 7,61%, 761 7,61% 7 61 (7,61%) 6,4%, 64 6,4% 6 4 (6,4%) 5,88%, 588 5,88% 5 88 (5,88%) 5,7%, 5,7% (5,7%) 5,53%, 553 5,53% 53 (5,53%) 5,19%, 519 5,19% 19 (5,19%) 5,01%, 501 5,01% 01 (5,01%) 4,67%, 467 4,67% 67 (4,67%) 4,32%, 432 4,32% 32 (4,32%) 4,15%, 415 4,15% 15 (4,15%) 3,97% 397 3 97 (3,97% Theridiidae 1,21%. 121 1,21% . 21 (1,21%) partita poonaesis terrestris oakleyi paykulli nigli imperialis adansoni versicolor theisi extensa Javanus atualpresente atual atual/presente observouse observou se agosto rica explorada 134 13,49 (13,49% 10,2 (10,2% 84 8,47 (8,47% 76 7,61 (7,61% 6,4 (6,4% 58 5,88 (5,88% 5,7 (5,7% 55 5,53 (5,53% 51 5,19 (5,19% 50 5,01 0 (5,01% 46 4,67 (4,67% 43 4,32 (4,32% 41 4,15 (4,15% 3,97 39 9 (3,97 12 1,21 (1,21% 13,4 (13,49 10, (10,2 8,4 (8,47 7,6 (7,61 6, (6,4 5,8 (5,88 5, (5,7 5,5 (5,53 5,1 (5,19 5,0 (5,01 4,6 (4,67 4,3 (4,32 4,1 (4,15 3,9 (3,9 1,2 (1,21 13, (13,4 (10, 8, (8,4 7, (7,6 (6, (5,8 (5, (5,5 (5,1 (5,0 4, (4,6 (4,3 (4,1 3, (3, 1, (1,2 (13, (10 (8, (7, (6 (5 (4, (3 (1, (13 (1 (8 (7 ( (4

Abstract Spider species are important for maintaining ecological balance, controlling insect populations, and providing potential sources of medicinal compounds. Highlighting the importance of spider species, the present study was aimed at exploring the diversity of spider fauna and species richness in various habitats in District Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, from March 2021 to December 2021. Spiders were collected through different methods: pitfall traps, cryptic searching, ground hand collection, aerial hand collection, and vegetation beating. Then, the captured spiders were washed in alcohol and preserved in a combination of 80% alcohol and 20% glycerol for further observation. Identification was carried out with the help of available spider identification keys and literature. A total of 578 specimens representing 29 species from 17 families and 26 genera were collected and identified. Family Lycosidae was the most dominant family (13.49%), followed by Salticidae (10.2%), Araneidae (8.47%), Tetragnathidae (7.61%), Pholicidae (6.4%), Oxyopidae (5.88%), Thomisidae (5.7%), Clubionidae (5.53%), Sicariidae (5.19%), Scytodidae (5.01%), Corinnidae (4.67%), Agelenidae (4.32%), Cheiracanthiidae and Sparassidae (4.15%), Oecobiidae and Hersiliidae (3.97%) and Theridiidae was the rarest among all (1.21%). The most commonly identified species are Hippasa partita, Lycosa poonaesis, Lycosa terrestris, Draposa oakleyi, Plexippus paykulli, Menemerus nigli, Thyene imperialis, Thyene bivittate and Hasarius adansoni. Argiope versicolor, Neoscona theisi, Tetragnatha extensa, Crossopriza lyoni, and Oxyopes Javanus. During the present study, it was observed that spider species were abundantly found in warm areas from May to August, which demonstrates that the spider fauna of the study area is very rich but has yet to be explored. balance populations compounds Mardan Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan 202 methods traps searching collection beating Then 80 20 observation literature 57 2 1 13.49%, 1349 13.49% , 13 49 (13.49%) 10.2%, 102 10.2% 10 (10.2%) 8.47%, 847 8.47% 8 47 (8.47%) 7.61%, 761 7.61% 7 61 (7.61%) 6.4%, 64 6.4% 6 4 (6.4%) 5.88%, 588 5.88% 5 88 (5.88%) 5.7%, 5.7% (5.7%) 5.53%, 553 5.53% 53 (5.53%) 5.19%, 519 5.19% 19 (5.19%) 5.01%, 501 5.01% 01 (5.01%) 4.67%, 467 4.67% 67 (4.67%) 4.32%, 432 4.32% 32 (4.32%) 4.15%, 415 4.15% 15 (4.15%) 3.97% 397 3 97 (3.97% 1.21%. 121 1.21% . 21 (1.21%) partita poonaesis terrestris oakleyi paykulli nigli imperialis adansoni versicolor theisi extensa lyoni Javanus August explored 134 13.49 (13.49% 10.2 (10.2% 84 8.47 (8.47% 76 7.61 (7.61% 6.4 (6.4% 58 5.88 (5.88% 5.7 (5.7% 55 5.53 (5.53% 51 5.19 (5.19% 50 5.01 0 (5.01% 46 4.67 (4.67% 43 4.32 (4.32% 41 4.15 (4.15% 3.97 39 9 (3.97 12 1.21 (1.21% 13.4 (13.49 10. (10.2 8.4 (8.47 7.6 (7.61 6. (6.4 5.8 (5.88 5. (5.7 5.5 (5.53 5.1 (5.19 5.0 (5.01 4.6 (4.67 4.3 (4.32 4.1 (4.15 3.9 (3.9 1.2 (1.21 13. (13.4 (10. 8. (8.4 7. (7.6 (6. (5.8 (5. (5.5 (5.1 (5.0 4. (4.6 (4.3 (4.1 3. (3. 1. (1.2 (13. (10 (8. (7. (6 (5 (4. (3 (1. (13 (1 (8 (7 ( (4

