ABSTRACT Crop pollination is indispensable for global food security. Studies that summarize the knowledge about pollination of specific crops are relevant because they identify the distribution of pollinators, guide pollinator management and conservation policies, and highlight knowledge gaps. Zucchini is cultivated in several countries, and its production is essentially dependent on pollinators. We aimed to integrate global data on zucchini pollination and answer the following questions: (1) What are the topics addressed and what are the trends of the results? (2) Which organisms pollinate zucchini, and how are they globally distributed? (3) What are the knowledge gaps? We performed a systematic literature review, built a network of countries and pollinators, and compared data on the efficiency of specific pollinators. Studies were conducted in 16 countries. Most studies investigated the frequency and diversity of floral visitors. Other approaches were discussed. Zucchini flowers fed 116 species of pollinators, especially bees. Six countries had almost exclusive groups of native pollinators. Apis, Bombus, and Peponapis were the most frequently recorded bees. Areas with high habitat diversity improve pollination. There was a significant difference in productivity when pollination was carried out by bees compared with pollination by Syrphidae. The main knowledge gaps are (1) the determination of which native, manageable pollinators are efficient for maximum zucchini production, (2) the investigation of how pollination influence fruit nutritional composition and seed quality, and (3) the identification of pollinators to the species level.

ABSTRACT Dichotomius Hope, 1838 is one of the most diverse and abundant genera of dung beetles (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) in the New World. It congregates about 200 species distributed from the northeastern United States to central Argentina, and is arranged into four subgenera: Dichotomius s. str., Cephagonus Luederwaldt, 1929, Homocanthonides Luederwaldt, 1929 and Selenocopris Burmeister, 1846. The subgenus nominotypical has seen the least progress in its taxonomy, with only 15% of species with information in a recent revision. Therefore, in this paper, using a protocol for taxonomic revision and reviewing the type material and more than 12,000 specimens from 32 entomological collections, we have divided Dichotomius s. str. into two subgenera. We describe Dichotomius (Luederwaldtius) new subgenus to encompass, the smallest species (less than 20 mm), 13 species which previously belonged to D. sensu stricto, four species of Dichotomius (Selenocopris), and several undescribed species. Dichotomius triangulariceps (Blanchard, 1846) is transferred to the subgenus Selenocopris based on characters of the male genitalia. The subgenus Dichotomius s. str., in its new, more restricted sense, is delimited to include approximately 73 species arranged into, 12 species groups, plus two incertae sedis species. For each group, its definition is presented with species composition and geographic distribution. The incertae sedis species, D. agesilaus (Waterhouse, 1891) and D. compressicollis (Luederwaldt, 1929) (lectotype designated) are revised; the following information is presented for them: taxonomic history, species’ citation in published literature, redescription of males and females, list of material examined, photographs of the external morphology, male genitalia, and distribution map.

ABSTRACT The emergence of non-native species as a threat to local biodiversity is a pressing concern that warrants immediate attention. Our study reports the first record of the non-native fish golden dorado, Salminus brasiliensis, for the Preguiças River Basin, Maranhão State, Northeastern Brazil, near the Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses (PNLM). This discovery occurred when a single adult, measuring 77 cm in total length, was captured by artisanal fishers using gillnets in January 2024. This finding underscores the importance of ongoing monitoring efforts focused on the ichthyofauna of the Preguiças River Basin: the tributaries of the lower portion of the basin are located within and at the border of the PNLM area. Such monitoring initiatives are essential for comprehending the distribution range of S. brasiliensis and evaluating its potential impacts on local native freshwater species.

In 1909, Arthur Neiva published an article titled “Contribuição para os estudos dos dipteros. Observação sobre a biolojia e sistematica das anofelinas brasileiras e suas relações com o impaludismo”, highlighting the biology, ecology, and distribution of Anophelinae mosquitoes and the need for more taxonomic studies in Brazil. This came 11 years after Ronald Ross and Grassi demonstrated mosquito roles in transmitting Plasmodium to birds and humans. Despite considerable advances in the understanding of Anophelinae species, knowledge remains insufficient given the complexity of Brazil’s ecosystems, the intensified anthropogenic environmental changes since the mid-20th century, and the persistent public health challenges posed by malaria. This perspective article presents the distribution of Plasmodium vectors and potential vector species in Brazil using climate variables and a maximum entropy model. Geographical distribution maps of Anophelinae species, including putative species, are provided. The article also discusses the current knowledge of vector species distribution in relation to Brazil’s malaria elimination plan, along with the ecological and anthropogenic factors influencing vector distribution.

