ABSTRACT The hydrographic basins play an important role in the supply of water for the agricultural sector, as well as for other economic, social, and environmental activities in the provincial territory. Climate knowledge is of great importance for the sustainable development of any study area, so the objective of this research is to characterize climatically the area of the Damují Hydrographic Basin. For the realization of this study, the preliminary results of the Agroclimatic Atlas of the Cienfuegos province were used, the digital database of all meteorological variables from 62 meteorological stations belonging to the Meteorology Institute network and the 4x4 km grid used in other climatic and agrometeorological studies, taking as the climatic norm period the years 1991-2020. The annual average temperature in the basin does not experience a great spatial variation with values between 24-25ºC in most of its surface, slightly increasing in the southern portion with records between 25-26ºC. Minimum temperatures in the months of December, January, and February can be below 16ºC on average and maximums can exceed 31.0 ºC on average annually in the northern half of the study area, however, in the months of July and August these can exceed 33.5ºC on average. The annual average precipitation accumulations reach a total of 1422.1 mm. The generated information constitutes a tool for decision makers that will allow them to adapt and face the climate change and variability with greater knowledge.

RESUMEN Las cuencas hidrográficas juegan un papel importante en el suministro de agua para el sector agropecuario, además de otras actividades económicas, sociales y ambientales del territorio provincial. El conocimiento climático es de gran importancia para el desarrollo sostenible de cualquier zona de estudio por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación es caracterizar climáticamente el área de la cuenca Hidrográfica Damují. Para la realización de este estudio se utilizaron los resultados preliminares del Atlas Agroclimático de la provincia Cienfuegos, la base de datos digital de todas las variables meteorológicas de 62 estaciones meteorológicas pertenecientes a la Red del Instituto de Meteorología y la rejilla 4x4 km utilizada ya en otros estudios climáticos y agrometeorológicos, tomando como período climático norma el 1991-2020. La temperatura media anual en la cuenca no experimenta una gran variación espacial con valores entre 24-25ºC en la mayor parte de su superficie, aumentando ligeramente en la porción sur con registros entre 25-26ºC. Las temperaturas mínimas en los meses de diciembre, enero y febrero pueden estar por debajo de los 16 ºC como promedio y las máximas pueden llegar a superar los 31.0 ºC como promedio anual en la mitad norte de la zona de estudio, no obstante, en los meses de julio y agosto estos pueden rebasar los 33.5 ºC como promedio. Los acumulados medios anuales de las precipitaciones alcanzan un total de 1422.1 mm. La información generada constituye una herramienta para los tomadores de decisiones que le permitirán adaptarse y enfrentar con mayores conocimientos el cambio y variabilidad climática.

ABSTRACT Understanding soil, plant attributes, and carrot crop dynamics is vital for optimizing site-specific management practices and enhancing crop yield and soil quality. This study aimed to ascertain the dependence and spatial variability between irrigated carrot yield and soil physical attributes in a clayey Oxisol. The research took place during the 2021 growing season in a commercial carrot production area in Campos Altos, MG, Brazil. One hundred sampling points were established within the irrigated area, distributed across a square expanse of 40,000 m², positioned at the centers of 20 × 20 m grids. The study revealed high yield in the irrigated carrot crop (99.74 t ha-1) with moderate variability. Soil attributes displayed a range of heterogeneity, ranging from low to extremely high, contingent on the variable assessed, as determined by the coefficient of variation. Among the variables exhibiting spatial dependence, particle density exhibited a minimum range of 40 m, which is recommended for further studies on irrigated carrot cultivation in a clayey Oxisol. Total soil water availability demonstrated a positive spatial correlation and proved to be the recommended variable for estimating the spatial variability of carrot crop yield. sitespecific site specific quality Oxisol 202 Altos MG Brazil 40000 000 40,00 m² 2 grids 99.74 9974 99 74 (99.7 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 heterogeneity assessed variation 4 4000 00 40,0 99.7 997 9 7 (99. ha- 400 0 40, 99. (99 (9 (

RESUMO Compreender o solo, os atributos das plantas e a dinâmica das culturas de cenoura é vital para otimizar praticas de manejo a sitio especifico e melhorar o rendimento das culturas e a qualidade do solo. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a dependência e a variabilidade espacial entre a produtividade da cenoura irrigada e os atributos físicos do solo em um Latossolo Argiloso. A pesquisa ocorreu durante a safra 2021 em uma área comercial de produção de cenoura em Campos Altos, MG, Brasil. Foram estabelecidos cem pontos amostrais dentro da área irrigada, distribuídos em uma área quadrada de 40.000 m², posicionados nos centros de grades de 20 x 20 m. O estudo revelou alta produtividade na cultura da cenoura irrigada (99,74 t ha-1) com variabilidade moderada. Os atributos do solo apresentaram uma gama de heterogeneidade, variando de baixa a extremamente alta, dependendo da variável avaliada, determinada pelo coeficiente de variação. Dentre as variáveis que apresentam dependência espacial, a densidade de partículas apresentou alcance mínimo de 40 m, o que é recomendado para futuros estudos de cultivo de cenoura irrigada em Latossolo Argiloso. A disponibilidade total de água no solo demonstrou correlação espacial positiva e mostrou-se a variável recomendada para estimar a variabilidade espacial da produtividade da cultura da cenoura. Argiloso 202 Altos MG Brasil 40000 000 40.00 m² m 2 99,74 9974 99 74 (99,7 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 moderada heterogeneidade avaliada variação 4 mostrouse mostrou se 4000 00 40.0 99,7 997 9 7 (99, ha- 400 0 40. 99, (99 (9 (

