Resumen Marco contextual: Los teléfonos móviles inteligentes permiten acceder a información de manera inmediata. La adicción al uso de estos dispositivos es cada vez mayor, los teléfonos móviles inteligentes se han convertido en un elemento importante para los estudiantes de enfermería. Objetivo: Identificar la adicción al uso del teléfono móvil inteligente en estudiantes de enfermería. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo correlacional, el muestreo fue aleatorio, la muestra se calculó considerando un nivel de confianza de 0,05, una potencia de 90%, un tamaño de efecto mediano de 0,09, la muestra se conformó por 149 estudiantes de enfermería. Resultados: El componente de uso, abuso y adicción al teléfono móvil inteligente se relacionó negativamente con el componente rasgo de personalidad (r s = -0,228; p = 0,005), el uso, abuso y adicción al teléfono móvil inteligente se relacionó positivamente con el gasto monetario (r s = 0,376; p = 0,001). Conclusión: Se identificó que existe un alto uso de los teléfonos móviles inteligentes, comprender el alcance de dicho fenómeno puede ayudar a plantear estrategias eficaces para prevenir la adicción al teléfono móvil inteligente.

Abstract Background: Smartphones provide immediate access to information, and nursing students consider them essential tools. However, the addiction to these devices is increasing. Objective: To identify smartphone addiction among nursing students. Methodology: A descriptive correlational study was conducted using the stratified random sampling method. The sample size was calculated based on a confidence level of 0.05, with 90% power, and a median effect size of 0.09. The study included 149 nursing students. Results: The component “Smartphone use, abuse, and addiction” correlated negatively with the component “Personality traits” (r s = -0.228; p = 0.005); the component “Smartphone use, abuse, and addiction” correlated positively with the component “Financial spending” (r s = 0.376; p = 0.001). Conclusion: Smartphone use is high. Understanding the extent of this phenomenon can aid in developing effective strategies to prevent smartphone addiction.

Resumo Enquadramento: Os telemóveis inteligentes estão permitem acesso imediato à informação. O vício no uso desses dispositivos é cada vez maior, os celulares inteligentes tornaram-se um elemento importante para os estudantes de enfermagem. Objetivo: Identificar a dependência do uso do smartphone em estudantes de enfermagem. Metodologia: Estudo correlacional descritivo, a amostragem foi aleatória, a amostra foi calculada considerando nível de confiança de 0,05, poder de 90%, tamanho de efeito médio de 0,09, a amostra foi composta por 149 estudantes de enfermagem. Resultados: O componente de uso, abuso e dependência de smartphone foi negativamente relacionado ao componente de traço de personalidade (r s = -0,228; p = 0,005), o uso, abuso e dependência de smartphone foi relacionado positivamente com gastos monetários (r s = 0,376; p = 0,001). Conclusão: Identificou-se que existe um alto uso de telefones móveis inteligentes, compreender a abrangência desse fenômeno pode ajudar a propor estratégias eficazes para prevenir o vício em celulares.

RESUMEN El artículo examina la necesidad de introducir la presupuestación por programas, como parte de un proceso más amplio de modernización de las finanzas públicas en Cuba. Dentro de los factores que hacen necesaria su implementación están los nichos de eficiencia del gasto público y la desconexión entre el sistema presupuestario y el sistema de planificación. Esta metodología presupuestaria se orienta a la gestión basada en resultados, permitiendo analizar la productividad del gasto público durante el ejercicio fiscal. Asimismo, su introducción serviría al propósito de calzar financieramente la arquitectura establecida a través de macroprogramas, programas y proyectos, fortaleciendo la correspondecia entre planificación y presupuestación. Se concluye que el éxito en su implementación está condicionado por la existencia de problemas en el entorno macroeconómico, institucional y regulatorio.

ABSTRACT The article examines the need to introduce budgeting by programs, as part of a broader process of modernization of public finances in Cuba. Among the factors that make its implementation necessary are the niches of efficiency in public spending and the disconnection between the budget system and the planning system. This budgetary methodology is oriented towards results based management, making it possible to analyze the productivity of public spending during the fiscal year. Likewise, its introduction would serve the purpose of financially fitting the architecture established through Macroprograms, programs and projects, strengthening the correspondence between planning and budgeting. It is concluded that the success in its implementation is conditioned by the existence of problems in the macroeconomic, institutional and regulatory environment.

