ABSTRACT A bibliometric study was undertaken to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of works related to managing boron (B) in Eucalyptus spp. from 1970 to 2022. This analysis was based on the Web of Science and Scopus databases, and 121 documents were retrieved. The eight main aspects analyzed were (1) annual scientific production, (2) most relevant research sources, (3) world scientific production, (4) association between countries, (5) most relevant affiliations, (6) indexed terms, (7) most relevant authors, and (8) most cited documents. The results indicated that publications of studies about B in eucalyptus have increased significantly over the last decade (2010-2020). Brazil has produced the most studies relating to the nutritional management of B in eucalyptus, as is mainly reflected in the numbers of researchers, research institutions, and journals that have published on the subject. Our study found that most works have been developed regionally, with little international collaboration between countries although researchers from the United States are the most frequent partners in international collaborations. The majority of the articles analyzed focused on studying the influence of B doses on the growth and rooting of eucalyptus seedlings. Finally, one significant gap in the literature is the need for studies on sources of B via soil and leaves, and new studies on this subject should be commissioned. Thus, the bibliometric review was an efficient approach for observing the main advances in managing B in eucalyptus in recent decades and identifying the leading research groups and future opportunities for scientific advances in this area. (B spp 197 2022 databases 12 retrieved 1 (1 production 2 (2 3 (3 4 (4 5 (5 affiliations 6 (6 terms 7 (7 authors 8 (8 20102020. 20102020 2010 2020 . (2010-2020) institutions regionally collaborations seedlings Finally leaves commissioned Thus area 19 202 ( 2010202 201 (2010-2020 20 201020 (2010-202 20102 (2010-20 (2010-2 (2010- (2010 (201 (20

Abstract Introduction: Leptodactylus latinasus and Physalaemus cuqui are sympatric anuran species with similar environmental requirements and contrasting reproductive modes. Climatic configuration determines distribution patterns and promotes sympatry of environmental niches, but specificity/selectivity determines the success of reproductive modes. Species distribution models (SDM) are a valuable tool to predict spatio-temporal distributions based on the extrapolation of environmental predictors. Objectives: To determine the spatio-temporal distribution of environmental niches and assess whether the protected areas of the World Database of Protected Areas (WDPA) allow the conservation of these species in the current scenario and future. Methods: We applied different algorithms to predict the distribution and spatio-temporal overlap of environmental niches of L. latinasus and P. cuqui within South America in the last glacial maximum (LGM), middle-Holocene, current and future scenarios. We assess the conservation status of both species with the WDPA conservation units. Results: All applied algorithms showed high performance for both species (TSS = 0.87, AUC = 0.95). The L. latinasus predictions showed wide environmental niches from LGM to the current scenario (49 % stable niches, 37 % gained niches, and 13 % lost niches), suggesting historical fidelity to stable climatic-environmental regions. In the current-future transition, L. latinasus would increase the number of stable (70 %) and lost (20 %) niches, suggesting fidelity to lowland regions and a possible trend toward microendemism. P. cuqui loses environmental niches from the LGM to the current scenario (25 %) and in the current-future transition (63 %), increasing the environmental sympathy between both species; 31 % spatial overlap in the current scenario and 70 % in the future. Conclusion: Extreme drought events and rainfall variations, derived from climate change, suggest the loss of environmental niches for these species that are not currently threatened but are not adequately protected by conservation units. The loss of environmental niches increases spatial sympatry which represents a new challenge for anurans and the conservation of their populations.

Resumen Introducción: Leptodactylus latinasus y Physalaemus cuqui son especies de anuros simpátricos con requerimientos ambientales similares y modos reproductivos contrastantes. La configuración climática determina los patrones de distribución y promueve la simpatría de los nichos ambientales, pero la especificidad/selectividad determina el éxito de los modos reproductivos. Los modelos de distribución de especies (MDE) son una herramienta valiosa para predecir distribuciones espacio-temporales basadas en la extrapolación de predictores ambientales. Objetivos: Determinar la distribución espacio-temporal de los nichos ambientales y evaluar si las áreas protegidas de la base de Datos Mundial de Áreas Protegidas (DMAP) permiten la conservación de estas especies en el escenario actual y futuro. Métodos: Aplicamos diferentes algoritmos para predecir la distribución y superposición espacio-temporal de nichos ambientales de L. latinasus y P. cuqui dentro de América del Sur en el último máximo glacial (UGM), Holoceno medio, actual y futuro. Evaluamos el estado de conservación de ambas especies con las unidades de conservación de la DMAP. Resultados: Todos los algoritmos aplicados mostraron un alto rendimiento para ambas especies (TSS = 0.87, AUC = 0.95). Las predicciones de L. latinasus mostraron amplios nichos ambientales desde LGM hasta el escenario actual (49 % de nichos estables, 37 % de nichos ganados y 13 % de nichos perdidos), sugiriendo fidelidad histórica por regiones climático-ambientales estables. En la transición actual-futura L. latinasus incrementaría la cantidad de nichos estables (70 %) y perdidos (20 %), sugiriendo fidelidad por regiones de tierras bajas y la posible tendencia hacia el microendemismo. P. cuqui pierde nichos ambientales desde el LGM al escenario actual (25 %) y en la transición actual-futura (63 %), incrementando la simpatría ambiental entre ambas especies; 31 % de superposición espacial en el escenario actual y 70 % en el futuro. Conclusión: Los eventos de sequía extrema y las variaciones de precipitaciones, derivados del cambio climático, sugieren la pérdida de nichos ambientales para estas especies, actualmente no se encuentran amenazadas, pero no están adecuadamente protegidas por las unidades de conservación. La pérdida de nichos ambientales aumenta la simpatría espacial que representa un nuevo desafío para estos anuros y la conservación de sus poblaciones.

