Abstract This research aims to investigate the syntactic representation of the perfect aspect. More specifically, we intend to verify the morphosyntactic realizations of universal perfect (UP), resultative perfect (ResP) and experiential perfect (ExP) associated to the past and to the indicative mood in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). For this purpose, five hours of spontaneous speech were analyzed and a gap-filling task was applied to 62 native speakers of BP. The results evidenced that UP is conveyed by the imperfective past and the auxiliary verb “estar” (‘to be’) in the imperfective past + gerund; ResP is conveyed by past perfect (with the auxiliary verbs “ter” (‘to have’) and “haver” (‘there to be’), simple past, past perfect simple and “acabar” (‘to finish’) in the past perfect compound with the auxiliary verb “ter” (‘to have’) + ‘de’ (‘of’) + infinitive; and ExP is conveyed by the past perfect compound with the auxiliary verbs “ter” (‘to have’) and “haver” (‘there to be’), simple past and past perfect simple. We discussed that the results corroborate Rodrigues and Martins’s (2019) proposal that there are three perfect phrases in the syntactic tree: Universal Perfect Phrase (UPerfP) to UP, Resultative Perfect Phrase (ResPerfP) to ResP, and Experiential Perfect Phrase (ExPerfP) to ExP.

Resumo Objetiva-se, nesta pesquisa, investigar a representação sintática do aspecto perfect. Mais especificamente, pretende-se verificar as realizações morfossintáticas de perfect universal (PU), resultativo (PRes) e experiencial (PEx) associados ao tempo passado e ao modo indicativo no português brasileiro (PB). Para tanto, foram analisadas cinco horas de fala espontânea e foi aplicado um teste de preenchimento de lacunas a 62 falantes nativos do PB. Os resultados evidenciam que o PU é veiculado por meio de pretérito imperfeito e “estar” no pretérito imperfeito + gerúndio; o PRes é veiculado por meio de pretérito mais-que-perfeito composto (com auxiliares “ter” e “haver”), pretérito perfeito, pretérito mais-que-perfeito simples e “acabar” no pretérito mais-que-perfeito composto com auxiliar “ter” + preposição “de” + infinitivo; e o PEx é veiculado por meio de pretérito mais-que-perfeito composto (com auxiliares “ter” e “haver”), pretérito perfeito e pretérito mais-que-perfeito simples. Os resultados corroboram a proposta de Rodrigues e Martins (2019) de que há três sintagmas de perfect na árvore sintática: o Sintagma de Perfect Universal (UPerfP) para o PU, o Sintagma de Perfect Resultativo (ResPerfP) para o PRes e o Sintagma de Perfect Experiencial (ExPerfP) para o PEx.

Abstract: The objective of this pilot study is to describe the effects of different types of written corrective feedback on the acquisition of the simple past tense in English, in a higher education context. A quasi-experimental design is applied, with intact classes, with a pre- and post-test, and a control group. The sample consists of 62 university students who are Spanish native speakers L1 with an intermediate English level (B1). In general, the findings indicate that the experimental groups obtained better results than the control group in the post-test. However, due to certain limitations of the pilot study, the results must be viewed with caution. The results and analysis suggest that corrective feedback positively affects the acquisition of the simple past tense of English and that of all types of feedback, direct corrective feedback is the most effective.

Resumen: Este estudio piloto se propone como objetivo describir los efectos de los distintos tipos de retroalimentación correctiva escrita en la adquisición del pasado simple del inglés, en un contexto de educación superior. Se aplica un diseño cuasi-experimental, de clases intactas, con pre y post - test y grupo control. La muestra del estudio está constituida por 62 estudiantes universitarios, hablantes de español como L1, con nivel pre intermedio en inglés (B1). En general, los hallazgos indican que los grupos experimentales obtuvieron mejores resultados que el grupo control en el post-test. Sin embargo, debido a ciertas limitaciones del estudio piloto, los resultados hay que visualizarlos con cautela. A partir de los hallazgos y del análisis se concluye que la retroalimentación correctiva escrita sí tiene un efecto positivo en la adquisición del pasado simple del inglés y que, de todos los tipos, la directa es la más eficaz.

Abstract: Catalan Jesuit Andrés Febrés’ Art of the General Tongue of the Kingdom of Chile (1765) contains the earliest examples of two explicitly Mapuche discourse genres. These are the ‘dialogue between two chiefs’ or dungulun and the ‘discourse’ or coyaghtun. Despite the role they were given as exemplification or protreptic texts, it remains clear that religious biases and a gaze from linguistic and cultural othering have produced a reimagining of the interactions and communities they seek to portray. This ‘clean-up’ of the material raises questions about their value as testimonies to Mapuche language and culture of the time. In this article we propose a critical reading of the material in which we seek out without denying foreign influence - the linguistic threads that may, with a modicum of certainty, be identified as part of contemporary speakers’ repertoires. This task is particularly relevant in current efforts to strengthen the role of textual sources in Mapudungun historical linguistics, that is, in establishing a philological tradition for the tongue. The novel method we propose entails the verification of historical linguistic material by contemporary native speakers of the language. As such, we present the results of a shared reading of the target texts, conducted by a historical linguist and a contemporary speaker. As a result, we highlight a series of under-described linguistic structures (lexicon, morphology, phonology, discourse) which show parallels between contemporary usage or lived memory and materials from over a quarter of a millennium ago.