BACKGROUND. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the weakness of relying on in-person tuition in higher education. Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have been a successful addition to higher education. In this study, educators had to replace a planned elective in the medical curriculum with an online option during the pandemic. The roles of the competency framework of the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) (Leader and Manager, Health Advocate, Professional, Communicator, Collaborator, Scholar, and Healthcare Practitioner) were used to guide its development. This elective emphasised the non-clinical roles of medical practitioners and was offered in 2020 and 2021. OBJECTIVES. To describe the choices of third-year medical students and time spent participating in a modified online elective in 2020 and 2021. METHODS. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used, involving the participation of 629 medical students. Data were collected and analysed from three primary sources: registration data from LinkedIn Learning, data from the Foundation for Professional Development, and self-reported estimates by students of the average time spent on selected courses. Data included identification of the associated competency acquired. Data analysis was conducted using Python, version 3.10.11. RESULTS. The course choices of 629 students were analysed. In 2020 there were 300 participants and in 2021 there were 329. All the students had one compulsory inclusion in the elective (Management and Leadership Short Course for Undergraduate Healthcare Students). Students in both years reported spending the most average time on courses related to clinical knowledge (Healthcare Practitioner), followed by financial literacy and management (Professional), diversity management (Collaborator), and priority actions to identify and/or respond to (Health Advocate). The most popular courses related to the Leader and Manager role were around decision-making in human resources, problem-solving, and managing healthcare teams. Based on the top 10 LinkedIn Learning course selections of both cohorts, there appeared to be a preference for courses that were consistent with the role of medical professionals in practice. The most popular LinkedIn Learning course was The Six Morning Habits of High Performers. CONCLUSION. Students gravitated toward courses aligned with their role as professional doctors within the HPCSA competency framework. More studies are needed to understand how medical students develop the six non-clinical roles in the HPCSA framework and the effectiveness of MOOCs in a medical curriculum.

Abstract This research addresses the relationship between budget efficiency and State participation in the Mexican economy, offering a historical vision and its evolution over time, with a focus on the current government known as the "Cuarta Transformación" (4T). The arguments for and against state intervention in the economy are reviewed and the importance of State participation in the allocation of the public budget is analyzed, emphasizing its impact on economic growth and the reduction of inequalities. The study focuses on evaluating how public spending affects the country's economic growth, using the current six-year term as an example. It is shown that the proper use of the public budget is crucial for the growth of the Mexican economy, through actions such as the creation of infrastructure, the protection of labor rights, the promotion of strategic sectors and the promotion of equal opportunities. Regarding the current government, the results reveal that, although actions have been undertaken to generate economic and social development through better use of public resources, the opacity in the management of resources in several projects makes it difficult to obtain good results, which raises questions about the efficient use of resources in the country. In this sense, it is crucial to have instruments that guarantee transparency, accountability and economic stability, preventing corruption. Likewise, the importance of finding a balance is highlighted so that the State fulfills its regulatory function without hindering innovation and economic growth.

Resumo Esta pesquisa aborda a relação entre eficiência orçamentária e participação do Estado na economia mexicana. Para isso, é oferecida uma visão histórica e sua evolução ao longo do tempo, com foco no atual governo, conhecido como a “quarta transformação” (4T). Especificamente, são revistos os argumentos a favor e contra a intervenção do Estado na economia e analisada a importância da participação do Estado na alocação do orçamento público, para o que é dada ênfase ao seu impacto no crescimento económico e na redução das desigualdades. O estudo centra-se na avaliação de como os gastos públicos durante o actual governo de seis anos afectam o crescimento económico do país. Neste sentido, demonstra-se que o uso adequado do orçamento público é crucial para o crescimento da economia mexicana, através de ações como a criação de infraestruturas, a proteção dos direitos laborais, a promoção de setores estratégicos, bem como a promoção da igualdade, das oportunidades. O atual governo apresenta resultados reveladores no que diz respeito à realização de ações para gerar desenvolvimento econômico e social através de melhor utilização dos recursos públicos; Da mesma forma, aponta que a opacidade na gestão de recursos em diversos projetos dificulta a obtenção de resultados positivos e levanta questões sobre o uso eficiente dos recursos no país. Portanto, é crucial ter instrumentos que garantam a transparência, a responsabilização e a estabilidade económica que permitam prevenir a corrupção. Da mesma forma, destaca-se a importância de encontrar um equilíbrio para que o Estado cumpra a sua função reguladora sem prejudicar a inovação e o crescimento económico.

Resumen Esta investigación aborda la relación entre la eficiencia del presupuesto y la participación del Estado en la economía mexicana. Para ello, se ofrece una visión histórica y su evolución a lo largo del tiempo, con un enfoque en el actual gobierno, conocido como la “cuarta transformación” (4T). En concreto, se revisan los argumentos a favor y en contra de la intervención estatal en la economía y se analiza la importancia de la participación del Estado en la asignación del presupuesto público, para lo cual se hace hincapié en su impacto en el crecimiento económico y la reducción de las desigualdades. El estudio se centra en evaluar cómo el gasto público del actual sexenio gubernamental afecta al crecimiento económico del país. En tal sentido, se demuestra que el adecuado uso del presupuesto público es crucial para el crecimiento de la economía mexicana, mediante acciones como la creación de infraestructura, la protección de los derechos laborales, el impulso a sectores estratégicos, así como la promoción de igualdad de oportunidades. El actual gobierno presenta resultados reveladores en torno al emprendimiento de acciones para generar un desarrollo económico y social mediante un mejor uso de los recursos públicos; asimismo, señala que la opacidad en el manejo de recursos en varios proyectos dificulta la obtención de positivos resultados y genera cuestionamientos sobre el uso eficiente de los recursos en el país. Por eso, resulta crucial contar con instrumentos que garanticen transparencia, rendición de cuentas y estabilidad económica que permitan prevenir la corrupción. Asimismo, se destaca la importancia de encontrar un equilibrio para que el Estado cumpla su función reguladora sin obstaculizar la innovación y el crecimiento económico.