Abstract Objective. To characterize the geographic distribution of dengue and to evaluate the spatial autocorrelation with social and climatic determinants at the census-tract level in two medium sized cities in northwestern Mexico. Methods. In this work we apply spatial analysis ecological tools, such as the Moran’s Index and the Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) method, to examine global and local spatial correlation between incidence of dengue, with socioeconomic and climatic factors at the census tract-level. For the analysis of the spatial clustering, the Getis-Ord method was used to find statistically significant hot spots in each city. Results. Overall, a global spatial autocorrelation could not be identified, although local clusters of a high dengue incidence, soil surface temperature ≤ 31 °C and high degree of social marginalization coincide. Discussion. We found that at the census-tract level in urban settings, socially disadvantaged populations showed higher clusters of dengue when compared to areas with better socioeconomic conditions. A similar spatial pattern was observed in the two study sites, when considering public health conditions and its aggregation with physical attributes using spatial analysis techniques, supporting the application of this technique for a better understanding about the dengue distribution in urban areas.

Resumen Objetivo. Caracterizar la distribución geográfica de dengue confirmado y evaluar su autocorrelación espacial con determinantes sociales y climáticos a nivel de áreas pequeñas, en dos ciudades del noroeste de México. Métodos. En este trabajo se utilizan herramientas de análisis espacial, como el Índice de Moran y el método de Indicadores Locales de Asociación Espacial (LISA), para examinar la correlación espacial, global y local, entre la incidencia de dengue y factores climáticos y socioeconómicos a nivel de área geoestadística básica (AGEB). Para mapear áreas de alto riesgo, se usó el método de agrupamiento espacial de Getis-Ord. Resultados. En general, no identificamos una autocorrelación espacial global, aunque agrupamientos locales de una alta incidencia de dengue, temperatura de la superficie terrestre ≤31 °C y un alto grado de marginación social, coinciden. Discusión. Encontramos que a nivel de áreas pequeñas urbanas, poblaciones con desventaja social agrupan una mayor carga de dengue comparadas con áreas de mejores condiciones socioeconómicas. En los dos sitios de estudio, se encontraron patrones espaciales similares que correlacionaron problemas de salud y características físicas del medio ambiente utilizando os análisis espaciales, lo que soporta la utilidad de su uso sistemático para entender mejor la distribución urbana del dengue.

Abstract Introduction: Emerging and re-emerging arboviral infections have become a public health challenge in the Americas due to their epidemic potential. Objective: To determine the spatio-temporal distribution of the dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses during an epidemic period in Cali, Colombia. Materials and methods: Multi-method descriptive ecological and exploratory study of confirmed and suspected cases reported to the epidemiological surveillance system between 2014 and 2016. Results: 40,168 cases were analyzed, and it was found that dengue was the most frequent arboviral infection (59.2 %). The most affected individuals were women (65 %) and those with a mean age of 34.5 years. Although arboviral infections spread out throughout the city, the three diseases were concentrated in significant groups located at the center-east and northeast areas of Cali (p<0.01; z=-203.7). Conclusions: This study identified critical zones for the three arboviral infections, which are located in areas with low socioeconomic status. Likewise, the results suggest that in addition to eco-epidemiological and bio-psychosocial factors, temperature, precipitation, and the aedic index may play an important role in the spatio-temporal behavior of these diseases. A multidisciplinary and collaborative approach is necessary, which must involve communities and authorities to implement effective control strategies, especially during epidemic periods.

Resumo Introdução: Arbovírus emergentes e reemergentes representam um desafio de saúde pública nas Américas, devido ao seu potencial epidêmico. Objetivo: Determinar a distribuição espaço-temporal dos vírus dengue, Zika e chikungunya, em período epidêmico em Cali. Materiais e métodos: Estudo multimetodo, descritivo e ecológico exploratório de casos confirmados e suspeitos notificados ao sistema de vigilância epidemiológica, entre 2014 e 2016. Resultados: foram analisados 40.168 casos, constatou-se que a dengue foi a arbovirose mais frequente (59,2 %). Os indivíduos mais acometidos tinham idade média de 34,5 anos e eram predominantemente mulheres (65 %). Os arbovírus foram distribuídos por toda a cidade, mas foram identificados aglomerados significativos no centro-leste e nordeste de Cali para as três doenças (p<0,01; z=-203,7). Conclusão: Este estudo destaca a identificação de zonas críticas para as três arboviroses que estão localizadas em áreas com atraso socioeconômico. Além disso, os resultados sugerem que fatores eco-epidemiológicos e biopsicossociais adicionais à temperatura, à precipitação e ao índice aedico podem desempenhar um papel importante no comportamento espaço-temporal destas doenças. Recomenda-se uma abordagem multidisciplinar e colaborativa, envolvendo a comunidade e as autoridades, para implementar estratégias de controlo eficazes, especialmente durante períodos epidémicos.