Resumen: El Arte de la Lengua General del Reyno de Chile (1765), del jesuita Andrés Febrés, contiene los ejemplos más tempranos que poseemos de dos géneros discursivos explícitamente mapuches. Se trata del ‘diálogo entre dos caciques’ o dugulun y el ‘parlamento’ o coyaghtun. A pesar del rol ejemplificador o protréptico que se le da a este material, no cabe duda que el sesgo religioso y la mirada desde la otredad lingüística y cultural producen una reimaginación de la interacciones y las comunidades que se buscan caracterizar. Este ‘depuramiento’ del material pone en cuestión el valor del mismo en cuanto testimonio de la lengua y cultura mapuche de la época. En este artículo proponemos una lectura crítica del material en la cual buscamos, sin desmentir los elementos foráneos, seguir los hilos lingüísticos que podamos, con cierto grado de certeza, identificar como propios de los hablantes de la época. Esta tarea es particularmente relevante en los esfuerzos por fortalecer el rol del material textual en la lingüística histórica del mapudungun, esto es, de establecer una tradición filológica para la lengua. Proponemos como método innovador la verificación del material lingüísticos histórico por parte de los hablantes actuales. En tanto, presentamos los resultados de una lectura compartida de los dos textos en cuestión, realizada por un lingüista histórico y una hablante contemporánea. Destacamos una serie de elementos lingüísticos (léxico, morfología, fonología, discurso) poco descritos que muestran paralelos entre la usanza o memoria actual y los materiales de hace más de un cuarto de milenio.

Resumo A formação de uma "resistência íntima" na obra do poeta chileno Jorge Teillier (1935-1996) opera a partir do desdobramento nostálgico do falante diante do desenraizamento moderno em um ambiente em ruínas. Trata-se de articular o paradoxo entre a experiência íntima e acolhedora do falante no quotidiano e o sentimento de orfandade da precária existência atual que o instiga a resignificar o presente e expandir-se no futuro. Dessa forma, na poética de Teillier, surge um jogo pendular de antagonismos: a vida e a morte, a felicidade e a desilusão, o enraizamento e o desenraizamento; com uma tendência vital do falante para a desintegração, que é contraposta pela resistência íntima a partir das ruínas de sua memória, onde persiste em sua alteridade e finitude.

Resumen : La conformación de una “resistencia íntima” en la obra del poeta chileno Jorge Teillier (1935-1996) opera a partir del despliegue nostálgico del hablante frente al desarraigo moderno en un entorno ruinoso. Se trata de articular la paradoja entre la experiencia íntima y hospitalaria del hablante en lo cotidiano y el sentido de orfandad de la precaria existencia actual que le concita resignificar el presente y expandirse en el futuro. De esta manera, en la poética de Teillier surge un juego pendular de antagonismos: la vida y la muerte, la dicha y la desilusión, el arraigo y el desarraigo; con una tendencia vital del hablante a la desintegración que es contrarrestada con la resistencia íntima desde las ruinas de su memoria donde persiste en su alteridad y finitud.

Abstract The formation of an "intimate resistance" in the work of the Chilean poet Jorge Teillier (1935-1996) operates from the speaker’s nostalgic unfolding in the face of modern uprooting within a ruinous environment. This entails articulating the paradox between the speaker’s intimate everyday life experience and the sense of orphanhood caused by his current precarious existence, which encourages him to resignify the present and expand into the future. In this way, a pendular game of antagonisms arises in Tellier’s poetics: life and death, happiness and disappointment, rootedness and uprooting; a vital tendency of the speaker to disintegrate, counteracted with the intimate resistance from the ruins of his memory where he persists in his alterity and finitude.

Abstract In this study, we have carried out a variationist analysis of the use of mitigation resources in oral narrations of personal experiences both individually and conversationally constructed by speakers from Santiago de Chile. For this purpose, we have followed the model proposed in González Riffo yand Guerrero González (2017), who have classified the mitigation resources in three pragmatic axes: ‘certainty’, ‘veracity’, and ‘esteem’. The extralinguistic factors are the informants’ sex, their socioeconomic status, and the type of narrative construction. We have contrasted 36 individual narrations and 54 conversational (or co-constructed) narrations. Results have shown that speakers from high socioeconomic status mitigate more than those in medium or low status; females mitigate more than males in individual narrations; and, in conversational narrations, females mitigate less in those constructed by two males in comparison with those constructed by two females or a male and a female. Lastly, it is possible to observe that in individual narrations speakers mitigate less than in conversational narrations, which can be explained by a ‘conversational validation’ that can be found in the latter.

Resumen En este trabajo se realiza un análisis variacionista del empleo de recursos de atenuación en narraciones orales de experiencia personal construidas individual y conversacionalmente por hablantes de Santiago de Chile. Para esto, se sigue el modelo expuesto en González Riffo y Guerrero González (2017), quienes clasifican los recursos de atenuación según tres ejes pragmáticos: ‘certeza’, ‘veracidad’ y ‘estima’. Los factores extralingüísticos corresponden al sexo de los informantes, su grupo socioeconómico y el tipo de construcción narrativa. Se contrastan 36 narraciones individuales y 54 narraciones conversacionales (o co-construidas). Los resultados muestran que los hablantes del grupo socioeconómico alto atenúan más que los de los grupos bajo y medio; las mujeres atenúan más que los hombres en narraciones individuales; y en las conversacionales aquellas construidas por dos hombres presentan menos atenuadores que las construidas por dos mujeres y un hombre y una mujer. Por último, es posible observar que en las narraciones individuales los hablantes atenúan menos que en las conversacionales, lo que se explicaría por una ‘validación conversacional’ que es apreciable en las últimas.

