Abstract Background: Dalea is endemic to the Americas and has a wide in the Chihuahuan Desert province. Its species are associated with xeric scrub, oak forest, and coniferous forest. Hypothesis: Dalea species function as a surrogate of the flora and reinforce the regionalization proposals for this province. Study site and research period: Chihuahuan Desert province, August 2020 to July 2022. Methods: A database was generated from herbarium specimens. The species richness analysis was obtained using a 1 × 1° grid. Weighted endemism (WE) and corrected weighted endemism (CWE) were analyzed and estimated. For regionalization, species replacement was calculated and the UPGMA grouping method was applied. The resulting groups were checked against the published ecoregions to determine the biotic components of the environmental characterization. Results: 3,061 records were obtained, representing 77 species, of which 33 are endemics to the study area. The northwestern and southeastern parts of the province had the highest species richness. The central and northern parts had the highest endemic species richness. The WE analysis showed three cells located in the center of the study area, while the CWE recovered three cells at the south of the province. Two large main subprovinces are recognized, these nesting smaller area groups (districts). The districts mostly correspond to the ecoregions of the Chihuahuan Desert, Scrub of the Central Plateau, and Dry forests of the Bajío. Conclusions: Dalea was a surrogate for the flora and reinforced the regionalization proposals for this province.

Resumen Antecedentes: Dalea es endémico de América, posee amplia distribución en la provincia del Desierto Chihuahuense, sus especies se asocian a matorral xerófilo, bosque de encino y bosque de coníferas. Hipótesis: Las especies de Dalea funcionan como un subrogado de la flora y refuerzan las propuestas de regionalización para esta provincia. Sitio y años de estudio: Provincia del Desierto Chihuahuense, agosto 2020 a julio 2022. Métodos: Se elaboró una base de datos a partir de ejemplares de herbario. El análisis de riqueza de especies se realizó con una cuadricula de 1 × 1°. El endemismo ponderado (WE) y endemismo ponderado corregido (CWE) fueron estimados. Para regionalizar, el recambio de especies fue calculado y se aplicó el método de agrupación UPGMA. Para determinar la caracterización ambiental de los componentes bióticos, los grupos se cotejaron con ecorregiones publicadas. Resultados: Se encontraron 3,061 registros de 77 especies de Dalea, 33 son endémicas al área de estudio. La riqueza de especies se concentró al noroeste y sureste de la provincia. La riqueza de endémicos fue localizada en el centro y norte. El análisis de WE mostró tres celdas ubicadas en el centro del área de estudio; el CWE recuperó tres celdas al sur de la provincia. Se reconocen dos grupos principales (subprovincias), anidando grupos más pequeños (distritos). Los distritos corresponden en su mayoría a las ecorregiones del Desierto Chihuahuense, Matorral de la Meseta Central, Bosques secos del Bajío. Conclusiones: Dalea funcionó como subrogado de la flora y reforzó las propuestas de regionalización para esta provincia.

