In the present study a spectrophotometric method for Cr(VI) determination in organic fertilizers, especially those from tanning industry residues, is proposed. Conditions for chromium extraction, extract clean-up and analytical characteristics of the method were established. The method is based on the complexation of Cr(VI) with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC) in acid medium (pH 2.0). A mixture of NaOH and Na2CO3 solution at 0.125 and 0.07 mol L–1 (pH 12), respectively, and heating at 90 °C for 60 min were the best conditions for chromium extraction. Florisil and activated charcoal were tested for clean-up of the extract, with activated charcoal being effective. Under the established conditions, the calibration linear range is up to 2500 μg L–1 Cr(VI), the results obtained are in agreement with the value of a certified reference material (CRM041), precision is better than 5% for five consecutive determinations of a solution at 1000 μg L–1 of Cr(VI) and the limit of quantification is 1.62 μg g–1. In can be concluded that the method is robust, accurate and precise, and can be easily applied for the determination of Cr(VI) in routine analysis, since it complies with legislation of most countries regarding the maximum allowed concentration of 2 μg g–1 of Cr(VI). CrVI Cr VI Cr(VI fertilizers residues proposed extraction cleanup clean 1,5diphenylcarbazide 15diphenylcarbazide diphenylcarbazide 1,5 1 5 DPC (DPC pH 2.0. 20 2.0 . 0 2.0) NaCO Na CO Na2CO 0125 125 0.12 007 07 0.0 L1 L L– 12, 12 , 12) respectively 9 C 6 effective 250 CrVI, CRM041, CRM041 CRM (CRM041) 100 162 62 1.6 g1 g robust precise analysis g– CrVI. 5diphenylcarbazide 15 1, 2. 012 0.1 00 0. 25 CRM04 (CRM041 10 16 1. 01 CRM0 (CRM04 (CRM0 (CRM

Resumen Las glóquidas de la tuna son un subproducto del proceso de limpieza del fruto que se desecha en bolsas plásticas, lo que genera un impacto ambiental con efecto acumulativo debido a que este material lignocelulósico es de biodegradabilidad baja. Para generar valor agregado a este subproducto agrícola se determinaron las propiedades fitoquímicas de los pigmentos y polisacáridos pécticos en hidrolizados de glóquidas de Opuntia albicarpa Cristalina y Burrona. Los análisis por espectrofotometría mostraron que estas estructuras contienen 16.2 ± 3.4 y 20.6 ± 1.2 mg·100 g-1 de betalaínas totales en Cristalina y Burrona, respectivamente, con predominancia de betacianinas. Los flavonoides totales fueron similares en ambas variedades con 101.3 ± 4.3 mg quercetina 100g-1 en Cristalina y 112.9 ± 6.9 mg·100g-1 en Burrona. La concentración de fenoles totales fue 427.4 ± 18.4 y 385.7 ± 17.0 mg·100g-1 en Burrona y Cristalina, respectivamente. La concentración de pectinas totales, expresada como ácido galacturónico, fue de 128.7 ± 26.7 y 35.6 ± 17.3 mg·100g-1 de muestra en Burrona y Cristalina. La composición de las glóquidas mostró que el subproducto del beneficiado de la tuna tiene potencial de uso nutracéutico y bioestimulante de cultivos agrícolas.

Summary Glochids of prickly pear are a byproduct of the fruit cleaning process that is discarded in plastic bags, which generate an environmental impact with cumulative effect because this lignocellulosic material is of low biodegradability. In order to generate added value to this agricultural by-product, the phytochemical properties of the pigments and pectic polysaccharides were determined in glochid hydrolysates of Opuntia albicarpa Cristalina and Burrona. Spectrophotometry analyses indicated that these structures contain 16.2 ± 3.4 and 20.6 ± 1.2 mg·100g-1 total betalains in Cristalina and Burrona, respectively, with a predominance of betacyanins. Total flavonoids were similar in both varieties with 101.3 ± 4.3 mg quercetina·100g-1 in Cristalina and 112.9 ± 6.9 mg·100g-1 in Burrona. Total phenols concentration was 427.4 ± 18.4 and 385.7 ± 17.0 mg·100g-1 in Burrona and Cristalina, respectively. The concentration of total pectins, expressed as galacturonic acid, was 128.7 ± 26.7 and 35.6 ± 17.3 mg·100g-1 in Burrona and Cristalina. The composition of the glochids showed that the by-product of the prickly pear conditioning has potential for nutraceutical and biostimulant use in agricultural crops.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The validation of analytical methods ensures the reproducibility of data, when it is desired to perform the quantification of a product, using methodologies different from those established in official documents. Objective: Validate an analytical method by UV Vis spectrophotometry for the quantification of total alkaloids. Methods: A galenic preparation containing 0.1% of belladonna extract was used to determine the validation parameters using a UV-visible spectrophotometric method at 435 nm, based on the precipitation of alkaloids by interaction with the Dragendorff's reagent. Specificity used a concentration of 100%, while linearity required samples of 80%, 90%, 100%, 110% and 120%; and, in the case of the range, at 80% and 120%. Precision evaluated repeatability at 80%, 100% and 120%, and intermediate precision required a 100% sample considering inter-analyst, inter-team and inter-day conditions. Finally, in accuracy, concentrations of 80%, 100% and 120%; and, for robustness, a 100% sample was analyzed to determine pH variation and centrifugation speed. Results: The selectivity obtained acceptable values in both the matrix and the elaborated product, the linearity presented correlation and determination coefficients close to 1, and the concentration range was between 40 - 60 mg/L. Accuracy, precision and robustness had a variability of less than 2%. Conclusions: The UV Vis spectrophotometric method is selective, linear, exact, precise and robust; it is reliable in the determination of precipitable alkaloids.