ABSTRACT The spatial and temporal variability of air pollutants in an urban area is great. Superimposed on daily meteorological variability are seasonal cycles of human activities that influence air quality. The objective of this research was to analyze the spatial and temporal variation of polluting gases: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone in two locations in Havana from November 2015 to October 2016. Hourly concentration data from two Automatic Atmospheric Monitoring Stations. The statistical processing of the data was carried out using the MS-Excel and Origin 2016 software. The non-pa rametric Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H, and Dunn tests were applied. In general, the concentrations of the pollutants corresponded to the distribution patterns characteristic of urban locations.

RESUMEN La variabilidad espacial y temporal de los contaminantes atmosféricos en un área urbana es grande. Superpuestos a la variabilidad meteorológica diaria existen ciclos estacionales de las actividades humanas que influyen en la calidad del aire. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la variación espacial y temporal de los gases contaminantes: dióxido de azufre, dióxido de nitrógeno y ozono en dos localidades de La Habana desde noviembre de 2015 hasta octubre de 2016. Se utilizaron datos horarios de concentración provenientes de dos Estaciones Automáticas de Monitoreo Atmosférico. El procesamiento estadístico de los datos fue realizado empleando los softwares MS-Excel y Origin 2016. Se aplicaron las pruebas no paramétricas U de Mann-Whitney, H de Kruskal-Wallis y Dunn. De forma general as concentraciones de los contaminantes se correspondieron con los patrones de distribución característicos de localidades urbanas.