Abstract Limas society has historically been segmented based on racial, ethnic, and social class criteria, which is why Andean migrants are derogatorily recognized as serranos (people from the mountains) and make up the group of cholos in Lima. The Evangelical Churches have reproduced the same patterns of segregation of the dominant society; however, due to the internal war suffered in Peru (1980-2000), a sector of the National Evangelical Council of Peru (CONEP) organized the displacement of Evangelicals from the Central-Southern Highlands (Ayacucho-Huancavelica-Apurimac) to different places, including Lima. For this reason, the first Quechua services were organized in 1984 and spread throughout the city, mainly in the 1990s. These services are no longer growing or extending but seem to have reached a plateau. These spaces have served as ethnic refuges for a Quechua-speaking sector with little command of Spanish. However, due to the theological characteristics of the Evangelical Churches, and little organized Quechua people, they have not been able to be a political, social, or cultural propellant for the recognition of Perus ethnic plurality, so they could not transcend from religious spaces.

Resumen La sociedad limeña se ha caracterizado por estar segmentada a partir de criterios raciales, étnicos y de clase social, razón por la cual, los migrantes andinos son reconocidos despectivamente como "serranos" y conformando el grupo de "cholos". Las iglesias evangélicas han reproducido los mismos patrones de segregación de la sociedad dominante, sin embargo, debido a la guerra interna sufrida en el Perú (1980-2000), un sector del Concilio Nacional Evangélico del Perú [CONEP], organizó el desplazamiento de seguidores de la Sierra Centro-Sur (Ayacucho-Huancavelica- Apurímac) a distintos sitios, entre ellos, Lima. Por tal motivo, en 1984 se organizaron los primeros cultos en quechua, los cuales se fueron extendiendo por la ciudad, principalmente en los años noventa. En la actualidad, dichos cultos ya no crecen, ni se extienden, sino que parecen haber llegado a un tope. Estos espacios han fungido como refugios étnicos para un sector quechuahablante con poco dominio del castellano, pero debido a las características teológicas de las Iglesias Evangélicas y la escasa organización política quechua, no han sido un propulsor político, social o cultural de reconocimiento de la pluralidad étnica del Perú, no logrando trascender del espacio religioso.

Resumen Este estudio examina la selección que hacen los hablantes de español como lengua heredada del subjuntivo del español. Estos hablantes han sido, normalmente, comparados con hablantes monolingües, y se ha dicho que su producción se asemeja a la de los aprendientes de español como segunda lengua. En este trabajo se problematiza esa hipótesis mediante dos instrumentos: uno de producción y otro de comprensión, los cuales fueron aplicados a tres grupos de contraste -hablantes de español como lengua heredada, aprendientes de español como segunda lengua y hablantes monolingües de español-. Los resultados muestran que existen diferencias significativas entre los grupos de contraste, de lo cual se puede concluir que son tres poblaciones distintas y que el grupo de hablantes de español como lengua heredada forma un grupo de estudio en sí mismo, que se distingue del grupo de aprendientes de español como segunda lengua y el grupo monolingüe.

Abstract This study examines the selection of the subjunctive by speakers of Spanish as a heritage language. These speakers have usually been compared to monolingual speakers, and it has been said that their production resembles that of learners of Spanish as a second language. We problematize this hypothesis using two instruments, one of production and and one of comprehension, which are administered to three contrast groups: speakers of Spanish as a heritage language, learners of Spanish as a second language, and monolingual Spanish speakers. The results show significant differences among the contrast groups, from which it can be concluded that they represent three different populations, with a distinction between the speakers of Spanish as a heritage language and the other two.