RESUMEN Introducción: La validación de métodos analíticos asegura la reproducibilidad de datos cuando se desea realizar la cuantificación de un producto, mediante metodologías diferentes a las establecidas en documentos oficiales. Objetivo: Validar un método analítico por espectrofotometría ultravioleta-visible para la cuantificación de alcaloides totales. Métodos: Se utilizó un preparado galénico que contiene 0,1 % de extracto de belladona para determinar los parámetros de validación mediante un método espectrofotométrico ultravioleta-visible a 435 nm, a partir de la precipitación de alcaloides por la interacción con el reactivo de Dragendorff. La especificidad utilizó una concentración de 100 %, mientras, linealidad requirió muestras de 80 %, 90 %, 100 %, 110 % y 120 %; y, en el caso del rango, al 80 % y 120 %. La precisión evaluó la repetibilidad al 80 %, 100 % y 120 %, y, la precisión intermedia requirió una muestra al 100 % considerando condiciones interanalistas, interequipos e interdías. Finalmente, en exactitud, concentraciones de 80 %, 100 % y 120 %; y, en robustez se analizó una muestra al 100 % para determinar variación de pH y velocidad de centrifugación. Resultados: La selectividad obtuvo valores aceptables tanto en la matriz como el producto elaborado, la linealidad presentó coeficientes de correlación y determinación próximos a 1, y el rango de concentración se encontró entre 40 - 60 mg/L. Exactitud, precisión y robustez tuvieron una variabilidad menor al 2 %. Conclusiones: El método espectrofotométrico ultravioleta-visible es selectivo, lineal, exacto, preciso y robusto; es confiable en la determinación de alcaloides precipitables.

Resumen: Este trabajo describió un procedimiento espectrofotométrico simple y sensible para estimar el clorhidrato de fenilefrina en estado puro y en sus formas farmacéuticas usando ácido sulfanílico diazotado como agente de acoplamiento en medio alcalino de solución de carbonato de sodio. El colorante azoico amarillo resultante mostró un máximo de absorción a 441 nm. El gráfico de calibración fue lineal y compatible con el mínimo de Beer en el intervalo de concentración de 0.2-20 µg/mL con determinación del coeficiente (r2=0.9996). Los valores de absortividad molar y la sensibilidad del índice de Sandell fueron calculados y fueron de 8.51×103 l/mol.cm y 0 0239 µg/cm2, respectivamente. Los valores del límite de detección (LOD), el límite de cuantificación (LOQ) y el rango del porcentaje de error relativo se estimaron y resultaron ser 0.0050, 0.0166 µg/mL y -0.374 % a -0.147 %, respectivamente. También se calculó la precisión (representada por RSD) y se encontró que estaba en el rango de ±0.037 a ±0.28. El procedimiento sugerido fue útil con éxito para el ensayo de clorhidrato de fenilefrina en inyección, gotas y jarabes. No se observaron interferencias de los aditivos comunes que se encuentran en las preparaciones farmacéuticas. El color amarillo del producto fue muy estable y no mostró cambios significativos en la absorbancia hasta los 60 min.

Abstract: This work described a simple and sensitive spectrophotometric procedure for estimating phenylephrine hydrochloride in pure and in its pharmaceutical using diazotized sulphanilic acid as a coupling agent in alkaline medium of sodium carbonate solution. The resulting yellow azo-dye displayed an absorption maximum at 441 nm. The calibration graph was linear and compatible to Beer's law over the concentration range 0.2-20 µg/mL with coefficient estimated (r2=0.9996). The values of molar absorptivity and the sensitivity of Sandell's index were calculated and equal to 8.51×103 l/mol.cm and0.0239 µg/cm2, respectively. The values of detection limit (LOD), quantification limit (LOQ) and the range of relative error percentage were estimated and found to be 0.0050, 0.0166 µg/mL and -0.374% to -0.147%, respectively. The precision (represented by RSD) was also calculated and found to be in the range ±0.037 to ±0.28. The suggested procedure was useful successfully to the assay of phenylephrine hydrochloride in injection, drops and syrups. No interferences were observed from common additives found in pharmaceutical preparations. The yellow color of the product was highly stable and did not show a significant change in absorbance up to 60 min.

