Resumo Objetiva-se, nesta pesquisa, investigar a representação sintática do aspecto perfect. Mais especificamente, pretende-se verificar as realizações morfossintáticas de perfect universal (PU), resultativo (PRes) e experiencial (PEx) associados ao tempo passado e ao modo indicativo no português brasileiro (PB). Para tanto, foram analisadas cinco horas de fala espontânea e foi aplicado um teste de preenchimento de lacunas a 62 falantes nativos do PB. Os resultados evidenciam que o PU é veiculado por meio de pretérito imperfeito e “estar” no pretérito imperfeito + gerúndio; o PRes é veiculado por meio de pretérito mais-que-perfeito composto (com auxiliares “ter” e “haver”), pretérito perfeito, pretérito mais-que-perfeito simples e “acabar” no pretérito mais-que-perfeito composto com auxiliar “ter” + preposição “de” + infinitivo; e o PEx é veiculado por meio de pretérito mais-que-perfeito composto (com auxiliares “ter” e “haver”), pretérito perfeito e pretérito mais-que-perfeito simples. Os resultados corroboram a proposta de Rodrigues e Martins (2019) de que há três sintagmas de perfect na árvore sintática: o Sintagma de Perfect Universal (UPerfP) para o PU, o Sintagma de Perfect Resultativo (ResPerfP) para o PRes e o Sintagma de Perfect Experiencial (ExPerfP) para o PEx.

Abstract This research aims to investigate the syntactic representation of the perfect aspect. More specifically, we intend to verify the morphosyntactic realizations of universal perfect (UP), resultative perfect (ResP) and experiential perfect (ExP) associated to the past and to the indicative mood in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). For this purpose, five hours of spontaneous speech were analyzed and a gap-filling task was applied to 62 native speakers of BP. The results evidenced that UP is conveyed by the imperfective past and the auxiliary verb “estar” (‘to be’) in the imperfective past + gerund; ResP is conveyed by past perfect (with the auxiliary verbs “ter” (‘to have’) and “haver” (‘there to be’), simple past, past perfect simple and “acabar” (‘to finish’) in the past perfect compound with the auxiliary verb “ter” (‘to have’) + ‘de’ (‘of’) + infinitive; and ExP is conveyed by the past perfect compound with the auxiliary verbs “ter” (‘to have’) and “haver” (‘there to be’), simple past and past perfect simple. We discussed that the results corroborate Rodrigues and Martins’s (2019) proposal that there are three perfect phrases in the syntactic tree: Universal Perfect Phrase (UPerfP) to UP, Resultative Perfect Phrase (ResPerfP) to ResP, and Experiential Perfect Phrase (ExPerfP) to ExP.

Resumo A formação de uma "resistência íntima" na obra do poeta chileno Jorge Teillier (1935-1996) opera a partir do desdobramento nostálgico do falante diante do desenraizamento moderno em um ambiente em ruínas. Trata-se de articular o paradoxo entre a experiência íntima e acolhedora do falante no quotidiano e o sentimento de orfandade da precária existência atual que o instiga a resignificar o presente e expandir-se no futuro. Dessa forma, na poética de Teillier, surge um jogo pendular de antagonismos: a vida e a morte, a felicidade e a desilusão, o enraizamento e o desenraizamento; com uma tendência vital do falante para a desintegração, que é contraposta pela resistência íntima a partir das ruínas de sua memória, onde persiste em sua alteridade e finitude.

Resumen : La conformación de una “resistencia íntima” en la obra del poeta chileno Jorge Teillier (1935-1996) opera a partir del despliegue nostálgico del hablante frente al desarraigo moderno en un entorno ruinoso. Se trata de articular la paradoja entre la experiencia íntima y hospitalaria del hablante en lo cotidiano y el sentido de orfandad de la precaria existencia actual que le concita resignificar el presente y expandirse en el futuro. De esta manera, en la poética de Teillier surge un juego pendular de antagonismos: la vida y la muerte, la dicha y la desilusión, el arraigo y el desarraigo; con una tendencia vital del hablante a la desintegración que es contrarrestada con la resistencia íntima desde las ruinas de su memoria donde persiste en su alteridad y finitud.

Abstract The formation of an "intimate resistance" in the work of the Chilean poet Jorge Teillier (1935-1996) operates from the speaker’s nostalgic unfolding in the face of modern uprooting within a ruinous environment. This entails articulating the paradox between the speaker’s intimate everyday life experience and the sense of orphanhood caused by his current precarious existence, which encourages him to resignify the present and expand into the future. In this way, a pendular game of antagonisms arises in Tellier’s poetics: life and death, happiness and disappointment, rootedness and uprooting; a vital tendency of the speaker to disintegrate, counteracted with the intimate resistance from the ruins of his memory where he persists in his alterity and finitude.

