ABSTRACT This article describes the actors involved in the recommendation of the Peruvian anchoveta catch quota prior to the fishing seasons of each region (north-central and south), as well as the bias associated with it. The data on biomasses, quotas, and landings correspond to the 2000-2022 period, while the recommendations for the total quota correspond to 2019-2022. For the north-central region, Imarpe recommends Produce an exploitation rate lower than or equal to 0.35. This is done through a decision table for four probable oceanographic environment scenarios, considering a remaining biomass to ensure sustainability. The compliance of Peruvian anchoveta catches quotas in the first fishing seasons has been higher than 90 %, while in the second fishing seasons, catches have even been less than 50 %, as in the case of: 2001, 2019, 2010 and 2017. Between 2019 and 2022, Produce opted for the following: i) with a quota lower than that recommended in the decision table (I-2021, II-2020, I-2019) and ii) with a quota higher than that recommended in the biomass of the decision table (I-2022, II-2021, II-2022, II-2019 and I-2020). The observation error is lower (0.10) for the summer surveys and higher (0.15) for the winter-spring (spawning biomass and hydroacoustic surveys).

RESUMEN Este artículo describe los actores que intervienen en la recomendación de la cuota de captura de anchoveta, previo a las temporadas de pesca para cada región (norte-centro y sur), así como el sesgo asociado a la misma. Los datos de las biomasas, cuotas y desembarques corresponden al período 2000-2022, mientras que las recomendaciones para la cuota total corresponden a 2019-2022. Para la región norte-centro, el Imarpe recomienda a Produce una tasa de explotación menor o igual a 0.35 mediante una tabla de decisión para cuatros escenarios probables de ambiente oceanográfico, considerando una biomasa remanente para asegurar su sostenibilidad. El cumplimiento de las cuotas de capturas de anchoveta en las primeras temporadas de pesca ha sido mayor a 90 %, mientras que en las segundas temporadas de pesca se han capturado inclusive menores a 50 %, como es el caso del: 2001, 2019, 2010 y 2017. Entre 2019 y 2022, Produce optó lo siguiente: i) con cuota menor a la recomendada en la tabla de decisión (I-2021, II-2020, I-2019) y ii) con cuota mayor a la recomendada en la biomasa a la tabla de decisión (I-2022, II-2021, II-2022, II-2019 y I-2020). El error de observación es menor (0.10) en los cruceros de verano y mayor (0.15) en invierno-primavera (cruceros de biomasa desovante e hidroacústicos).

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effect of the co-feeding (C) period on the growth and survival of larvae of the yo-yo loach Botia lohachata ornamental species during the weaning period from live food (LF) to inert food (IF). The breeders were subjected to induced spawning using crude pituitary homogenate. A total of 2,400 larvae were used with an average initial weight of 0.39 ± 0.09 mg and an average total length of 4.08 ± 0.21 mm, from a single breeding pair. The live food was newly hatched nauplii of Artemia franciscana, and the inert diet was a commercial ration with 55% crude protein and two particle sizes (142-350 µm and 350-500 µm). As the first food, all larvae received A. franciscana during the first six days, except for the fasting (NC) and inert food (IF) groups. The following co-feeding strategies were employed: C4 = 4 days of co-feeding, C8 = 8 days of co-feeding, C12 = 12 days of co-feeding, and LF = Artemia during the entire experimental period. The longest period with live food promoted better larval growth rates. The specific growth rate of larvae fed live food during the entire period (LF) was higher than that of the other groups, followed by the co-feeding strategies. There was no effect (P > 0.01) on larval survival in the LF, C12, C8, and C4 groups, which ranged from 41% to 53% after 30 days. Treatment R resulted in high mortality and low growth, suggesting that live food should be the first food source for B. lohachata larvae. ABSTRACT cofeeding co feeding C (C yoyo yo (LF IF. IF . homogenate 2400 2 400 2,40 039 0 39 0.3 009 09 0.0 408 08 4.0 021 21 0.2 mm pair 55 142350 142 350 (142-35 350500 500 350-50 µm. µm) NC (NC (IF groups employed cofeeding, feeding, C1 1 rates P 0.01 001 01 41 53 3 B 240 40 2,4 03 0. 00 4. 02 5 14235 14 35 (142-3 35050 50 350-5 24 2, 1423 (142- 3505 350- (142 (14 (1 (

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do período de co-alimentação (C) no crescimento e sobrevivência de larvas da espécie ornamental Botia lohachata durante o período de desmame de alimento vivo (LF) para alimento inerte (IF). Os reprodutores foram submetidos à desova induzida com homogeneizado de hipófise. Foram utilizadas 2.400 larvas com peso inicial médio de 0,39 ± 0,09 mg e comprimento total médio de 4,08 ± 0,21 mm, de um único casal reprodutor. O alimento vivo foi náuplios recém-eclodidos de Artemia franciscana, e a dieta inerte foi uma ração comercial com 55% de proteína bruta e dois tamanhos de partículas (142-350 µm e 350-500 µm). Como primeiro alimento, todas as larvas receberam A. franciscana durante os primeiros seis dias, exceto os grupos jejum (NC) e alimento inerte (IF). As seguintes estratégias de co-alimentação foram empregadas: C4 = 4 dias de co-alimentação, C8 = 8 dias de co-alimentação, C12 = 12 dias de co-alimentação e LF = Artemia durante todo o período experimental. O maior período com alimento vivo promoveu melhores taxas de crescimento larval. A taxa de crescimento específico das larvas alimentadas com ração viva durante todo o período (LF) foi maior que a dos demais grupos, seguida das estratégias de co-alimentação. Não houve efeito (P > 0,01) na sobrevivência larval nos grupos LF, C12, C8 e C4, que variou de 41% a 53% após 30 dias. O tratamento IN resultou em alta mortalidade e baixo crescimento, sugerindo que o alimento vivo deve ser a primeira fonte de alimento para as larvas de B. lohachata. RESUMO coalimentação co alimentação C (C (LF IF. IF . (IF) hipófise 2400 2 400 2.40 039 0 39 0,3 009 09 0,0 408 08 4,0 021 21 0,2 mm reprodutor recémeclodidos recém eclodidos 55 142350 142 350 (142-35 350500 500 350-50 µm. µm) NC (NC empregadas coalimentação, alimentação, C1 1 experimental coalimentação. alimentação. P 0,01 001 01 41 53 3 B (IF 240 40 2.4 03 0, 00 4, 02 5 14235 14 35 (142-3 35050 50 350-5 24 2. 1423 (142- 3505 350- (142 (14 (1 (