Abstract: Profitable sheep production depends greatly on the mineral content of range forages, as adequate nutrition is a prerequisite for reaching the animal’s optimum performance. The objective was to determine the contents of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) in range forages and blood serum of grazing, lactating ewes in the arid and semi-arid zones of North-Central Mexico. Samples of forages and blood of lactating ewes were collected in two seasons (spring and winter) from four randomly selected sheep farms located in the state of Aguascalientes. The P content was analyzed using the colorimetrical method, while levels of Ca, Cu, Zn, and Mn were determined by spectrophotometry. Forage mineral content averaged 0.20% P, 0.34% Ca, 8 ppm Cu, 483 ppm Mn, and 29 ppm Zn. In blood serum, mineral content reached 20 ppm P, 147 ppm Ca, 0.52 ppm Cu, 2.9 ppm Mn, and 0.80 ppm Zn in winter, and values of 20.5 ppm P, 177 ppm Ca, 0.57 ppm Cu, 3.13 ppm Mn, and 0.89 ppm Zn in spring. Overall, in both spring and winter seasons, 58- 100% of sampled forages showed Ca, P, Cu, and Zn deficiencies, but all of them fitted the optimal content of Mn. Blood samples showed similar patterns in winter and spring seasons, Ca was not deficient (145-180 ppm vs. optimal range: 90-120 ppm), but P, Cu, and Zn were deficient (P: 9-21 ppm vs. optimal range: 50-65 ppm; Cu: 0.51-0.58 vs. optimal range: 0.60-1.5 ppm; and Zn: 0.71-0.92 ppm vs. optimal range: 0.50-1.2 ppm); Mn was slightly over the optimal range (2.89-3.2 pg/L vs. optimal range: 2 to 40 pg/L). In some cases, forage mineral content might not be related to blood serum contents. However, it should be desirable to understand all the uncontrolled factors in addition to the mineral interactions that could interfere with further studies.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Se administered through intraruminal boluses in goat kids and correlate it with the levels of the mineral and the biomarkers of oxidative stress in the blood. Fifteen goat kids of 8 to 9 wk of age of the Alpine breed with an average weight of 13.7 kg were used and divided into three groups: Selenium group (a sodium selenite bolus was administered orally, with an equivalent content of 90 mg of Se); Se-SMZ group (a bolus of sodium selenite was administered orally, with a content equivalent to 90 mg of Se and 4 g of sulfamethazine a); Placebo group (a placebo bolus was administered orally). Plasma Se levels were carried out through the technique of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentration of TBARS and GSH were estimated through spectrophotometry. The established significance was P<0.05. After the administration of the selenium and SE- SMZ Se boluses, the goat kids increased the levels of Se in plasma starting 3 h after dosing, with a significant difference (P<0.05) between the Se vs Se-SMZ until 3 and 24 h. The groups of bolus-dosed animals had variability in plasma TBARS levels without showing a constant trend (P>0.05). GSH levels did not show significant differences between the groups. In conclusion, the boluses with Selenium and Se-SMZ increased plasma Se levels. There was wide variability in plasma TBARS levels and GSH levels did not show relevant significant differences between treatments. Boluses were a good alternative to supplement Se to ruminants.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de Se administrado a través de bolos intrarruminales en cabritos y correlacionarlo con los niveles del mineral y los biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo en sangre. Se utilizaron 15 cabritos de 8 a 9 semanas de edad de la raza Alpina con un peso promedio de 13.7 kg y se dividieron en tres grupos: grupo Selenio (se administró un bolo de selenito de sodio por vía oral, con un contenido equivalente a 90 mg de Se); grupo Se-SMZ (se administró un bolo de selenito de sodio vía oral, con un contenido equivalente a 90 mg de Se y 4 g de sulfametazina a); grupo Placebo (se administró un bolo placebo vía oral). Los niveles plasmáticos de Se se llevaron a cabo mediante la técnica de espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. La concentración de TBARS y GSH se estimó mediante espectrofotometría. La significancia establecida fue de P<0.05. Después de la administración de los bolos de selenio y Se-SMZ, los cabritos aumentaron los niveles de Se en plasma a partir de las 3 h después de la dosificación, con una diferencia significativa (P<0.05) entre el Se vs Se-SMZ hasta las 3 y 24 h. Los grupos de animales a los que se les administró el bolo presentaron variabilidad en los niveles plasmáticos de TBARS sin mostrar una tendencia constante (P>0.05). Los niveles de GSH no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos. En conclusión, los bolos con Selenio y Se-SMZ aumentaron los niveles plasmáticos de Se. Hubo una amplia variabilidad en los niveles plasmáticos de TBARS y los niveles de GSH no mostraron diferencias significativas relevantes entre los tratamientos. Los bolos fueron una buena alternativa para suplementar el Se a los rumiantes.

Resumen Esta investigación identifica a la minería como una posible amenaza para Liometopum apiculatum Mayr, 1870 en el Altiplano Potosino a través de la evaluación de la contaminación por elementos potencialmente tóxicos en una zona minera de mercurio y el diseño de cartografía sobre el área de distribución de este insecto comestible y sitios mineros potencialmente contaminados. La evaluación de la contaminación en la zona minera consistió en la cuantificación de arsénico y mercurio en residuos mineros, suelo, hormigueros y hormigas obreras de la zona minera y un sitio de referencia mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica; la zona minera presentó niveles más altos de ambos tóxicos en todos los componentes evaluados. La cartografía reveló que la mayoría de los sitios mineros potencialmente contaminados se localizan dentro de las áreas de alta probabilidad de distribución de L. apiculatum en el Altiplano Potosino.

Abstract This research identifies mining as a possible threat to Liometopumapiculatum Mayr, 1870 in the Altiplano Potosino thought the pollution assessment of potentially toxic elements in a mercury mining zone and the design of cartography about the distribution of this edible insect and potentially polluted mining sites. Pollution assessment in the mining zone consisted in the arsenic and mercury quantification in mining waste, soil, anthills, and worker ants from the mining zone and a reference site by atomic absorption spectrophotometry; the mining zone showed higher levels of both toxicants in all assessed components. The cartography revealed that most potentially polluted mining sites are located within the areas with the highest probability of distribution of L. apiculatum in the Altiplano Potosino.