The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of linguistic sexism in Afrikaans and its evolution over seven decades, reflecting possible societal changes. More specifically, the inquiry sought to investigate the presence of sexism in Afrikaans women's magazines from 1948 to 2020. To achieve this, a corpus was constructed using 57 editions of the Afrikaans women's magazine, rooi rose. The data was then analysed by means of the #LancsBox corpus software tool. Situated within the domain of language and gender, the study delved into the intricate interplay between linguistic and societal norms. We accept that there is a symbiotic and reciprocal relationship between language and the way humans experience the external world. This also applies to the relationship between a (specific) language and the way in which the concept of gender is embodied by speakers of the language. In particular, linguistic sexism, a subfield of the language and gender field, can be seen as the lens through which possible discrimination against women can be made visible. Linguistic sexism manifests inter alia through lexical items of the following types: forms of address and titles; gendered nouns like skryfster ("female author") and sekretaresse ("female secretary"); the generic he and the frequency of co-occurrence of the pronouns hy ("he"), hom ("him") and sy ("his") with gender-neutral nouns like baba ("baby"), kind ("child") and mens ("humankind", "man"). The findings from the rooi rose corpus paint a nuanced picture. While the prevalence of mevrou outweighs that of mejuffrou, suggesting a lingering gender bias, the diminishing gap between their usage indicates a gradual shift. However, traditions like beauty competitions perpetuate linguistic sexism, with titles like Mejuffrou Persoonlikheid ("Miss Personality") and Mejuffrou Glimlag ("Miss Smile") reinforcing traditional gender norms. Me, the Afrikaans equivalent of "Ms", appears so infrequently in the corpus that its frequency is negligible. The analysis of professional and personal names reveals a changing landscape, with certain terms evolving into gender-neutral descriptors, albeit with remnants of gender stereotypes persisting in certain contexts. The generic use of masculine pronouns ("hy", "hom", "sy") when referring to gender-neutral nouns underscores linguistic bias. GraphColl (a function of #LancsBox) was used to ascertain how many times hy ("he"), hom ("him") and the possessive pronoun sy ("his") refer to mens ("person"), kind ("child" and baba ("baby") where the gender of these words is uncertain. An example of such occurrences is the following: Wie kan werklik begryp wat die kind dink en voel en glo daar waar hy in sy eie beto-werde wêreldjie verlöre raak? ("Who can really understand what the child thinks and feels and believes where he gets lost in his own enchanted little world?") References to baba ("baby"), kind ("child") and mens ("person") in most cases show a clear preference for the male personal or possessive pronouns. To conclude, while the linguistic landscape of Afrikaans women in rooi rose demonstrates strides towards inclusivity, traces of entrenched linguistic biases endure, illustrating the complex interplay between language and societal norms.

Hierdie artikel ondersoek die taallandskap¹ van die Afrikaanse vrou soos wat dit te sien is in die rooi rose van 1948 - 2020 en vra of hierdie landskap, veral wat taalseksisme betref, soos te siene in rooi rose sedert 1948, verander het. Die rooi rose-korpus was die databron wat ontleed is met die moontlikhede wat korpuslinguistiek as metode bied. Die studie val in die sosiolinguistieksubveld wat in die breë as die taal-en-gender-veld bekend staan. Taalseksisme val in hierdie deelgebied. Taalseksisme (en gepaardgaande stereotipering) kom voor wanneer daar deur en in taal teen 'n geslag of gender gediskrimineer word. Kwantitatiewe navorsing is gebruik om frekwensies van leksikale items soos aan-spreekvorms en titels, die generiese hy en manlike en vroulike persoons- en beroepsname vas te stel. Soekwoorde binne konteks, soos wat verkry word in konkordansiereëls, asook kollokasies is kwalitatief ontleed. Die gevolgtrekking waartoe die studie kom, is dat daar verandering op te merk is wat die gebruik van sommige leksikale items betref. Daar is 'n frekwensieafname te bespeur in sommige titels en aanspreekvorme, maar die neutrale me (wat nie onderskeid tref wat huwelikstatus betref nie) word nie in die korpus aangetref nie. Afrikaans volg die wêreldtendens deur sommige manlike en vroulike selfstandige naamwoorde te vervang met een naamwoord wat na beide mans en vrouens kan verwys. Daar is egter nog tekens van taalseksisme in die korpus. Die generiese hy word tot 2020 nog baie gebruik en onderskeid word ook nog getref wat betref die huwelikstatus van vroue.