ABSTRACT The macroeconomic approach is a way of analyzing and studying issues related to the global analysis of the economy. The objective of this paper is to estimate the influence of macro- economic determinants on the achievement of the monetary poverty reduction targets in Paraguay during the period 1997-2020. It works specifically with the first two targets that have to do with the eradication of extreme poverty and the reduction to 50% of total poverty. The macroeconomic determinants analyzed are GDP, CPI, the Gini index and social spending. For this purpose, we propose the application of an econometric model which, based on regression models, allows us to calculate the incidence of each of the variables analyzed on monetary poverty. In addition, projections are made to infer whether or not the objectives of SDG 1 can be met and under what conditions. The results obtained allow us to affirm, on one hand, that all the determinants analyzed have a significant impact on monetary poverty and, on the other hand, allow us to infer that none of the targets can be met by 2030, either by maintaining constant or even increasing economic growth. This leads to the conclusion that the effectiveness of poverty reduction strategies lies in combining efforts that link GDP growth with equitable redistribution of resources and social investment.

RESUMEN Este trabajo tiene como objetivo estimar la influencia de los determinantes macroeconómicos en la consecución de las metas de reducción de pobreza monetaria en Paraguay durante el período 1997-2020. Los determinantes macroeconómicos analizados son el PIB, el IPC, el índice de Gini y el gasto social. Para el efecto, se propone la aplicación de un modelo econométrico, el cual, a partir de modelos de regresión, permite calcular la incidencia de cada una de las variables analizadas sobre la pobreza monetaria. Además, se realizan proyecciones para inferir si se pueden cumplir o no con los objetivos del ODS 1 y bajo qué condiciones. Los resultados obtenidos permiten afirmar, por un lado, que todos los determinantes analizados inciden significativamente sobre la pobreza monetaria y, por otro lado, permiten inferir que ninguna de las metas se puede cumplir al 2030, ya sea manteniendo constante o incluso aumentando el crecimiento económico. Esto permite concluir que la eficacia en las estrategias de reducción de pobreza radica en combinar esfuerzos que vinculen el aumento del PIB con la redistribución equitativa de recursos y la inversión social.

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) can incapacitate the individual to perform their activities of daily living due to pain. This is an important public health issue that worsens worldwide and in Brazil, since the population goes through an aging process, and has caused increased public spending on the monitoring and maintenance of treatments that can last for years and still not be resolutive. Thus, the search for innovative and effective therapies that can reduce costs becomes necessary. In this context, the present study reports the first application of cell therapy with adipose-derived stem cells in the treatment of cases of OA that are refractory to the conservative treatment, performed in the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS). The evaluation was performed with the application of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC), specifics for OA evaluation, and also an analysis of the synovial fluid (inflammatory cytokines). The cell therapy improved the scores on the WOMAC, SF-36 and EVA, and reduced the inflammatory process. We observed a decrease of 0.73x in the TNF, of 0,71x in IL-1b, of 0,68x in IL-8, and of 0,70x in IL-10. For IL-6, an increase of 1,48x was observed. Therefore, this cell therapy can be considered promising in aiding the management of this disease, since it improved the patient's pain, decrease inflammatory markers, and enabled the return to activities of daily living, which resulted in an improvement in their quality of life. (OA pain Brazil process resolutive Thus necessary context adiposederived adipose derived Sistema Saúde SUS. SUS . SUS) VAS, VAS , (VAS) SF36 SF 36 (SF-36 WOMAC (WOMAC) cytokines. cytokines cytokines) SF-3 EVA 073x x 0 73x TNF 071x 71x IL1b, IL1b ILb IL 1b, 1b b IL-1b 068x 68x IL8, IL8 8, 8 IL-8 070x 70x IL10. IL10 10. 10 IL-10 IL6, IL6 6, 6 IL-6 148x 1 48x Therefore disease patients patient s markers life (VAS SF3 3 (SF-3 (WOMAC SF- IL- IL1 IL-1 (SF- (SF