Abstract The elemental status of cattle is one of the important factors, which determine its growth, fertility, fetal development, meat and dairy production, etc. Therefore, the study of content of different elements in cattle organs and tissues and its correlation with cattle characteristics and diet is urgent task. It is also important to develop intravital and low-invasive methods to analyze element content in cattle to regulate its diet during lifetime. In the present work, we have studied the content and distribution of manganese in Hereford cattle from an ecologically clean zone of Western Siberia (Russia). 252 samples were taken from 31 bulls aged 15-18 months. They were collected from various livestock farms in the region and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (organs and muscle tissue) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (hair). The median values of manganese concentration obtained in natural moisture for hair, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, muscles, spleen, testes, and brain were 25, 0.37, 1.0, 2.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.5 ppm. Accordingly, the concentration of manganese differs significantly in the organs and tissues of animals (H = 188.6, df = 8, p <0.0001). Statistically significant associations of manganese were revealed in pairs: liver-testis, hair-testis, spleen-testis, and heart-brain. The classification of organs and tissues of animals according to the level of content and variability of manganese is carried out. The concentration of manganese in the body is not uniform, most of all it is deposited in the hair and excretory organs of the liver and kidneys. In other organs and muscle tissues, the distribution of manganese is more even and is in the range of 0.2-0.5 ppm. The resulting ranges can be used as a guideline for Hereford cattle bred in Western Siberia. factors growth fertility development production etc Therefore task lowinvasive low invasive lifetime work Russia. Russia . (Russia) 25 3 1518 15 18 15-1 months tissue hair. (hair) heart kidneys lungs muscles spleen testes 037 0 37 0.37 10 1 1.0 26 2 6 2.6 04 4 0.4 02 0.2 05 5 0. ppm Accordingly H 1886 188 188.6 8 <0.0001. 00001 <0.0001 0001 <0.0001) pairs livertestis, livertestis testis, testis liver-testis hairtestis, hairtestis hair-testis spleentestis, spleentestis spleen-testis heartbrain. heartbrain brain. heart-brain out uniform 0.20.5 0205 0.2-0. (Russia 151 15- (hair 03 0.3 1. 2. 188. 0000 <0.000 000 20 0.20. 020 0.2-0 <0.00 00 0.20 0.2- <0.0 <0. <0 <

Resumo O status elementar do gado é um dos fatores importantes que determinam seu crescimento, fertilidade, desenvolvimento fetal, produção de carne e laticínios, etc. Portanto, o estudo do conteúdo de diferentes elementos nos órgãos e tecidos do gado e sua correlação com as características do gado e dieta é tarefa urgente. Também é importante desenvolver métodos intravitais e pouco invasivos para analisar o conteúdo de elementos em bovinos para regular sua dieta durante a vida. No presente trabalho, estudamos o conteúdo e a distribuição de manganês em gado Hereford de uma zona ecologicamente limpa da Sibéria Ocidental (Rússia). Foram coletadas 252 amostras de 31 touros com idade entre 15 e 18 meses. Eles foram coletados em diversas fazendas pecuárias da região e analisados por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica (órgãos e tecido muscular) e espectrometria de emissão atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (cabelo). Os valores medianos da concentração de manganês obtidos na umidade natural para cabelo, coração, rins, fígado, pulmões, músculos, baço, testículos e cérebro foram 25, 0,37, 1,0, 2,6, 0,4, 0,2, 0,4, 0,5 e 0,5 ppm. Assim, a concentração de manganês difere significativamente nos órgãos e tecidos dos animais (H = 188,6, df = 8, p <0,0001). Associações estatisticamente significativas de manganês foram reveladas em pares: fígado-testículo, cabelo-testículo, baço-testículo e coração-cérebro. É realizada a classificação dos órgãos e tecidos dos animais de acordo com o nível de conteúdo e variabilidade do manganês. A concentração de manganês no corpo não é uniforme, sendo principalmente depositada nos cabelos e nos órgãos excretores do fígado e dos rins. Em outros órgãos e tecidos musculares, a distribuição do manganês é mais uniforme e fica na faixa de 0,2-0,5 ppm. As faixas resultantes podem ser usadas como orientação para o gado Hereford criado na Sibéria Ocidental. crescimento fertilidade fetal laticínios etc Portanto urgente vida trabalho Rússia. Rússia . (Rússia) 25 3 1 meses muscular cabelo. cabelo (cabelo) coração rins pulmões músculos baço 037 0 37 0,37 10 1,0 26 2 6 2,6 04 4 0,4 02 0,2 05 5 0, ppm Assim H 1886 188 188,6 8 <0,0001. 00001 <0,0001 0001 <0,0001) pares fígadotestículo, fígadotestículo testículo, testículo fígado-testículo cabelotestículo, cabelotestículo cabelo-testículo baçotestículo coraçãocérebro. coraçãocérebro cérebro. coração-cérebro musculares 0,20,5 0205 0,2-0, (Rússia (cabelo 03 0,3 1, 2, 188, 0000 <0,000 000 20 0,20, 020 0,2-0 <0,00 00 0,20 0,2- <0,0 <0, <0 <