Abstract Background: Spatial patterns related to richness and endemism of Mexican ferns and lycophytes are not well known, particularly in highly biodiverse areas; among these, Oaxaca is considered a highly biodiverse Mexican state. Questions: Where are located the centers of richness and endemism of lycophytes and ferns in Oaxaca? Both groups of plants support the idea of beta-diverse state condition for Oaxaca? Study site and research period: The study includes all territory of Oaxaca, between 2015 and 2019. Methods: We analyzed the species distribution using grid cells of 20’ × 20’ of latitude and longitude as study units. For this, we applied species richness, endemism indexes (weighted endemism and corrected weighted endemism), and components of biodiversity (α, β and γ), associated with a complementarity index. The distributional data of the species were mainly obtained from herbarium specimens. Results: The richness areas are concentrated in the Sierra Norte and Istmo regions. Three important areas in richness and endemic species are suggested from the endemism indexes. Most of the grid-cell combinations resulted in high values from the complementarity analysis suggesting a high species turnover. Conclusions: The diversity analyses suggested that Oaxaca is a beta-diverse state. The NOM-059 needs a serious, urgent, and critical revision for ferns and different biological groups. The Areas Voluntarily Designated for Conservation in Oaxaca play a major role in relation to Natural Protected Areas for conservation of ferns and lycophytes.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los patrones espaciales relacionados con riqueza y endemismo de los helechos y licofitas mexicanas no están bien conocidos, particularmente en áreas altamente biodiversas; entre ellas, Oaxaca es considerado como un estado con alta biodiversidad. Preguntas: ¿En dónde se localizan los centros de diversidad y endemismo de los helechos y licofitas de Oaxaca? ¿Ambos grupos de plantas apoyan la idea de la condición de estado betadiverso para Oaxaca? Sitio y años de estudio: El estudio incluye todo el territorio de Oaxaca, entre los años 2015 y 2019. Métodos: Se analizó su distribución utilizando cuadros de 20’ × 20’ de latitud y longitud como unidades de estudio. Se aplicaron índices de riqueza y endemismo , además de componentes de la biodiversidad (α, β y γ), asociados con un índice de complementariedad. Los datos de distribución de las especies fueron obtenidos principalmente de ejemplares de herbario. Resultados: Las áreas de riqueza se concentran en las regiones de Sierra Norte e Istmo. A partir de los índices utilizados se sugieren tres áreas de riqueza y endemismo. La mayoría de las combinaciones de cuadros resultaron con altos valores de complementariedad sugiriendo un alto recambio de especies. Conclusiones: Los análisis de diversidad sugieren que Oaxaca es un estado betadiverso. La NOM-059 requiere de una revisión crítica, seria y urgente para los helechos y diferentes grupos biológicos. Las Áreas Destinadas Voluntariamente para la Conservación juegan un gran papel en comparación con las ANPs para los esfuerzos de conservación de helechos y licofitas.

Abstract Studies on floristic composition are important to evaluate the effectiveness of forest restoration and to support conservation of tropical forests. Presence of planted exotic species and low species richness in several riparian forests in Brazil led us to analyze the floristic composition of restored riparian areas in a region with one of the highest levels of vegetation cover in the Atlantic Forest and immersed in one of the largest centers of endemism in this hotspot. Restored areas were identified through consultation of licensing processes at the environmental agencies and field visits were carried out in these areas to identify planted species. Most restorations involved the planting of exotic species, low species richness and an inadequate proportion of native species, which can be harmful to the conservation and restoration of the Atlantic Forest. Dissemination of these results may alert the environmental agencies in order to avoid the approval of ineffective restorations. hotspot

Abstract The Espinhaço Range is known for its unique plant diversity and richness of endemic species. We identified the distribution patterns, areas of endemism, floristic similarity, and the areas of richness and diversity of Convolvulaceae within the Espinhaço Range by analyzing a database of approximately 2600 occurrence records. One hundred and eighty-four taxa were categorized into one of four distribution patterns: continuous, disjunct, centered in the Bahia sector, and centered in the Minas Gerais sector. Nineteen Convolvulaceae species are endemic to Espinhaço Range. Endemic species had all of the different distribution patterns. Parsimony analysis of endemism indicated two main centers of endemism for the family: one in the Minas Gerais sector, on the Diamantina Plateau, and another in the Bahia sector, in the Chapada Diamantina. The floristic similarity, richness, and diversity analyses evidenced a principal group in each portion, mainly concentrated in the Chapada Diamantina, and secondarily in the Iron Quadrangle. Such studies are important both for understanding biodiversity and for decision-making in public conservation policies.