Abstract Seismic bearing capacity of strip footings is a challenging task for geotechnical engineers due to its stochastic framework instigated by the natural uncertainties incorporated into geotechnical properties and earthquake parameters. Consequently, the introduction of the random field theory into reliability analysis may provide power tools to succor designers check how reliable their designs. This paper aims to assess the seismic bearing capacity of shallow strip footings resting on soils with randomly varying parameters. Bearing capacity formulas for purely cohesive and cohesive-frictional soils are considered. The influence of the type of the autocorrelation functions (ACFs), the scale of fluctuations (SOFs) and the coefficient of variation (COV) of the random parameters are investigated. Statistical moments, probability density function (PDF) and failure probability (Pf) of the seismic bearing capacity are computed. It is shown that the Single Exponential (SNE) ACF is the most appropriate function to characterize the spatial variability of the soil properties since it provides conservative results. On other hand, the results indicate that the increase in the coefficients of variation (COV) of the cohesion or the friction angle increases the variability of the seismic bearing capacity while this variability remains unaffected when the COV of the seismic coefficient increases. The results also highlight that the effect of the vertical SOF on the PDF and the failure probability is much more significant than that of the horizontal SOF. In addition, the mean seismic bearing capacity fluctuates slightly as the horizontal or vertical SOF increases so that the increment of variation is between 0.4% and 2% for the both two soil types. Consequently designs cohesivefrictional frictional considered ACFs, ACFs , (ACFs) SOFs (SOFs (COV investigated moments (PDF Pf (Pf computed SNE (SNE hand addition 04 0 4 0.4 2 types (ACFs 0.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of the incidence rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Methods: An ecological study with an analytical component of time series analysis was conducted in the state of Paraná from 2007 to 2022. The data source was the Notifiable Diseases Information System. To study the trend, the Prais–Winsten generalized linear regression model was used by decomposing the time series, and for spatial analysis, the Moran's index was applied. Results: The total sample consisted of 50,676 HIV/AIDS records. The incidence rate showed an increasing trend, with an average growth of 2.14% [95% confidence interval – 95%CI 1.16–3.13] per month. From 2007 to 2014 and from 2015 to 2022, the average number of cases in the state was 105.64 and 159.20 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively, with significant variation among municipalities. Spatial clusters of high risk persisted in the metropolitan region, the capital, and coastal areas, and a new cluster was observed in the northern region of the state. Conclusion: The incidence rates of HIV/AIDS showed an upward trend over time. The number of cases varied considerably in some municipalities, especially in the coastal region. Spatial analysis revealed geospatial patterns of high risk in the main metropolitan areas of Paraná: Curitiba (including the coastal area), Londrina, and Maringá, which share characteristics such as a high degree of urbanization and ongoing economic development. Objective HIV (HIV AIDS (AIDS Brazil Methods 200 2022 System PraisWinsten Prais Winsten Morans Moran s applied Results 50676 50 676 50,67 HIVAIDS records 214 2 14 2.14 95% 95 [95 95CI CI 1.16–3.13 116313 1 16 3 13 month 201 10564 105 64 105.6 15920 159 20 159.2 100000 100 000 100,00 inhabitants respectively municipalities capital Conclusion including area, area , area) Londrina Maringá development 202 5067 5 67 50,6 21 2.1 9 [9 1.16–3.1 11631 1056 10 6 105. 1592 15 159. 10000 00 100,0 506 50, 2. [ 1.16–3. 1163 1000 0 100, 1.16–3 116 1.16– 11 1.16 1.1 1.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a evolução espaçotemporal das taxas de incidência do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS) no estado do Paraná, Brasil. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo ecológico com componente analítico de séries temporais e análise espacial no estado do Paraná, de 2007 a 2022. A fonte de dados foi o Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Para estudar a tendência, foi utilizado o modelo de regressão linear generalizada de Prais-Winsten por meio da decomposição de séries temporais e, para a análise espacial, foi aplicado o Índice de Moran. Resultados: A amostra total foi composta de 50.676 registros de HIV/AIDS. A taxa de incidência apresentou tendência crescente, com crescimento médio de 2,14% (intervalo de confiança de 95% — IC95% 1,16–3,13) ao mês. Nos períodos de 2007 a 2014 e 2015 a 2022, a média de casos no estado foi de 105,64 e 159,20 a cada 100 mil habitantes, respectivamente, com importantes variações entre os municípios. Agrupamentos espaciais de alto risco permaneceram na região metropolitana à capital e litoral e um novo agrupamento foi observado à região norte do estado. Conclusão: As taxas de incidência do HIV/AIDS apresentaram tendência temporal crescente. O número de casos variou substancialmente em alguns municípios, principalmente naqueles localizados na região litorânea. A análise espacial revelou padrões geoespaciais de alto risco nas principais regiões metropolitanas do Paraná: Curitiba (abrange o litoral), Londrina e Maringá, as quais compartilham características como elevado grau de urbanização e constante desenvolvimento econômico. Objetivo HIV (HIV AIDS (AIDS Paraná Brasil Métodos 200 2022 Notificação PraisWinsten Prais Winsten Moran Resultados 50676 50 676 50.67 HIVAIDS crescente 214 2 14 2,14 intervalo 95 IC95 IC 1,16–3,13 116313 1 16 3 13 mês 201 10564 105 64 105,6 15920 159 20 159,2 10 habitantes respectivamente municípios Conclusão litorânea abrange litoral, , litoral) Maringá econômico 202 5067 5 67 50.6 21 2,1 9 IC9 1,16–3,1 11631 1056 6 105, 1592 15 159, 506 50. 2, 1,16–3, 1163 1,16–3 116 1,16– 11 1,16 1,1 1,

Abstract: Aim Our goal was to relate the phytoplankton metacommunity to its possible determinants in a micro watershed: (I) determinants related to landscape-scale filtering, (II) determinants referring to local microhabitat filtering, (III) determinants referring to previous colonization, and (IV) determinants representing three different dispersal routes. Methods Eight sampling stations were selected along the Cascavel River watershed, located in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Samples were collected quarterly for three years. All phytoplankton samples were quantitatively analyzed to determine the density of the metacommunity. In addition, it was characterized the landscape in terms of land use and occupation, and environmental characterization in terms of physical and chemical variables of the water. All data underwent relevant statistical analysis, where variance partitioning was carried out using partial RDA models, with prior selection of predictor variables, to estimate the relative role of each predictor in the community. We also compared three possible dispersal routes: “Asymmetric Eigenvector Map” (AEM), “Overland” and “Watercourse”. Results It was found that the metacommunity was best explained by “asymmetric eigenvector mapping” (AEM), indicating that because it is a small spatial scale the high connectivity between the sampling stations enables species to disperse overland as well. The different filters act together and depend on rainfall variation. Besides fluctuating temporally, the influence of these mechanisms is subject to which dispersal hypothesis is being considered. Conclusions At the watershed scale, we argue that small-scale processes should be considered, since they homogenize the landscape and consequently leave the environmental gradient similar between sampling stations. In addition, the connectivity of colonization patches is essential to understand the behavior of microalgae that have a high dispersal capacity and are not restricted only to the river course. Abstract I (I landscapescale filtering II (II III (III IV (IV routes Paraná Brazil years addition occupation water analysis models community Asymmetric Map AEM, AEM , (AEM) Overland “Overland Watercourse. Watercourse . “Watercourse” asymmetric mapping well variation temporally considered smallscale course (AEM “Watercourse