Resumo Este estudo investigou o potencial da serapilheira como fonte de fungos capazes de produzir enzimas ligninolíticas para a biodegaradação de corante antraquinônico. Entre as colônias isoladas do material de serapilheira, apenas três colônias de duas espécies de Trametes. foram selecionados com base na detecção de halos de oxidação e descoloração em placas de Petri com PDA (Batata-Dextrose-Ágar) + Guaicol e PDA + RBBR (Azul Brilhante de Remazol R). A identificação das colônias foi através do sequenciamento da região ITS. A atividade enzimática de Lac (lacase), MnP (manganês peroxidase) e LiP (lignina peroxidase) foi avaliada por espectrofotometria durante a fermentação em meio BD+RBBR. Os isolados A1SSI01 e A1SSI02 foram identificados como Trametes flavida, enquanto A5SS01 foi identificado como Trametes sp. A lacase mostrou a maior atividade enzimática, atingindo 452,13 UI.L-1 (A1SSI01, 0,05% RBBR) após 96h. O isolado A1SSI02 alcançou o maior percentual de descoloração, atingindo 89,28% em sete dias. Os resultados sugerem que esses isolados de Trametes podem ser eficazes em sistemas de tratamento de resíduos contendo corantes antraquinônicos tóxicos. antraquinônico BatataDextroseÁgar Batata Dextrose Ágar (Batata-Dextrose-Ágar Azul R. R . R) ITS lacase, , (lacase) manganês peroxidase lignina BDRBBR BD BD+RBBR ASSI SSI A1SSI0 flavida ASS SS A5SS0 sp 45213 452 13 452,1 UI.L1 UIL1 UIL UI.L 1 UI L UI.L- A1SSI01, (A1SSI01 005 0 05 0,05 96h h 8928 89 28 89,28 dias tóxicos (lacase A1SSI A5SS 4521 45 452, L1 (A1SSI0 00 0,0 892 8 2 89,2 4 (A1SSI 0, 89,

Abstract The present study explored the potential of leaf litter as a source of fungi able to produce ligninolytic enzymes for the biodegradation of anthraquinone dyes. Within the colonies isolated from the leaf litter, only three colonies of two species Trametes were selected based on the detection of oxidation and decolorization halos in Petri dishes with PDA (potato-dextrose-agar) + Guaicol and PDA + RBBR (Remazol Brilliant Blue R). The identification of the colonies was done through sequencing of the ITS region. The enzymatic activity of Lac (lacase), MnP (manganês peroxidase) and LiP (lignina peroxidase) was analyzed by spectrophotometry during fermentation in PD+RBBR imedium. Isolates A1SSI01 and A1SSI02 were identified as Trametes flavida, while A5SS01 was identified as Trametes sp. Laccase showed the highest enzymatic activity, reaching 452.13 IU.L-1 (A1SSI01, 0.05% RBBR) after 96h. Isolate A1SSI02 reached the highest percentage of decolorization, achieving 89.28% in seven days. The results imply that these Trametes isolates can be highly effective in waste treatment systems containing toxic anthraquinone dyes. Keywords: laccase, peroxidases, basidiomycete, litter and biodecolorization. dyes potatodextroseagar potato dextrose agar (potato-dextrose-agar Remazol R. R . R) region lacase, lacase , (lacase) manganês peroxidase lignina PDRBBR PD imedium ASSI A SSI A1SSI0 flavida ASS SS A5SS0 sp 45213 452 13 452.1 IU.L1 IUL1 IUL IU.L 1 IU L IU.L- A1SSI01, (A1SSI01 005 0 05 0.05 96h h 8928 89 28 89.28 days Keywords laccase peroxidases basidiomycete biodecolorization (lacase A1SSI A5SS 4521 45 452. L1 (A1SSI0 00 0.0 892 8 2 89.2 4 (A1SSI 0. 89.

ABSTRACT The use of biosynthesized nanoparticles is one of the broad research areas where silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have anti-parasitic disease properties. The biological synthesis of silver (AgNPs) nanoparticles using methanolic extracts of the Indigofera oblongifolia leaf was evaluated. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, total of phenolics, and flavonoids, and MTT assay were used. In addition, UV-visible spectrophotometry, and TEM analysis. produced was stable and simple-to-synthesize AgNPs by UV light radiation. Classes of compounds expected to be biologically active were identified in the extract. Also, Quantitative results showed phenolics and flavonoids at 219 ± 1.079, and 19 ± 0.150 (mg TAE/g DW), respectively. Moreover, IC50 was obtained at 151.569 ± 8.5 ng/mL for Hep-G2 cell lines. Examination of IOLEAgNPs using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the nanoparticles were spherical with a smooth surface, which indicates that the prepared nanostructure content is highly pure with good morphology. Silver nanoparticles synthesized using leaf extract (AgNPs-leaf) were characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry. Its activities have been tested as anti-malaria. OILEAgNPs were able to reduce parasitemia. (AgNPs antiparasitic anti parasitic properties evaluated chromatographymass chromatography mass GCMS GC MS (GC-MS analysis used addition UVvisible visible spectrophotometry simpletosynthesize simple synthesize radiation Also 21 1079 1 079 1.079 0150 0 150 0.15 mg TAEg TAE g DW, DW , DW) respectively Moreover IC IC5 151569 151 569 151.56 85 8 5 8. ngmL ng mL HepG2 HepG Hep G2 G Hep-G lines (TEM surface morphology AgNPsleaf (AgNPs-leaf antimalaria. antimalaria malaria. malaria anti-malaria parasitemia 2 107 07 1.07 015 15 0.1 15156 56 151.5 10 1.0 01 0. 1515 151. 1.