The Table Mountain National Park (TMNP) is an iconic protected area in South Africa, renowned for the high levels of plant and animal species richness and endemism. An annotated species list of spiders presently known from the TMNP is provided. The checklist was compiled from data collected from the South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA) database. A total of 261 species from 50 families and 167 genera are presently protected in the park. The most species-rich families are the Salticidae (31 spp.), Thomisidae (26 spp.) and Araneidae (20 spp.), while 13 families are represented by singletons. The global distribution, endemicity and International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List status of each species is provided. CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS: Seventy-seven per cent of the species have a wide distribution range and are of Least Concern (200 spp.), while 31 species are Data Deficient, four species were not evaluated, and 26 species of special concern are identified. Of these, 13 spp. are Rare, three each are Critically Rare and Endangered, six are Vulnerable and one is near threatened. The TMNP protects approximately 11.4% of the total South African spider fauna and it is the type locality for 31 species. Although the TMNP and Cape Peninsula more broadly is a hotspot of endemic species for various plant and animal taxa: a proportionally small proportion of the spider species are of significant conservation concern.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever os acidentes por picada de aranhas-marrons (gênero Loxosceles), notificados no Centro de Informação de Assistência Toxicológica de Pernambuco (CIATox-PE), Brasil, no período de 2018 a 2022. Métodos Estudo de série, sobre casos notificados no CIATox-PE. Resultados Foram incluídos 22 casos com mediana de idade de 35 anos e houve predomínio do sexo feminino (13); os casos ocorreram nas zonas rural e urbana (12 versus 10), durante a noite (10), e Petrolina foi o município com mais notificações (6); as picadas ocorreram, principalmente, nos membros inferiores (11) e superiores (9), quase exclusivamente dentro das residências (21); para 8 acidentados, não se prescreveu soroterapia específica por terem ultrapassado o tempo de efetividade. Conclusão Os casos de loxoscelismo ocorreram com maior frequência no sexo feminino, nas zonas rural e urbana indiferentemente, quase todos foram intradomiciliares e houve demora na procura por atendimento médico.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir accidentes causados por arañas pardas (género Loxosceles) notificados por el Centro de Información de Asistencia Toxicológica de Pernambuco (CIATox-PE), Brasil, de enero de 2018 a diciembre de 2022. Métodos Reporte de 22 casos notificados de CIATox-PE. Resultados Casos con media de idade de 35 años, predominio femenino (13); los casos ocurrieron en área rural/urbana (12 versus 10), por la noche (10); Petrolina fue el municipio con más notificaciones (6); las picaduras fueron principalmente en los miembros inferiores (11) y superiores (9), casi exclusivamente en el interior de las viviendas (21); en 8 de los casos no se indicó sueroterapia específica por haber superado el tiempo de efecto. Conclusión Los casos de loxoscelismo ocurrieron con mayor frecuencia en el sexo femenino, en áreas rurales y urbanas, y principalmente en el hogar, con demoras en la búsqueda de atención médica.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe accidents involving brown spider (genus Loxosceles) bites notified by the Pernambuco Poison Information and Care Center (CIATox-PE), Brazil, from January 2018 to December 2022. Methods This was a case series study of brown spider bites notified by the CIATox-PE. Results The study included 22 cases with median age of 35 years, the majority being female (13); the cases occurred in rural and urban areas (12 versus 10), at night (10); Petrolina was the municipality with the highest number of notifications (6); spider bites occurred mainly in the lower (11) and upper (9) limbs, almost exclusively inside households (21); specific serum therapy was not indicated for 8 cases because the time for its effectiveness had already elapsed. Conclusion Loxoscelism cases occurred more frequently in females, in both rural and urban areas and mainly at home, with delays in seeking medical care.