Abstract Echeandia (Asparagaceae) is an American genus of herbaceous geophytes. Its distribution is heterogeneous but concentrates along the Mexican Transition Zone (MTZ). We analyzed the species richness distribution and endemism of the group. We compiled a data base of 2,078 records obtained by revision of herbarium specimens, scientific publications, and electronic databases. Species richness was quantified under 4 different criteria. Also, we estimated the weighted endemism and the corrected weighted endemism index to detect centers of endemism. We identified 85 species and registered 74 in Mexico. The MTZ had 61 species and the Sierra Madre del Sur province was the most diverse with 39. The richest cell was located in the Transmexican Volcanic Belt and contained 12 species. In addition, 63 species (85.1%) present in Mexico were endemic. Weighted endemism showed 5 cells in the Sierra Madre del Sur and Balsas Basin in Mexico. In contrast, almost all the high valued cells of corrected weighted endemism index were located in South America. The results were congruent with the patterns of the geophytes and endemic angiosperms of Mexico. The MTZ has a complex tectonic, volcanic and climatic history. These factors have promoted the diversification of several angiosperm lineages, including Echeandia.

Resumen Echeandia (Asparagaceae) es un género americano de geófitas herbáceas. Su distribución es heterogénea, pero concentrada a lo largo de la Zona de Transición Mexicana (ZTM). Analizamos la distribución de la riqueza de especies y el endemismo del grupo. Compilamos una base de datos de 2,078 registros a partir de especímenes de herbario revisados, publicaciones científicas y bases de datos electrónicas. Cuantificamos la riqueza de especies usando 4 criterios distintos. Además, estimamos el endemismo ponderado y el índice de endemismo ponderado corregido para detectar centros de endemismo. Identificamos 85 especies y registramos 74 en México. La ZTM contuvo 61 especies y la Sierra Madre del Sur destacó con 39. La celda más rica se ubicó en el Eje Volcánico Transmexicano con 12 especies. Además, 63 especies (85.1%) presentes en México fueron endémicas. El análisis de endemismo ponderado mostró 5 celdas en la Sierra Madre del Sur y la Cuenca del Balsas en México. En contraste, casi todas las celdas con alto valor del índice de endemismo ponderado corregido se ubicaron en Sudamérica. Los resultados fueron congruentes con los patrones presentados por las geófitas y angiospermas endémicas de México. La ZTM tiene una compleja historia tectónica, volcánica y climática, factores que promovieron la diversificación de varios linajes de angiospermas, incluido Echeandia.

Abstract Background: Manfreda includes 37 species distributed from southeastern United States to Honduras. The Pacific Lowlands and Sierra Madre del Sur biogeographic provinces and Guerrero state are the centers of species richness and endemism for the genus in Mexico. Questions: How is the geographical distribution of Manfreda in Guerrero? Some specimen does not match any known Manfreda species, could be these collections a new species? Studied species: Fourteen Manfreda species. Study site: Guerrero, Mexico. Methods: The analysis was based on specimens reviewed from 19 herbaria, fieldwork, and records in specialized literature. The richness was quantified by municipalities, biogeographic provinces, and a grid cell, using geographic information systems. The morphological descriptions and the recognition of new species are based on traditional taxonomic methods. Results: Database included 86 records for 14 species. The richness is concentrated in 10 cells located in the transition between the Balsas Basin, Transmexican Volcanic Belt and the Sierra Madre del Sur. Some specimens that could not be assigned to any of the known species in Manfreda and proposed as a new species, which is presented with illustrations, an identification key, and a distribution map. Conclusions: Given the richness, the endemism, and the low density of collections of Manfreda in Guerrero, we found that the richness is likely greater than previously estimated and it could be expected to find new species. It is advisable to focus on the collection towards the Pacific Lowlands, since there is the greatest richness in Mexico.