In the course of the past three decades, the concept of "plain language" has garnered increasing attention. Recent developments have further solidified this field, given the International Federation for Plain Language's definition of plain language, as well as the introduction of an ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation) Standard for plain language in 2023. These milestones suggest that plain language is set to play a more significant role in public communication. The International Federation for Plain Language defines plain language as communication in which the wording, structure, and design are so clear that the target audience can effortlessly find, understand, and use the information they need. However, this definition has faced criticism for its vagueness. In an effort to refine the definition, the ISO Plain Language Standard was introduced. It includes four governing principles: 1) Readers get the information they need; 2) Readers can easily find what they need; 3) Readers can easily understand what they find; and 4) Readers can easily use the information. Both the definitions of the ISO Standard and the International Federation for Plain Language concentrate on the understandability and usability of information in creating effective plain language documents. In this article, I argue that alongside understandability and usability, user experience should be considered as a third measurable element of success in plain language documents. Although existing research primarily focuses on usability and understanding, it gives limited attention to user experience, whereas I argue that user experience is a crucial factor in the creation of successful plain language documents. More specifically, I explore in this article the preference of respondents for plain language techniques used in documents in an attempt to establish a connection between the user's experience of these techniques and the document's usability and understandability. I also delve into users' overall experience with plain language documents and assess whether there is a correlation between overall experience and users' perceptions of specific plain language techniques. I further analyse users'experiences with plain language techniques within specific contexts, namely the medical, legal, and financial domains, to determine if the context influences their experience. In addition, I investigate the relationship between users'experiences with plain language techniques and extratextual factors, such as qualification, income, home language, the variety of Afrikaans they speak, and their level of engagement with the document's content. This comprehensive analysis aims to clarify the role of user experience in the success of plain language documents and it potentially prompts a reconsideration of experience, in addition to understandability and usability, when creating successful plain language documents. The study employed a quantitative correlational research design to examine the relationship between respondents' experience of plain language techniques, understandability and usability, extratextual factors, and the contexts in which these documents are encountered. Data collection involved a questionnaire-based survey, with 506 respondents participating through convenience sampling. The survey was conducted on the SUNSurvey platform at Stellenbosch University and was shared across social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp to target individuals matching specific population characteristics. Respondents read one of 18 selected plain language documents and answered questions about the documents. Extratextual information, such as respondents' highest qualification level, annual income, home language, the variety of Afrikaans they speak, and the frequency with which they were exposed to the context, were collected. Engagement with the selected document was measured using Likert-scale statements. To assess understanding of the documents, factual questions were included, and usability questions were asked if respondents received one of the six forms that were tested. Experience with the plain language documents was also measured by means of Likert-scale statements. Importantly, respondents'experiences with specific plain language techniques were assessed, allowing them to express their experience with said techniques. The results of the study regarding respondents'experience of the plain language techniques used reveal overwhelmingly positive feedback. The Likert-scale ratings indicated that respondents across various demographic groups had favourable impressions of plain language techniques. This suggests that these techniques not only enhance document usability and understandability but are also well-received by users. The analysis of relationships between different variables yields intriguing findings. While many comparisons did not show statistically significant correlations, the noteworthy results are those that did. When examining respondents 'experiences with plain language techniques in documents across three contexts, no statistically significant relationship could be established, indicating positive experiences with these techniques across all contexts without contextual influence. In terms of understanding, most comparisons revealed a positive relationship between the experience of plain language techniques and understanding. This implies that respondents with more positive experiences better understood the documents, aligning with existing research and suggesting that improved understanding leads to more positive experiences. However, for usability there was no statistically significant relationship between the experience of plain language techniques and document usability, indicating that the study could not establish a clear link between these two factors. When considering extratextual factors, few statistically significant relationships were found. Only the respondents' home language showed a significant relationship with their experience of plain language techniques, suggesting that Afrikaans speakers had more positive experiences. For other extratextual factors, namely qualification, income level, and variety of Afrikaans, there were no significant correlations. In conclusion, this study highlights that positive experiences of plain language techniques are associated with better understandability, emphasising the importance of user experience in creating successful plain language documents. The results are positive for document designers, as diverse groups of people had positive experiences with these techniques, making plain language a tool for improving interactions with public documentation. This study suggests that considering user experience is crucial in defining plain language beyond just usability and understandability.

Die definisies van sowel die International Federation for Plain Language as die ISO Gewone Taal Standaard beklemtoon dat verstaanbaarheid en bruikbaarheid noodsaaklik is vir die skep van optimale gewonetaaldokumente. In hierdie studie voer ek egter aan dat daar 'n derde meetbare element van gewonetaaldokumente is wat 'n effek op die sukses daarvan het, naamlik die manier waarop die verbruiker die gewonetaaldokumente ervaar. Vir hierdie studie is ' n kwantitatiewe korrelasionele navorsingsontwerp gebruik om die verhouding tussen respondente se ervaring, verstaanbaarheid, en bruikbaarheid van gewone-taaldokumente, asook respondente se persoonlike eienskappe, en die kontekste waarin die gewonetaaldokumente voorkom, te bepaal. Opnamenavorsing met 'n vraelys as die data-insamelingsinstrument is uitgevoer en 506 respondente het aan die studie deelgeneem. Die resultate van die studie dui daarop dat respondente oor die algemeen positiewe ervarings met gewonetaaltegnieke in dokumente gehad het. Verder is 'n sterk positiewe verhouding tussen die ervaring en die verstaanbaarheid van die gewonetaaldokumente gevind. Dit dui aan dat 'n positiewe ervaring tot 'n beter begrip van die dokumente bydra. Dit is egter nie die geval met bruikbaarheid nie, aangesien geen statisties beduidende verhouding hier gevind is nie. Wat betref buitetekstuele faktore, het slegs huistaal 'n statisties beduidende invloed op die ervaring van gewonetaaltegnieke gehad. Die resultate van hierdie studie dui dus daarop dat ervaring 'n belangrike faktor is in die sukses van gewonetaaldokumente, en gevolglik oorweeg moet word om ervaring as een van die elemente in die definisie van gewone taal in te sluit.