ABSTRACT Sewage pollution is an increasing problem for Perna perna mussel farmers in Brazil, and there is an urgent need to adopt post-harvest treatments, such as depuration, to reduce the associated microbiological risks. However, depuration of this species has been discouraged by experiences showing that the animals usually spawn during this procedure, bringing difficulties for water treatment and making them lighter, weakened, and undesirable to be traded as a live product. This study aimed at developing a protocol to prevent mussels from spawning by modulating the water temperature during depuration. For one year (from 2021-07-07 to 2022-06-29), market-size mussels harvested from the Brazilian southern coast were divided into groups of five and immersed during 50 hours in sets of experimental units (15 L acrylic aquariums) that emulated depuration tanks with different water temperatures (ranging from 8°C to 31°C). During this period, the experimental units were inspected nine times to check for spawning/spawned mussels. Analysis of the overall results showed that 21 (95.5%) out of the 22 assays resulted in mussels spawning and that this behavior was mostly recorded (80.3%) within the first 5:30 hours of the assays. The models developed (binary logistic regression) indicate that conditioning the depuration water to temperatures 5°C lower than those registered at the harvest site holds the potential to reduce the chances of spawning by more than 50%, and these chances drop to 8.2% when this difference reaches 10°C. Further studies are needed to show how reducing water temperature during depuration influences its efficiency in terms of pathogen reduction, aiming to define the best protocol to optimize microbial removal and minimize spawning. Brazil postharvest post treatments risks However procedure lighter weakened product 20210707 2021 07 2021-07-0 20220629, 20220629 2022 06 29 , 2022-06-29) marketsize market size 5 15 (1 aquariums ranging 8C C 8 31°C. 31C 31°C . 31 31°C) period spawningspawned spawned 2 95.5% 955 95 (95.5% 80.3% 803 80 3 (80.3% 530 30 5:3 binary regression 5C 50% 82 8.2 10C 10 10°C reduction 2021070 202 0 2021-07- 2022062 2022-06-29 1 ( 95.5 9 (95.5 80.3 (80.3 53 5: 8. 202107 20 2021-07 202206 2022-06-2 95. (95. 80. (80. 20210 2021-0 20220 2022-06- (95 (80 2021- 2022-06 (9 (8 2022-0 2022-

Abstract The reproductive cycle is an essential aspect of oyster farming. Understanding the period of each sexual stage aids in planning oyster harvest, seed collection with artificial collectors, and reproductive season for hatchery seed production. In this sense, this work evaluated the reproductive cycle of Crassostrea gasar oysters cultivated in three important oyster farming locations in the Estuarine Complex of Paranaguá, Rasa Island, Medeiros, and Ponta Oeste (Mel Island), with monthly oyster sampling in each sampling site. Temperature and salinity were recorded in loco at each sampling time. In the laboratory, oysters were identified and measured; tissue samples were collected for molecular identification of species; and histology was conducted for reproductive cycle analysis. Histological examination of the gonadal tissue was performed with slides stained with Harris hematoxylin and eosin. Salinity and temperature data showed no differences between the three sampling sites during the studied period. Molecular analysis showed that the oysters sampled were C. gasar (100%). Histological analysis showed intense spawning of C. gasar in December and February (26.72 °C) and June (20 °C). There was a resting stage in both males and females during winter. Some oysters (n = 21) were parasitized by Bucephalus sp., and it was impossible to determine oyster sex. harvest collectors production sense Paranaguá Island Medeiros Mel , Island) site time laboratory measured species eosin C 100%. 100 100% . (100%) 26.72 2672 26 72 (26.7 °C 20 (2 °C. winter n 21 sp sp. sex 10 (100% 26.7 267 2 7 (26. ( 1 (100 26. (26 (10 (1

Abstract The study of reproductive biology is an important tool in identifying protective measures to preserve fish stocks, providing essential data for a reliable management system that ensures a balance between the environment and the economy. This study aims to analyze the first sexual maturity and type of spawning of the fish Conodon nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) on the Amazon coast, specifically in the Gulf Maranhense region. 360 specimens were obtained from commercial fishing activity in the community of Raposa-MA during the period from January to December 2021. Biometric data were recorded, and the gonadal maturation stages were determined through macro (maturation scale) and microscopic (histology) analyzes. Sex ratio, mean length of first sexual maturation and type of spawning were determined. Negative allometric growth was recorded for both sexes, indicating a greater increase in length than in weight, and the length varied from 11 to 31.8 cm and the sex ratio was 1 male:1.5 female. Individuals in all stages of maturation were observed throughout the year, with a predominance of individuals in spawning capacity and reproductive peaks in January, April and May, indicating that the species presents multiple spawning. The length at first sexual maturity (L50) for females was 18.41 cm and for males was 18.91 cm. Knowledge of the mean size at sexual maturity can help define appropriate regulations for fishing, ensuring that individuals have the opportunity to reproduce at least once before being captured. stocks economy Linnaeus, Linnaeus (Linnaeus 1758 coast region 36 RaposaMA Raposa MA 2021 scale histology (histology analyzes sexes weight 318 31 8 31. male1.5 male15 male 1.5 5 male:1. female year May L50 L (L50 1841 18 41 18.4 1891 91 18.9 captured 175 3 202 male1 male1. 15 1. male:1 L5 (L5 184 4 18. 189 9 17 20 male: (L 2