In the course of the past three decades, the concept of "plain language" has garnered increasing attention. Recent developments have further solidified this field, given the International Federation for Plain Language's definition of plain language, as well as the introduction of an ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation) Standard for plain language in 2023. These milestones suggest that plain language is set to play a more significant role in public communication. The International Federation for Plain Language defines plain language as communication in which the wording, structure, and design are so clear that the target audience can effortlessly find, understand, and use the information they need. However, this definition has faced criticism for its vagueness. In an effort to refine the definition, the ISO Plain Language Standard was introduced. It includes four governing principles: 1) Readers get the information they need; 2) Readers can easily find what they need; 3) Readers can easily understand what they find; and 4) Readers can easily use the information. Both the definitions of the ISO Standard and the International Federation for Plain Language concentrate on the understandability and usability of information in creating effective plain language documents. In this article, I argue that alongside understandability and usability, user experience should be considered as a third measurable element of success in plain language documents. Although existing research primarily focuses on usability and understanding, it gives limited attention to user experience, whereas I argue that user experience is a crucial factor in the creation of successful plain language documents. More specifically, I explore in this article the preference of respondents for plain language techniques used in documents in an attempt to establish a connection between the user's experience of these techniques and the document's usability and understandability. I also delve into users' overall experience with plain language documents and assess whether there is a correlation between overall experience and users' perceptions of specific plain language techniques. I further analyse users'experiences with plain language techniques within specific contexts, namely the medical, legal, and financial domains, to determine if the context influences their experience. In addition, I investigate the relationship between users'experiences with plain language techniques and extratextual factors, such as qualification, income, home language, the variety of Afrikaans they speak, and their level of engagement with the document's content. This comprehensive analysis aims to clarify the role of user experience in the success of plain language documents and it potentially prompts a reconsideration of experience, in addition to understandability and usability, when creating successful plain language documents. The study employed a quantitative correlational research design to examine the relationship between respondents' experience of plain language techniques, understandability and usability, extratextual factors, and the contexts in which these documents are encountered. Data collection involved a questionnaire-based survey, with 506 respondents participating through convenience sampling. The survey was conducted on the SUNSurvey platform at Stellenbosch University and was shared across social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp to target individuals matching specific population characteristics. Respondents read one of 18 selected plain language documents and answered questions about the documents. Extratextual information, such as respondents' highest qualification level, annual income, home language, the variety of Afrikaans they speak, and the frequency with which they were exposed to the context, were collected. Engagement with the selected document was measured using Likert-scale statements. To assess understanding of the documents, factual questions were included, and usability questions were asked if respondents received one of the six forms that were tested. Experience with the plain language documents was also measured by means of Likert-scale statements. Importantly, respondents'experiences with specific plain language techniques were assessed, allowing them to express their experience with said techniques. The results of the study regarding respondents'experience of the plain language techniques used reveal overwhelmingly positive feedback. The Likert-scale ratings indicated that respondents across various demographic groups had favourable impressions of plain language techniques. This suggests that these techniques not only enhance document usability and understandability but are also well-received by users. The analysis of relationships between different variables yields intriguing findings. While many comparisons did not show statistically significant correlations, the noteworthy results are those that did. When examining respondents 'experiences with plain language techniques in documents across three contexts, no statistically significant relationship could be established, indicating positive experiences with these techniques across all contexts without contextual influence. In terms of understanding, most comparisons revealed a positive relationship between the experience of plain language techniques and understanding. This implies that respondents with more positive experiences better understood the documents, aligning with existing research and suggesting that improved understanding leads to more positive experiences. However, for usability there was no statistically significant relationship between the experience of plain language techniques and document usability, indicating that the study could not establish a clear link between these two factors. When considering extratextual factors, few statistically significant relationships were found. Only the respondents' home language showed a significant relationship with their experience of plain language techniques, suggesting that Afrikaans speakers had more positive experiences. For other extratextual factors, namely qualification, income level, and variety of Afrikaans, there were no significant correlations. In conclusion, this study highlights that positive experiences of plain language techniques are associated with better understandability, emphasising the importance of user experience in creating successful plain language documents. The results are positive for document designers, as diverse groups of people had positive experiences with these techniques, making plain language a tool for improving interactions with public documentation. This study suggests that considering user experience is crucial in defining plain language beyond just usability and understandability.

Die definisies van sowel die International Federation for Plain Language as die ISO Gewone Taal Standaard beklemtoon dat verstaanbaarheid en bruikbaarheid noodsaaklik is vir die skep van optimale gewonetaaldokumente. In hierdie studie voer ek egter aan dat daar 'n derde meetbare element van gewonetaaldokumente is wat 'n effek op die sukses daarvan het, naamlik die manier waarop die verbruiker die gewonetaaldokumente ervaar. Vir hierdie studie is ' n kwantitatiewe korrelasionele navorsingsontwerp gebruik om die verhouding tussen respondente se ervaring, verstaanbaarheid, en bruikbaarheid van gewone-taaldokumente, asook respondente se persoonlike eienskappe, en die kontekste waarin die gewonetaaldokumente voorkom, te bepaal. Opnamenavorsing met 'n vraelys as die data-insamelingsinstrument is uitgevoer en 506 respondente het aan die studie deelgeneem. Die resultate van die studie dui daarop dat respondente oor die algemeen positiewe ervarings met gewonetaaltegnieke in dokumente gehad het. Verder is 'n sterk positiewe verhouding tussen die ervaring en die verstaanbaarheid van die gewonetaaldokumente gevind. Dit dui aan dat 'n positiewe ervaring tot 'n beter begrip van die dokumente bydra. Dit is egter nie die geval met bruikbaarheid nie, aangesien geen statisties beduidende verhouding hier gevind is nie. Wat betref buitetekstuele faktore, het slegs huistaal 'n statisties beduidende invloed op die ervaring van gewonetaaltegnieke gehad. Die resultate van hierdie studie dui dus daarop dat ervaring 'n belangrike faktor is in die sukses van gewonetaaldokumente, en gevolglik oorweeg moet word om ervaring as een van die elemente in die definisie van gewone taal in te sluit.