Resumo A osteoartrite (OA) pode deixar o indivíduo incapacitado para realizar suas atividades da vida diária devido ao quadro álgico. Essa é uma importante questão de saúde pública que se agrava no mundo inteiro e no Brasil, uma vez que a população passa pelo processo de envelhecimento, e isso causa um aumento nos gastos públicos com o acompanhamento e manutenção dos tratamentos que podem perdurar por anos e mesmo assim não serem resolutivos. Assim, torna-se necessária a busca por terapias inovadoras e eficazes que possam reduzir esses custos. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo relata a primeira aplicação de terapia celular com células-tronco mesenquimais do tecido adiposo no tratamento de OA refratária ao tratamento conservador realizada no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Na avaliação, foram usados os instrumentos Escala Visual Analógica (EVA), os questionários de qualidade de vida Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) e Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC), específicos para avaliação da OA, e fez-se uma análise do líquido sinovial (citocinas inflamatórias). A terapia celular melhorou as pontuações no WOMAC, SF-36, e EVA, e reduziu o processo inflamatório. Observou-se redução de 0,73 × do TNF, de 0,71 × da IL-1b, de 0,68 × da IL-8, e de 0,70 × da IL-10. Já para a IL-6, observou-se aumento de 1,48 ×. Portanto, considera-se este tipo de terapia celular promissora no auxílio do manejo desta doença, pois melhorou o quadro álgico do paciente, reduziu os marcadores inflamatórios, e possibilitou o retorno às atividades da vida diária, o que resultou em uma melhora de sua qualidade de vida. (OA Brasil envelhecimento resolutivos Assim tornase torna custos contexto célulastronco células tronco SUS. SUS . (SUS) EVA , (EVA) SF36 SF 36 (SF-36 WOMAC (WOMAC) fezse fez citocinas inflamatórias. inflamatórias inflamatórias) SF36, 36, SF-36 inflamatório Observouse Observou 073 0 73 0,7 TNF 071 71 IL1b, IL1b ILb IL 1b, 1b b IL-1b 068 68 0,6 IL8, IL8 8, 8 IL-8 070 70 IL10. IL10 10. 10 IL-10 IL6, IL6 6, 6 IL-6 observouse observou 148 1 48 1,4 Portanto considerase considera doença paciente inflamatórios (SUS (EVA SF3 3 (SF-3 (WOMAC SF-3 07 7 0, 06 IL- IL1 IL-1 14 4 1, (SF- SF- (SF

Abstract: The relationship between fiscal decentralization and the extraction of income by private agents is a constant element in the debates on territorial institutional design. Theoretical literature makes ambiguous predictions about this relationship, and it has been little studied empirically. An econometric model is estimated for a panel of data from 73 developing countries for the years 1996-2019. In general, the evidence found regarding the role of spending decentralization in a lower perception of corruption is consistent. However, a decentralization of income is related to greater corruption. In this way, possible accountability systems appear independent of the generation of own resources and transfer systems are highlighted in the control of public spending.

Resumen: La relación entre la descentralización fiscal y la extracción de rentas por parte de agentes privados es un elemento constante en los debates pertinentes al diseño institucional territorial. La literatura teórica hace predicciones ambiguas respecto de esta relación, y ha sido poco estudiada empíricamente. Se estima un modelo econométrico para un panel de datos de 73 países en desarrollo para 1996-2019. En general, es consistente la evidencia encontrada respecto del papel de la descentralización del gasto en una menor percepción de la corrupción. Sin embargo, una descentralización del ingreso se relaciona con una mayor corrupción. De este modo, aparecen posibles sistemas de rendición de cuentas independientes de la generación de recursos propios y se resaltan a los sistemas de transferencias en el control del gasto público.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Digital visual syndrome or digital visual fatigue is a disease caused by the ocular fatigue provoked by spending much time in front of a screen. Objective: To diagnose the digital visual syndrome in patients under 35 years assisted in the refraction service. Methods: A prospective descriptive and cross-sectional study of patients assisted in the refraction service of the Specialties Polyclinic in Saturnino Lora Teaching Clinical Surgical Provincial Hospital, was carried out from April to June, 2022. Results: There was a prevalence of patients aged 26 and 35 and female sex; the most frequent symptoms were visual fatigue, ocular burning, dry eye sensation, closely blurred vision, red eye and headache after visual effort. The most used digital devices were the cellphone and the computer with a time of use from one to three hours, with emphasis in the last one with more than 4 hours. The refractive defects constituted the main cause of visual limitations. The patients with digital visual syndrome and some type of ametropia without correction were those with more symptoms, followed by the patients inadequately corrected. Conclusions: This syndrome affects the youngest population to a great extent. The appropriate interrogation and the incorporation of correct procedures in the daily optometric study allowed the diagnosis of such a syndrome in the assisted patients and the pertinent optic correction.

RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome visual informático o fatiga visual digital es una enfermedad causada por el cansancio ocular que provoca el pasar mucho tiempo frente a una pantalla. Objetivo: Diagnosticar el síndrome visual informático en pacientes menores de 35 años atendidos en la consulta de refracción. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo y transversal de pacientes atendidos en la consulta de refracción del Policlínico Especialidades del Hospital Provincial Docente Clínicoquirúrgico Saturnino Lora, durante el periodo de abril a junio de 2022. Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes en las edades comprendidas entre 26 y 35 años y del sexo femenino; los síntomas más frecuentes fueron el cansancio visual, ardor ocular, sensación de ojo seco, visión borrosa de cerca, ojo rojo y el dolor de cabeza después del esfuerzo visual. Los dispositivos digitales más usados fueron el celular y la computadora con un tiempo de uso de una a tres horas, destacándose este último con un tiempo superior a 4 horas. Los defectos refractivos constituyeron la principal causa de limitaciones visuales. Los pacientes con síndrome visual informático y alguna ametropía sin corrección fueron los que mayor cantidad de síntomas tuvieron, seguidos de los pacientes corregidos inadecuadamente. Conclusiones: Este síndrome afecta en gran medida a la población más joven. El adecuado interrogatorio y la incorporación de los procedimientos correctos en el estudio optométrico diario permitió el diagnóstico de tal síndrome en los pacientes atendidos y la corrección óptica pertinente.