Resumo: Objetivo O objetivo do trabalho foi relacionar a metacomunidade fitoplanctônica com seus possíveis determinantes em uma microbacia hidrográfica: (I) determinantes relacionados à filtragem em escala de paisagem, (II) determinantes referentes à filtragem local de micro-habitat, (III) determinantes referentes a colonização anterior e (IV) determinantes representando três diferentes rotas de dispersão. Métodos Foram selecionadas oito estações de amostragem ao longo da microbacia do Rio Cascavel, localizada no estado do Paraná, Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas trimestralmente durante três anos. Todas as amostras de fitoplâncton passaram por análise quantitativa para averiguar a densidade da metacomunidade. Além disso fizemos a caracterização da paisagem tanto o uso e ocupação do solo e caracterização ambiental quanto as variáveis físicas e químicas da água. Todos os dados passaram por análises estatísticas pertinentes, onde a partição da variância foi realizada utilizando modelos RDA parciais, com seleção prévia das variáveis preditoras, para estimar o papel relativo de cada preditor na comunidade. Ainda comparamos três possíveis rotas de dispersão: Mapa de Autovetores Assimétricos” (AEM), “Terrestre” e “Curso d´água”. Resultados Constatou-se que a metacomunidade foi mais bem explicada pelo “mapa de autovetores assimétricos” (AEM), indicando que por se tratar de uma pequena escala espacial a alta conectividade entre as estações de amostragem possibilita que as espécies se dispersem também por terra. Os diferentes filtros atuam em conjunto e dependem da variação de chuva. Além de flutuar temporalmente, a influência desses mecanismos está sujeita a qual hipótese de dispersão está sendo considerada. Conclusões Na escala da microbacia hidrográfica, argumentamos que os processos de pequena escala devem ser considerados, uma vez que homogeneízam a paisagem e, consequentemente, deixam o gradiente ambiental semelhante entre as estações de amostragem. Além disso, a conectividade das manchas de colonização é essencial para entender o comportamento das microalgas que têm alta capacidade de dispersão, não se restringindo apenas ao curso do rio. Resumo hidrográfica I (I II (II microhabitat, microhabitat micro habitat, habitat micro-habitat III (III IV (IV Cascavel Paraná Brasil anos água pertinentes parciais preditoras comunidade Assimétricos AEM, AEM , (AEM) Terrestre “Terrestre Curso d´água. dágua d´água . d d´água” Constatouse Constatou mapa assimétricos terra chuva temporalmente considerada considerados consequentemente rio (AEM

ABSTRACT Water erosion is one of the main cause of soil degradation and the pollution of water resources. The aim of the present study is to update and evaluate the seasonal variation of the erosivity index and the Modified Fournier Index as a tool to predict rain erosivity for the state of Rio Grande do Sul. A series of monthly average rainfall data was used from 112 rainfall stations based on the Climatological Norms of the period between 1991 and 2020. Based on 16 regression equations, the values of the Modified Fournier Index (MFI) and the EI30 index were estimated, assessing their spatial and seasonal variation. Results show a strong seasonal variation with greater erosivity in the months of April, October and December. The EI30 varied between 3500 and 12500 MJ, ha-1 h-1 year-1. A significant spatial variation could be observed, with an increase in values in the east-west direction. resources Sul 11 199 2020 1 equations MFI (MFI EI EI3 estimated April December 350 1250 MJ ha1 ha ha- h1 h h- year1. year1 year 1. year-1 observed eastwest east west direction 19 202 35 125 year- 20 3 12 2

RESUMO A erosão hídrica é uma das principais causas de degradação de solos e poluição dos recursos hídricos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo atualizar e avaliar a variação sazonal do índice de erosividade e do Índice de Fournier Modificado como ferramenta para prever a erosividade das chuvas para o estado de Rio Grande do Sul. Foram usadas as séries de dados de precipitação média mensal tendo como base as Normais Climatológicas do período de 1991 a 2020 de 112 estações pluviométricas. Com base em 16 equações de regressão formam estimados os valores dos Índices de Fournier Modificado (IFM) e do índice EI30, avaliando-se sua variação espacial e sazonal. Os resultados mostram uma forte variação sazonal, com maiores erosividades nos meses de abril, outubro e dezembro. O EI30 variou entre 3.500 a 12.500 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 ano-1. Observou-se uma marcante variação espacial, com aumento dos valores no sentido leste a oeste. hídricos Sul 199 202 11 pluviométricas 1 IFM (IFM EI avaliandose avaliando se abril dezembro EI3 3500 3 500 3.50 12500 12 12.50 ha1 ha ha- h1 h h- ano1. ano1 ano 1. ano-1 Observouse Observou oeste 19 20 350 50 3.5 1250 12.5 ano- 2 35 5 3. 125 12.