BACKGROUND The works of Lutz & Neiva, published 115 years ago in the Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, are pioneering for the study of Neotropical Tabanidae. These studies emphasised the importance of biological collections and the description of species from the exploration of South American areas. Dasybasis Macquart, 1847 has traditionally been considered a large genus of tabanids restricted to the Australasian, Neotropical, and Andean regions. Dasybasis species exhibit a high degree of morphological similarity, making specific differentiation challenging. Moreover, some of these features are also present in other taxa, suggesting that they may not be homologous characters and should not be used to define the genus. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the monophyly of Dasybasis and establish its major monophyletic groups. METHODS We conducted an implied weighting analysis using morphological characters, and wing landmarks from 91 terminal species. FINDINGS For the total evidence analyses, aligning with either Tabanus Linnaeus or Dasybasis appendiculata Macquart yielded slightly different trees. Classical morphology and total evidence topology aligned with D. appendiculata are the same, while differing from the total evidence topology aligned with Tabanus in two nodes. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that Dasybasis was not a monophyletic group, and that this name should be restricted to species with a distribution in Australasia; while Neotropical Dasybasis species are recovered in different clades. The genera Archiplatius, Pseudoselasoma, and Stypommia are revalidated. This study provides a revised phylogenetic framework for “Dasybasis” and related taxa, highlighting the need for a more nuanced understanding of morphological character evolution within the tribe Diachlorini.

Resumo: Objetivo Buscamos entender como as amebas testáceas se espalham em novos locais, avaliando seu potencial de dispersão pelo vento e por animais em ecossistemas de água doce. Métodos Realizamos um experimento de campo durante 33 dias entre julho e agosto de 2018. O estudo incluiu quatro abordagens diferentes: (i) um grupo controle exposto exclusivamente ao vento, (ii) a adição de propágulos dispersos por Odonata (insetos aquáticos), (iii) a adição de propágulos dispersos por anfíbios, e (iv) a adição combinada de propágulos de ambos os animais. Resultados Detectamos um total de 13 espécies de amebas testáceas. Em termos de riqueza de espécies, observamos um aumento constante ao longo do período experimental. Em termos de abundância, observou-se uma tendência semelhante, com diferenças no tratamento de todos os vectores combinados, quando comparados os tratamentos com somente vento, e da combinação do vento com os vetores de forma isolada, indicando uma possível colonização progressiva destes organismos no novo ambiente aquático. Relativamente à composição das amebas testadas, não foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre tratamentos dentro de cada período ou entre os diferentes tratamentos ao longo da experiência. Conclusões Nossos resultados demonstram a importância dos vetores animais no transporte de cistos de amebas testáceas.

Abstract: Aim We aimed to understand how testaceous amoebae spread in new sites, assessing their dispersal potential by wind and animals in freshwater ecosystems. Methods We conducted a field experiment over 33 days between July and August 2018. The study included four different approaches: (i) a control group exposed exclusively to wind, (ii) the addition of propagules dispersed by Odonata (aquatic insects), (iii) the addition of propagules dispersed by amphibians, and (iv) the combined addition of propagules of both animals. Results We detected a total of 13 species of testate amoebae. Regarding species richness, we observed a steady increase throughout the experimental period. In terms of abundance, a similar trend was observed, with differences in the treatment of all vectors combinated, when comparing the treatments with only wind, and the combination of wind and vectors alone, indicating a possible progressive colonization of these organisms in the new aquatic environment. Regarding the composition of testate amoebae, we did not detect significant differences between treatments within each period or between different treatments throughout the experiment. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the importance of animal vectors in the transport of testate amoebae cysts.

Abstract Lobed tegumental glands are found only in terrestrial isopods and are thought to have evolved in response to challenges associated with life on land. By examining 30 terrestrial isopod species, we aimed to determine the factors that influence the structure and distribution of the lobed glands. We discovered that lobed glands are found not only in the lateral plates and the uropods but also in the cephalothorax, the antennae, the tergites, and the pereopods of some species. The structure of the lobed glands is influenced by the phylogenetic position of an isopod. Namely, species of Diplocheta, Microcheta, and Synocheta have only one nucleus in the secretory cell, while two nuclei occur in the secretory cells of Crinocheta. By contrast, the distribution of the lobed glands in the body is influenced by the eco-morphotype of a species. Clingers and runners have numerous large lobed glands throughout the body. Creepers possess well-developed uropod glands, while lobed glands are absent or small and few in number in their pereon. Rollers have fewer lobed glands and some species apparently lack them. We also showed that several species possess several types of lobed glands. The correlation of lobed gland distribution with the eco-morphotype speaks in favor of the proposed defensive function of lobed glands.