RESUMEN La literatura teórica indica que el gasto en seguridad pública es importante para disuadir el comportamiento delictivo. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los estudios empíricos destinados a cuantificar la influencia del gasto en seguridad pública sobre la delincuencia no han podido establecer una relación estadísticamente significativa entre estas variables. En respuesta a esto, introdujimos un indicador novedoso que mide la asignación de los gastos de seguridad pública en cada región. Al probarlo para delitos de homicidio, robo y hurto de vehículos a través del estimador gmm-sys, encontramos evidencia estadística de que su ocurrencia influye en la conducta delictiva. Creemos que su inclusión aporta evidencia valiosa a la literatura económica, arrojando luz sobre el debate en torno a la eficiencia en la asignación de recursos del gasto en seguridad.

ABSTRACT Theoretical literature indicates that public security spending matters to deter criminal behavior. Nevertheless, most empirical studies aiming to quantify the influence of public security spending on crime have largely been unable to establish a statistically significant relationship between these variables. In response to this, we introduced a novel proxy that measures the rationing of public security expenditures in each region. When testing it for crimes of homicide, robbery, and theft of vehicles through the gmm-sys estimator, we found statistical evidence that its occurrence influences criminal behavior. We believe its inception contributes valuable evidence to the economic literature, shedding light on the debate surrounding the allocative efficiency of security spending resources.

Abstract The study analyzes the level of technical efficiency of public investment in Education at the primary and secondary level in Peru, 2016 to 2022. Data envelopment analysis - DEA was used and for the association between the provision of resources and educational quality. the panel data fixed effects model. The results indicate that there are relative differences in efficiency between the regions, registering an average score of 49% for the primary level and 38% for the secondary level, with the most efficient being Moquegua, Tacna, Arequipa and Ica, and the least efficient being Loreto, Huánuco, Ucayali, and San Martín. From the input-output association, classroom size, infrastructure in good condition and public investment have a direct relationship, while students per teacher and per computer, the relationship is inverse with respect to educational achievement in communication and mathematics at the primary and secondary level. This suggests that inefficient regions should increase educational attainment at the primary and secondary levels by an average of 51% and 62%, respectively, while maintaining the same level of spending. Therefore, to improve their efficiency within the framework of public policies, they can adopt the management implemented by regions such as Moquegua and Tacna.

Resumen El estudio analiza el nivel de eficiencia técnica de la inversión pública en Educación en el nivel primario y secundario en Perú, 2016 a 2022. Se utilizó el análisis envolvente de datos - DEA y para la asociación entre la dotación de recursos y la calidad educativa, el modelo panel data efectos fijos. Los resultados indican que existen diferencias relativas de eficiencia entre las regiones, registrando una puntuación promedio de 49 % para el nivel primario y 38 % para el nivel secundario, siendo los más eficientes Moquegua, Tacna, Arequipa e Ica, y los menos eficientes Loreto, Huánuco, Ucayali, y San Martín. De la asociación insumo - producto, tamaño del aula, infraestructura en buen estado e inversión pública tienen relación directa, en tanto que alumnos por docente y por computadora, la relación es inversa respecto al logro educativo en comunicación y matemática a nivel primario y secundario. Ello sugiere que las regiones ineficientes deben aumentar en promedio 51 % y 62 % los logros educativos en el nivel primario y secundario respectivamente, manteniendo el mismo nivel de gasto. Por tanto, para mejorar su eficiencia en el marco de políticas públicas, pueden adoptar la gestión implementada por las regiones como Moquegua y Tacna.

RESUMEN Recientes investigaciones destacan la importancia de la ciberseguridad en la creciente era digital. El 83% de las organizaciones han experimentado brechas de seguridad en el 2022, costándoles en promedio 4,35 millones de dólares americanos por incidente. En Perú, la ciberseguridad está regulada por diversas normas, estableciendo medidas de protección de datos y la seguridad informática. Objetivo Describir la situación de la ciberseguridad en los servicios de apoyo al médico ocupacional (SAMO). Material y métodos Se incluyeron 11 SAMO. Se elaboró un cuestionario no validado para recolectar la información consentida sobre la gestión de la ciberseguridad de los SAMO que brindaban servicio a un importante proyecto de construcción en Lima Metropolitana. Resultados La mayoría de los establecimientos de salud (más del 80%) tuvo planes de respuesta a incidentes de seguridad cibernética para garantizar una respuesta rápida ante un ataque cibernético; realizaban copias de seguridad de los datos críticos con regularidad y los almacenaban en un lugar diferente a establecimiento; y actualizaban regularmente los sistemas operativos y programas de softwares buscando asegurar que se utilizan versiones seguras. Conclusión Existe una gestión de la seguridad informática predominantemente reactiva. El reporte discute la importancia de la ciberseguridad, resaltando la exposición de la información médica y los servicios a riesgos cibernéticos y planteamos retos futuros para la ciberseguridad, subrayando la importancia de la preparación ante amenazas futuras en un entorno en constante transformación digital.