Resumen Este artículo hace un análisis sociolingüístico del uso de las formas de futuro en español —morfológico, perifrástico, presente e infinitivo— por generación y género en hablantes hispanos en Houston, Texas por medio de dos instrumentos: oral y escrito (entrevista y encuesta). Se examinó cuáles son las causas internas o externas de la lengua que condicionan cada una de las ocurrencias, y se compararon los datos de los hablantes de Houston con un grupo monolingüe de Zacatecas, México. Se investigó literatura previa de este fenómeno lingüístico para poder establecer un contexto investigativo, como los de Orozco (2007a, 2007b) y Gutiérrez (1995). Los resultados exponen que el futuro morfológico sí se encuentra en una gran decadencia en el discurso oral y que cada vez se sustituye más por el perifrástico, pero que, además, el presente y el infinitivo están tomando el lugar de las dos formas tradicionales. En el discurso escrito se encontró que los hablantes todavía mantienen la forma tradicional del futuro morfológico junto con el perifrástico. El tratamiento analítico de los datos no indicó marcadas diferencias estadísticas entre hombres y mujeres, pero sí una diferencia evidente en el patrón del uso del futuro oral con el escrito. Dichas inclinaciones parecen ser el resultado de un proceso lingüístico interno, ya que la forma innovadora está ocurriendo con una alta frecuencia en el español actual de los hablantes hispanos en Houston, pero también en dialectos monolingües.

Abstract This article makes a sociolinguistic analysis of the use of the future tense forms in Spanish —morphological, periphrastic, present, and infinitive— by generation and gender in Hispanic speakers in Houston through two instruments: oral-written (interview-survey). The causes that condition each of the occurrences (internal/external of the language) were examined. Data from Houston speakers were compared with a monolingual group from Zacatecas, Mexico. Previous literature on this linguistic phenomenon was investigated to establish a research context, such as those created by Orozco (2007a, 2007b) and Gutiérrez (1995). The results show that the future tense is indeed in great decline in the oral and that it is increasingly being replaced by the periphrastic, but also that the present and the infinitive are taking the place of the two traditional forms. In the written discourse, it was found that the speakers still maintain the traditional form of the future tense along with the periphrastic form. The analytical treatment of the data did not indicate marked statistical differences between men and women but did show an evident difference in the pattern of use of the oral future tense with the written one. These inclinations seem to be the result of an internal linguistic process, since the innovative form is occurring with a high frequency in the current Spanish of Spanish-speakers in Houston, but also in monolingual dialects.

Resumen Este estudio examina la selección que hacen los hablantes de español como lengua heredada del subjuntivo del español. Estos hablantes han sido, normalmente, comparados con hablantes monolingües, y se ha dicho que su producción se asemeja a la de los aprendientes de español como segunda lengua. En este trabajo se problematiza esa hipótesis mediante dos instrumentos: uno de producción y otro de comprensión, los cuales fueron aplicados a tres grupos de contraste -hablantes de español como lengua heredada, aprendientes de español como segunda lengua y hablantes monolingües de español-. Los resultados muestran que existen diferencias significativas entre los grupos de contraste, de lo cual se puede concluir que son tres poblaciones distintas y que el grupo de hablantes de español como lengua heredada forma un grupo de estudio en sí mismo, que se distingue del grupo de aprendientes de español como segunda lengua y el grupo monolingüe.

Abstract This study examines the selection of the subjunctive by speakers of Spanish as a heritage language. These speakers have usually been compared to monolingual speakers, and it has been said that their production resembles that of learners of Spanish as a second language. We problematize this hypothesis using two instruments, one of production and and one of comprehension, which are administered to three contrast groups: speakers of Spanish as a heritage language, learners of Spanish as a second language, and monolingual Spanish speakers. The results show significant differences among the contrast groups, from which it can be concluded that they represent three different populations, with a distinction between the speakers of Spanish as a heritage language and the other two.

ABSTRACT Intercultural Communicative Competence presupposes going beyond the linguistic aspects of the language, as it aims to develop knowledge as a fundamental basis for promoting values and skills to form intercultural speakers. Through this review, the current state of the development of Intercultural Communicative Competence in foreign language teaching in Cuba will be ascertained; what approaches, methodologies or techniques are used for its development; and from the results, assess how to contribute to the development of Intercultural Communicative Competence in students of the Foreign Language Teacher education Program. This review focused on articles in Cuban education journals.

RESUMO A Competência Comunicativa Intercultural pressupõe ir além dos aspectos linguísticos da língua, pois visa desenvolver o conhecimento como base fundamental para a promoção de valores e competências e para a formação de falantes interculturais. Através desta revisão será verificado o estado atual do desenvolvimento da Competência Comunicativa Intercultural no ensino de línguas estrangeiras em Cuba, quais abordagens, metodologias ou técnicas são utilizadas para o seu desenvolvimento e, com base nos resultados, avaliar como contribuir ao desenvolvimento da Competência Comunicativa Intercultural em estudantes de Bacharelado em Educação, Línguas Estrangeiras. Esta revisão concentrou-se em artigos de revistas educacionais cubanas.