Two novel alkyl thiophene-modified pyrene derivatives (1)-(2) were created and synthesized using palladium-catalyzed Stille coupling processes and Friedel-Crafts reaction of pyrene. The polycyclic aromatic groups of the thiophene-modified pyrene were oxidized with Ag[Al(OC(CF3)3)4] to provide the insensitive radical cations 1•+-2•+ based on the alkyl thiophene-modified pyrene derivatives. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, were used to investigate their structures and properties. The pyrene moieties were the primary location of the electron spin distribution, with a little overflow onto the outer thiophene moieties. Due to the different substituent groups, free radicals 1•+ 2•+ exhibit some different properties. Compound 1•+ is the most extensive thiophene-modified pyrene radical cation that has been reported. These species are anticipated to have wide-ranging potential in the areas of optoelectronic materials and semiconductors. thiophenemodified modified 12 1 2 (1)-(2 palladiumcatalyzed palladium catalyzed FriedelCrafts Friedel Crafts AgAlOCCF334 AgAlOCCF Ag Al OC CF3 3 4 CF Ag[Al(OC(CF3)3)4 1•+2•+ 1•+-2• NMR, NMR , (NMR) EPR, EPR (EPR) UVVis UV Vis spectroscopy DFT (DFT calculations properties distribution 1• 2• reported wideranging wide ranging semiconductors (1)-( AgAlOCCF33 Ag[Al(OC(CF3)3) 1•+2• 1•+-2 (NMR (EPR (1)- AgAlOCCF3 Ag[Al(OC(CF3)3 1•+2 1•+- (1) Ag[Al(OC(CF3) (1 Ag[Al(OC(CF3 ( Ag[Al(OC(CF

The essential oil extracted from Anemia tomentosa (EOAT) has shown larvicidal potential against Aedes aegypti, based on methods in vitro and in silico. Chromatographic and spectrometric techniques (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-MS), gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID)), as well as mono and bidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were used to assess 10 essential oil components. Chemical composition of essential oil comprised 87.51% sesquiterpenes, with emphasis on presilphiperfolan-1-ol (42.13%) and silphiperfol-5-ene (19.47%). Larvicidal assay conducted in vitro with EOAT has evidenced potential cytotoxic activity up to 48 h exposure to it; mortality rate observed for A. aegypti larvae exposed to essential oil reached 100%. Study conducted in silico with chemical compounds deriving from the herein investigated plant species has evidenced its potential to inhibit acetylcholinesterase in A. aegypti. Activity of triquinane sesquiterpenes ranging from -6.8 to -8.2 kcal mol-1 stood out in comparison to that of temephos (-7.5 kcal mol-1). Chemical compounds identified in the investigated essential oil presented low human and environmental toxicity, as observed in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, and toxicity (ADMETox) predictions. (EOAT chromatographymass chromatography mass CGMS, CGMS CG MS , (CG-MS) chromatographyflame flame GCFID, GCFID GC FID (GC-FID)) NMR (NMR 1 components 8751 87 51 87.51 presilphiperfolan1ol presilphiperfolanol presilphiperfolan ol 42.13% 4213 42 13 (42.13% silphiperfol5ene silphiperfolene silphiperfol 5 ene 19.47%. 1947 19.47% . 19 47 (19.47%) 4 it A 100 100% 6.8 68 6 8 -6. 8.2 82 2 -8. mol1 mol mol- 7.5 75 7 (-7. mol1. mol-1) absorption distribution excretion ADMETox (ADMETox predictions (CG-MS (GC-FID) 875 87.5 42.13 421 (42.13 194 19.47 (19.47% 6. -6 8. -8 7. (-7 (GC-FID 87. 42.1 (42.1 19.4 (19.47 - (- 42. (42. 19. (19.4 ( (42 (19. (4 (19 (1