Resumo O estudo da biologia reprodutiva é uma abordagem importante na identificação de medidas de proteção para preservar os estoques pesqueiros, fornecendo dados essenciais para um sistema de gestão confiável que garanta o equilíbrio entre o meio ambiente e a economia. Neste estudo objetivou-se analisar a primeira maturidade sexual e o tipo de desova do peixe Conodon nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) na costa amazônica, especificamente na região do Golfão Maranhense. Foram obtidos 360 exemplares provenientes da atividade de pesca comercial na comunidade pesqueira de Raposa-MA durante o período de janeiro a dezembro de 2021. Foram registrados dados biométricos e determinados os estágios de maturação gonadal por meio de análises macroscópicas (escala de maturação) e microscópicas (histologia). Foram determinados a razão sexual, a duração média da primeira maturação sexual e o tipo de desova. Foi registrado crescimento alométrico negativo para ambos os sexos, indicando maior aumento no comprimento do que no peso, sendo que o comprimento variou de 11 a 31.8 cm e a proporção sexual foi de 1 macho:1.5 fêmea. Foram observados indivíduos em todos os estágios de maturação durante todo o ano, com predomínio de indivíduos em capacidade reprodutiva e picos reprodutivos em janeiro, abril e maio, indicando que a espécie apresenta desovas múltiplas. O comprimento na primeira maturidade sexual (L50) para as fêmeas foi de 18.41 cm e para os machos foi de 18.91 cm. O conhecimento do tamanho médio na maturidade sexual pode ajudar a definir regulamentos apropriados para a pesca, garantindo que os indivíduos tenham a oportunidade de se reproduzir pelo menos uma vez antes de serem capturados. pesqueiros economia objetivouse objetivou Linnaeus, Linnaeus (Linnaeus 1758 amazônica Maranhense 36 RaposaMA Raposa MA 2021 escala histologia. histologia . (histologia) sexos peso 318 31 8 31. macho1.5 macho15 macho 1.5 5 macho:1. fêmea ano maio múltiplas L50 L (L50 1841 18 41 18.4 1891 91 18.9 capturados 175 3 202 (histologia macho1 macho1. 15 1. macho:1 L5 (L5 184 4 18. 189 9 17 20 macho: (L 2

Abstract. The reproductive and larval performance of Pteria sterna associated with anomalous environmental factors was evaluated, testing the hypothesis that the transition from La Niña to El Niño in 2008-2009 affected the “normal” periods in which ripe broodstock are collected and larvae are reared in a hatchery. Seasonal sampling included 2 reproductive periods (February and April 2009), 1 pre-reproductive period (November 2008), and 1 post-reproductive period (June 2009). Of the 40 oysters collected in each period, 20 were used for induced spawning and larval culture, while 20 were used to evaluate indices of reproductive performance. Water temperature, salinity, and seston content were monitored in each period. Sea surface temperature (SST) data associated with anomalous environmental conditions were obtained from the Aqua-MODIS satellite. Variations in SST affected reproductive performance more than larval performance in Pteria sterna. Spawning induction failed in November 2008 and succeeded in February, April, and June 2009, although only the larvae from April completed metamorphosis and settled, given the riper broodstock, larger oocytes, and favorable environmental conditions (21.80 °C; 31 mg·L-1 total seston; +0.50 °C SST). Positive SST anomalies (+0.50 to +1.10 °C) from August to December 2008 resulted in longer summer conditions that affected spawning in February 2009. In June 2009 (22.50 °C; 29.50 mg·L-1 total seston; +0.40 °C SST), when the percentages of ripe gonads and mature oocytes were small, the larvae were not viable, and few spat settled. In addition to collecting ripe broodstock in winter-spring for optimal larval and spat viability, we recommend including a brief conditioning period at the hatchery following the spawning peak and a second conditioning period in late autumn to promote nutrient recycling and natural gamete recovery.

Resumen. Se estudió el desempeño reproductivo y larvario de Pteria sterna en relación a factores ambientales anómalos, hipotetizando que la transición entre los eventos de La Niña y El Niño 2008-2009 afectó los periodos “normales” para recolectar reproductores maduros y cultivar larvas en laboratorio. Se realizaron muestreos estacionales en 2 periodos reproductivos (febrero y abril 2009), 1 periodo pre-reproductivo (noviembre 2008) y 1 periodo post-reproductivo (junio 2009). De las 40 ostras recolectadas en cada periodo, 20 se utilizaron para evaluar el desove y cultivo larvario y 20 para determinar indicadores de condición reproductiva. La temperatura, salinidad y contenido de seston se monitorearon en cada periodo. Los datos de temperatura superficial del mar (TSM) asociados a condiciones ambientales anómalas se obtuvieron del satélite Aqua-MODIS. Las variaciones en la TSM afectaron más el desempeño reproductivo que el desempeño larvario de Pteria sterna. La inducción al desove falló en noviembre 2008 y fue exitosa en febrero, abril y junio 2009, aunque solo en abril las larvas completaron la metamorfosis y se fijaron, a partir de reproductores más maduros, ovocitos más grandes y condiciones ambientales favorables (21.80 °C; ~31 mg·L-1 seston total; +0.50 °C TSM). Las anomalías positivas de TSM (+0.50 a +1.10 °C) de agosto a diciembre 2008 favorecieron un verano más largo que afectó el desove de febrero 2009. En junio 2009 (22.50 °C, 29.50 mg·L-1 seston total, +0.40 °C TSM), cuando los porcentajes de gónadas y ovocitos maduros eran bajos, las larvas no fueron viables y pocas semillas se fijaron. Además de recolectar reproductores maduros en invierno-primavera para una viabilidad óptima de las larvas y semillas, recomendamos incluir un breve periodo de acondicionamiento en el laboratorio después del pico de desove y un segundo a finales del otoño para promover el reciclaje de nutrientes y la recuperación natural de gametos.