RESUMEN La Competencia Comunicativa Intercultural presupone ir más allá de los aspectos lingüísticos de la lengua, pues tiene como objetivo desarrollar el conocimiento como base fundamental para fomentar valores y aptitudes y formar hablantes interculturales. A través de esta revisión se constatará el estado actual del desarrollo de la Competencia Comunicativa Intercultural en la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras en Cuba, qué enfoques, metodologías o técnicas se usan para su desarrollo y, a partir de los resultados, valorar cómo contribuir al desarrollo de la Competencia Comunicativa Intercultural en estudiantes de Licenciatura en Educación, Lenguas Extranjeras. Esta revisión se enfocó en artículos en revistas cubanas de educación.

ABSTRACT This article shows the main results of a doctoral research that focuses on the eradication of deficiencies that affect the teaching of translation in the Faculty of Spanish for Non-Spanish Speakers of the University of Havana. The objective is to present a didactic strategy, based on the task-based approach, for the improvement of the teaching-learning process of translation as a dynamic agent in the training of the future translator. The dialectical-materialist method was used as a general method, as well as methods of the theoretical level: the historical-logical, induction-deduction and analysis-synthesis. At the empirical level, the review of documents, the survey, the interview, the pedagogical test, the pre-experiment and expert consultation were used. The strategy is made up of theoretical foundations, principles and premises, characteristics, stages and a methodology in which the previous components are specified as a guide to the translation teaching-learning process towards its improvement. Methodological workshops were held to insert the work of the rest of the disciplines of the degree as support in the implementation of the strategy. The results obtained so far corroborated the effectiveness of the proposal, adding that it was possible to create a contract that allows students to carry out their preprofessional practices in the Translators and Interpreters Services Team of Cuba. The progress made exposed the real possibility of achieving higher levels of mastery of translation skills in students as future promoters of dialogue between cultures and nations.

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta os principais resultados de uma pesquisa de doutorado que tem como foco a erradicação das deficiências que afetam o ensino da tradução na Faculdade de Espanhol para Não Falantes de Espanhol da Universidade de Havana. O objetivo é apresentar uma estratégia didática, baseada na abordagem baseada em tarefas, para a melhoria do processo de ensino-aprendizagem da tradução como agente dinâmico na formação do futuro tradutor. Utilizou-se como método geral o método dialético-materialista, bem como métodos de nível teórico: o histórico-lógico, a indução-dedução e a análise-síntese. No nível empírico utilizou-se o estudo documental, o levantamento, a entrevista, a prova pedagógica, o pré-experimento e a consulta a especialistas. A estratégia é composta por fundamentos teóricos, princípios e premissas, características, etapas e uma metodologia na qual os componentes anteriores são especificados como um guia para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem da tradução rumo ao seu aprimoramento. Foram realizadas oficinas metodológicas para inserir o trabalho das demais disciplinas do curso como apoio na implementação da estratégia. Os resultados obtidos até ao momento corroboraram a eficácia da proposta, acrescentando que foi possível criar um contrato que permite aos alunos realizarem as suas práticas pré-profissionais na Equipa de Serviços de Tradutores e Intérpretes de Cuba. Os progressos alcançados expuseram a possibilidade real de alcançar níveis mais elevados de domínio das competências de tradução nos estudantes como futuros promotores do diálogo entre culturas e nações.

RESUMEN Este artículo muestra los principales resultados de una investigación doctoral que se enfoca en la erradicación de deficiencias que afectan la didáctica de la traducción en la Facultad de Español para No Hispanohablantes de la Universidad de La Habana. El objetivo es presentar una estrategia didáctica, basada en el enfoque por tareas, para el perfeccionamiento del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la traducción como agente dinamizador en la formación del futuro traductor. Se empleó como método general el dialéctico-materialista, así como métodos del nivel teórico: el histórico-lógico, la inducción-deducción y el análisis-síntesis. Del nivel empírico se utilizó el estudio documental, la encuesta, la entrevista, la prueba pedagógica, el pre-experimento y la consulta a expertos. La estrategia está integrada por fundamentos teóricos, principios y premisas, características, etapas y una metodología en la que se concretan los componentes anteriores como guía del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la traducción hacia su perfeccionamiento. Se realizaron talleres metodológicos para insertar el trabajo del resto de las disciplinas de la carrera como apoyo en la implementación de la estrategia. Los resultados obtenidos hasta el momento corroboraron la efectividad de la propuesta, se añade que fue posible la creación de un contrato que permite a los estudiantes realizar sus prácticas preprofesionales en el Equipo de Servicios de Traductores e Intérpretes de Cuba. El avance logrado expuso la posibilidad real de alcanzar niveles superiores de dominio de las competencias de traducción en los estudiantes como futuros promotores del diálogo entre culturas y naciones.