ABSTRACT Techniques such as fertilization can be used more frequently to achieve higher crop yields. The problem of excessive use of fertilizers is related to losses of nutrients by leaching contaminating water bodies. Adopting controlled-release fertilizers may favor the reduction of losses and the total cost of fertilization as the number of applications is reduced. This research aimed to study the dynamics of nutrients from polymer-coated fertilizers (KNO3 controlled-release polymers) in sandy soil and analyze the spatial variation of soil solution storage at different depths when drip irrigation is adopted. Four soil boxes filled with Quartzipsamment and equipped with a mesh of 19 TDR probes were used to monitor soil moisture and electrical conductivity. Three soil boxes received the treatment of 50 g of the controlled-release polymer, and one soil box was used as a control. One liter of water was applied weekly through a drip irrigation system for ten weeks, followed by readings from the TDR probes to monitor the spatial variation of the soil solution storage in the soil profile. This monitoring allowed verifying that the release of nutrients happened slowly and gradually over the period without water retention by the material. The solution was displaced by advection (mass flow) and dispersion along with the irrigation water, which advanced more than the nutrients within the profile, reducing their leaching. Thus, controlled-release polymers maintained a slow and variable release over time. yields bodies controlledrelease controlled reduced polymercoated polymer coated KNO3 KNO (KNO adopted 1 conductivity 5 control weeks profile material mass flow Thus time

Abstract Biomarkers of environmental contamination have been frequently used in the assessment of marine ecosystem quality because they provide quantitative measures of biological changes in organisms exposed to pollutants such as hydrocarbons from oil spills. Polychaetes have been tested as sentinel organisms of marine environmental health because they are abundant taxa of benthic assemblages and their sedentary lifestyle ensures chronic exposure to toxins in impacted areas. In this study, we evaluated whether the polychaete Scolelepis goodbodyi can be used as a reliable sentinel species for exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from an experimental diesel spill in a dissipative sand beach in the Southern Atlantic. The design used in this study comprised replicated control and diesel impact sites sampled four times (one, two, four and seven days) before and after the impact. Total PAH levels reached 114.0 ng g -1 in the impact site one day after the diesel spill; however, the pattern of biomarker responses in S. goodbodyi was primarily influenced by spatial variation rather than being attributed to the simulated diesel spill. The apparent absence of a contaminating effect may be linked to the low levels of the toxins retained in the sediment after the spill was simulated to elicit a response or to the presence of an efficient repair system within the organism. Furthermore, the sediments tested in this study, composed of sandy fractions, had a low capacity to concentrate PAHs after the simulated diesel spill, which may have contributed to the low significant changes in their biomarker activities. Based on our results, further studies testing other Polychaeta species and simulating oil spills in sedimentary environments composed of fine sediments such as salt marshes and mangroves may help produce evidence on more effective biomarker responses in these organisms. areas (PAHs Atlantic one, (one two days 1140 114 0 114. 1 - however S organism Furthermore fractions activities results 11

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of the incidence rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Methods: An ecological study with an analytical component of time series analysis was conducted in the state of Paraná from 2007 to 2022. The data source was the Notifiable Diseases Information System. To study the trend, the Prais–Winsten generalized linear regression model was used by decomposing the time series, and for spatial analysis, the Moran's index was applied. Results: The total sample consisted of 50,676 HIV/AIDS records. The incidence rate showed an increasing trend, with an average growth of 2.14% [95% confidence interval – 95%CI 1.16–3.13] per month. From 2007 to 2014 and from 2015 to 2022, the average number of cases in the state was 105.64 and 159.20 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively, with significant variation among municipalities. Spatial clusters of high risk persisted in the metropolitan region, the capital, and coastal areas, and a new cluster was observed in the northern region of the state. Conclusion: The incidence rates of HIV/AIDS showed an upward trend over time. The number of cases varied considerably in some municipalities, especially in the coastal region. Spatial analysis revealed geospatial patterns of high risk in the main metropolitan areas of Paraná: Curitiba (including the coastal area), Londrina, and Maringá, which share characteristics such as a high degree of urbanization and ongoing economic development.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a evolução espaçotemporal das taxas de incidência do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS) no estado do Paraná, Brasil. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo ecológico com componente analítico de séries temporais e análise espacial no estado do Paraná, de 2007 a 2022. A fonte de dados foi o Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Para estudar a tendência, foi utilizado o modelo de regressão linear generalizada de Prais-Winsten por meio da decomposição de séries temporais e, para a análise espacial, foi aplicado o Índice de Moran. Resultados: A amostra total foi composta de 50.676 registros de HIV/AIDS. A taxa de incidência apresentou tendência crescente, com crescimento médio de 2,14% (intervalo de confiança de 95% — IC95% 1,16–3,13) ao mês. Nos períodos de 2007 a 2014 e 2015 a 2022, a média de casos no estado foi de 105,64 e 159,20 a cada 100 mil habitantes, respectivamente, com importantes variações entre os municípios. Agrupamentos espaciais de alto risco permaneceram na região metropolitana à capital e litoral e um novo agrupamento foi observado à região norte do estado. Conclusão: As taxas de incidência do HIV/AIDS apresentaram tendência temporal crescente. O número de casos variou substancialmente em alguns municípios, principalmente naqueles localizados na região litorânea. A análise espacial revelou padrões geoespaciais de alto risco nas principais regiões metropolitanas do Paraná: Curitiba (abrange o litoral), Londrina e Maringá, as quais compartilham características como elevado grau de urbanização e constante desenvolvimento econômico.