ABSTRACT A bibliometric study was undertaken to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of works related to managing boron (B) in Eucalyptus spp. from 1970 to 2022. This analysis was based on the Web of Science and Scopus databases, and 121 documents were retrieved. The eight main aspects analyzed were (1) annual scientific production, (2) most relevant research sources, (3) world scientific production, (4) association between countries, (5) most relevant affiliations, (6) indexed terms, (7) most relevant authors, and (8) most cited documents. The results indicated that publications of studies about B in eucalyptus have increased significantly over the last decade (2010-2020). Brazil has produced the most studies relating to the nutritional management of B in eucalyptus, as is mainly reflected in the numbers of researchers, research institutions, and journals that have published on the subject. Our study found that most works have been developed regionally, with little international collaboration between countries although researchers from the United States are the most frequent partners in international collaborations. The majority of the articles analyzed focused on studying the influence of B doses on the growth and rooting of eucalyptus seedlings. Finally, one significant gap in the literature is the need for studies on sources of B via soil and leaves, and new studies on this subject should be commissioned. Thus, the bibliometric review was an efficient approach for observing the main advances in managing B in eucalyptus in recent decades and identifying the leading research groups and future opportunities for scientific advances in this area. (B spp 197 2022 databases 12 retrieved 1 (1 production 2 (2 3 (3 4 (4 5 (5 affiliations 6 (6 terms 7 (7 authors 8 (8 20102020. 20102020 2010 2020 . (2010-2020) institutions regionally collaborations seedlings Finally leaves commissioned Thus area 19 202 ( 2010202 201 (2010-2020 20 201020 (2010-202 20102 (2010-20 (2010-2 (2010- (2010 (201 (20

Exploring the triacylglycerols composition in milk samples from different ruminant species is crucial for dairy product development. Identifying the fatty acid (FA) composition in human milk is essential and is usually performed using gas chromatography (GC). Heat maps are useful for visualizing these results, aiding in pattern identification and relationships between samples and variables. Additionally, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides important qualitative and quantitative information about fatty acids (FA). In the present study, we compare the fatty acid composition in samples of HM, cow milk, and goat milk, as well as to demonstrate their positional distribution in triacylglycerols (TAGs). Human milk contains 49.21% saturated fatty acids (SFAs), 34.32% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and 16.47% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including 2.14% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 13.02% linoleic acid (LA). On the other hand, cow and goat milk have higher proportions of SFAs (56.2 and 58.02%, respectively) and MUFAs (40.56 and 40.95%, respectively), but lower amounts of PUFAs (3.24 and 1.03%, respectively), with significantly lower quantities of DHA (0.03 and 0.43%, respectively) and LA (1.46 and 2.76%, respectively). Additionally, fatty acids in ruminant milk mainly consist of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), with oleic acid being the most abundant. development FA (FA GC. GC . (GC) results variables Additionally NMR (NMR FA. study HM TAGs. TAGs (TAGs) 4921 49 21 49.21 SFAs, , (SFAs) 3432 34 32 34.32 MUFA, MUFA (MUFA) 1647 16 47 16.47 PUFA, PUFA (PUFA) 214 2 14 2.14 (DHA 1302 13 02 13.02 LA. (LA) hand 56.2 562 56 (56. 5802 58 58.02% respectively 40.56 4056 40 (40.5 4095 95 40.95% respectively, 3.24 324 3 24 (3.2 103 1 03 1.03% 0.03 003 0 (0.0 043 43 0.43% 1.46 146 46 (1.4 276 76 2.76% respectively. longchain long chain LCFAs, LCFAs (LCFAs) abundant (GC (TAGs 492 4 49.2 (SFAs 343 34.3 (MUFA 164 16.4 (PUFA 2.1 130 13.0 (LA 56. 5 (56 580 58.02 40.5 405 (40. 409 9 40.95 3.2 (3. 10 1.03 0.0 00 (0. 04 0.43 1.4 (1. 27 7 2.76 (LCFAs 49. 34. 16. 2. 13. (5 58.0 40. (40 40.9 3. (3 1.0 0. (0 0.4 1. (1 2.7 ( 58. (4

ABSTRACT The search for more sustainable systems of rice cultivation, especially in relation to water use, has included the evaluation of more-efficient irrigation systems in addition to alternative water sources. The aim of this study was to conduct a phytosociological survey of weeds in rice crops irrigated by subsurface drip with different concentrations of treated dairy effluent, maintaining the soil moisture at saturation or field capacity. A pilot scale experiment was carried out in a protected environment using a randomised block design in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The IAC 301 cultivar (Arborio rice) was chosen. The phytosociological surveys were carried out on four different dates, and considered the composition as well as the distribution of plant species in each of the applied treatments, using the importance value index (IVI) to evaluate the influence of each treatment. The results showed that cultivating irrigated rice, giving priority to water management, altered the ecology of invasive plants. Fourteen weed species were identified, distributed over 10 families. The effluent dose did not alter the incidence of invasive plants, and only at the final evaluation was there a reduction in the IVI value at effluent concentrations of 50% and 75%. For soil moisture, the highest IVI values occurred on the first two days of the survey under saturated conditions; this result was reversed closer to plant maturity, when the IVI values were higher at field capacity. cultivation use moreefficient efficient sources capacity scheme replications 30 Arborio chosen dates treatments (IVI treatment management plants identified 1 families 50 75 75% conditions maturity 3 7