This article originated from a presentation I gave at the III International Colloquium Exodus and GEDLit at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). In it, I present an analysis of Slam das Minas Coimbra, founded in 2020. It is the first slam in the Portuguese context to specifically address issues of gender, race, and sexuality, with a focus on the experience of migration in post-colonial Portuguese society. As I progress, I provide a contextualization of the territory in which the collective emerges, highlighting various social contrasts, including the rhetoric of modernity/coloniality anchored in social practices, annually repeated and ritualized, known as “praxes” (or trotes). Subsequently, I delve into how Slam das Minas Coimbra probes colonial wounds, enabling a critical look at the creation of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. I consider this organization as an instrument of the ideal of “lusophony,” reviving neo-colonial roots. Finally, drawing inspiration from Gayatri Spivak and her approach to using imaginative language to unmask cultural nationalism, I analyze how the “untitled” poem by GRETA, an independent immigrant Brazilian artist, deconstructs colonial fiction, grounded in the poetry of Camões. This approach represents an anticamonian trend envisioned by the artist. I emphasize the instrumentalization of slam poetry to transgress the norm (cultured and European) of Portuguese from Portugal, providing space for the plurilingualism of Portuguese speakers in post-colonial Portuguese society.

Este artigo originou-se de uma apresentação que realizei no III Colóquio Internacional Exodus e GEDLit, na Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Nele, apresento uma leitura do Slam das Minas Coimbra, fundado em 2020. Trata-se do primeiro Poetry Slam no contexto português a abordar especificamente as questões de género, raça e sexualidade, com ênfase na experiência da migração na sociedade pós-colonial portuguesa. À medida que avanço, realizo uma contextualização do território no qual o coletivo surge, evidenciando diversos contrastes sociais, incluindo as retóricas da modernidade/colonialidade ancoradas às práticas sociais, anualmente repetidas e ritualizadas, conhecidas como “praxes” (ou trotes). Posteriormente, abordo como o Slam das Minas Coimbra tateia feridas coloniais, possibilitando um olhar crítico sobre a criação da “Comunidade de Países de Língua Portuguesa”. Considero este organismo como um instrumento do ideal da “lusofonia”, que reaviva raízes neocoloniais. Por fim, partindo da inspiração de Gayatri Spivak, e da sua abordagem de utilizar a linguagem imaginativa para desmascarar o nacionalismo cultural, analiso como o poema “sem título” dA GRETA, artista independente imigrante brasileira, desconstrói a ficção colonial, alicerçada na poesia de Camões. Essa abordagem representa uma vertente anticamoniana imaginada pela artista. Destaco a instrumentalização da poesia slam para a transgressão da norma (culta e europeia) do português de Portugal, proporcionando espaço para a plurilinguística dos falantes de português na sociedade portuguesa pós-colonial.

ABSTRACT This article originated from a presentation I gave at the III International Colloquium Exodus and GEDLit at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). In it, I present an analysis of Slam das Minas Coimbra, founded in 2020. It is the first slam in the Portuguese context to specifically address issues of gender, race, and sexuality, with a focus on the experience of migration in post-colonial Portuguese society. As I progress, I provide a contextualization of the territory in which the collective emerges, highlighting various social contrasts, including the rhetoric of modernity/coloniality anchored in social practices, annually repeated and ritualized, known as "praxes" (or trotes). Subsequently, I delve into how Slam das Minas Coimbra probes colonial wounds, enabling a critical look at the creation of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. I consider this organization as an instrument of the ideal of "lusophony," reviving neo-colonial roots. Finally, drawing inspiration from Gayatri Spivak and her approach to using imaginative language to unmask cultural nationalism, I analyze how the "untitled" poem by GRETA, an independent immigrant Brazilian artist, deconstructs colonial fiction, grounded in the poetry of Camões. This approach represents an anticamonian trend envisioned by the artist. I emphasize the instrumentalization of slam poetry to transgress the norm (cultured and European) of Portuguese from Portugal, providing space for the plurilingualism of Portuguese speakers in post-colonial Portuguese society. UNICAMP. UNICAMP . (UNICAMP) it 2020 gender race sexuality postcolonial post society progress emerges contrasts modernitycoloniality modernity coloniality practices ritualized praxes "praxes or trotes. trotes trotes) Subsequently wounds Countries lusophony, lusophony "lusophony, neocolonial neo roots Finally nationalism untitled "untitled GRETA artist fiction Camões cultured European Portugal (UNICAMP 202 "lusophony 20 2