The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of linguistic sexism in Afrikaans and its evolution over seven decades, reflecting possible societal changes. More specifically, the inquiry sought to investigate the presence of sexism in Afrikaans women's magazines from 1948 to 2020. To achieve this, a corpus was constructed using 57 editions of the Afrikaans women's magazine, rooi rose. The data was then analysed by means of the #LancsBox corpus software tool. Situated within the domain of language and gender, the study delved into the intricate interplay between linguistic and societal norms. We accept that there is a symbiotic and reciprocal relationship between language and the way humans experience the external world. This also applies to the relationship between a (specific) language and the way in which the concept of gender is embodied by speakers of the language. In particular, linguistic sexism, a subfield of the language and gender field, can be seen as the lens through which possible discrimination against women can be made visible. Linguistic sexism manifests inter alia through lexical items of the following types: forms of address and titles; gendered nouns like skryfster ("female author") and sekretaresse ("female secretary"); the generic he and the frequency of co-occurrence of the pronouns hy ("he"), hom ("him") and sy ("his") with gender-neutral nouns like baba ("baby"), kind ("child") and mens ("humankind", "man"). The findings from the rooi rose corpus paint a nuanced picture. While the prevalence of mevrou outweighs that of mejuffrou, suggesting a lingering gender bias, the diminishing gap between their usage indicates a gradual shift. However, traditions like beauty competitions perpetuate linguistic sexism, with titles like Mejuffrou Persoonlikheid ("Miss Personality") and Mejuffrou Glimlag ("Miss Smile") reinforcing traditional gender norms. Me, the Afrikaans equivalent of "Ms", appears so infrequently in the corpus that its frequency is negligible. The analysis of professional and personal names reveals a changing landscape, with certain terms evolving into gender-neutral descriptors, albeit with remnants of gender stereotypes persisting in certain contexts. The generic use of masculine pronouns ("hy", "hom", "sy") when referring to gender-neutral nouns underscores linguistic bias. GraphColl (a function of #LancsBox) was used to ascertain how many times hy ("he"), hom ("him") and the possessive pronoun sy ("his") refer to mens ("person"), kind ("child" and baba ("baby") where the gender of these words is uncertain. An example of such occurrences is the following: Wie kan werklik begryp wat die kind dink en voel en glo daar waar hy in sy eie beto-werde wêreldjie verlöre raak? ("Who can really understand what the child thinks and feels and believes where he gets lost in his own enchanted little world?") References to baba ("baby"), kind ("child") and mens ("person") in most cases show a clear preference for the male personal or possessive pronouns. To conclude, while the linguistic landscape of Afrikaans women in rooi rose demonstrates strides towards inclusivity, traces of entrenched linguistic biases endure, illustrating the complex interplay between language and societal norms.

Hierdie artikel ondersoek die taallandskap¹ van die Afrikaanse vrou soos wat dit te sien is in die rooi rose van 1948 - 2020 en vra of hierdie landskap, veral wat taalseksisme betref, soos te siene in rooi rose sedert 1948, verander het. Die rooi rose-korpus was die databron wat ontleed is met die moontlikhede wat korpuslinguistiek as metode bied. Die studie val in die sosiolinguistieksubveld wat in die breë as die taal-en-gender-veld bekend staan. Taalseksisme val in hierdie deelgebied. Taalseksisme (en gepaardgaande stereotipering) kom voor wanneer daar deur en in taal teen 'n geslag of gender gediskrimineer word. Kwantitatiewe navorsing is gebruik om frekwensies van leksikale items soos aan-spreekvorms en titels, die generiese hy en manlike en vroulike persoons- en beroepsname vas te stel. Soekwoorde binne konteks, soos wat verkry word in konkordansiereëls, asook kollokasies is kwalitatief ontleed. Die gevolgtrekking waartoe die studie kom, is dat daar verandering op te merk is wat die gebruik van sommige leksikale items betref. Daar is 'n frekwensieafname te bespeur in sommige titels en aanspreekvorme, maar die neutrale me (wat nie onderskeid tref wat huwelikstatus betref nie) word nie in die korpus aangetref nie. Afrikaans volg die wêreldtendens deur sommige manlike en vroulike selfstandige naamwoorde te vervang met een naamwoord wat na beide mans en vrouens kan verwys. Daar is egter nog tekens van taalseksisme in die korpus. Die generiese hy word tot 2020 nog baie gebruik en onderskeid word ook nog getref wat betref die huwelikstatus van vroue.

ABSTRACT Intercultural Communicative Competence presupposes going beyond the linguistic aspects of the language, as it aims to develop knowledge as a fundamental basis for promoting values and skills to form intercultural speakers. Through this review, the current state of the development of Intercultural Communicative Competence in foreign language teaching in Cuba will be ascertained; what approaches, methodologies or techniques are used for its development; and from the results, assess how to contribute to the development of Intercultural Communicative Competence in students of the Foreign Language Teacher education Program. This review focused on articles in Cuban education journals.

RESUMO A Competência Comunicativa Intercultural pressupõe ir além dos aspectos linguísticos da língua, pois visa desenvolver o conhecimento como base fundamental para a promoção de valores e competências e para a formação de falantes interculturais. Através desta revisão será verificado o estado atual do desenvolvimento da Competência Comunicativa Intercultural no ensino de línguas estrangeiras em Cuba, quais abordagens, metodologias ou técnicas são utilizadas para o seu desenvolvimento e, com base nos resultados, avaliar como contribuir ao desenvolvimento da Competência Comunicativa Intercultural em estudantes de Bacharelado em Educação, Línguas Estrangeiras. Esta revisão concentrou-se em artigos de revistas educacionais cubanas.