Resumen Introducción: Las arbovirosis emergentes y reemergentes representan un reto de salud pública en las Américas, debido a su potencial epidémico. Objetivo: Determinar la distribución espaciotemporal de los virus del dengue, el Zika y el chikunguña, en un periodo epidémico en Cali. Materiales y métodos: Estudio multimétodo descriptivo y ecológico exploratorio de casos confirmados y presuntos notificados al sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica, entre 2014 y 2016. Resultados: Se analizaron 40.168 casos, se encontró que el dengue fue la arbovirosis más frecuente (59,2 %). Los individuos más afectados tenían una edad media de 34,5 años y eran predominantemente mujeres (65 %). Las arbovirosis se distribuyeron en toda la ciudad, pero se identificaron agrupamientos significativos en el centro-este y noreste de Cali para las tres enfermedades (p<0,01; z=-203,7). Conclusión: Este estudio destaca la identificación de zonas críticas para las tres arbovirosis que se localizan en áreas con rezago socioeconómico. Además, los resultados sugieren que factores eco-epidemiológicos y biopsicosociales adicionales a la temperatura, las precipitaciones y el índice aédico pueden desempeñar un papel importante en el comportamiento espaciotemporal de estas enfermedades. Se recomienda una aproximación multidisciplinaria y colaborativa, involucrando a la comunidad y las autoridades, para implementar estrategias de control efectivas, especialmente durante periodos epidémicos.

ABSTRACT Microplastics (MP) pose a major environmental problem for estuaries areas, as they are exposed to multiple sources of plastic waste. In this study, the spatiotemporal influence of environmental variables on the abundance, distribution and types of MP in surface waters of Tumaco Bay were assessed. The samples were collected in the rainy and dry seasons of 2020, in the inner and outer estuary, and were processed by density separation. MP abundance was higher in dry season (11.40 ± 2.60 ítems/m³) and in the inner estuary (8.42 ± 4.91 items/m³). Fibers were the most abundant type of MP (53.89 %). Salinity and TDS were significantly correlated with fibers, and precipitation with fragments, films and total MP. These results demonstrate high contamination (8.13 items/m³) and an increase in MP concentration in Bay. This could be related to the exposure of waste carried by the rivers. On the other hand, the higher abundance of MP in the dry season could be due to a decrease in dispersion for an entrance fewer of water to system and an increase in density of water, related to the increase in salinity, which favors the buoyancy of MP.

RESUMEN Los microplásticos (MP) suponen una gran problemática ambiental para las zonas estuarinas, al estar expuestas a múltiples fuentes de desechos plásticos. En este estudio, se evaluó la influencia espacio-temporal de variables ambientales sobre la abundancia, distribución y tipos de MP en la bahía de Tumaco. Las muestras se recolectaron en épocas de lluvia y seca de 2020, en el estuario interno y externo, y se procesaron mediante separación por densidad. La abundancia de MP fue mayor en época seca (11.40 ± 2.60 ítems/m³) y en el estuario interno (8.42 ± 4.91 ítems/m³). Las fibras fueron el tipo de MP más abundante (53.89 %). Se correlacionaron significativamente la salinidad y solidos totales disueltos (TDS) con fibras, y la precipitación con fragmentos, láminas y MP totales. Estos resultados demuestran alta contaminación (8.13 ítems/m³) y un aumento de la concentración de MP en la bahía. Esto podría estar relacionado con la exposición a los residuos transportados por los ríos. Por otra parte, la mayor abundancia de MP en la época seca podría deberse a una disminución en la dispersión por una menor entrada de agua al sistema, y al aumento de la densidad del agua, relacionado con el incremento en la salinidad, que favorece la flotabilidad de MP.

Abstract The high mountain area of the Central Andes of Argentina (30-37°S and 69.5°-70.5°W) is a sector of approximately 40,000 km², locate dover 2,500-3,000 m a.s.l, and sparsely populated. This region is highly valued by local populations for being producers of surface and underground water which provide shire source for millions of in habitants located downstream. In this context, high altitude wetlands, locally known as vegas, and glaciers represent tout standing components of the hydrological cycle of the high mountain area, affected by a changing climate and who se problematic have been addressed separately in most of the local investigations. However, both land covers are hydrological connected in certain areas. Therefore, in the search for a more comprehensive understanding of high mountain ecosystems, in this thesis was investigated comparatively the current spatial distribution (year 2020) and recent spatiotemporal evolution (1986-2020) of wetlands and glaciers and their relationship to fluctuations in temperature and precipitation. Geotechnologies, constituted the methodological foundation of this thesis. The indices NDVI and NDSI were used in the identification and characterization of the area covered by wetlands and clean-ice glaciers respectively. The study of the current situation (2020) was performed with Sentinel 2 images and the recent spatiotemporal evolution (1986-2020) with Landsat (5, 7, 8) scenes. The analysis related to temperature and precipitation were based in the processing of the product TerraClimate. Most of the information was obtained and processed, initially, in Google Earth Engine, a platform of geospatial data, which allow researchers to virtually process data at different spatiotemporal scales. The analyses were completed with the use of statistical tools and spatial statistics. As a result, it was possible to identify an area of 475 km² of wetlands and 1260 km² of glaciers (550 km² and 710 km² of clean-ice and covered ice respectively) for 2020. Between the years 1986 and 2020 was observed a significant increase in temperature and particularly from year 2010 a significant decrease in precipitation. In this context the area covered by wetlands did not change significantly but the glaciated area diminished significantly in around 36%. The strip between 34°S and 35°S to the west of the region, was identified as the area where wetlands and glaciers are closest to each other and where this proximity and the greater availability of water, as a result of the melting ice, has had a positive impact on the productivity of wetlands located approximately 5 km away from these glaciers.