RESUMO Este artigo originou-se de uma apresentação que realizei no III Colóquio Internacional Exodus e GEDLit, na Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Nele, apresento uma leitura do Slam das Minas Coimbra, fundado em 2020. Trata-se do primeiro Poetry Slam no contexto português a abordar especificamente as questões de género, raça e sexualidade, com ênfase na experiência da migração na sociedade pós-colonial portuguesa. À medida que avanço, realizo uma contextualização do território no qual o coletivo surge, evidenciando diversos contrastes sociais, incluindo as retóricas da modernidade/colonialidade ancoradas às práticas sociais, anualmente repetidas e ritualizadas, conhecidas como "praxes" (ou trotes). Posteriormente, abordo como o Slam das Minas Coimbra tateia feridas coloniais, possibilitando um olhar crítico sobre a criação da "Comunidade de Países de Língua Portuguesa". Considero este organismo como um instrumento do ideal da "lusofonia", que reaviva raízes neocoloniais. Por fim, partindo da inspiração de Gayatri Spivak, e da sua abordagem de utilizar a linguagem imaginativa para desmascarar o nacionalismo cultural, analiso como o poema "sem título" dA GRETA, artista independente imigrante brasileira, desconstrói a ficção colonial, alicerçada na poesia de Camões. Essa abordagem representa uma vertente anticamoniana imaginada pela artista. Destaco a instrumentalização da poesia slam para a transgressão da norma (culta e europeia) do português de Portugal, proporcionando espaço para a plurilinguística dos falantes de português na sociedade portuguesa pós-colonial. originouse originou se GEDLit UNICAMP. UNICAMP . (UNICAMP) Nele 2020 Tratase Trata género sexualidade póscolonial pós colonial avanço surge sociais modernidadecolonialidade modernidade colonialidade ritualizadas praxes "praxes ou trotes. trotes trotes) Posteriormente coloniais Comunidade Portuguesa. Portuguesa Portuguesa" lusofonia, lusofonia , "lusofonia" neocoloniais fim Spivak cultural sem título GRETA brasileira Camões culta europeia Portugal póscolonial. colonial. (UNICAMP 202 "lusofonia 20 2

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this narrative review is to discuss the current state of research funding in Brazil. Materials and Methods: This study is based on the most recent edition of the course Funding for Research and Innovation in the University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine which was a three-day course with 12 hours of instruction. The course brought together leading experts in the field to comprehensively discuss the current state of research funding in Brazil. Each speaker provided a presentation on a specific topic related to research funding. After the workshop, speakers assembled relevant topics in this manuscript. Results: collaborative research is critical for securing research funding. It optimizes proposal competitiveness, amplifies societal impact, and manages risks effectively. As such, fostering and supporting these collaborations is paramount for both researchers and funding agencies. To maintain the highest integrity in research, investigators involved in these collaborations must disclose any relationships that could potentially influence the outcomes or interpretation of their projects. Conclusions: In Brazil, the mainstay of research funding stems from public entities, with agencies such as CNPq, CAPES, and state bodies like FAPESP, FAPERJ, FAPEMIG and others at the forefront. Concurrently, industry funding offers viable pathways, especially through industry-sponsored studies, investigator-led projects, and collaborative initiatives. The Brazilian funding landscape is further enriched by innovative platforms, including crowdfunding and the contributions of institutions like the Serrapilheira Institute. Internationally, esteemed organizations such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation stand out as potential funders. Objective Brazil Methods threeday three day 1 instruction workshop manuscript Results competitiveness impact effectively projects Conclusions entities CNPq CAPES FAPESP FAPERJ forefront Concurrently pathways industrysponsored sponsored studies investigatorled investigator led initiatives platforms Institute Internationally NIH (NIH funders

ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the process of mutual understanding from the perspective of Discursive Neurolinguistics. As a methodology, a case study was carried out on a child with a linguistic profile of verbal restriction, which concerns the dimension of utterances involving words and their morphology. Data interpretation was based on the Bakhtinian perspective, which addresses ‘understanding’ as an active-responsive process and meaning as emerging from the relationship between utterances. The results showed that the interlocutors’ common ground allowed the joint construction of meaning even in the face of verbal restrictions, and aspects such as nonverbal elements and the recognition of the child’s active-responsive role also favored mutual understanding. As a conclusion, the attention to different multimodal resources as legitimate modes of expression allows children with verbal restrictions to fulfill the role of “speakers” regardless of their modes of expression. Neurolinguistics methodology restriction morphology ‘understanding activeresponsive active responsive interlocutors childs s conclusion speakers “speakers

RESUMO Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar o processo de intercompreensão sob a ótica da Neurolinguística Discursiva. Como metodologia, foi realizado um estudo de caso de uma criança com perfil linguístico de restrição verbal, que diz respeito à dimensão dos enunciados que envolve as palavras e a sua morfologia. A interpretação dos dados ocorreu com base na perspectiva bakhtiniana, que aborda a “compreensão” como um processo ativo responsivo e a significação como emergente na relação entre enunciados. Os resultados evidenciaram que o conhecimento compartilhado entre as interlocutoras permitiu a construção conjunta da significação mesmo diante da restrição verbal, e aspectos como os elementos não verbais e o reconhecimento do papel ativo-responsivo da criança também favoreceram a intercompreensão. Conclui-se que a atenção aos diferentes recursos multimodais como modos de expressão legítimos possibilita às crianças com restrição verbal ocupar a posição de “falantes”, independentemente de seus modos de expressão. Discursiva metodologia morfologia bakhtiniana compreensão “compreensão ativoresponsivo Concluise Conclui se falantes, falantes , “falantes” “falantes