RESUMEN La Competencia Comunicativa Intercultural presupone ir más allá de los aspectos lingüísticos de la lengua, pues tiene como objetivo desarrollar el conocimiento como base fundamental para fomentar valores y aptitudes y formar hablantes interculturales. A través de esta revisión se constatará el estado actual del desarrollo de la Competencia Comunicativa Intercultural en la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras en Cuba, qué enfoques, metodologías o técnicas se usan para su desarrollo y, a partir de los resultados, valorar cómo contribuir al desarrollo de la Competencia Comunicativa Intercultural en estudiantes de Licenciatura en Educación, Lenguas Extranjeras. Esta revisión se enfocó en artículos en revistas cubanas de educación.

ABSTRACT This article shows the main results of a doctoral research that focuses on the eradication of deficiencies that affect the teaching of translation in the Faculty of Spanish for Non-Spanish Speakers of the University of Havana. The objective is to present a didactic strategy, based on the task-based approach, for the improvement of the teaching-learning process of translation as a dynamic agent in the training of the future translator. The dialectical-materialist method was used as a general method, as well as methods of the theoretical level: the historical-logical, induction-deduction and analysis-synthesis. At the empirical level, the review of documents, the survey, the interview, the pedagogical test, the pre-experiment and expert consultation were used. The strategy is made up of theoretical foundations, principles and premises, characteristics, stages and a methodology in which the previous components are specified as a guide to the translation teaching-learning process towards its improvement. Methodological workshops were held to insert the work of the rest of the disciplines of the degree as support in the implementation of the strategy. The results obtained so far corroborated the effectiveness of the proposal, adding that it was possible to create a contract that allows students to carry out their preprofessional practices in the Translators and Interpreters Services Team of Cuba. The progress made exposed the real possibility of achieving higher levels of mastery of translation skills in students as future promoters of dialogue between cultures and nations.

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta os principais resultados de uma pesquisa de doutorado que tem como foco a erradicação das deficiências que afetam o ensino da tradução na Faculdade de Espanhol para Não Falantes de Espanhol da Universidade de Havana. O objetivo é apresentar uma estratégia didática, baseada na abordagem baseada em tarefas, para a melhoria do processo de ensino-aprendizagem da tradução como agente dinâmico na formação do futuro tradutor. Utilizou-se como método geral o método dialético-materialista, bem como métodos de nível teórico: o histórico-lógico, a indução-dedução e a análise-síntese. No nível empírico utilizou-se o estudo documental, o levantamento, a entrevista, a prova pedagógica, o pré-experimento e a consulta a especialistas. A estratégia é composta por fundamentos teóricos, princípios e premissas, características, etapas e uma metodologia na qual os componentes anteriores são especificados como um guia para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem da tradução rumo ao seu aprimoramento. Foram realizadas oficinas metodológicas para inserir o trabalho das demais disciplinas do curso como apoio na implementação da estratégia. Os resultados obtidos até ao momento corroboraram a eficácia da proposta, acrescentando que foi possível criar um contrato que permite aos alunos realizarem as suas práticas pré-profissionais na Equipa de Serviços de Tradutores e Intérpretes de Cuba. Os progressos alcançados expuseram a possibilidade real de alcançar níveis mais elevados de domínio das competências de tradução nos estudantes como futuros promotores do diálogo entre culturas e nações.

RESUMEN Este artículo muestra los principales resultados de una investigación doctoral que se enfoca en la erradicación de deficiencias que afectan la didáctica de la traducción en la Facultad de Español para No Hispanohablantes de la Universidad de La Habana. El objetivo es presentar una estrategia didáctica, basada en el enfoque por tareas, para el perfeccionamiento del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la traducción como agente dinamizador en la formación del futuro traductor. Se empleó como método general el dialéctico-materialista, así como métodos del nivel teórico: el histórico-lógico, la inducción-deducción y el análisis-síntesis. Del nivel empírico se utilizó el estudio documental, la encuesta, la entrevista, la prueba pedagógica, el pre-experimento y la consulta a expertos. La estrategia está integrada por fundamentos teóricos, principios y premisas, características, etapas y una metodología en la que se concretan los componentes anteriores como guía del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la traducción hacia su perfeccionamiento. Se realizaron talleres metodológicos para insertar el trabajo del resto de las disciplinas de la carrera como apoyo en la implementación de la estrategia. Los resultados obtenidos hasta el momento corroboraron la efectividad de la propuesta, se añade que fue posible la creación de un contrato que permite a los estudiantes realizar sus prácticas preprofesionales en el Equipo de Servicios de Traductores e Intérpretes de Cuba. El avance logrado expuso la posibilidad real de alcanzar niveles superiores de dominio de las competencias de traducción en los estudiantes como futuros promotores del diálogo entre culturas y naciones.