Resumen La zona de alta montaña de los Andes Centrales de Argentina (30-37°S y 69,5°-70,5°W) es un sector de aproximadamente 40.000 km², ubicado sobre 2.500-3.000 m s.n.m., y escasamente poblado. Esta región es muy valorada por las poblaciones locales por ser productora de aguas superficiales y subterráneas que abastecen de este recurso a millones de habitantes ubicados aguas abajo. En este contexto, los humedales de gran altitud, localmente conocidos como vegas, y los glaciares representan componentes destacados del ciclo hidrológico de la zona de alta montaña, afectados por un clima cambiante y cuyas problemáticas han sido abordadas por separado en la mayoría de las investigaciones locales. Sin embargo, ambas coberturas terrestres están conectadas hidrológicamente en ciertas áreas. Por lo tanto, en la búsqueda de una comprensión más integral de los ecosistemas de alta montaña, en esta tesis se investigó comparativamente la distribución espacial actual (año 2020) y la evolución espaciotemporal reciente (1986-2020) de humedales y glaciares y su relación con las fluctuaciones de temperatura y precipitación. Las geotecnologías, constituyeron la base metodológica de esta tesis. Se utilizaron los índices NDVI y NDSI en la identificación y caracterización del área cubierta por humedales y glaciares de hielo limpio respectivamente. El estudio de la situación actual (2020) se realizó con imágenes de Sentinel 2 y la evolución espaciotemporal reciente (1986-2020) con escenas Landsat (5, 7, 8). Los análisis relacionados con la temperatura y la precipitación se basaron en el procesamiento del producto TerraClimate. La mayor parte de la información fue obtenida y procesada, inicialmente, en Google EarthEngine, una plataforma de datos geoespaciales, que permite a los investigadores procesar virtualmente datos en diferentes escalas espaciotemporales. Los análisis se completaron con el uso de herramientas estadísticas y estadísticas espaciales. Como resultado, se pudo identificar un área de 475 km² de humedales y 1260 km² de glaciares (550 km² y 710 km² de hielo limpio y hielo cubierto respectivamente) para 2020. Entre los años 1986 y 2020 se observó un aumento significativo de temperatura y especialmente a partir del año 2010 un descenso significativo de las precipitaciones. En este contexto, el área cubierta por humedales no cambió significativamente pero el área glaciar disminuyó significativamente en alrededor del 36%. La franja comprendida entre los 34°S y 35°S al oeste de la región, fue identificada como la zona donde los humedales y los glaciares se encuentran más cercanos entre sí y donde esta proximidad y la mayor disponibilidad de agua, producto del deshielo, ha tenido un impacto positivo en la productividad de los humedales ubicados aproximadamente a 5 km de estos glaciares.

Abstract Sorghum halepense (Johnsongrass) is a weed that tends to spatially distribute in an aggregated manner in maize crops. In a two-year study conducted at La Poveda (CSIC, Madrid), the effectiveness of Precision Agriculture (PA) in controlling this weed was investigated by: 1) monitoring the spatio-temporal dynamics of Johnsongrass patches in a maize field using UAV aerial image processing; 2) site-specific application of the herbicide nicosulfuron according to the early-stage map generated from aerial imagery; and 3) quantification of crop yield in Johnsongrass treated and untreated areas, as well as weed-free. The analysis of the map prior to herbicide treatment in 2022 revealed a random distribution of Johnsongrass, with patches averaging 0.4 m² in size, ranging from 0.01 m² to 5 m². Site-specifically treated plots showed spatial growth control, evidenced in the subsequent season (2023) with an average patch size of 1.0 m2, ranging from 0.02 m² to 12 m². In contrast, untreated patches significantly increased in size (average 3.8 m2; ranging between 0.01 m² and 122 m²). There was a notable decrease in yield in untreated infested areas compared to treated and/or Johnsongrass-free areas. These findings underscore the advantages of PA in Johnsongrass control, demonstrating how detection and site-specific patch management can reduce herbicide use by up to 95% and mitigate competition with the maize crop.

Resumen Sorghum halepense (cañota) es una mala hierba que tiende a distribuirse espacialmente de forma agregada en los cultivos de maíz. En un estudio de dos años realizado en La Poveda (CSIC, Madrid), se investigó la eficacia de la Agricultura de Precisión (AP) en su control, mediante: 1) el seguimiento de la dinámica espacio-temporal de los rodales de cañota en un campo de maíz con el procesamiento de imágenes aéreas UAV; 2) la aplicación localizada del herbicida nicosulfuron según el mapa generado en etapa temprana con imágenes aéreas; y 3) la cuantificación del rendimiento del cultivo en áreas tratadas y no tratadas con cañota, así como libres de mala hierba. El análisis del mapa previo al tratamiento herbicida en 2022 reveló una distribución aleatoria de cañota, con rodales de tamaño medio de 0,4 m2, variando entre 0,01 m² y 5 m². Las parcelas tratadas con herbicida localizado mostraron un control del crecimiento espacial, evidenciado en la campaña siguiente (2023) con un tamaño promedio de 1,0 m2, oscilando entre 0,02 m² y 12 m². En contraste, los rodales no tratados aumentaron significativamente su tamaño (media 3,8 m2; rango entre 0,01 m² y 122 m²). El rendimiento disminuyó notablemente en zonas infestadas sin tratamiento respecto a las zonas tratadas y/o libres de cañota. Estos resultados subrayan las ventajas de la AP en el control de la cañota, demostrando cómo la detección y manejo localizado de rodales podrían reducir hasta un 95% el uso de herbicidas y mitigar la competencia con el cultivo de maíz.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work is to analyze the impact of Covid-19 on indigenous populations in municipalities of Mexico. To analyze this relationship, Bayesian spatio-temporal models are used to capture the complex dynamics of epidemiological transmission in terms of spatial, temporal and joint spatio-temporal dependence. These models have the ability to include covariates, such as the percentage of indigenous population, which makes it possible to quantify the effect that the covariate has on the evolution of the epidemic. Likewise, the models allow us to identify spatio-temporal clusters with high and low incidence rates, showing health inequalities based on the proportion of the indigenous population residing in specific municipalities. Contrary to expectations, the results showed a protective effect on the incidence rate of COVID-19 for the indigenous population. Furthermore, a wide heterogeneity was observed in the distribution of COVID-19 incidence rates by municipality, with significant fluctuations over time. The incidence rates of COVID-19 in indigenous populations were low, which may be due to the fact that the indigenous population predominates in municipalities with low population density, less access to health services, and greater social marginalization. However, it is important to interpret these results with caution due to the high level of observed underreporting of COVID-19 cases found in indigenous populations.