Resumen Antecedentes: Manfreda incluye 37 especies distribuidas desde el sureste de Estados Unidos hasta Honduras. Las provincias biogeográficas Tierras Bajas del Pacífico y Sierra Madre del Sur, y el estado de Guerrero son centros de riqueza y endemismo para Manfreda en México. Preguntas: ¿Cómo es la distribución geográfica de Manfreda en Guerrero? Algunos especímenes no coinciden con ninguna especie conocida de Manfreda, ¿podrían ser estas colectas una especie nueva? Especies de estudio: Catorce especies de Manfreda. Sitio de estudio: Guerrero, México. Métodos: El análisis se basó en la revisión de especímenes en 19 herbarios, trabajo de campo y registros en literatura especializada. La riqueza se cuantificó por municipios, provincias biogeográficas y una cuadrícula, utilizando sistemas de información geográfica. Las descripciones morfológicas y el reconocimiento de la especie nueva se basaron en métodos taxonómicos tradicionales. Resultados: La base de datos incluyó 86 registros para 14 especies. La riqueza se concentra en 10 celdas en la transición entre la Cuenca del Balsas, Faja Volcánica Transmexicana y Sierra Madre del Sur. Algunos especímenes que no pudieron asignarse a ningún taxon conocido de Manfreda, se proponen como una especie nueva, acompañada de ilustraciones, una clave de identificación y un mapa de distribución. Conclusiones: Dada la diversidad, el endemismo y la baja cobertura de las colecciones de Manfreda en Guerrero, esperamos que la riqueza sea mayor a la registrada y que exploraciones futuras revelen la existencia de especies nuevas. Es aconsejable dirigir recolecciones a las Tierras Bajas del Pacífico, donde existe la mayor riqueza en México.

Abstract: The study area includes from cañón del Zopilote to carrizal de Bravo, belonging to the Balsas river basin, Guerrero, México. This area is considered one of its most important centers of diversity and endemism of the genus Bursera, and other vascular plants, amphibians and reptiles. The aim of this study was to determine the diversity of plant and patterns of richness and environmental variables related to these aspects along an altitudinal gradient. Seven transects were randomly established to sample the trees, shrubs and herbs (40 x 25 = 1,000 m2) in each type of vegetation. The total Richness in the altitudinal gradient was of 310 species in five types of vegetation (tropical deciduous forest, palmar, Quercus forest, Pinus forest and cloud forest). A “U” pattern was observed, where richness and diversity species total was higher at the ends altitudinal gradient and lower in the middle. The rate of species turnover (beta diversity) was of 100 % in tropical deciduous forest and cloud forest, located in the lower and upper altitudinal gradient respectively. The soil variables (sand content, phosphorus and cation exchange capacity) and altitude were the environmental variables more related with richness and species diversity on altitudinal gradient.

Resumen: El área de estudio abarca localidades del cañón del Zopilote y carrizal de Bravo, pertenecientes a la cuenca del río Balsas, Guerrero, México. Un área de alta diversidad de especies del género Bursera y rica en endemismos, principalmente de plantas vasculares, anfibios y reptiles. Con el objetivo de determinar los patrones de riqueza y diversidad de especies vegetales y las variables del medio relacionadas a lo largo un gradiente altitudinal, se establecieron al azar siete transectos de 40 x 25 m (1 000 m2) en cada tipo de vegetación a lo largo del gradiente de altitud (450 a 2 800 m) para el muestreo de especies arbóreas, arbustivas y herbáceas. La riqueza total en el gradiente altitudinal fue de 310 especies incluidas en cinco tipos de vegetación (bosque tropical caducifolio, palmar, bosque de Quercus, bosque de Pinus: y bosque mesófilo de montaña). Se observó un patrón de “U”, donde la riqueza y diversidad total de especies fue mayor en los extremos del gradiente altitudinal y menor en la parte intermedia. La tasa de reemplazo de especies (diversidad beta) fue de 100 % en bosque tropical caducifolio y bosque mesófilo de montaña, los cuales se ubican en el extremo inferior y superior del gradiente de altitud estudiado. Las variables ambientales con mayor relación con los valores de riqueza y diversidad de especies son las variables edáficas (contenido de arena, fósforo y capacidad de intercambio catiónico) y la altitud en el gradiente altitudinal estudiado.