Abstract The aim of this study was to provide a first approximation of the growth, reproduction, and length-weight relationships ofSymphodus ocellatusin the southeastern Black Sea, Turkey. A total of 320 specimens (273 males, 47 females) were collected between June 2015 and May 2016, and their biological parameters were estimated for each sex and both sexes combined. Total length ranged from 6.90 to 13.70 cm and the parameters (a,b) in the power length-weight relationships werea= 0.065 andb= 2.38 for males anda= 0.102 andb= 2.20 for females. Age was successfully estimated by commonly accepted procedures for otolith analysis. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters from the otolith age estimation wereL ∞= 12.66 cm,k= 0.764, andt 0 = -1.151 (0-3 years) for males, andL ∞= 14.15 cm,k= 0.764, andt 0 = -0.188 (1-3 years) for females. The monthly gonadosomatic index values reflected a spawning period between April and July, with a spawning peak in May-June. The present study provides the first estimate of the growth and reproduction ofS. ocellatusin the southeastern Black Sea of Turkey and compares the results with those from other areas.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue proveer una primera aproximación del crecimiento, la reproducción y las relaciones entre la longitud y el peso deSymphodus ocellatusen el sureste del mar Negro, Turquía. Se recolectaron un total de 320 especímenes (273 machos, 47 hembras) entre junio de 2015 y mayo de 2016, y se estimaron sus parámetros biológicos para cada sexo y sexos combinados. Las longitudes totales variaron de 6.90 a 13.70 cm y los parámetros (a,b) en las relaciones de potencia longitud-peso fuerona= 0.065 yb= 2.38 para machos ya= 0.102 yb= 2.20 para hembras. La edad se estimó exitosamente con procedimientos comúnmente aceptados para otolitos. Los parámetros de crecimiento de von Bertalanffy de la estimación de la edad de los otolitos fueronL ∞ = 12.66 cm,k= 0.764,t 0 = -1.151 (clases de edad entre 0 y 3 años) para machos yL ∞ = 14.15 cm,k= 0.764,t 0 = -0.188 (clases de edad de 1 a 3 años) para hembras. El índice gonadosomático mensual reflejó un periodo de desove entre abril y julio, con un pico de desove en mayo-junio. El presente estudio proporciona la primera estimación del crecimiento y la reproducción deS. ocellatusen el sureste del mar Negro de Turquía y compara los resultados con aquellos de otras áreas.

Resumen: La extracción activa del erizo de mar Lytechinus variegatus en el noreste de Venezuela podría conllevar a una reducción de su densidad poblacional. Por consiguiente, el conocimiento sobre el crecimiento somático y la producción gonadal es de importancia para la explotación racional y el manejo sustentable de sus poblaciones. Durante un ciclo anual, este estudio examinó la biología reproductiva e índices moleculares de crecimiento (ARN:ADN y Proteína:ADN) de una población del erizo L. variegatus en el Golfo de Cariaco (Venezuela); un ecosistema marino regulado por las temporadas de estratificación y surgencia costera. La población de erizos de mar presentó tallas homogéneas, con incrementos significativos en la masa fresca total (MF) y el índice gonadosomático (IG) durante la estratificación. Se obtuvieron modelos de regresión significativos durante los periodos de surgencia y estratificación, particularmente entre la MF en relación con las dimensiones de la testa y linterna de Aristóteles. El desarrollo gonadal fue continuo, mostrando desoves parciales durante el período de surgencia. El cociente ARN:ADN incrementó durante la temporada de estratificación, no así el cociente Proteína:ADN. El Análisis de Componentes Principales indicó asociación entre los índices moleculares de crecimiento con el seston, contrariamente a la biomasa fitoplanctónica, y la temperatura superficial del agua. El ciclo reproductivo del L. variegatus presentó un patrón estacional asociado a la temperatura y productividad primaria; desova activamente durante la temporada de surgencia, y la gametogénesis se potencia durante la estratificación, cuando son mayores los procesos metabólicos.

Abstract: Active extraction of sea-urchin Lytechinus variegatus from the northeast of Venezuela could cause a reduction in the populational density. Therefore, knowledge about somatic growth and gonadal production is relevant for the rational exploitation and sustainable management of sea-urchin populations. During an annual cycle, this study examined the reproductive biology and growth molecular indices (RNA:DNA and Protein:DNA) of a population of L. variegatus sea-urchin from Cariaco Gulf (Venezuela); a marine ecosystem influenced by the seasons of stratification and coastal upwelling. Sea-urchin population was composed of homogeneous sizes, with significant increase of the total fresh mass (MF) and gonadosomatic index (IG) during stratification. Significant regression models were obtained during upwelling and stratification periods, particularly among the MF with testa dimensions and Aristotle’s lantern. Gonadal development was continuous, showing partial spawning during the upwelling period. RNA:DNA ratio increased during stratification season, but not Protein:DNA index. Principal Component Analysis indicated association among molecular growth indices with seston, conversely to phytoplankton biomass, and seawater surface temperature. Reproductive cycle of L. variegatus presented a seasonal pattern associated with temperature and primary productivity; particularly during upwelling it actively spawns, and the gametogenesis is enhanced during stratification, when the metabolic processes are greater.