RESUMO O uso de nanopartículas biossintetizadas é uma das amplas áreas de pesquisa em que as nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) têm propriedades antiparasitárias. A síntese biológica de nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) usando extratos metanólicos da folha de Indigofera oblongifolia foi avaliada. Foram utilizadas análises de cromatografia gasosa e espectrometria de massa (GC-MS), total de fenólicos e flavonoides, e ensaio MTT. Além disso, usando espectrofotometria UV-visível e análise TEM usando extratos retirados das folhas, pudemos produzir AgNPs estáveis e simples de sintetizar por radiação de luz UV. Foram identificadas no extrato classes de compostos que se espera que sejam biologicamente ativos. Além disso, os resultados quantitativos mostraram fenólicos e flavonoides em 39,7±0,3 e 33,4±0,2 (mg TAE/g DW), respectivamente. Além disso, o IC50 do IOLE foi obtido em 20,5±0,9μg/mL para a A549 e 24,3±0,9 para as linhas celulares MCF-7. O exame de IOLEAgNPs usando microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) mostrou que as nanopartículas eram esféricas com uma superfície lisa, o que indica que o conteúdo da nanoestrutura preparada é altamente puro com boa morfologia. As nanopartículas de prata sintetizadas usando extrato de folha (AgNPs-folha) foram caracterizadas por espectrofotometria UV-visível. Suas atividades foram testadas como antimalária. As OILEAgNPs foram capazes de reduzir a parasitemia de forma quase tão eficaz quanto o tratamento padrão. (AgNPs antiparasitárias avaliada GCMS, GCMS GC MS , (GC-MS) MTT disso UVvisível UV visível folhas ativos 39703 39 7 0 3 39,7±0, 33402 33 4 2 33,4±0, mg TAEg TAE g DW, DW DW) respectivamente IC IC5 20509μgmL μgmL 20 5 9μg mL μg A54 24309 24 9 24,3±0, MCF7. MCF7 MCF 7. MCF-7 (TEM lisa morfologia AgNPsfolha (AgNPs-folha UVvisível. visível. antimalária padrão (GC-MS 3970 39,7±0 3340 33,4±0 A5 2430 24,3±0 MCF- 397 39,7± 334 33,4± 243 24,3± 39,7 33,4 24,3 39, 33, 24,

Aim The aim of this study was to verify the color variation between different composite resins and the Vita Classical Shade Guide. Methods Two-millimeter thickness samples were made (n = 6) from eight commercial brands of composite resin (shade A2): Charisma (Kulzer), Forma (Ultradent), Harmonize (Kerr), Luna (SDI), Opallis (FGM), Oppus Bulk Fill (FGM), Vittra (FGM) and Filtek Z250 XT (3M ESPE). Specimens were stored in distilled water for 7 days and then polished. Color measurements of samples and A2 shade of the Vita Classical Shade Guide were performed using the Vita Easy Shade Advance 4.0 spectrophotometer on a black background. Color variations were calculated using the CIEDE2000 formula, considering values ≥0.81 being noticeable by the human eye and ≥1.77 being clinically unacceptable. Results were statistically analyzed with a 5% significance level. Results Color variation (ΔE) of composite (E1) compared to the Vita Classical Shade Guide (E0) was greater than clinically acceptable for all the materials evaluated in this study. Forma (ΔE=2.08 ± sd=0.47) and Filtek Z250 XT (2.50 ± 0.20) had the smallest amount of color variation values found in the results. Harmonize (3.32 ± 0.63) presented values similar to Filtek Z250 XT, but it was worse than Forma. Vittra (3.51 ± 0.28), Charisma (3.80 ± 0.20), Opallis (4.24 ± 0.30) and Luna (5.67 ± 0.20) did not differ among each other and presented higher color variation than Forma, Filtek Z350XT and Harmonize. Oppus Bulk Fill (13.94 ± 1.12) was the composite with the greatest color variation. Conclusions The findings in this study show that attention should be taken when using the Vita Color Shade Guide for composite shade selection. Twomillimeter Two millimeter n 6 A A2) Kulzer, Kulzer , (Kulzer) Ultradent, Ultradent (Ultradent) Kerr, Kerr (Kerr) SDI, SDI (SDI) FGM, FGM (FGM Z Z25 3M M ESPE. ESPE . ESPE) polished 40 4 0 4. background CIEDE CIEDE200 formula 081 81 ≥0.8 177 1 77 ≥1.7 unacceptable 5 level ΔE (ΔE E1 E (E1 E0 (E0 ΔE=2.08 ΔE208 2 08 (ΔE=2.0 sd=0.47 sd047 sd 47 2.50 250 50 (2.5 0.20 020 20 results 3.32 332 3 32 (3.3 0.63 063 63 3.51 351 51 (3.5 0.28, 028 0.28 28 0.28) 3.80 380 80 (3.8 0.20, 4.24 424 24 (4.2 0.30 030 30 5.67 567 67 (5.6 ZXT 13.94 1394 13 94 (13.9 1.12 112 12 selection (Kulzer (Ultradent (Kerr (SDI Z2 CIEDE20 8 ≥0. 17 ≥1. (E ΔE=2.0 ΔE20 (ΔE=2. sd=0.4 sd04 2.5 25 (2. 0.2 02 3.3 33 (3. 0.6 06 3.5 35 3.8 38 4.2 42 (4. 0.3 03 5.6 56 (5. 13.9 139 9 (13. 1.1 11 CIEDE2 ≥0 ≥1 ΔE=2. ΔE2 (ΔE=2 sd=0. sd0 2. (2 0. 3. (3 (4 5. (5 13. (13 1. ≥ ΔE=2 (ΔE= sd=0 ( (1 ΔE= sd=