SUMMARY Recent investigations emphasize the importance of cybersecurity in the growing digital era; 83% of organizations experienced breaks in cyber security in 2022, spending a mean of 4,35 million dollars per incident. Cybersecurity in Peru is regulated by legal norms aimed at protecting data and providing informatic security. Objective To describe cybersecurity in the support services to occupational physicians (SSOP) in the city of Lima. Methods A non-validated survey was created and distributed to 11 SSOPs in Lima that provide a service to an important building project in Lima. Results More than 80% of health care establishments had a response plan against cybernetic attacks; security copies of the data were done regularly storing them in a different place than the establishment and regularly updated security software’s. Conclusion The cybersecurity program is reactive. We discuss the importance of cybersecurity and analyze future challenges as well as emphasize the importance of preemptive preparedness in an environment of constant digital transformation.

ABSTRACT Objective: Determine the relationship between the budget execution of financial transfers from the SIS (Seguro Integral de Salud) and the availability of medical supplies in third-level establishments of the Ministry of Health of Metropolitan Lima. Material and method: Analytical and cross-sectional study, carried out in the 20 level III establishments of the MINSA in Lima; Likewise, documentary information was used such as Closing Minutes of Financial Supervision of the Macroregional Management of the SIS from which information on budget execution was obtained and the availability of medical supplies was obtained from the Mundo IPRESS web portal (Institutions Providing Health Services). After evaluating normality with the Shapiro-Wilk test, the Spearman correlation test was used. Result: Overall budget execution was not related to the availability of medical supplies (rho=-0.014; p=0.955). The evaluation by components showed that budget execution on medicines was positively related to the availability of supplies (rho=0.417; p=0.045), which was also valid in the segmented analysis only for hospitals (rho: 0.594; p=0.032). Although budget execution in segmented materials and supplies for hospitals was related to the availability of supplies, this relationship was inverse (rho=-0.552; p=0.043). Conclusions: The general budget execution of financial transfers from the SIS was not related to the availability of medical supplies, but the spending component on medicines was.

ABSTRACT Objective: Determine the relationship between the budget execution of financial transfers from the SIS (Seguro Integral de Salud) and the availability of medical supplies in third-level establishments of the Ministry of Health of Metropolitan Lima. Material and method: Analytical and cross-sectional study, carried out in the 20 level III establishments of the MINSA in Lima; Likewise, documentary information was used such as Closing Minutes of Financial Supervision of the Macroregional Management of the SIS from which information on budget execution was obtained and the availability of medical supplies was obtained from the Mundo IPRESS web portal (Institutions Providing Health Services). After evaluating normality with the Shapiro-Wilk test, the Spearman correlation test was used. Result: Overall budget execution was not related to the availability of medical supplies (rho=-0.014; p=0.955). The evaluation by components showed that budget execution on medicines was positively related to the availability of supplies (rho=0.417; p=0.045), which was also valid in the segmented analysis only for hospitals (rho: 0.594; p=0.032). Although budget execution in segmented materials and supplies for hospitals was related to the availability of supplies, this relationship was inverse (rho=-0.552; p=0.043). Conclusions: The general budget execution of financial transfers from the SIS was not related to the availability of medical supplies, but the spending component on medicines was.

Résumé Cet article propose une théorie pour expliquer comment les partis politiques influencent les investissements discrétionnaires des ministères au Brésil. Contrairement aux études précédentes qui supposent que les présidents centralisent les décisions d’attribution du gouvernement fédéral, je soutiens qu’ils les partagent avec d’autres partis lorsqu’ils offrent des ministères lors de la formation de coalitions gouvernementales. Une fois en charge d’un ministère, les partis commencent à exercer une influence et à acquérir une expertise sur les investissements gérés par leurs ministères, ce qui, à son tour, encourage leurs coreligionnaires locaux à demander, et aussi à recevoir, plus de ressources de leur part. Les données couvrant plus de 20 ans de transferts discrétionnaires des ministères aux municipalités au Brésil et une conception à triples différences appuient la théorie. En particulier, les résultats montrent que les maires demandent et reçoivent jusqu’à un tiers de transferts supplémentaires des ministères dirigés par des coreligionnaires, un effet qui est plus important les années électorales et dans les ministères qui investissent davantage dans les infrastructures locales, quel que soit le parti à la présidence et les partenaires de la coalition. D’un autre côté, rien ne prouve que les ministres manipulent directement la bureaucratie au profit des alliés. Dans l’ensemble, ces résultats indiquent que les partis politiques tirent des avantages non programmatiques de l’occupation des ministères au Brésil. dattribution d attribution fédéral quils qu ils dautres autres lorsquils lorsqu gouvernementales dun ministère tour demander recevoir part 2 particulier jusquà jusqu locales coalition Dun D côté alliés lensemble, lensemble l ensemble, ensemble l’ensemble loccupation occupation