This study details the preparation, antileishmanial assay, and in silico analysis of twenty 2-hydroxy-3-(1,2,3-triazolyl)propyl vanillin derivatives. These compounds were synthesized in three steps and evaluated against Leishmania infantum, Leishmania amazonensis, and Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes. Compounds 3s and 3t were the most effective, showing good activity against all Leishmania species tested. Molecular docking indicated that all compounds bind favorably to the sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) enzyme from L. infantum. ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) analysis indicated good oral bioavailability, non blood-brain barrier penetration, and high gastrointestinal absorption. Posaconazole and compounds 3e, 3s, and 3t remained stable in the CYP51 binding region during 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Root mean square deviation (RMSD) and root mean square fluctuations (RMSF) analyses from the MD trajectory revealed significant conformational fluctuations of the CYP51 N-terminal, suggesting occasional expulsion of 3e, potentially explaining its higher IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) values. Pairwise decomposition analyses from molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) calculations highlighted the importance of hydrophobic residues in interacting with the synthesized derivatives. preparation assay 2hydroxy31,2,3triazolylpropyl 2hydroxy3123triazolylpropyl hydroxytriazolylpropyl 2 hydroxy 3 1,2,3 triazolyl propyl 1 derivatives infantum amazonensis promastigotes s t effective tested 14αdemethylase αdemethylase 14α demethylase α CYP (CYP51 L absorption, absorption (absorption distribution metabolism toxicity bioavailability bloodbrain blood brain penetration 3e e CYP5 10 (MD simulations RMSD (RMSD RMSF (RMSF Nterminal, Nterminal N terminal, terminal N-terminal IC IC5 halfmaximal half maximal concentration values PoissonBoltzmann Poisson Boltzmann MM/PBSA MMPBSA MM PBSA (MM/PBSA 2hydroxy31 3triazolylpropyl triazolylpropyl 123 1,2, (CYP5 2hydroxy3 12 1,2 (CYP 2hydroxy 1,

RESUMEN Los equinodermos son animales exclusivamente marinos con el cuerpo cubierto de estructuras rígidas en forma de espinas. Capaces de colonizar cualquier tipo de hábitat marino, estos organismos deuterostomados se caracterizan por presentar simetría pentarradial y alcanzar tallas y formas extremadamente variadas. La presencia de ejemplares de la clase Asteroidea, segunda mejor representada entre los equinodermos, es menor en el mar Caribe que en el golfo de California y el Pacífico. En Cuba, se ha descrito un número mayor de géneros, pero un menor número de especies (76) integrantes de la clase Asteroidea. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar un espécimen desconocido hasta la fecha y potencialmente integrante del género Oreaster Müller y Troschel, 1842, dentro de la clase Asteroidea. El ejemplar fue recolectado el 29 de septiembre de 2019, en la Laguna Inglés, archipiélago de Los Canarreos, plataforma suroccidental de Cuba. No se encontraron referencias bibliográficas que reporten la presencia o existencia de un ejemplar con características similares. Como representantes del género, se registraron sólo las especies Oreaster clavatus Müller y Troschel, 1842, descrita principalmente para la región del Atlántico este, y Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), de distribución más amplia y única reportada hasta la fecha en Cuba.

ABSTRACT Echinoderms are exclusively marine animals with their bodies covered in rigid (calcareous) structures in the form of spines. These deuterostome organisms can colonize any type of marine habitat, and are characterized by pentaradial symmetry, as well as a wide range of sizes and shapes. The presence of Asteroidea class specimens, the second most represented among echinoderms, is lower in the Caribbean Sea compared to the Gulf of California and the Pacific. In Cuba, a greater number of genera have been described, but there are fewer species (76) within the Asteroidea class. The objective of this study was to visually present a previously unknown specimen, potentially belonging to the Oreaster Müller y Troschel, 1842 genus, within the Asteroidea class. The specimen was collected on September 29, 2019, in Laguna Inglés, part of the Los Canarreos archipelago on the southwestern shelf of Cuba. No bibliographic references were found that report the presence or existence of a specimen with similar characteristics. Only two species, Oreaster clavatus Müller and Troschel, 1842, primarily found in the eastern Atlantic region, and Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), wich has the widest distribution reported in Cuba to date, were identified as representatives of the genus.