Abstract Bougainvillea is a popular ornamental plant. Although Bougainvillea is abundant in germplasm resources, cultivars and flower colors, there is no rare blue colour varieties, due to the absence of delphinidin-based anthocyanins. This study analyzed the Bougainvillea leaf and bract transcriptome to select hosts of genetic transformation that would be suitable for the accumulation of delphinidin. A total of 36 gigabyte (GB) of raw data was obtained by transcriptome sequencing, with 4,058 significantly differentially expressed genes, including 1,854 upregulated and 2,204 downregulated genes. Annotation of these genes was performed using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases. Through annotation, two CHS genes, one F3H gene, one DFR gene, and one F3'H gene involved in the delphinidin biosynthesis pathway were identified. The expression levels of these genes and total flavonoid content in the bracts of six Bougainvillea varieties were examined through quantitative real-time PCR and spectrophotometry, respectively. Through the comprehensive evaluation based on membership function method, the suitable host order for a blue-hued Bougainvillea transgene is Singapore White>Elizabeth Angus>Ratana Yellow>China Beauty>Orange King>Brilliant Variegata. Thus, Singapore White variety was the most appropriate transgene host for blue-hued Bougainvillea. The results of this study provide a reference for the directed breeding of blue-hued Bougainvillea. plant resources colors delphinidinbased anthocyanins 3 GB (GB sequencing 4058 4 058 4,05 1854 1 854 1,85 2204 2 204 2,20 databases annotation FH F H F3 identified realtime real time spectrophotometry respectively method bluehued hued WhiteElizabeth Elizabeth AngusRatana Angus Ratana YellowChina Yellow China BeautyOrange Beauty Orange KingBrilliant King Brilliant Variegata Thus 405 05 4,0 185 85 1,8 220 20 2,2 40 0 4, 18 8 1, 22 2,

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the absorbance coefficient of the thin porcine cornea to ultraviolet-A radiation (365 nm) submitted for crosslinking. Methods: This in vitro, benchtop experiment using cadaver tissue study analyzed 12 porcine corneal lamellas, which were obtained using a microkeratome after mechanical de-epithelization and separated into three thickness groups: 180, 300, and 360 μm. The corneal thickness values were measured by anterior-segment optical coherence tomography. All lamellas had ultraviolet-A (365 nm) absorbance measured with a 96-well plate spectrophotometer using an ultraviolet transparent microplate before riboflavin instillation and preand post-crosslinking according to the Dresden protocol. Results: The ultraviolet absorbance profiles of the 180, 300, and 360 μm groups were obtained as α-coefficients of 12.85, 76.55, and 120.27, respectively. A theoretical formula was calculated though a statistical analysis that demonstrated the correlation between stromal lamellar thickness and ultraviolet absorbance. Conclusions: Corneal thickness and ultraviolet-A spectral absorbance of corneal lamellas showed linear correlation. These findings can potentially contribute to the optimization of ultraviolet-A application during crosslinking, making the treatment of corneas with thickness <400 μm safe and personalized energy delivery for each corneal thickness. Purpose ultravioletA 365 (36 nm crosslinking Methods vitro 1 deepithelization de epithelization 180 300 36 anteriorsegment anterior segment tomography 96well well 96 postcrosslinking post protocol Results αcoefficients α coefficients 1285 85 12.85 7655 76 55 76.55 12027 120 27 120.27 respectively Conclusions 400 <40 (3 18 30 3 9 128 8 12.8 765 7 5 76.5 1202 2 120.2 40 <4 ( 12. 76. 120. 4 <

Abstract This study assessed the reliability of a color measurement method using images obtained from a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and a stereoscopic loupe. Disc-shaped specimens were created using the composite Filtek Z350 XT (shades DA1, DA2, DA3, and DA4) (n = 3). CIELAB color coordinates of the specimens were measured using the spectrophotometer SP60 over white and black backgrounds. Images of the same specimens were taken using a CCD camera attached to a stereoscopic loupe. The color of the image was measured (red–green–blue [RGB]) using an image processing software and converted to CIELAB coordinates. For each color coordinate, data from images were adjusted using linear regressions predicting those values from SP60. The whiteness index for dentistry (WID) and translucency parameter (TP00) of the specimens as well as the color differences (ΔE00) among pairwise shades were calculated. Data were analyzed via repeated-measures analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test (α = 0.05). Images obtained using the loupe tended to be darker and redder than the actual color. Data adjustment resulted in similar WID, ΔE00, and TP00 values to those observed for the spectrophotometer. Differences were observed only for the WID of shade DA3 and ΔE00 for comparing DA1 and DA3 over the black background. However, these differences were not clinically relevant. The use of adjusted data from images taken using a stereoscopic loupe is considered a feasible method for color measurement. chargecoupled charge coupled (CCD Discshaped Disc shaped Z Z35 DA DA2 DA4 n 3. 3 . 3) SP SP6 backgrounds red–green–blue redgreenblue red green blue RGB [RGB] coordinate (WID TP (TP00 ΔE (ΔE00 calculated repeatedmeasures repeated measures Tukeys Tukey s α 0.05. 005 0.05 0 05 0.05) TP0 ΔE0 background However relevant Z3 [RGB (TP0 (ΔE0 00 0.0 (TP (ΔE 0.