Resumen Este artículo ofrece una teoría para explicar de qué forma los partidos políticos influyen en las inversiones discrecionales de los ministerios en Brasil. Contrario a estudios anteriores que asumen que presidentes centralizan las decisiones de asignación del Gobierno Federal, aquí argumento que ellos y ellas comparten dichas decisiones con otros partidos cuando ofrecen ministerios al formar coaliciones de gobierno. Una vez que asumen un ministerio, los partidos pasan a ejercer influencia y a adquirir experticia sobre las inversiones gestionadas por sus despachos, lo que, a su vez, incentiva a sus correligionarios locales a pedir, y también a recibir, más recursos de estos. Con datos que abarcan más de 20 años de transferencias discrecionales de ministerios a alcaldías en Brasil y a partir de un diseño de diferencias triples, se da soporte a la teoría. En particular, los resultados muestran que los alcaldes demandan y reciben hasta un tercio adicional de transferencias que provienen de ministerios dirigidos por sus correligionarios, efecto que se torna mayor en años electorales y en ministerios que invierten más en infraestructura local, sin haber diferencias entre el partido en la Presidencia y los partidarios de la coalición. Por otro lado, no hay evidencia de que los ministros manipulen directamente la burocracia para beneficiar a sus aliados. En general, estos resultados indican que los partidos políticos extraen beneficios no programáticos al ocupar ministerios en Brasil. Federal gobierno ministerio despachos pedir recibir 2 triples particular local coalición lado aliados general

Abstract This paper provides a theory to explain how political parties influence cabinet portfolios’ targeted discretionary investments in Brazil. Contrary to previous studies that claim presidents centralize allocative decisions for electoral gains, I argue that they share them with coalition parties when they offer portfolios to obtain legislative support. Conversely, coalition parties acquire influence and expertise on portfolio-specific spending, incentivizing local incumbents to request more transfers from portfolios held by co-partisan ministers. Data covering more than twenty years of discretionary investments from cabinet portfolios to municipalities in Brazil and a triple-difference design support the theory. Results show that mayors demand and receive up to one-third more transfers from portfolios administered by co-partisan politicians, an effect that benefits both presidents’ and coalition parties alike. In addition, this effect is greater in election years and among portfolios responsible for local infrastructure. I find no evidence that ministers or their staff directly manipulate the bureaucracy to favor co-partisan mayors. These findings indicate that political parties reap non-programmatic benefits from joining government coalitions in Brazil. gains Conversely portfoliospecific portfolio specific spending copartisan co partisan tripledifference triple difference onethird one third politicians alike addition infrastructure nonprogrammatic non programmatic

Resumo Este artigo oferece uma teoria para explicar como partidos políticos influem nos investimentos discricionários de ministérios no Brasil. Ao contrário de estudos anteriores que assumem que presidentes centralizam decisões alocativas do Governo Federal, argumento que eles e elas as partilham com outros partidos quando oferecem ministérios ao formar coalizões de governo. Uma vez no comando de um ministério, partidos passam a exercer influência e adquirir expertise sobre os investimentos geridos por suas pastas, o que, por sua vez, incentiva seus correligionários locais a pedir, e também receber, mais recursos destas. Dados que cobrem mais de 20 anos de transferências discricionários de ministérios a prefeituras no Brasil e um desenho de triplas-diferenças dão suporte à teoria. Em particular, os resultados mostram que prefeitos tanto demandam quando recebem até um terço a mais de transferências vindas de ministérios comandados por correligionários, efeito que é maior em anos eleitorais e em ministérios que investem mais em infraestrutura local, sem distinção entre partido na Presidência e parceiros de coalizão. Por outro lado, não há evidência de que ministros manipulam diretamente a burocracia para beneficiar aliados. No geral, esses achados indicam que partidos políticos extraem benefícios não-programáticos da ocupação de ministérios no Brasil. Federal governo ministério pastas pedir receber destas 2 triplasdiferenças triplas diferenças particular local coalizão lado aliados geral nãoprogramáticos programáticos

RESUMEN Este artículo busca investigar el financiamiento de la seguridad pública en cinco unidades federativas de Brasil: São Paulo, Río de Janeiro, Ceará, Pará y Rio Grande do Sul. El objetivo principal es investigar la variación del gasto en seguridad pública en estos estados, presentando su estructura presupuestaria, buscando responder si es posible, o no, compararlo. El resultado muestra que los estados organizan sus gastos de seguridad pública de manera muy desigual, reflejando estructuras de gobernanza muy diferentes y complejas que involucran distintos pesos en los estados para actores similares, como la policía militar. Las diferencias en los presupuestos estatales se verifican no solo en la comparación entre los estados, sino también en el mismo territorio a lo largo de los años. Este panorama contable hace que sea muy difícil comparar los costos de la seguridad pública en Brasil, lo que indica la necesidad de estandarización contable entre las entidades y una mayor transparencia para monitorear las acciones relevantes para combatir la violencia. De esta manera, será posible comparar, con mayor precisión, los gastos realizados por los estados con sus resultados y, en consecuencia, su eficiencia y efectividad. Brasil Paulo Janeiro Ceará Sul presupuestaria compararlo desigual similares militar años violencia precisión consecuencia efectividad