Resumen Este artículo analiza los factores biológicos de los elasmobranquios más comunes en Bahía Santa Elena, en el Área de Conservación Guanacaste en el Pacifico norte de Costa Rica. Debido a un vacío de información científica marino-costera que origina un fallo del sistema de manejo, no hay enfoque de resiliencia en las poblaciones sujeto de conservación. Se utilizó el método de muestreo mensual desde septiembre de 2015 hasta agosto de 2016. Mediante censo subacuático, uso de un trasmallo y visita en los puestos de recibo de pescado de Cuajiniquil se determinó la diversidad, abundancia relativa, distribución de las especies, aspectos biométricos, biología reproductiva y estructura de tallas de captura; también se aplicó una encuesta a 120 pescadores para conocer la percepción social en factores del desarrollo sostenible. Se trabajó con una muestra de 289 individuos que dio como resultado que los meses de mayor precipitación se relacionan con picos de los índices de diversidad, con poca distribución espacial, donde se presenta un remplazo estacional de especies, entre las que destaca el arribo de Rhinopterasteindachneri, Mobulamunkiana, durante los meses lluviosos y Mustelushenlei junto con Sphyrnalewini durante los vientos alisios. El periodo de desove principal para Myliobatiformes se ubica antes de diciembre, pero Urotrygonnana presenta un segundo periodo en julio. Se concluye que la biometría indica un mayor número de organismos juveniles para tiburones y adultos para rayas. La pesca con trasmallo de fondo se caracterizó por bajo rendimiento económico, lo que incide en la captura de juveniles de S. lewini, y este ingreso económico no se beneficia de los bienes naturales intangibles presentes en BSE que son patrimonio del Estado.

Abstract This article analyzes the biological factors of the most common elasmobranchs in Bahía Santa Elena, in the Guanacaste Conservation Area in the north Pacific of Costa Rica. Due to a lack of marine-coastal scientific information there is a system failure of management, leaving without a resilience approach to the populations subject to conservation. The monthly sampling method was used from September 2015 to August 2016, diversity, relative abundance, species distribution, biometric aspects, reproductive biology and catch size structure were determined by means of an underwater census, the use of a trammel net and a visit to the Cuajiniquil fish reception posts. A survey was applied to 120 fishermen to know the social perception regarding the factors of sustainable development. I worked with a sample of 289 individuals, among the main results, it was obtained that the months with the highest rainfall are related to peaks of the diversity indices, with little spatial distribution. A seasonal replacement of species is presented, highlightingthe arrival of Rhinopterasteindachneri, Mobulamunkiana, during the rainy months and Mustelushenlei and Sphyrnalewini during the Trade Winds. The main spawning period for Myliobatiformes is located before December, however Urotrygonnana presents a second period in July. It is concluded that biometry indicates a greater number of juvenile organisms for sharks and adults for rays, bottom gillnet fishing was characterized by low economic performance, which affects the capture of juveniles of S. lewini, this economic income does not benefit from the intangible natural assets present in BSE that are State assets.

Abstract The conservation of fish assemblages depends on the longitudinal and lateral connectivity between riverine habitats, in particular during the breeding season and the initial development. This study investigated the composition and spatio-temporal structure in the ichthyoplankton of the hydrographic basin of the Paraguay River in western Brazil to identify the local spawning grounds and the importance of the longitudinal connectivity of economically valuable migratory species. Data were collected at 10 sites between two breeding seasons (2017/2018 and 2018/2019). Were collected 8,635 larvae, representing 55 taxa in 25 families, including the migratory species Brycon hilarii, Hemisorubim platyrhynchos, Piaractus mesopotamicus, Prochilodus lineatus, Pseudoplatystoma spp., Salminus brasiliensis, Sorubim lima, and Zungaro jahu, which are important fishery resources, with the highest larval densities being recorded between November and January. The Sepotuba, Paraguay, Jauru, and Cabaçal rivers were the areas of greatest connectance, and should thus be considered critical for the conservation of the longitudinal connectivity of this fluvial system, indicating that the migratory species spawn upriver. More efficient fisheries management mechanisms are needed, respecting the spawning period of migratory species, maintaining quality and longitudinal connectivity between habitats, and characteristics necessary for successful larval recruitment. habitats development spatiotemporal spatio temporal 1 2017/2018 20172018 2017 2018 (2017/201 2018/2019. 20182019 2018/2019 . 2019 2018/2019) 8635 8 635 8,63 larvae 5 2 families hilarii platyrhynchos mesopotamicus lineatus spp spp. brasiliensis lima jahu resources January Sepotuba Jauru connectance system upriver needed recruitment 2017/201 2017201 201 (2017/20 2018201 2018/201 863 63 8,6 2017/20 201720 20 (2017/2 201820 2018/20 86 6 8, 2017/2 20172 (2017/ 20182 2018/2 2017/ (2017 2018/ (201 (20 (2 (

Resumo A conservação das assembleias de peixes depende da conectividade longitudinal e lateral entre habitats ribeirinhos, em especial durante o período reprodutivo e de desenvolvimento inicial. Objetivou-se avaliar a composição e a estrutura espaço-temporal do ictioplâncton da bacia hidrografia do rio Paraguai no oeste do Brasil para identificar as áreas de desova e a importância da conectividade longitudinal para a reprodução das espécies migradoras de interesse comercial. Os dados foram coletados em 10 pontos entre dois períodos reprodutivos (2017/2018 e 2018/2019). Capturaram-se 8635 larvas, pertencentes a 25 famílias e 55 táxons, incluindo espécies migradoras de interesse comercial, Brycon hilarii, Hemisorubim platyrhynchos, Piaractus mesopotamicus, Prochilodus lineatus, Pseudoplatystoma spp., Salminus brasiliensis, Sorubim lima e Zungaro jahu, que são importantes recursos pesqueiros, com maiores densidades larvais entre novembro e janeiro. Os locais com maiores interações e conectância foram os rios Sepotuba, Paraguai, Jauru e Cabaçal e, portanto, devem ser considerados áreas críticas para a conservação da conectividade longitudinal no sistema fluvial, indicando que as espécies migradoras têm desovado a montante dos locais amostrados. São necessários mecanismos de gestão pesqueira mais eficientes, respeitando o período de desova das espécies migradoras, mantendo a qualidade e conectividade longitudinal entre habitats, características necessárias ao sucesso do recrutamento larval. ribeirinhos inicial Objetivouse Objetivou se espaçotemporal espaço temporal comercial 1 2017/2018 20172018 2017 2018 (2017/201 2018/2019. 20182019 2018/2019 . 2019 2018/2019) Capturaramse Capturaram 863 larvas 2 5 táxons hilarii platyrhynchos mesopotamicus lineatus spp spp. brasiliensis jahu pesqueiros janeiro Sepotuba portanto fluvial amostrados eficientes larval 2017/201 2017201 201 (2017/20 2018201 2018/201 86 2017/20 201720 20 (2017/2 201820 2018/20 8 2017/2 20172 (2017/ 20182 2018/2 2017/ (2017 2018/ (201 (20 (2 (