Abstract: Background: Lamiaceae is one of the most species-rich families in Mexico. However, a detailed treatment on its diversity and an updated comprehensive taxonomic review for the country are still lacking. As a result, the use and conservation of the members of Lamiaceae is limited. Questions: Which advances have been achieved on the study and understanding of the Mexican Lamiaceae in terms of richness, endemism and distribution? Which strategies should be applied to enhance the knowledge of Lamiaceae in Mexico? Taxon: Lamiaceae Study site: Mexico Methods: A thorough review of Mexican Lamiaceae in the literature, databases and herbaria was conducted. The state of knowledge of the family was summarized. Quantitative analyses were performed to assess its richness, endemism and geographical distribution. Results: Mexico embraces 33 genera and 598 species of Lamiaceae, with an endemism proportion of 66.2 %. The most diverse genus is Salvia, with 306 species. Oaxaca is the state encompassing the highest richness, whereas Jalisco harbors the highest amount of endemic species. Conclusions: In Mexico Lamiaceae is the eighth most species-rich family, with a number of species equivalent to 5.5 % of all Lamiaceae worldwide; hence the country is one of the most relevant diversification centers for the family. The high species richness and endemism level found in Mexico, makes this country crucial for in situ conservation of the labiates. Currently, subtantial advances have been achieved on the knowledge of Lamiaceae, and their study has increased in recent years. Nervertheless, several fields of research still need to be explored.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Lamiaceae es una de las familias con mayor riqueza de especies en México. Sin embargo, aún se carece de un estudio detallado sobre su diversidad en el país y de una revisión taxonómica global y actualizada. Como resultado, el aprovechamiento y conservación de los integrantes de esta familia es limitado. Preguntas: ¿Qué avances se han logrado en el estudio y entendimiento de la riqueza, endemismo y distribución de las Lamiaceae mexicanas? ¿Qué estrategias deben ejecutarse para consolidar el conocimiento de la familia en el país? Taxon: Lamiaceae Sitio de estudio: México Métodos: Se hizo una revisión exhaustiva de las Lamiaceae mexicanas en la literatura, bases de datos y herbarios. Se sintetizó el estado de su conocimiento. Se aplicaron análisis cuantitativos para evaluar su riqueza, endemismo y distribución geográfica. Resultados: México cuenta con 33 géneros y 598 especies, de las cuales el 66.2 % son endémicas. El género más diverso es Salvia, con 306 especies. El estado más diverso es Oaxaca, mientras que Jalisco alberga el mayor número de especies endémicas. Conclusiones: En México, Lamiaceae es la octava familia más diversa y el número de sus especies representa el 5.5 % de la familia a nivel mundial, por lo que el país puede considerarse uno de los centros de diversificación más importante. Debido a lo anterior, y al endemismo elevado que presenta, México es crucial para la conservación in situ de la familia. Si bien se ha logrado un avance considerable de su conocimiento y en la actualidad hay un repunte en su estudio, es necesario diversificar los campos de investigación.

Abstract Poales represents a major part of Angiosperm and Monocot diversity. The families encompass ca. 20,000 species which is about 7% of the Angiosperms and 33% of the Monocots. Bromeliaceae, Cyperaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Juncaceae, Mayacaceae, Poaceae, Rapateaceae, Thurniaceae, Typhaceae, and Xyridaceae are the families represented in the Neotropics. In general terms some areas in the Neotropics could be considered hotspots for Poales with a high number of species in several genera and several centers of endemism – the Guayana Shield, Espinhaço Range and Atlantic Forest are highly diverse in Poales. In terms of the Brazilian flora, the order is well represented in the entire country with almost 4,400 species. It represents more than 50% of the total number of species of Monocotyledons in Brazil. The main goal here is to summarize the available information and provide an overview of the Poales in the Neotropics. The state of knowledge for each family, focused on the Brazilian flora, is provided and reinforces the importance of new studies in key-groups looking beyond the understanding of their diversity on the continent but also the conservation of the species.