ABSTRACT This article examines public security funding in five Brazilian states: São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Ceará, Pará, and Rio Grande do Sul. The study presents the budget structures of these states and aims to understand variations in public security spending, as well as the feasibility of comparing such information across the states. The results reveal that public security expenditures are structured differently, reflecting unequal and complex governance systems where similar actors, notably the state police forces, hold distinct significance in each state. Furthermore, in addition to the disparities between states, the analyzed budgets vary within a state over the years. Consequently, comparing public security expenditures in Brazil becomes challenging, highlighting the need for standardized accounting practices among states and greater transparency in monitoring relevant actions to combat violence. Lastly, the findings suggest the potential for comparing the correlation between state expenditures and their outcomes, analyzing efficiency and effectiveness. Paulo Janeiro Ceará Pará Sul spending differently actors forces Furthermore years Consequently challenging violence Lastly outcomes effectiveness

RESUMO Este artigo busca investigar o financiamento da segurança pública em cinco unidades federativas do Brasil: São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Ceará, Pará e Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo principal é investigar a variação do gasto com segurança pública nesses estados, apresentando sua estrutura orçamentária, buscando responder se é possível, ou não, compará-la. O resultado mostra que os estados organizam suas despesas de segurança pública de maneiras muito distintas, reflexo de estruturas de governança muito diferentes e complexas e que envolvem pesos diferentes nos estados para atores similares, como as polícias militares. As diferenças nos orçamentos estaduais são verificadas não apenas na comparação entre os estados, mas também no mesmo território ao longo dos anos. Esse retrato contábil torna muito difícil a comparação de custos da segurança pública no Brasil, indicando a necessidade de padronização contábil entre os entes e maior transparência para acompanhamento de ações relevantes no combate à violência. Dessa forma, será possível comparar, com mais exatidão, os gastos realizados pelos estados com seus resultados e, consequentemente, sua eficácia e efetividade. Brasil Paulo Janeiro Ceará Sul orçamentária comparála. comparála compará la. la compará-la distintas similares militares anos violência forma comparar exatidão consequentemente efetividade

Abstract Objective: This study aims at shedding light on online child psychotherapy using cognitive-behavioral therapy as well as suggesting forms of psychological interventions during a pandemic. Method: Since the beginning of the recent coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak, which causes COVID-19, there has been a great concern about a disease that has rapidly spread over the world, bringing about several different socio-economic issues. The fear of contracting the disease has led to safety measures and uncertainties with regard to the future, and it is believed that social isolation has had a direct and psychological impact on both adults and children. This way, we conducted a systematic search for literature review articles. Results: The clinical practice has led to observe that children had their routine interrupted and, consequently, prevented from basic activities such as going to school, being separated from friends, being apart from grandparents, spending the day with their parents, and not to mention, depending on their age, attending online classes in the most varied ways. Conclusion: It is clear that through the use of cognitive-behavioral therapy, forms of psychological interventions can be suggested in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, it is clear that effective results are possible with online intervention. Objective cognitivebehavioral cognitive behavioral pandemic Method SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 (SARS-CoV-2 outbreak COVID19, COVID19 COVID 19, 19 world socioeconomic socio economic issues future way articles Results consequently school friends grandparents parents mention age ways Conclusion COVID-1 Thus intervention (SARS-CoV- COVID1 1 COVID- (SARS-CoV

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é sistematizar conhecimentos sobre o atendimento online infantil através da terapia cognitivo-comportamental e sugerir formas de intervenções psicológicas diante da pandemia de COVID-19. Método: Desde o início do surto do coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2), causador da COVID-19, houve preocupação diante de uma doença que se alastrou rapidamente em várias regiões do mundo, com diferentes impactos. Além do medo de contrair a doença, dos cuidados com os familiares e das incertezas frente ao futuro, o isolamento causou impactos psicológicos diretamente relacionados à COVID-19 tanto em adultos como em crianças. Deste modo, foi feita uma busca sistemática por artigos. Resultados: A prática clínica levou ao entendimento de que as crianças passaram por mudanças, como a interrupção das idas à escola, o afastamento dos amigos e dos avós e a presença dos pais o dia todo em casa, além de, dependendo da idade, aulas online em diversos estilos, e a percepção de que os pais também não sabiam como lidar com a situação. Conclusão: Percebe-se que através do uso da terapia cognitivo-comportamental pode-se sugerir formas de intervenções psicológicas diante da pandemia de COVID-19. Assim, nota-se que resultados efetivos são possíveis com a intervenção on-line. Objetivo cognitivocomportamental cognitivo comportamental COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 Método SARSCoV2, SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 , (SARS-CoV-2) COVID19, 19, mundo futuro COVID-1 modo artigos Resultados mudanças escola casa idade estilos situação Conclusão Percebese Percebe podese pode Assim notase nota online. on line. line on-line COVID1 1 (SARS-CoV-2 COVID- (SARS-CoV- (SARS-CoV