The standardisation process of a language is always a polemic undertaking, and Tshivenda is no exception. This article explores the Tshivenda dialects and the standardisation process that this language went through. The importance of language as a primary resource for an individual, social identification, and also as a means of learning and communication, cannot be overemphasised. Moreover, when different language varieties come into contact, acculturation is inevitable, i.e., linguistic and cultural elements from both sides will diffuse and "contaminate" each other's languages and culture. However, this phenomenon is not fully researched, especially among the Tshivenda dialects. The lexicographers and terminographers, who are tasked with the development and maintenance of the Tshivenda language, seem to be "trapped" in the colonial and apartheid era, i.e., of selecting and elevating one dialect over others to represent a language. Since 1994, the year of the dawn of a democratic dispensation in South Africa, this process has proceeded at a snail's pace. In this study, a qualitative, ethnographic approach was adopted, and data were collected through telephonic interviews, where six participants were purposefully and conveniently sampled. The findings of this study may benefit speakers of Tshivenda, lexicographers, terminographers, and all language practitioners, teachers, and learners. When people value their language and heritage, use it often without prejudice or hesitancy, and practice their culture and traditions, their identity, history, dignity, and heritage become preserved. Tshivenda, at the official level, may have many lexical items in its endeavour to carry out its function as an official language in different domains.

RESUMEN Introducción: El Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (PHQ-4) es una medida de autoinforme ultrabreve de síntomas depresivos y ansiosos. El PHQ-4 no ha sido adaptado ni validado en la población quechua hablante. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo adaptar y validar el PHQ-4 en una muestra de población peruana quechua hablante en su variante Collao de Puno-Perú. Metodología: Participaron 221 personas hablantes de quechua variante collao (promedio de edad de 31,2 años, SD = 11,7, 47,1 % hombres y 52,9 % mujeres). Se evaluó la evidencia de validez basada en la estructura interna, mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio (CFA), la fiabilidad con el método de consistencia interna y las características de dificultad y discriminación de los ítems en base a la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (IRT). Resultados: Los resultados indicaron que todos los ítems del PHQ-4 son relevantes, coherentes y claros para representar adecuadamente los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión. El resultado del AFC apoyó un modelo unifactorial, donde los ítems de ansiedad y depresión conforman una sola variable latente con una fiabilidad alta. Todos los ítems del PHQ-4 presentas buenos parámetros de discriminación y los parámetros de dificultad indican que los ítems son comparativamente difíciles. Por lo tanto, se necesita una mayor presencia del rasgo latente (ansiedad y depresión) para responder las categorías de respuesta más altas. Discusión: En conclusión, la PHQ-4 presentó buenas propiedades psicométricas como una medida de detección primaria rápida, confiable y válida para personas quechuahablantes que necesitan una evaluación profunda, monitoreo de los síntomas para diagnóstico y tratamiento para la ansiedad o depresión.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (PHQ-4) is an ultra-brief self-report measure of depression and anxiety symptoms. The PHQ-4 has not been adapted or validated in the Quechua-speaking population. Objective: This study aimed to adapt and validate the PHQ-4 in a sample of the Peruvian Quechua-speaking population with its Collao variant from Puno-Peru. Methods: A total of 221 Quechua speakers of the Collao variant (mean age 31.2 years, SD = 11.7, 47.1% male and 52.9% female) participated. Evidence of validity based on internal structure was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), reliability using the internal consistency method, and item difficulty and discrimination characteristics based on Item Response Theory (IRT). Results: The results indicated that all items of the PHQ-4 were relevant, consistent, and clear enough to adequately represent anxiety and depressive symptoms. The CFA results supported a one-factorial model, in which anxiety and depression items form a single latent variable with high reliability. All items of the PHQ-4 had good discrimination parameters, and the difficulty parameters indicated that the items were comparatively difficult. Therefore, a higher presence of the latent trait (anxiety and depression) is needed to answer higher response categories. Discussion: In conclusion, the PHQ-4 presented good psychometric properties as a rapid, reliable, and valid primary screening measure for Quechua speakers in need of in-depth assessment and symptom monitoring for the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety and depression.

Abstract The so-called representative regional dictionary is framed within the increasingly extensive typology of regional dictionaries of Spanish (differential and integral, fundamentally). It is a repertoire model that registers not only the lexicon that differs from the standard, but also those words of the general language that represent for the speakers part of their linguistic and cultural identity due to their fully identification with their geolectal variety. The proposal includes, in part, lexical selection criteria found in the traditional dictionaries of regionalisms (zoonyms and phytonyms) or lexicalizations determined by the social acceptance of certain phonetic phenomena, etc. and, in terms of microstructure, the organization of the lexicographic article into three perfectly differentiated blocks: linguistic information, multidisciplinary gloss, and onomasiological reference.

Resumen El llamado diccionario regional representativo queda encuadrado dentro de la cada vez más extensa tipología sobre los diccionarios regionales del español (diferenciales e integrales, fundamentalmente). Se trata de un modelo de repertorio que registra no solo el léxico diferencial con el estándar, sino también aquellas voces de la lengua general que representen para el hablante parte de su identidad lingüística y cultural en tanto este se identifica plenamente con su variedad geolectal. La propuesta recoge, en parte, criterios de selección léxica patentes en los tradicionales diccionarios de regionalismos (zoónimos y fitónimos) o bien lexicalizaciones determinadas por la aceptación social de determinados fenómenos fonéticos, etc. y, en cuanto a la microestructura, la organización del artículo en tres bloques perfectamente diferenciados: información lingüística, glosa pluridisciplinar y referencia onomasiológica.