RESUMEN El trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar el impacto del COVID-19 en poblaciones indígenas de los municipios de México. Para analizar dicha relación se utilizan modelos bayesianos espacio-temporales que permiten capturar la compleja dinámica de la transmisión epidemiológica en términos de dependencia espacial, temporal y espacio-temporal conjunta. Estos modelos tienen la capacidad de incluir covariables, como el porcentaje de población indígena, lo que permite cuantificar el efecto que la covariable ejerce sobre la evolución de la epidemia. Asimismo, los modelos permiten identificar clusters espacio-temporales con altas y bajas tasas de incidencia, evidenciando desigualdades en salud basadas en la proporción de población indígena residente en municipios específicos. Contrario a lo esperado, los resultados mostraron un efecto protector en la tasa de incidencia por COVID-19 para la población indígena. Además, se observó una amplia heterogeneidad en la distribución por municipio de las tasas de incidencia por COVID-19, con fluctuaciones importantes en el tiempo. Las tasas de incidencia de COVID-19 en poblaciones indígenas fueron bajas, lo que puede deberse a que la población indígena predomina en municipios de baja densidad poblacional, con menor acceso a los servicios de salud y mayor marginación social. Sin embargo, es importante interpretar estos resultados con cautela debido al elevado nivel observado de subregistro de casos de COVID-19 encontrado en poblaciones indígenas.

Resumo Em uma escala global o Sorghum bicolor (L.) é uma das culturas mais importantes, ocupando o quinto lugar entre todos os cereais. É cultivada na África, Ásia, Oceania e Américas, onde serve como fonte de alimento e ração para humanos e animais, respectivamente. No entanto, a produção é limitada por vários fatores, incluindo pragas e doenças. Entre as pragas que atacam o sorgo, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), comumente chamado de pulgão verde dos cereais, é a praga mais destrutiva do sorgo. O dano de S. graminum ao sorgo é agravado pelo déficit hídrico que favorece sua ocorrência. Informações limitadas sobre a distribuição espacial da praga e seus inimigos naturais impedem o desenvolvimento de estratégias de manejo ecologicamente corretas. Portanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a distribuição espaço-temporal de S. graminum e seu inimigo natural Coccinella septempunctata (L.) durante a fase vegetativa e reprodutiva da cultura por meio de análise geoestatística. A distribuição espaço-temporal de S. graminum foi influenciada pelo estágio de desenvolvimento do sorgo, paisagem circundante e presença de seu principal predador C. septempunctata. Além disso, a abundância de C. septempunctata foi influenciada pela densidade de S. graminum. Os resultados deste estudo são necessários para o desenvolvimento de estratégias sustentáveis de manejo de pragas contra S. graminum.