Abstract Aim The largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides was introduced in more than 50 countries for the purpose of sport fishing. In Brazil, records date from 1922, and nowadays many populations are known to occur in the southern region. Here we investigated the reproductive biology of this species in a small reservoir in southern Brazil, to understand the role of the reproductive strategy in the invasion process and assist in its management. We conclude with suggestions for the management in local scale, as this species can bring relevant problems to the public supply through trophic cascade and other negative effects. Methods Samples were performed with different methods, between May 2011 and April 2012. All fishes were measured, and the reproductive season was determined through the relative frequency of reproductive stages and the gonadosomatic index. Sex ratio was calculated monthly and for each total length (TL) class and compared with the estimates presented in the literature. Total length at maturity (L50, length at which 50% of the individuals were mature) was estimated for females, males and the entire study population. Results A total of 565 individuals of M. salmoides were analyzed. Overall sex-ratio did not differ significantly. The monthly distribution of the gonadosomatic index for females and males showed higher values between August (late winter) and November 2011 (austral spring). ��-Binomial modelling of sex-ratio data of native (n=1) and introduced populations (n=7) showed a lower proportion of females in its native range. All individuals > 21.5 cm TL were mature (L95), and L50 was calculated at 18.7 cm TL. After the reproductive period, an increase in the abundance of young individuals (≤ 7.0 cm TL) was registered, corresponding to 50% of all individuals collected. The relative frequency of mature individuals and the variation in the gonadosomatic index indicate a prolonged spawning period during the austral spring, coinciding with the increase in temperature. Conclusions Results suggested that some changes in life history traits, such as the early sexual maturation and the long reproductive period, coupled with a remarkable adaptability, may have facilitated the establishment of M. salmoides populations in this reservoir. The illegal and intentional stocking by anglers plays a central role in the introduction and dispersal of M. salmoides in Brazil. We encourage studies on the sanitary quality of this fish for human consumption, so that massive campaigns of education the population to encourage capture and consumption are implemented by the competent authorities as a control measure in local scale, combined with targeted samplings with artificial baits during the reproductive period, identification, and removal of nests and fingerlings using electric fishing or trap nets during the recruitment period. 5 Brazil 1922 region scale effects methods 201 2012 measured (TL literature L50, L (L50 56 M analyzed sexratio sex significantly late winter spring. spring . spring) ��Binomial Binomial �� n=1 n1 n 1 (n=1 n=7 n7 7 (n=7 range 215 21 21. L95, L95 , (L95) L5 187 18 18. ≤ ( 70 0 7. registered collected temperature traits adaptability identification 192 20 (L5 � n= (n= 2 L9 (L95 19 (L (n (L9

Resumo Objetivo O black-bass Micropterus salmoides foi introduzido em mais de 50 países para fins de pesca esportiva. No Brasil, os primeiros registros datam de 1922 e atualmente muitas populações são conhecidas na região sul. Neste trabalho investigamos a biologia reprodutiva desta espécie em um pequeno reservatório no sul do Brasil, para entender o papel da estratégia reprodutiva no processo de invasão e auxiliar no manejo. Concluímos com sugestões para o manejo em escala local, pois esta espécie pode trazer problemas relevantes ao abastecimento público através da cascata trófica e outros efeitos negativos. Métodos As amostragens foram realizadas com diferentes métodos, entre maio de 2011 e abril de 2012. Todos os peixes foram medidos, e a época reprodutiva foi determinada através da frequência relativa dos estádios reprodutivos e do índice gonadossomático. A razão sexual foi calculada mensalmente para cada classe de comprimento total (CT) e comparada com as estimativas apresentadas na literatura. O comprimento total de primeira maturidade (L50, comprimento em que 50% dos indivíduos estavam maduros) foi estimado para fêmeas, machos e toda a população de estudo. Resultados Um total de 565 indivíduos de M. salmoides foi analisado. A razão geral entre os sexos não foi significativa. A distribuição mensal do índice gonadossomático para fêmeas e machos apresentou maiores valores entre agosto (final do inverno) e novembro de 2011 (primavera austral). A modelagem ��-binomial dos dados de proporção sexual de populações nativas (n=1) e introduzidas (n=7) mostrou uma menor proporção de fêmeas em sua área nativa. Todos os indivíduos > 21,5 cm CT eram maduros (L95), e o L50 calculado foi de 18,7 cm TL. Após o período reprodutivo, foi registrado um aumento na abundância de indivíduos jovens (≤ 7,0 cm CP), correspondendo a 50% de todos os indivíduos coletados. A frequência relativa de indivíduos maduros e a variação do índice gonadossomático indicam um período prolongado de desova durante a primavera austral, coincidindo com o aumento da temperatura. Conclusões Os resultados sugerem que algumas mudanças nas características de vida, como a maturação sexual precoce e o longo período reprodutivo, aliadas a uma notável adaptabilidade, podem ter facilitado o estabelecimento de populações de M. salmoides neste reservatório. A estocagem ilegal e intencional por pescadores tem papel central na introdução e dispersão de M. salmoides no Brasil. Incentivamos estudos sobre a qualidade sanitária desse pescado para consumo humano, para que campanhas massivas de educação da população para incentivar a captura e consumo sejam implementadas pelos órgãos competentes como medida de controle em escala local, combinada com amostragens direcionadas com iscas artificiais durante o período reprodutivo, identificação e retirada de ninhos e alevinos por meio de pesca elétrica ou rede-armadilha durante o período de recrutamento. blackbass black bass 5 esportiva Brasil 192 local negativos métodos 201 2012 medidos (CT literatura L50, L (L50 estudo 56 M analisado significativa final inverno austral. austral . austral) ��binomial binomial �� n=1 n1 n 1 (n=1 n=7 n7 7 (n=7 nativa 215 21 21, L95, L95 , (L95) L5 187 18 18, TL reprodutivo ≤ ( 70 0 7, CP, CP CP) coletados temperatura vida adaptabilidade humano redearmadilha rede armadilha recrutamento 19 20 (L5 � n= (n= 2 L9 (L95 (L (n (L9