The genus Solanumis among the most species-rich genera both of the Peruvian flora and of the tropical Andes in general. The present revised checklist treats 276 species of SolanumL., of which 253 are native, while 23 are introduced and/or cultivated. A total of 74 Solanumspecies (29% of native species) are endemic to Peru. Additional 58 species occur only in small number of populations outside Peru, and these species are here labelled as near-endemics to highlight the role Peru playes in their future protection. Species diversity is observed to peak between 2500 - 3000 m elevation, but endemic species diversity is highest between 3000 - 3500 m elevation. Cajamarca has the highest number of endemic (29 spp.) and total species (130 spp.), even when considering the effect of area. Centers of endemic species diversity are observed in provinces of Cajamarca(Cajamarca),Huaraz and Carhuaz (Ancash), and Canta and Huarochirí (Lima). Secondary centres of endemism with high concentrations of both endemics and near-endemics are found in San Ignacio and Cutervo (Cajamarca), Santiago de Chuco (La Libertad), Oxapampa (Pasco), and Cusco (Cusco). Current diversity patterns are highly correlated with collection densities, and further collecting is needed across all areas, especially from Arequipa, Ayacucho, Puno, Ancash, Huánuco, Amazonas and Cajamarca, where high levels of species diversity and endemism are indicated but only a few collections of many species are known.

SolanumL. es uno de los géneros que posee una alta riqueza de especies dentro de la flora peruana y dentro de los Andes tropicales en general. Presentamos una lista revisada de 276 especies de Solanum para el Perú, de estas 253 son nativas, mientras que 23 son introducidas y/o cultivadas. Un total de 74 especies de Solanum (29% de las especies nativas) son endémicas de Perú. Además 58 especies se encuentran solamente en pequeñas poblaciones fuera del Perú, y estas especies están designadas aquí como casi endémicas para destacar el rol importante del Perú en la futura protección de estas especies. El pico de diversidad de especies es observado entre 2500 - 3000 m de elevación, pero la diversidad de especies endémicas es más alta entre 3000 - 3500 m. Cajamarca tiene el más alto número de especies (130 spp.) y de especies endémicas (29 spp.), incluso si se considera el efecto del área. Centros de diversidad de especies endémicas se localizan en las provincias de Cajamarca (Cajamarca), Huaraz y Carhuaz (Ancash), Canta y Huarochirí (Lima). Centros de endemismos secundarios con una alta concentración tanto de especies endémicas y de casi endémicas se encuentran en San Ignacio y Cutervo (Cajamarca), Santiago de Chuco (La Libertad), Oxapampa (Pasco), y Cusco (Cusco): Los actuales patrones de diversidad están altamente correlacionados con la densidad de colecciones, por lo que es necesario una mayor colecta en todas las regiones, especialmente en Arequipa, Ayacucho, Puno, Ancash, Huánuco, Amazonas y Cajamarca, donde se indican altos niveles de diversidad y endemismo de especies, pero de las cuales existen pocas colecciones.

Cycads have the oldest fossil record among extant spermatophytes (seed plants). However, their 'living fossils' status has been recently questioned, based on the results of molecular phylogenetic studies. The group has morphological apomorphies, mainly in vegetative but possibly also in reproductive characters, with Cycas as the most divergent genus. Besides Australia and South Africa, Mexico is one of the 3 centers of diversity for the order Cycadales, with 54 species belonging to 3 of the genera comprising the family Zamiaceae: Ceratozamia, Dioon and Zamia. The percentage of the Mexican species of Zamiaceae (88.9%) represents the highest value for this parameter for the family in the Neotropics. Overall, the state of conservation for the 3 genera is critical, since all Mexican cycad species are included in a risk category, according to the Nom-059-Semarnat-2010. Finally, we consider that the knowledge generated so far on Mexican cycads, in terms of systematics, evolutionary and conservation biology, will allow us to clarify different evolutionary scenarios, especially those related to the processes and patterns that have shaped its current diversity.