Abstract At the global level, Sorghum bicolor (L.), is one of the most important crops, which ranks fifth among all cereals. It is cultivated in Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas, where it serves as a source of food and feed for humans and animals, respectively. However, production is constrained by several factors including pests and diseases. Among the pests that are known to attack Sorghum, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), commonly called the green cereal aphid, is the most destructive pest of sorghum. S. graminum damage to sorghum is worsen by water deficit which favors its occurrence. Limited information on the spatial distribution of the pest and its natural enemies impedes the development of ecologically friendly management strategies. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine the spatiotemporal distribution of S. graminum and its natural enemy Coccinella septempunctata (L.) during the vegetative and reproductive stage of the crop using geostatistical analysis. The spatiotemporal distribution of S. graminum was influenced by Sorghum development stage, surrounding landscape, and presence of its main predator C. septempunctata. Moreover, the abundance of C. septempunctata was influenced by the density of S. graminum. The findings from this study are required for developing sustainable pest management strategies against S. graminum.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of the incidence rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Methods: An ecological study with an analytical component of time series analysis was conducted in the state of Paraná from 2007 to 2022. The data source was the Notifiable Diseases Information System. To study the trend, the Prais–Winsten generalized linear regression model was used by decomposing the time series, and for spatial analysis, the Moran's index was applied. Results: The total sample consisted of 50,676 HIV/AIDS records. The incidence rate showed an increasing trend, with an average growth of 2.14% [95% confidence interval – 95%CI 1.16–3.13] per month. From 2007 to 2014 and from 2015 to 2022, the average number of cases in the state was 105.64 and 159.20 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively, with significant variation among municipalities. Spatial clusters of high risk persisted in the metropolitan region, the capital, and coastal areas, and a new cluster was observed in the northern region of the state. Conclusion: The incidence rates of HIV/AIDS showed an upward trend over time. The number of cases varied considerably in some municipalities, especially in the coastal region. Spatial analysis revealed geospatial patterns of high risk in the main metropolitan areas of Paraná: Curitiba (including the coastal area), Londrina, and Maringá, which share characteristics such as a high degree of urbanization and ongoing economic development.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a evolução espaçotemporal das taxas de incidência do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS) no estado do Paraná, Brasil. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo ecológico com componente analítico de séries temporais e análise espacial no estado do Paraná, de 2007 a 2022. A fonte de dados foi o Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Para estudar a tendência, foi utilizado o modelo de regressão linear generalizada de Prais-Winsten por meio da decomposição de séries temporais e, para a análise espacial, foi aplicado o Índice de Moran. Resultados: A amostra total foi composta de 50.676 registros de HIV/AIDS. A taxa de incidência apresentou tendência crescente, com crescimento médio de 2,14% (intervalo de confiança de 95% — IC95% 1,16–3,13) ao mês. Nos períodos de 2007 a 2014 e 2015 a 2022, a média de casos no estado foi de 105,64 e 159,20 a cada 100 mil habitantes, respectivamente, com importantes variações entre os municípios. Agrupamentos espaciais de alto risco permaneceram na região metropolitana à capital e litoral e um novo agrupamento foi observado à região norte do estado. Conclusão: As taxas de incidência do HIV/AIDS apresentaram tendência temporal crescente. O número de casos variou substancialmente em alguns municípios, principalmente naqueles localizados na região litorânea. A análise espacial revelou padrões geoespaciais de alto risco nas principais regiões metropolitanas do Paraná: Curitiba (abrange o litoral), Londrina e Maringá, as quais compartilham características como elevado grau de urbanização e constante desenvolvimento econômico.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the transmission dynamics of dengue, a public health problem in Brazil and the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (MRBH). Methods: The spatiotemporal evolution of the occurrence of dengue in the municipality of Contagem, state of Minas Gerais, a region with high arbovirus transmission, was analyzed. Furthermore, epidemic and non-epidemic periods were analyzed, based on probable cases of dengue. This is an ecological study that used the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) national database. The analyses were carried out considering the period from epidemiological week (EW) 40 of 2011 to 39 of 2017. Spatial analysis tools (crude and smoothed incidence rate, directional distribution ellipse, global Moran index and local Moran index, and spatial scanning time with definition of epidemiological risk) were used. Results: The 2012 to 2013 and 2015 to 2016 epidemic cycles presented high incidence rates. The disease was concentrated in more urbanized areas, with a small increase in cases throughout the municipality. Seven statistically significant local clusters and areas with a high rate of cases and accentuated transmission in epidemic cycles were observed throughout the municipality. Spatial autocorrelation of the incidence rate was observed in all periods. Conclusion: The results of the present study highlight a significant and heterogeneous increase in dengue notifications in Contagem over the years, revealing distinct spatial patterns during epidemic and non-epidemic periods. Geoprocessing analysis identified high-risk areas, a piece of knowledge that can optimize the allocation of resources in the prevention and treatment of the disease for that municipality.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a dinâmica de transmissão da dengue, problema de saúde pública no Brasil e Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (RMBH). Métodos: Foi analisada a evolução espaçotemporal da ocorrência de dengue no município de Contagem, estado de Minas Gerais, região de alta transmissão da arbovirose. Ainda, foram analisados períodos epidêmicos e não epidêmicos, com base em casos prováveis de dengue. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico que utilizou o banco de dados nacional do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). As análises foram realizadas considerando-se o período compreendido da semana epidemiológica 40 de 2011 a 39 de 2017. Ferramentas de análise espacial (taxa de incidência bruta e suavizada, elipse de distribuição direcional, índice de Moran global e índice de Moran local, e varredura espaçotemporal com definição do risco epidemiológico) foram utilizadas. Resultados: Os ciclos epidêmicos 2012 a 2013 e 2015 a 2016 apresentaram altas taxas de incidência. A doença concentrou-se em áreas mais urbanizadas, com pequena expansão de casos por todo o município. Foram observados sete aglomerados locais estatisticamente significativos e áreas com alta taxa de casos e transmissão acentuada em ciclos epidêmicos em todo o município. A autocorrelação espacial da taxa de incidência foi observada em todos os períodos. Conclusão: Os resultados do presente estudo destacam um aumento significativo e heterogêneo nas notificações de dengue em Contagem ao longo dos anos, revelando padrões espaciais distintos durante períodos epidêmicos e não epidêmicos. A análise de geoprocessamento identificou áreas de alto risco, conhecimento este que pode otimizar a alocação de recursos na prevenção e tratamento da doença para o referido município.

ABSTRACT Objective: To detect spatial and spatiotemporal clusters of urban arboviruses and to investigate whether the social development index (SDI) and irregular waste disposal are related to the coefficient of urban arboviruses detection in São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil. Methods: The confirmed cases of Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya in São Luís, from 2015 to 2019, were georeferenced to the census tract of residence. The Bayesian Conditional Autoregressive regression model was used to identify the association between SDI and irregular waste disposal sites and the coefficient of urban arboviruses detection. Results: The spatial pattern of arboviruses pointed to the predominance of a low-incidence cluster, except 2016. For the years 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2019, an increase of one unit of waste disposal site increased the coefficient of arboviruses detection in 1.25, 1.09, 1.23, and 1.13 cases of arboviruses per 100 thousand inhabitants, respectively. The SDI was not associated with the coefficient of arboviruses detection. Conclusion: In São Luís, spatiotemporal risk clusters for the occurrence of arboviruses and a positive association between the coefficient of arbovirus detection and sites of irregular waste disposal were identified.