Abstract This study aimed to characterize the reproductive biology of Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus, and its response to environmental variations in the Eastern Amazon streams. We sampled specimens every two months, between March 2019 and January 2020. The population was evaluated for sex ratio, reproductive activity, growth pattern, condition factor, size at the first sexual maturation, spawning type, and fecundity. We analyzed 180 specimens, which showed a sex ratio of 1.6 males for each female across the whole period, with 2.3 males for each female during the period of greatest reproductive activity. The peak of reproductive activity coincided with higher precipitation periods and was partially predicted by factors such as water temperature, stream discharge, dissolved oxygen, substrate complexity, and electrical conductivity. The length where 50% and 100% of population to reach sexual maturity was 18.0 and 22.0 mm for males and 19.7 and 27.0 mm for females. The oocyte diameters showed a bimodal frequency, with at least two batches of oocytes. The average fecundity of 197 oocytes. The results indicate that this species presents an opportunistic strategy, and the tactics that make up this strategy depend on variations in both the physical structure of the habitat and physicochemical aspects of the water. heterorhabdus streams months 201 2020 pattern factor maturation type 18 16 1 6 1. 23 2 3 2. temperature discharge oxygen complexity conductivity 50 100 0 18. 220 22 22. 19 7 19. 270 27 27. females frequency oocytes 20 202 5 10

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a biologia reprodutiva de Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus e sua resposta às variações ambientais em riachos da Amazônia Oriental. Os espécimes foram amostrados bimestralmente, entre março de 2019 e janeiro de 2020. A população foi avaliada quanto à razão sexual, atividade reprodutiva, padrão de crescimento, fator de condição, tamanho na primeira maturação sexual, tipo de desova e fecundidade. Foram analisados 180 exemplares, que apresentaram proporção sexual de 1,6 machos para cada fêmea durante todo o período, com 2,3 machos para cada fêmea no período de maior atividade reprodutiva. O pico da atividade reprodutiva coincidiu com períodos de maior precipitação sendo parcialmente predito por fatores como temperatura da água, vazão, oxigênio dissolvido, complexidade do substrato e condutividade elétrica. O comprimento onde 50% e 100% da população atingiram a maturidade sexual foi de 18,0 e 22,0 mm para os machos e 19,7 e 27,0 mm para fêmeas. Os diâmetros dos oócitos apresentaram frequência bimodal, com pelo menos dois lotes. A fecundidade média da espécie foi de 197 oócitos. Os resultados indicam que a espécie possui uma estratégia oportunista, onde as táticas que compõem esta estratégia dependem tanto de variações na estrutura física do habitat quanto de aspectos físico-químicos da água. Oriental bimestralmente 201 2020 crescimento condição 18 exemplares 16 1 6 1, 23 2 3 2, água vazão dissolvido elétrica 50 100 0 18, 220 22 22, 19 7 19, 270 27 27, fêmeas bimodal lotes oportunista físicoquímicos físico químicos 20 202 5 10