Dentro de los grupos actuales de espermatofitas, plantas con semilla, las cícadas cuentan con el registro fósil más antiguo. A pesar de ello, su estatus como "fósiles vivientes" ha sido puesto en entredicho recientemente con base en resultados de estudios filogenéticos moleculares. El grupo presenta apomorfías morfológicas vegetativas y posiblemente también reproductivas, siendo Cycas el género más divergente. Junto con Australia y Sudáfrica, México es uno de los 3 centros de diversidad del orden Cycadales, con 54 especies pertenecientes a 3 de los géneros que constituyen la familia Zamiaceae: Ceratozamia, Dioon y Zamia. En este sentido, México es la región más diversa y con el mayor número de endemismos (88.9%) de la familia Zamiaceae en el Neotrópico. En general, el estado de conservación de los 3 géneros es crítico, debido a lo cual, todas las especies de cícadas mexicanas se encuentran bajo alguna categoría de riesgo, de acuerdo con la Nom-059-Semarnat-2010. Finalmente, consideramos que el conocimiento generado hasta el momento sobre las cícadas en nuestro país, en términos de sistemática, biología evolutiva y conservación, nos permitirá esclarecer diferentes escenarios evolutivos, principalmente aquellos relacionados con los procesos y los patrones que han determinado su diversidad actual.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar as Xyridaceae do município de Mucugê, como parte do Projeto Flora da Bahia. Mucugê localiza-se no centro do Estado da Bahia, no limite norte da Cadeia do Espinhaço, abrigando parte do Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina e o Parque Municipal de Mucugê. O tipo vegetacional predominante em Mucugê é o campo rupestre, um dos maiores centros de diversidade da flora brasileira. O trabalho foi baseado em coleções de herbário e novas coletas. Contém descrições, ilustrações, chaves de identificação e dados de localização geográfica dos táxons, bem como comentários taxonômicos. Foram reconhecidas 19 espécies para o município de Mucugê, pertencentes ao gênero Xyris, sendo cinco táxons endêmicos da Chapada Diamantina.

We aimed to elaborate the monograph of Xyridaceae from the municipality of Mucugê in Central Bahia. Mucugê is located in the northern range of Espinhaço Ridge, within Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina and Parque Municipal de Mucugê. The study was based on field collections and herbarium specimens and revealed the occurrence of 19 species, including five endemics for Chapada Diamantina. This paper is part of Flora da Bahia project. The vegetation occurs over quartzite rocky outcrops called campo rupestre, one of the richest centers of diversity of Brazilian flora. The peculiar conditions of soil and climate, together with the topography of the Espinhaço Range, favor the high endemism observed for several plant families, including Xyridaceae. Identification keys, species descriptions, illustrations, data on geographical distribution, and taxonomic discussions are provided.

A Estação Biológica de Boracéia, localizada em Salesópolis, SP, situa-se na Serra do Mar, importante região biogeográfica e um dos centros de endemismo mais bem definidos do Brasil. Apesar de instituída em 1954, quando passou a pertencer ao Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, a avifauna desta localidade já era objeto de pesquisas desde a década de 1940, época em que foram realizadas as primeiras coletas de aves. Aqui é apresentada pela primeira vez uma revisão de todos os registros avifaunísticos realizados nessa localidade ao longo de mais de 68 anos assim como a adição de novos registros com base em dados coletados recentemente com transectos lineares e redes de neblina. Os registros para Boracéia estiveram representados em museus, na literatura e em dados não publicados que, somados aos registros recentes, acumularam 323 espécies de aves para a localidade. Destas, 117 são endêmicas da Mata Atlântica e 28 estão sob diferentes graus de ameaça no Estado. Embora alguns registros possam ser duvidosos e necessitem de confirmação, algumas espécies representam os únicos registros para o Estado. Boracéia inclui ainda uma espécie recém descoberta em áreas próximas, sendo de grande importância para a conservação das aves de Mata Atlântica.

Boracéia Biological Station, near the city of Salesópolis, SP, is located in one of the most well-defined centers of endemism in eastern Brazil - the Serra do Mar Center. While the station was established only in 1954 under the auspices of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, the avifauna of this locality had already attracted the attention of ornithologists by the 1940s, when the first specimens were collected. Here we describe the ornithological history of the Boracéia Biological Station with a review of all the bird species recorded during more than 68 years, including recent transect and mist-netting records. Boracéia's records were found in museums, literature and unpublished reports that totaled 323 bird species when recent data is also considered. Of these, 117 are endemic to the Atlantic forest and 28 are threatened in the state. Although there are a few doubtful records that need to be checked, some species are the only sightings in the state. Boracéia includes a recently discovered species near the station site and is extremely important for the conservation of Atlantic forest birds.