Abstract Aim Studies of natural variations in fish diet allow, in turn, a better understanding of environmental changes along the hydrological cycle that can affect resources and, hence, biodiversity conservation. With this in mind, the present study aimed to understand how spatial and ontogenetic aspects (using Standard Length as proxy) define dietary composition, trophic position and trophic niche breadth for a small characid (Bryconamericus exodon) in streams located in two rivers of the Brazilian Pantanal. We also assessed whether spatial differences influence the structuring of trophic networks. Methods Fish were sampled monthly in the rainy season (October/2017 to March/2018) in four tributaries of the Negro and Apa Rivers, using different sampling methods. In the laboratory, fish were measured and weighed, followed by excision of stomach for posterior analysis. Results We analyzed 211 individuals, 126 from the Apa River (Standard lengthmin= 11.28mm; Standard lengthmax= 43.53mm) and 85 from the Negro River (Standard lengthmin= 13.26mm; Standard lengthmax= 40.05mm), that consumed mainly aquatic insects (Alimentary indexTotal= 87.97%), followed by terrestrial insects (Alimentary indexTotal= 9.02%). Dietary composition was mainly influenced by spatial variation (Pseudo-F1,194=12.21; p<0.001), followed by ontogenetic variation (Pseudo-F1,190=7.23; p<0.001), however, for trophic niche breadth, we did detect a higher importance of spatial variation (t=4.71; p<0.001) and an absence of ontogenetic variation (t=1.24; p=0.213). No spatial variation was detected for complementary specialization (p=0.998); only connectance showed a significant variation (p=0.047) with higher mean values in the Negro River (C= 0.27 ± 0.016) when compared to those of populations in the Apa River (C=0.22 ± 0.019). In addition, trophic position was not influenced by spatial (t= -1.77; p=0.077) or ontogenetic (t=0.69; p=0.494) variations. Conclusions B. exodon is considered an insectivorous species whose dietary composition can be explained more by spatial than ontogenetic variation. allow turn hence conservation mind proxy Bryconamericus Pantanal networks October/2017 October2017 October 2017 (October/201 March/2018 March2018 March 2018 Rivers methods laboratory weighed analysis 21 individuals 12 lengthmin 11.28mm 1128mm mm 11 28mm lengthmax 43.53mm 4353mm 43 53mm 8 13.26mm 1326mm 13 26mm 40.05mm, 4005mm 40.05mm , 40 05mm 40.05mm) Alimentary indexTotal 87.97%, 8797 87.97% 87 97 87.97%) 9.02%. 902 9.02% . 9 02 9.02%) PseudoF1,194=12.21 PseudoF11941221 PseudoF Pseudo F1,194=12.21 F1 194 F (Pseudo-F1,194=12.21 p<0.001, p0001 p p<0.001 0 001 PseudoF1,190=7.23 PseudoF1190723 F1,190=7.23 190 7 23 (Pseudo-F1,190=7.23 however t=4.71 t471 t 4 71 (t=4.71 t=1.24 t124 1 24 (t=1.24 p=0.213. p0213 p=0.213 213 p=0.213) p=0.998 p0998 998 (p=0.998) p=0.047 p0047 047 (p=0.047 C= C (C 027 27 0.2 0.016 0016 016 C=0.22 C022 22 (C=0.2 0.019. 0019 0.019 019 0.019) addition t= (t 1.77 177 77 -1.77 p=0.077 p0077 077 t=0.69 t069 69 (t=0.69 p=0.494 p0494 494 B October/201 October201 201 (October/20 March/201 March201 2 879 87.97 90 9.02 PseudoF1 PseudoF1,194=12.2 PseudoF1194122 F11941221 F1,194=12.2 19 (Pseudo-F1,194=12.2 p000 p<0.00 00 PseudoF1,190=7.2 PseudoF119072 F1190723 F1,190=7.2 (Pseudo-F1,190=7.2 t=4.7 t47 (t=4.7 t=1.2 t12 (t=1.2 p021 p=0.21 p=0.99 p099 99 (p=0.998 p=0.04 p004 04 (p=0.04 0. 0.01 01 C=0.2 C02 (C=0. 1.7 17 -1.7 p=0.07 p007 07 t=0.6 t06 6 (t=0.6 p=0.49 p049 49 October/20 October20 20 (October/2 March/20 March20 87.9 9.0 PseudoF1,194=12. PseudoF119412 F1194122 F1,194=12. (Pseudo-F1,194=12. p00 p<0.0 PseudoF1,190=7. PseudoF11907 F119072 F1,190=7. (Pseudo-F1,190=7. t=4. t4 (t=4. t=1. t1 (t=1. p02 p=0.2 p=0.9 p09 (p=0.99 p=0.0 (p=0.0 0.0 C=0. C0 (C=0 1. -1. t=0. t0 (t=0. p=0.4 p04 October/2 October2 (October/ March/2 March2 87. 9. PseudoF1,194=12 PseudoF11941 F119412 F1,194=12 (Pseudo-F1,194=12 p0 p<0. PseudoF1,190=7 PseudoF1190 F11907 F1,190=7 (Pseudo-F1,190=7 t=4 (t=4 t=1 (t=1 p=0. (p=0.9 (p=0. C=0 -1 t=0 (t=0 October/ (October March/ PseudoF1,194=1 PseudoF1194 F11941 F1,194=1 (Pseudo-F1,194=1 p<0 PseudoF1,190= PseudoF119 F1190 F1,190= (Pseudo-F1,190= p=0 (p=0 - PseudoF1,194= F1194 F1,194= (Pseudo-F1,194= p< PseudoF1,190 PseudoF11 F119 F1,190 (Pseudo-F1,190 p= (p= PseudoF1,194 F1,194 (Pseudo-F1,194 PseudoF1,19 F11 F1,19 (Pseudo-F1,19 (p PseudoF1,1 F1,1 (Pseudo-F1,1 PseudoF1, F1, (Pseudo-F1, (Pseudo-F1 (Pseudo-F