Resumen Introducción: Leptodactylus latinasus y Physalaemus cuqui son especies de anuros simpátricos con requerimientos ambientales similares y modos reproductivos contrastantes. La configuración climática determina los patrones de distribución y promueve la simpatría de los nichos ambientales, pero la especificidad/selectividad determina el éxito de los modos reproductivos. Los modelos de distribución de especies (MDE) son una herramienta valiosa para predecir distribuciones espacio-temporales basadas en la extrapolación de predictores ambientales. Objetivos: Determinar la distribución espacio-temporal de los nichos ambientales y evaluar si las áreas protegidas de la base de Datos Mundial de Áreas Protegidas (DMAP) permiten la conservación de estas especies en el escenario actual y futuro. Métodos: Aplicamos diferentes algoritmos para predecir la distribución y superposición espacio-temporal de nichos ambientales de L. latinasus y P. cuqui dentro de América del Sur en el último máximo glacial (UGM), Holoceno medio, actual y futuro. Evaluamos el estado de conservación de ambas especies con las unidades de conservación de la DMAP. Resultados: Todos los algoritmos aplicados mostraron un alto rendimiento para ambas especies (TSS = 0.87, AUC = 0.95). Las predicciones de L. latinasus mostraron amplios nichos ambientales desde LGM hasta el escenario actual (49 % de nichos estables, 37 % de nichos ganados y 13 % de nichos perdidos), sugiriendo fidelidad histórica por regiones climático-ambientales estables. En la transición actual-futura L. latinasus incrementaría la cantidad de nichos estables (70 %) y perdidos (20 %), sugiriendo fidelidad por regiones de tierras bajas y la posible tendencia hacia el microendemismo. P. cuqui pierde nichos ambientales desde el LGM al escenario actual (25 %) y en la transición actual-futura (63 %), incrementando la simpatría ambiental entre ambas especies; 31 % de superposición espacial en el escenario actual y 70 % en el futuro. Conclusión: Los eventos de sequía extrema y las variaciones de precipitaciones, derivados del cambio climático, sugieren la pérdida de nichos ambientales para estas especies, actualmente no se encuentran amenazadas, pero no están adecuadamente protegidas por las unidades de conservación. La pérdida de nichos ambientales aumenta la simpatría espacial que representa un nuevo desafío para estos anuros y la conservación de sus poblaciones.

Abstract Introduction: Leptodactylus latinasus and Physalaemus cuqui are sympatric anuran species with similar environmental requirements and contrasting reproductive modes. Climatic configuration determines distribution patterns and promotes sympatry of environmental niches, but specificity/selectivity determines the success of reproductive modes. Species distribution models (SDM) are a valuable tool to predict spatio-temporal distributions based on the extrapolation of environmental predictors. Objectives: To determine the spatio-temporal distribution of environmental niches and assess whether the protected areas of the World Database of Protected Areas (WDPA) allow the conservation of these species in the current scenario and future. Methods: We applied different algorithms to predict the distribution and spatio-temporal overlap of environmental niches of L. latinasus and P. cuqui within South America in the last glacial maximum (LGM), middle-Holocene, current and future scenarios. We assess the conservation status of both species with the WDPA conservation units. Results: All applied algorithms showed high performance for both species (TSS = 0.87, AUC = 0.95). The L. latinasus predictions showed wide environmental niches from LGM to the current scenario (49 % stable niches, 37 % gained niches, and 13 % lost niches), suggesting historical fidelity to stable climatic-environmental regions. In the current-future transition, L. latinasus would increase the number of stable (70 %) and lost (20 %) niches, suggesting fidelity to lowland regions and a possible trend toward microendemism. P. cuqui loses environmental niches from the LGM to the current scenario (25 %) and in the current-future transition (63 %), increasing the environmental sympathy between both species; 31 % spatial overlap in the current scenario and 70 % in the future. Conclusion: Extreme drought events and rainfall variations, derived from climate change, suggest the loss of environmental niches for these species that are not currently threatened but are not adequately protected by conservation units. The loss of environmental niches increases spatial sympatry which represents a new challenge for anurans and the conservation of their populations.