La riqueza biológica de Mesoamérica es enorme. Dentro de esta gran área geográfica se encuentran algunos de los ecosistemas más diversos del planeta (selvas tropicales), así como varios de los principales centros de endemismo en el mundo (bosques nublados). Países como Guatemala, en esta gran área biogeográfica, tiene grandes zonas de bosque húmedo tropical y bosque mesófilo, por esta razón es muy importante para analizar la diversidad en la región. Lamentablemente, la fauna de mariposas de Guatemala es poco conocida y por lo tanto, es necesario llevar a cabo un estudio y análisis de la composición y la diversidad de las mariposas (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) en Guatemala. Este es el primer esfuerzo en reunir diferentes tipos de información y aumentar el conocimiento de las mariposas en Guatemala y el Neotrópico. La lista está integrada por 761 taxones del nivel especie, con registros de colecciones biológicas, literatura, recolectas de campo, datos inéditos y bases de datos. Se comentan algunos aspectos de la diversidad, la composición de especies y la distribución geográfica de las mariposas en Guatemala y con respecto a otras unidades geográficas. Otra parte presenta un bosquejo histórico. Hoy en día el conocimiento de las mariposas de este país está aumentando y éste es uno de los muchos estudios en marcha.

The Mesoamerican biological richness is enormous. Within this large geographic area are located some of the most diverse ecosystems on earth (rain forests), as well as major centers of endemism in the world (cloud forests). Countries, such as Guatemala, have large areas of tropical rain forest and cloud forest and for this reason it is very important to analyze the diversity in this region. Unfortunately, the butterfly fauna of Guatemala is poorly known and therefore it is necessary to conduct a study and analysis of its composition and diversity. This is the first effort in compiling different kinds of information to increase our knowledge of the butterflies in Guatemala and the Neotropics. The list includes 761 species with records of biological collections, literature, field collections, unpublished data, and data bases. Some aspects of the diversity, species composition and geographical distribution of the butterflies in Guatemala with respect to other geographic units, are commented. A historical sketch is also presented. Today, the knowledge of the butterflies of this country is rapidly increasing and this is one of many on-going studies.

O endemismo e a riqueza das espécies são medidas complementares da biodiversidade e atributos úteis para uma definição eficaz de áreas de preservação. Estes atributos são aqui aplicados à FlorestaAtlântica brasileira, baseados em um grupo de orquídeas endêmicas deste bioma, o gênero Baptistonia. A análise da riqueza revela uma região particularmente rica (a Serra do Castelo, ES) e seis outras regiões ricas. Três destas regiões apresentam índice de endemismo superior a 1. Oito áreas prioritárias para conservação são definidas. Relações hierárquicas de endemismo entre estas áreas são avaliadas com base em análise de parcimônia de endemicidade. Do conjunto destas relações e da hipótese filogenêtica do gênero Baptistonia deduz-se que a origem deste gênero se situa na Serra do Catelo. Além do mais, esta análise confirma a existência de dois grandes centros de endemismo na zona ecológica sul da Mata Atlântica.

Species endemism and species richness are complementary concepts usually used in biodiversity evaluation. They can be useful tools for efficiently defining conservation areas. In the present study, they are applied to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, based on an orchid group endemic to this biome, the genus Baptistonia. The study of the species richness shows one very rich area (The Serra do Castelo, ES) and six rich areas. Three of these areas show an endemism index greater than 1. Eight areas, most important for biodiversity conservation, are proposed. Hierarchical relationships of endemism between nine phytogeographical areas are evaluated based on parsimony analysis of endemicity. This analysis confirms: (a) that two important endemism centers can be recognized in the southern ecological part of the Atlantic Forest, and (b) together with the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Baptistonia, that the Serra do Castelo appears to be the diversification center of the genus.