RESUMO Objetivo: Detectar aglomerados espaciais e espaço-temporais de arboviroses urbanas e investigar se o índice desenvolvimento social (IDS) e o descarte irregular de lixo estão relacionados ao coeficiente de detecção das arboviroses urbanas em São Luís, Maranhão. Métodos: Os casos confirmados de dengue, Zika e chikungunya em São Luís, no período de 2015 a 2019, foram georreferenciados para o setor censitário de residência. O modelo de regressão Autorregressivo Condicional Bayesiano foi utilizado para identificar a associação entre o coeficiente de detecção de arboviroses urbanas, IDS e pontos de descarte irregular de lixo. Resultados: O padrão espacial de arboviroses apontou para a predominância de cluster de baixo coeficiente de detecção, exceto em 2016. Para os anos de 2015, 2016, 2017 e 2019, o aumento de uma unidade de ponto de lixo aumenta o coeficiente de detecção de arboviroses em 1,25, 1,09, 1,23 e 1,13 casos de arboviroses por 100 mil habitantes, respectivamente. O IDS não foi associado ao coeficiente de detecção de arboviroses. Conclusão: Em São Luís foram identificados aglomerados espaço-temporais de risco para a ocorrência de arboviroses e a associação positiva entre o coeficiente de detecção de arboviroses e os pontos de descarte irregular de lixo.

Abstract The Southeast region of Brazil contains a great wealth of species of anuran amphibians, which face several threats, such as environmental degradation and climate change. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out more studies on the influence of environmental variables on their space-time distribution, especially in the breeding season. The objective of the study was to identify the main climatic and habitat variables that influence the distribution of anuran amphibians in Serra do Japi, São Paulo, Brazil. Data collection in the field was carried out on a fine scale, at the study sites Montanhas do Japi (MJ) and Sítio do Sol (SS), where the environmental variables: climatic (temperature and relative humidity of the air) and terrain elevation were measured, as well as the habitat variables (types of substrate, position within the substrate, terrain slope, height of the individual to the ground, and distance to the water mirror). The variables elevation, temperature and relative humidity were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient; while habitat and location variables were evaluated through a multivariate approach, using cluster analysis with the k-means technique. In MJ, four groups were obtained, with six species of frogs, where the predominant one was Brachycephalus rotenbergae. In SS, three groups were obtained, with seven species, where the predominant one was Phyllomedusa burmeisteri. Spatiotemporal distribution was obtained under a different combination of variables, where fine information was included on substrate (water or adjacent to water, soil, vegetation) and position of the observed individual (in water or soil, leaf litter, herbaceous/shrub vegetation). It was confirmed that there is an environmental climate dependence on the reproductive conditions of anurans living in Mata Atlântica conditions, although there is little variability explained based on the analyzed data. These results contribute to the generation of more specific knowledge about the requirements of frogs during their breeding season.

Resumen El sureste de Brasil contiene una gran riqueza específica de anfibios anuros, los cuales enfrentan diversas amenazas, tales como degradación del ambiente y el cambio climático. Ante esto, es necesario realizar más estudios sobre la influencia de las variables ambientales en su distribución espacio-temporal, especialmente en la época reproductiva. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las principales variables ambientales, climáticas y del hábitat, que influyen en la distribución de anfibios anuros en la Serra do Japi, São Paulo, Brasil. La toma de datos en campo se realizó a escala fina, en los sitios de estudio Montanhas do Japi (MJ) y Sítio do Sol (SS), donde se midieron variables ambientales: climáticas (temperatura y humedad relativa del aire) y elevación del terreno, así como variables del hábitat (tipos de sustrato, posición dentro del sustrato, pendiente del terreno, altura del individuo al suelo y distancia al espejo de agua). Las variables elevación, temperatura y humedad relativa fueron analizadas a través del coeficiente de correlación de Pearson; mientras que las variables del hábitat y ubicación se evaluaron mediante un enfoque multivariado, utilizando análisis de cluster con la técnica de k-medias. En MJ se obtuvieron cuatro cluster, con seis especies de anuros, donde la predominante fue Brachycephalus rotenbergae. En SS se obtuvieron tres cluster, con siete especies, donde la predominante fue Phyllomedusa burmeisteri. Se obtuvo la distribución espacio temporal bajo diferente combinación de variables, donde se incluyó información fina sobre el sustrato (agua o adyacente al agua, suelo, vegetación) y la posición del individuo observado (en el agua o sobre el suelo, hojarasca, vegetación herbácea/arbustiva). Se confirmó que hay dependencia de situaciones ambientales y climática en las condiciones reproductivas de los anuros que viven en condiciones de Mata Atlântica, aunque hubo poca variabilidad explicada con base a los datos analizados. Estos resultados contribuyen en la generación de conocimiento más puntual sobre los requerimientos de los anuros durante su época reproductiva.

Resumo: As doenças respiratórias representam uma ameaça significativa à saúde da população brasileira, estando entre as principais causas de hospitalizações e mortes no país. As populações mais impactadas são crianças, adolescentes e idosos, que apresentam, respectivamente, as maiores taxas de hospitalizações e óbitos. Foi realizado um estudo ecológico exploratório para avaliar a distribuição espaço-temporal das hospitalizações e óbitos por doenças respiratórias entre crianças, adolescentes e idosos residentes em municípios da Amazônia Legal. Além disso, o estudo teve como objetivo identificar os municípios prioritários dentro dos clusters detectados, empregando índices municipais sintéticos compostos. Esses índices foram calculados a partir de diversos indicadores socioambientais e de saúde. A análise de varredura identificou clusters em uma variedade de períodos de tempo, mas, em geral, eles se alinham com as tendências de doenças na região. Foi possível identificar clusters perto de áreas metropolitanas e em locais remotos, capturando dois padrões distintos de distribuição de clusters. Além disso, a aplicação de índices sintéticos compostos possibilitou a identificação abrangente dos municípios prioritários, considerando uma variedade de fatores relevantes para as condições de saúde da população nas áreas estudadas.