Resumo Objetivo O estudo das variações naturais na dieta dos peixes permite, por sua vez, uma melhor compreensão das alterações ambientais ao longo do ciclo hidrológico que podem afetar os recursos e, consequentemente, a conservação da biodiversidade. Com isso em mente, o presente estudo teve como objetivo compreender como os aspectos espaciais e ontogenéticos (usando o Comprimento padrão como proxy) definem a composição da dieta, posição trófica e amplitude de nicho trófico para um pequeno caracídeo (Bryconamericus exodon) em riachos localizados em dois rios do Pantanal brasileiro. Também avaliamos se as diferenças espaciais influenciam na estruturação das redes tróficas. Métodos Os peixes foram amostrados mensalmente na estação chuvosa (Outubro/2017 a Março/2018) em quatro tributários dos rios Negro e Apa, utilizando diferentes métodos de amostragem. Em laboratório, os peixes foram medidos e pesados, seguido de excisão do estômago para posterior análise. Resultados Foram analisados 211 indivíduos, sendo 126 do Apa (Comprimento padrãomin= 11,28mm; Comprimento padrãomax= 43,53mm) e 85 do Negro (Comprimento padrãomin= 13,26mm; Comprimento padrãomax= 40,05mm), que consumiram principalmente insetos aquáticos (Índice alimentarTotal= 87,97%), seguidos de insetos terrestres (Índice alimentarTotal=9,02%). A composição da dieta foi influenciada principalmente pela variação espacial (Pseudo-F1,194=12,21; p<0,001), seguida da variação ontogenética (Pseudo-F1,190=7,23; p<0,001), no entanto, para amplitude de nicho trófico, detectamos uma maior importância da variação espacial (t=4,71; p<0,001) e ausência de variação ontogenética (t=1,24; p=0,213). Não foi detectada variação espacial para especialização complementar (p=0,998); apenas a conectância obteve uma variação significativa (p=0,047), com valores médios maiores no rio Negro (C= 0,27 ± 0,016) quando comparados aos das populações do rio Apa (C=0,22 ± 0,019). Além disso, a posição trófica não foi influenciada por variações espaciais (t=-1,77; p=0,077) ou ontogenéticas (t=0,69; p=0,494). Conclusões B. exodon é considerada uma espécie insetívora, cuja composição da dieta pode ser explicada mais pela variação espacial do que pela variação ontogenética. permite vez consequentemente biodiversidade mente usando proxy Bryconamericus brasileiro tróficas Outubro/2017 Outubro2017 Outubro 2017 (Outubro/201 Março/2018 Março2018 Março 2018 amostragem laboratório pesados análise 21 indivíduos 12 padrãomin 11,28mm 1128mm mm 11 28mm padrãomax 43,53mm 4353mm 43 53mm 8 13,26mm 1326mm 13 26mm 40,05mm, 4005mm 40,05mm , 40 05mm 40,05mm) Índice alimentarTotal 87,97%, 8797 87,97% 87 97 87,97%) alimentarTotal=9,02%. alimentarTotal902 alimentarTotal=9,02% . 