Abstract The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the potential of different fluoridated varnishes to inhibit the progression of incipient caries lesions after cariogenic challenge. Seventy-five enamel specimens of bovine teeth were prepared and selected based on the initial surface microhardness (SMH). The specimens were first subjected to artificial demineralization (in buffer solution) after which SMH was re-analyzed (SM1). They were then randomly assigned to five experimental groups: 1- CONTROL (pH cycling), 2 - MI VAR (MI Varnish with RECALDENTTM - CPP-ACP), 3 - PROFL (Profluorid®), 4 - CLIN (ClinproTM White Varnish with TCP), and 5 - DUR (Duraphat®) (n=15). The varnishes were applied in a thin layer and the specimens were then subjected to pH cycling for eight days. The SMH and cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH) were then analyzed (SM2). The fluoride and calcium ion concentrations in the solution were analyzed by the indirect method and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, respectively. Data were statistically analyzed by Student’s t-test, ANOVA/Tukey-Kramer, or Kruskall-Wallis/Dunn tests for individual comparisons (p˂0.05). All varnishes led to significantly higher surface and subsurface remineralization compared with the control group but did not differ from each other. The varnishes with the highest fluoride release were: PROFL and CLIN, followed by MI VAR and DUR. The varnishes with significantly higher release of calcium were: DUR, CLIN, and PROFL. In conclusion, all commercial fluoridated varnishes tested have good potential to inhibit the progression of demineralization, regardless of the ion release mechanisms. challenge Seventyfive Seventy SMH. . (SMH) reanalyzed re SM1. SM1 SM (SM1) groups 1 cycling, , cycling) CPPACP, CPPACP CPP ACP CPP-ACP) Profluorid®, Profluorid Profluorid® (Profluorid®) ClinproTM TCP, TCP TCP) Duraphat® Duraphat (Duraphat® n=15. n15 n n=15 15 (n=15) days crosssectional cross sectional CSMH (CSMH SM2. SM2 (SM2) spectrophotometry respectively Students Student s ttest, ttest t test, test t-test ANOVA/TukeyKramer, ANOVATukeyKramer ANOVA/Tukey Kramer, ANOVA Tukey Kramer ANOVA/Tukey-Kramer KruskallWallis/Dunn KruskallWallisDunn Kruskall Wallis/Dunn Wallis Dunn p˂0.05. p005 p p˂0.05 0 05 (p˂0.05) other conclusion mechanisms (SMH (SM1 CPP-ACP (Profluorid® (Duraphat n1 n=1 (n=15 (SM2 TukeyKramer ANOVA/TukeyKramer ANOVATukey KruskallWallis WallisDunn p00 p˂0.0 (p˂0.05 (SM (Profluorid n= (n=1 p0 p˂0. (p˂0.0 (n= p˂0 (p˂0. (n p˂ (p˂0 (p˂ (p

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar o potencial de diferentes vernizes fluoretados em inibir a progressão de lesões de cárie incipientes. Setenta e cinco espécimes de esmalte de dentes bovinos foram preparados e selecionados com base na microdureza superficial inicial (MDS/SM). Os espécimes foram submetidos à desmineralização artificial (em solução de Buskes), sendo então a MDS (SM1) reanalisada. Foram então distribuídos aleatoriamente em cinco grupos experimentais: 1- CONTROLE (pH cycling), 2 - MI VAR (MI Varnish with RECALDENTTM - CPP-ACP), 3 - PROFL (Profluorid®), 4 - CLIN (ClinproTM White Varnish with TCP), and 5 - DUR (Duraphat®). Os vernizes foram aplicados em camada fina e os espécimes foram então submetidos à ciclagem de pH por oito dias. A MDS final (SM2) e a microdureza transversal (CSMH) foram então analisadas. As concentrações de flúor e íons cálcio em solução foram analisadas pelo método indireto e espectrofotometria de absorção atômica, respectivamente. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste T de Student, ANOVA/Tukey-Kramer ou testes de Kruskall-Wallis/Dunn para comparações individuais (p˂0,05). Todos os vernizes levaram a uma remineralização superficial e subsuperficial significativamente maior em comparação com o grupo controle, não diferindo significativamente entre si. Os vernizes com maior liberação de flúor foram: PROFL e CLIN, seguidos de MI VAR e DUR. Os vernizes com liberação significativamente maior de cálcio foram: DUR, CLIN e PROFL. Pôde-se concluir que todos os vernizes fluoretados comerciais testados apresentam bom potencial de inibição da progressão da desmineralização, independentemente dos mecanismos de liberação de íons. incipientes MDS/SM. MDSSM MDS/SM . SM (MDS/SM) Buskes, Buskes , Buskes) SM1 (SM1 reanalisada experimentais 1 cycling, cycling cycling) CPPACP, CPPACP CPP ACP CPP-ACP) Profluorid®, Profluorid Profluorid® (Profluorid®) ClinproTM TCP, TCP TCP) Duraphat®. Duraphat Duraphat® (Duraphat®) dias SM2 (SM2 CSMH (CSMH atômica respectivamente Student ANOVA/TukeyKramer ANOVATukeyKramer ANOVA/Tukey Kramer ANOVA Tukey KruskallWallis/Dunn KruskallWallisDunn Kruskall Wallis/Dunn Wallis Dunn p˂0,05. p005 p p˂0,05 0 05 (p˂0,05) controle si Pôdese Pôde se (MDS/SM (SM CPP-ACP (Profluorid® (Duraphat® TukeyKramer ANOVATukey KruskallWallis WallisDunn p00 p˂0,0 (p˂0,05 (Profluorid (Duraphat p0 p˂0, (p˂0,0 p˂0 (p˂0, p˂ (p˂0 (p˂ (p