Abstract: Respiratory diseases pose a significant threat to the health of the Brazilian population, ranking among the leading causes of hospitalizations and deaths in the country. The most impacted demographics are children, adolescents, and older adults, who respectively have the highest rates of hospitalizations and deaths. An exploratory ecological study was conducted to assess the spatio-temporal distribution of hospitalizations and deaths due to respiratory diseases among children, adolescents, and older adults residing in municipalities in the Brazilian Legal Amazon. Moreover, the study aimed to identify priority municipalities within the detected clusters by employing composite synthetic municipal indices. These indices were estimated based on various socio-environmental and health indicators. The scan analysis identified clusters across various time periods but they mostly aligned with the disease trends in the region. We were able to identify clusters both near metropolitan areas and in remote locations, capturing two distinct patterns of cluster distribution. Moreover, the application of composite synthetic indices enabled a comprehensive identification of priority municipalities, considering various factors relevant to the health conditions of the population in the studied areas.

Resumen: Las enfermedades respiratorias representan una importante amenaza para la salud de la población brasileña y figuran entre las principales causas de hospitalizaciones y muertes en el país. Las poblaciones más afectadas son los niños, los adolescentes y los ancianos, que presentan, respectivamente, las tasas más altas de hospitalizaciones y muertes. Se realizó un estudio ecológico exploratorio para evaluar la distribución espacio-temporal de las hospitalizaciones y muertes por enfermedades respiratorias entre niños, adolescentes y ancianos residentes en municipios de la Amazonia Legal. Además, el estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los municipios prioritarios dentro de los clusters detectados, empleando índices municipales sintéticos compuestos. Estos índices se calcularon con base en diversos indicadores socioambientales y de salud. Análisis de escaneo identificado clusters en una variedad de períodos de tiempo, pero, en general, se alinean con las tendencias de enfermedades en la región. Fue posible identificar clusters cerca de áreas metropolitanas y en ubicaciones remotas, capturando dos patrones distintos de distribución de clusters. Además, la aplicación de índices sintéticos compuestos permitió la identificación integral de municipios prioritarios, considerando una variedad de factores relevantes a las condiciones de salud de la población en las áreas estudiadas.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a evolução espaço-temporal da mortalidade por acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em Minas Gerais, 1980 a 2021. Métodos Estudo ecológico, com dados agregados por microrregião. Na análise de tendência, foi utilizada regressão linear segmentada; na análise espacial, mapas com taxas quinquenais e estatística scan. Resultados Ocorreram 392.521 mortes por AVC (taxa de 52,6/100 mil habitantes-ano). Todas as taxas (bruta, ajustada, por faixas etárias) apresentaram tendência de diminuição, com velocidade menor na taxa bruta (variação percentual anual [VPA] = -0,70) e maior na faixa etária de 20 a 39 anos (VPA = -4,48). Foi identificado um conglomerado no sul com taxas altas (1980-1999; risco relativo [RR] = 2,06), e no noroeste, com taxas baixas (2008-2021; RR = 0,59). A diminuição foi mais intensa no sul (VPA = -3,64). Conclusão Verificou-se tendência de diminuição da mortalidade por AVC. A identificação de conglomerados e áreas com maior risco no nordeste do estado, nos últimos anos, merece atenção dos gestores.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze spatio-temporal evolution of stroke mortality in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, 1980-2021. Methods Ecological study with aggregated data by micro-region. Segmented linear regression was used for trend analysis; maps with rates per five-year period and scan statistics were used for spatial analysis. Results There were 392,521 stroke-related deaths (rate of 52.6/100,000-year). All rates (crude, adjusted, by age group) showed a decreasing trend, less so in the crude rate (Annual Percent Change [APC] = -0.70) and a faster decrease in the 20-39 age group (APC = -4.48). A high-rate cluster was identified in the southern region (1980-1999; Relative Risk [RR] = 2.06), and a low-rate cluster in the northwest (2008-2021; RR = 0.59). The most significant decrease occurred in the south (APC = -3.64). Conclusion Stroke mortality showed a decreasing trend. Clusters and areas with higher rates identified in the northeast in recent years require attention by service managers.

RESUMEN Objetivo analizar la evolución espacio-temporal de la mortalidad por accidentes cerebrovasculares (ACV) en Minas Gerais, 1980-2021. Métodos estudio ecológico, con datos por microrregión. En el análisis de tendencia se utilizó regresión lineal segmentada, en el análisis espacial estadística scan. Resultados Hubo 392.521 muertes por ACV (tasa de 52,6/100.000-años). Todas las tasas (bruta, ajustada, grupos de edad) indicaron una tendencia decreciente, con menor velocidad en tasa bruta (Variación Porcentual Anual [VPA] = -0,70), mayor en el grupo de 20-39 años (VPA = -4,48). Se identificó un conglomerado con tasas altas en el sur (1980-1999; Riesgo Relativo [RR] = 2,06) y uno con tasas bajas en el noroeste (2008-2021; RR = 0,59). El descenso fue más intenso en el sur (VPA = -3,64). Conclusión Se observó tendencia de disminución de mortalidad. La identificación de conglomerados y áreas con mayores tasas en el noreste en los últimos años merece la atención de los gestores.