Resumen Este artículo hace un análisis sociolingüístico del uso de las formas de futuro en español —morfológico, perifrástico, presente e infinitivo— por generación y género en hablantes hispanos en Houston, Texas por medio de dos instrumentos: oral y escrito (entrevista y encuesta). Se examinó cuáles son las causas internas o externas de la lengua que condicionan cada una de las ocurrencias, y se compararon los datos de los hablantes de Houston con un grupo monolingüe de Zacatecas, México. Se investigó literatura previa de este fenómeno lingüístico para poder establecer un contexto investigativo, como los de Orozco (2007a, 2007b) y Gutiérrez (1995). Los resultados exponen que el futuro morfológico sí se encuentra en una gran decadencia en el discurso oral y que cada vez se sustituye más por el perifrástico, pero que, además, el presente y el infinitivo están tomando el lugar de las dos formas tradicionales. En el discurso escrito se encontró que los hablantes todavía mantienen la forma tradicional del futuro morfológico junto con el perifrástico. El tratamiento analítico de los datos no indicó marcadas diferencias estadísticas entre hombres y mujeres, pero sí una diferencia evidente en el patrón del uso del futuro oral con el escrito. Dichas inclinaciones parecen ser el resultado de un proceso lingüístico interno, ya que la forma innovadora está ocurriendo con una alta frecuencia en el español actual de los hablantes hispanos en Houston, pero también en dialectos monolingües.

Abstract This article makes a sociolinguistic analysis of the use of the future tense forms in Spanish —morphological, periphrastic, present, and infinitive— by generation and gender in Hispanic speakers in Houston through two instruments: oral-written (interview-survey). The causes that condition each of the occurrences (internal/external of the language) were examined. Data from Houston speakers were compared with a monolingual group from Zacatecas, Mexico. Previous literature on this linguistic phenomenon was investigated to establish a research context, such as those created by Orozco (2007a, 2007b) and Gutiérrez (1995). The results show that the future tense is indeed in great decline in the oral and that it is increasingly being replaced by the periphrastic, but also that the present and the infinitive are taking the place of the two traditional forms. In the written discourse, it was found that the speakers still maintain the traditional form of the future tense along with the periphrastic form. The analytical treatment of the data did not indicate marked statistical differences between men and women but did show an evident difference in the pattern of use of the oral future tense with the written one. These inclinations seem to be the result of an internal linguistic process, since the innovative form is occurring with a high frequency in the current Spanish of Spanish-speakers in Houston, but also in monolingual dialects.

Abstract Speaking English fluently in social and professional settings has become a major requirement in the Tourism industry. With this in mind, this action research study explores how the Tandem application supports the speaking fluency of Tourism students in English. The study’s sample was comprised of seven participants from a Chilean professional institute who took part in four weekly online intervention sessions. Participants used the Tandem app to communicate with native and non-native speakers of English through voice messages during and after the sessions. Oral fluency was assessed by contrasting their speech rate and use of long pauses during a pre-and a post-session English fluency interviews. Additionally, participants’ perceptions were collected through a semi-structured interview conducted in Spanish. Findings revealed that there was a slight, but nonetheless statistically significant in accordance with the Wilcoxon test, improvement in the fluency of their speaking. Participants agreed that the use of the application as a tool was beneficial and helped them increase their speaking fluency and confidence by interacting with native and non-native English speakers.

Resumen Hablar en inglés de manera fluida en contextos sociales y profesionales se ha convertido en un requisito importante en la industria del turismo. Este estudio de investigación-acción explora cómo la aplicación Tandem contribuye a que los estudiantes de Turismo desarrollen fluidez oral en inglés. La muestra de este estudio estuvo compuesta por siete integrantes de un instituto profesional chileno, quienes participaron en una intervención semanal de cuatro sesiones online. Los participantes utilizaron la aplicación Tandem para comunicarse con hablantes nativos y no nativos de inglés, a través de mensajes de voz, durante y después de cada sesión. Su fluidez oral se evaluó contrastando su ritmo de habla y el uso de pausas durante entrevistas en inglés previas y posteriores a la intervención. Las percepciones de los participantes se recogieron mediante una entrevista semiestructurada realizada en español. Los resultados revelaron una ligera mejora en fluidez, estadísticamente significativa según la prueba de Wilcoxon. Los alumnos concordaron en que el uso de la aplicación Tandem fue beneficioso, pues les ayudó a aumentar su fluidez oral y su confianza al interactuar con hablantes nativos y no nativos de inglés.

This article originated from a presentation I gave at the III International Colloquium Exodus and GEDLit at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). In it, I present an analysis of Slam das Minas Coimbra, founded in 2020. It is the first slam in the Portuguese context to specifically address issues of gender, race, and sexuality, with a focus on the experience of migration in post-colonial Portuguese society. As I progress, I provide a contextualization of the territory in which the collective emerges, highlighting various social contrasts, including the rhetoric of modernity/coloniality anchored in social practices, annually repeated and ritualized, known as “praxes” (or trotes). Subsequently, I delve into how Slam das Minas Coimbra probes colonial wounds, enabling a critical look at the creation of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. I consider this organization as an instrument of the ideal of “lusophony,” reviving neo-colonial roots. Finally, drawing inspiration from Gayatri Spivak and her approach to using imaginative language to unmask cultural nationalism, I analyze how the “untitled” poem by GRETA, an independent immigrant Brazilian artist, deconstructs colonial fiction, grounded in the poetry of Camões. This approach represents an anticamonian trend envisioned by the artist. I emphasize the instrumentalization of slam poetry to transgress the norm (cultured and European) of Portuguese from Portugal, providing space for the plurilingualism of Portuguese speakers in post-colonial Portuguese society.