ABSTRACT The aim of this objective study was to induce the spawning of mature females of Paralichthys asdpersus (sole) using a hormone analogue to gonadotropin (GnRHa) and to determine the quality of eggs and larvae obtained in the periods of 2014 and 2015. Females with oocytes were selected in advanced maturation (542.61 µm), which spawned after a latency period of 45-48 h at a temperature of 16.46 ± 0.06 °C. The percentage of fertilization was greater than 70% in both periods. The fertilized eggs had a diameter of 857.98 ± 5.90 µm and the oily droplet of 168.76 ± 5.31 µm. Hatching occurred 48 hours after spawning at 18.03 ± 0.13 °C, with percentages between 16.7 and 94.0% for both periods. For larval quality, the Larval Survival Index (ISL) was determined, where the larvae survived starvation for up to 11 days. The highest ISL value was 31.2% in 2014 and 22.9% in 2015. The accumulated mortality at day 3 (MA3) was higher in December 2014 (21.1%) and in April 2015 (13.7%). The proximal composition of eggs was 47.1% protein, 17.4% lipids and 3.9% carbohydrates. Fatty acids (mg/g of dry sample) show a predominance of polyunsaturated fatty acids, followed by saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 22: 6n-3) was the most abundant of the polyunsaturated, followed by EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20: 5n-3) and ARA (arachidonic acid 20: 4n-6). The DHA: EPA ratio was 3.4 ± 0.5. It is concluded that hormonal induction with GnRHa can produce quality eggs and larvae, however, it is necessary to consider a species- specific diet for brodstock that can ensure good quality of the progeny.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo inducir al desove a hembras maduras de Paralichthys asdpersus (lenguado) utilizando una hormona análoga a la gonadotropina (GnRHa) y determinar la calidad de huevos y larvas obtenidas en los periodos de 2014 y 2015. Se seleccionaron hembras con ovocitos en maduración avanzada (542.61 µm), que desovaron luego de un periodo de latencia de 45-48 h a una temperatura de 16.46 ± 0.06 °C. El porcentaje de fecundación fue mayor al 70% en ambos periodos. Los huevos fecunda- dos presentaron un diámetro de 857.98 ± 5.90 µm y la gota oleosa de 168.76 ± 5.31 µm. La eclosión ocurrió a las 48 h posteriores al desove a 18.03 ± 0.13 °C, con porcentajes entre 16.7 a 94.0% para ambos periodos. Para la calidad de larvas se determinó el Índice de Sobrevivencia Larval (ISL), donde las larvas sobrevivieron la inanición hasta por 11 días. El valor más alto de ISL fue de 31.2% en 2014 y de 22.9% en 2015. La mortalidad acumulada al día 3 (MA3) fue mayor en diciembre (21.1%) de 2014 y en abril (13.7%) de 2015. La composición proximal de los huevos fue de 47.1% proteínas, 17.4% lípidos y 3.9% carbohidratos. Los ácidos grasos (mg/g de muestra seca) muestran una predominancia de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, seguido de ácidos grasos saturados y monoinsaturados. El DHA (ácido docosahexaenoico, 22:6n-3) fue el más abundante de los poliinsaturados, seguido del EPA(ácido eicosapentaenoico, 20:5n-3) y ARA(ácido araquidónico 20:4n-6). La relación DHA: EPA fue de 3.4 ± 0.5. Se concluye que la inducción hormonal con GnRHa permitió obtener huevos y larvas de calidad, sin embargo, se requiere considerar una dieta especie específica para reproductores que puedan asegurar una buena calidad de la progenie.

Resumo Existem lacunas em nosso conhecimento sobre a biologia de peixes importantes no consumo em países tropicais. A pesca em pequena escala é difícil de estudar e regulamentar, especialmente em países sem monitoramento sistemático de espécies. Em Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro) observamos 490 indivíduos de badejo (Mycteropeca acutirostris), nas pescarias, em 2013-2014 e 2018-2020. O kg médio dos badejos pescados foi de 1,36kg (n=466 indivíduos). Observou-se um padrão decrescente de capturas para o badejo. Portanto, considerando que a tecnologia pesqueira e o número de pescadores permaneceram os mesmos, a aparente diminuição do badejo necessita ser investigada mais detalhadamente. Os resultados desse estudo fornecem informações sobre a reprodução do badejo, com maior época de desova na primavera (setembro-dezembro) e desova adicional durante o mês de abril, no sudeste do Brasil. Análises genéticas sobre amostras de 96 badejos obtidos ao longo da costa do Brasil foram conduzidas. A informação genética obtida para as espécies permitiu-nos determinar a proximidade genética relativa de M. acutirostris e Mycteroperca bonaci e obter informações úteis para a aquicultura e conservação. Os objetivos deste estudo são: a) obter dados sobre a atividade pesqueira (desembarque de capturas) de badejo (Comb grouper, Mycteroperca acutirostris) em Copacabana, Posto 6; b) verificar o período reprodutivo dos badejos capturados nas pescarias, ao longo do ano; c) desenvolver um grande número de marcadores SNPs, que podem ser úteis para estudos de populações de garoupa (Mycteroperca e Epinephelus); d) obter dados sobre o preço do badejo. Existem muitas lacunas no conhecimento sobre M. acutirostris; este estudo pretende adicionar dados sobre biologia e ecologia do badejo e ajudar a subsidiar objetivos de conservação.

Abstract There are gaps in our knowledge of important fish consumed by people in tropical countries. Small-scale fisheries are difficult to regulate, especially in countries with no species monitoring. At Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro), we observed 490 individuals of badejo (Comb grouper) (Mycteropeca acutirostris in 2013-2014 and in 2018-2020. The average catch was 1.36 kg (n=466 individuals). A pattern of decreasing catches was observed for Comb grouper. Therefore, provided that the fishing gear and the number of fish have remained the same, the apparent decrease in Comb grouper needs to be further investigated. The results provide information about the major spawning season, around spring (September-December) with additional spawning during April. Genetic analyses in samples from 96 grouper obtained along the coast of Brazil were conducted. The Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) loci obtained for grouper species enabled us to determine the relative genetic proximity of M. acutirostris and Mycteroperca bonaci, information that can be useful for aquaculture and conservation. The objectives of this study were: a) to obtain data about the fishing activity (catch landings) of Comb groupers at Copacabana, Posto 6; b) to verify the reproductive period of Comb grouper, throughout the year, through the catches from the fishery; c) to develop a large numbers of SNP markers, which can be useful to studies about grouper populations (Mycteroperca and Epinephelus); and, d) to obtain data on the price of the Comb grouper. This study contributes data on the fishery and on the biology and ecology of groupers, and further contributes to conservation efforts.

Abstract The gametogenesis and reproduction of S. elegans from the São Francisco River at Três Marias, Minas Gerais, were analyzed in this study. Steindachrina elegans is a species abundant in the São Francisco River basin and an important fish in the food chain. The size at first gonadal maturation (indicated by the total length of the shortest spermatid male and spawned female) was 10.5 cm and 15.0 cm, respectively. Reproduction occurred more frequently from September to April. This period had high water temperature values. A high frequency of females was observed at the mature and spawned stages and height gonadosomatic index (GSI). Meanwhile, in males, the reproductive peak was from November to February. The long spawning period and the histological characteristics of the spawned ovaries that contained oocytes at different stages of development along with post-ovulatory and atretic oocytes indicates that the spawning of S. elegans is of the partial type.