Este artigo originou-se de uma apresentação que realizei no III Colóquio Internacional Exodus e GEDLit, na Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Nele, apresento uma leitura do Slam das Minas Coimbra, fundado em 2020. Trata-se do primeiro Poetry Slam no contexto português a abordar especificamente as questões de género, raça e sexualidade, com ênfase na experiência da migração na sociedade pós-colonial portuguesa. À medida que avanço, realizo uma contextualização do território no qual o coletivo surge, evidenciando diversos contrastes sociais, incluindo as retóricas da modernidade/colonialidade ancoradas às práticas sociais, anualmente repetidas e ritualizadas, conhecidas como “praxes” (ou trotes). Posteriormente, abordo como o Slam das Minas Coimbra tateia feridas coloniais, possibilitando um olhar crítico sobre a criação da “Comunidade de Países de Língua Portuguesa”. Considero este organismo como um instrumento do ideal da “lusofonia”, que reaviva raízes neocoloniais. Por fim, partindo da inspiração de Gayatri Spivak, e da sua abordagem de utilizar a linguagem imaginativa para desmascarar o nacionalismo cultural, analiso como o poema “sem título” dA GRETA, artista independente imigrante brasileira, desconstrói a ficção colonial, alicerçada na poesia de Camões. Essa abordagem representa uma vertente anticamoniana imaginada pela artista. Destaco a instrumentalização da poesia slam para a transgressão da norma (culta e europeia) do português de Portugal, proporcionando espaço para a plurilinguística dos falantes de português na sociedade portuguesa pós-colonial.

ABSTRACT This article originated from a presentation I gave at the III International Colloquium Exodus and GEDLit at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). In it, I present an analysis of Slam das Minas Coimbra, founded in 2020. It is the first slam in the Portuguese context to specifically address issues of gender, race, and sexuality, with a focus on the experience of migration in post-colonial Portuguese society. As I progress, I provide a contextualization of the territory in which the collective emerges, highlighting various social contrasts, including the rhetoric of modernity/coloniality anchored in social practices, annually repeated and ritualized, known as "praxes" (or trotes). Subsequently, I delve into how Slam das Minas Coimbra probes colonial wounds, enabling a critical look at the creation of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. I consider this organization as an instrument of the ideal of "lusophony," reviving neo-colonial roots. Finally, drawing inspiration from Gayatri Spivak and her approach to using imaginative language to unmask cultural nationalism, I analyze how the "untitled" poem by GRETA, an independent immigrant Brazilian artist, deconstructs colonial fiction, grounded in the poetry of Camões. This approach represents an anticamonian trend envisioned by the artist. I emphasize the instrumentalization of slam poetry to transgress the norm (cultured and European) of Portuguese from Portugal, providing space for the plurilingualism of Portuguese speakers in post-colonial Portuguese society. UNICAMP. UNICAMP . (UNICAMP) it 2020 gender race sexuality postcolonial post society progress emerges contrasts modernitycoloniality modernity coloniality practices ritualized praxes "praxes or trotes. trotes trotes) Subsequently wounds Countries lusophony, lusophony "lusophony, neocolonial neo roots Finally nationalism untitled "untitled GRETA artist fiction Camões cultured European Portugal (UNICAMP 202 "lusophony 20 2

RESUMO Este artigo originou-se de uma apresentação que realizei no III Colóquio Internacional Exodus e GEDLit, na Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Nele, apresento uma leitura do Slam das Minas Coimbra, fundado em 2020. Trata-se do primeiro Poetry Slam no contexto português a abordar especificamente as questões de género, raça e sexualidade, com ênfase na experiência da migração na sociedade pós-colonial portuguesa. À medida que avanço, realizo uma contextualização do território no qual o coletivo surge, evidenciando diversos contrastes sociais, incluindo as retóricas da modernidade/colonialidade ancoradas às práticas sociais, anualmente repetidas e ritualizadas, conhecidas como "praxes" (ou trotes). Posteriormente, abordo como o Slam das Minas Coimbra tateia feridas coloniais, possibilitando um olhar crítico sobre a criação da "Comunidade de Países de Língua Portuguesa". Considero este organismo como um instrumento do ideal da "lusofonia", que reaviva raízes neocoloniais. Por fim, partindo da inspiração de Gayatri Spivak, e da sua abordagem de utilizar a linguagem imaginativa para desmascarar o nacionalismo cultural, analiso como o poema "sem título" dA GRETA, artista independente imigrante brasileira, desconstrói a ficção colonial, alicerçada na poesia de Camões. Essa abordagem representa uma vertente anticamoniana imaginada pela artista. Destaco a instrumentalização da poesia slam para a transgressão da norma (culta e europeia) do português de Portugal, proporcionando espaço para a plurilinguística dos falantes de português na sociedade portuguesa pós-colonial. originouse originou se GEDLit UNICAMP. UNICAMP . (UNICAMP) Nele 2020 Tratase Trata género sexualidade póscolonial pós colonial avanço surge sociais modernidadecolonialidade modernidade colonialidade ritualizadas praxes "praxes ou trotes. trotes trotes) Posteriormente coloniais Comunidade Portuguesa. Portuguesa Portuguesa" lusofonia, lusofonia , "lusofonia" neocoloniais fim Spivak cultural sem título GRETA brasileira Camões culta europeia Portugal póscolonial. colonial. (UNICAMP 202 "lusofonia 20 2