9 02 alimentarTotal=9,02%) PseudoF1,194=12,21 PseudoF11941221 PseudoF Pseudo F1,194=12,21 F1 194 F (Pseudo-F1,194=12,21 p<0,001, p0001 p p<0,001 0 001 PseudoF1,190=7,23 PseudoF1190723 F1,190=7,23 190 7 23 (Pseudo-F1,190=7,23 entanto t=4,71 t471 t 4 71 (t=4,71 t=1,24 t124 1 24 (t=1,24 p=0,213. p0213 p=0,213 213 p=0,213) p=0,998 p0998 998 (p=0,998) p=0,047, p0047 p=0,047 047 (p=0,047) C= C (C 027 27 0,2 0,016 0016 016 C=0,22 C022 22 (C=0,2 0,019. 0019 0,019 019 0,019) disso t=1,77 t177 t= 1,77 77 (t=-1,77 p=0,077 p0077 077 t=0,69 t069 69 (t=0,69 p=0,494. p0494 p=0,494 494 p=0,494) B insetívora Outubro/201 Outubro201 201 (Outubro/20 Março/201 Março201 2 879 87,97 alimentarTotal90 alimentarTotal=9,02 PseudoF1 PseudoF1,194=12,2 PseudoF1194122 F11941221 F1,194=12,2 19 (Pseudo-F1,194=12,2 p000 p<0,00 00 PseudoF1,190=7,2 PseudoF119072 F1190723 F1,190=7,2 (Pseudo-F1,190=7,2 t=4,7 t47 (t=4,7 t=1,2 t12 (t=1,2 p021 p=0,21 p=0,99 p099 99 (p=0,998 p004 p=0,04 04 (p=0,047 0, 0,01 01 C=0,2 C02 (C=0, t=1,7 t17 177 1,7 (t=-1,7 p=0,07 p007 07 t=0,6 t06 6 (t=0,6 p049 p=0,49 49 Outubro/20 Outubro20 20 (Outubro/2 Março/20 Março20 87,9 alimentarTotal9 alimentarTotal=9,0 PseudoF1,194=12, PseudoF119412 F1194122 F1,194=12, (Pseudo-F1,194=12, p00 p<0,0 PseudoF1,190=7, PseudoF11907 F119072 F1,190=7, (Pseudo-F1,190=7, t=4, t4 (t=4, t=1, t1 (t=1, p02 p=0,2 p=0,9 p09 (p=0,99 p=0,0 (p=0,04 0,0 C=0, C0 (C=0 17 1, (t=-1, t=0, t0 (t=0, p04 p=0,4 Outubro/2 Outubro2 (Outubro/ Março/2 Março2 87, alimentarTotal=9, PseudoF1,194=12 PseudoF11941 F119412 F1,194=12 (Pseudo-F1,194=12 p0 p<0, PseudoF1,190=7 PseudoF1190 F11907 F1,190=7 (Pseudo-F1,190=7 t=4 (t=4 t=1 (t=1 p=0, (p=0,9 (p=0,0 C=0 (t=-1 t=0 (t=0 Outubro/ (Outubro Março/ alimentarTotal=9 PseudoF1,194=1 PseudoF1194 F11941 F1,194=1 (Pseudo-F1,194=1 p<0 PseudoF1,190= PseudoF119 F1190 F1,190= (Pseudo-F1,190= (t= p=0 (p=0, (t=- PseudoF1,194= F1194 F1,194= (Pseudo-F1,194= p< PseudoF1,190 PseudoF11 F119 F1,190 (Pseudo-F1,190 (t p= (p=0 PseudoF1,194 F1,194 (Pseudo-F1,194 PseudoF1,19 F11 F1,19 (Pseudo-F1,19 (p= PseudoF1,1 F1,1 (Pseudo-F1,1 (p PseudoF1, F1, (Pseudo-F1, (Pseudo-F1 (Pseudo-F

Abstract Synthesising knowledge on carbon stocks is an essential tool for understanding the potential of forests to store carbon and its drivers. However, such a synthesis needs to be constructed for the Atlantic Forest due to various methodological approaches and biogeographic heterogeneity. Thus, here we conducted a bibliographic search (2000 to 2021) on carbon stocks in the biomass and necromass of Atlantic Forest ecosystems to understand the variation in stocks and their explanatory variables. Drivers included spatial (altitude, forest size) and climatic (precipitation and temperature) variables, and successional stages. Based on the information in 46 articles, biomass exhibited the highest carbon stock (96%), in Mature Forests (MF), with an average of 125.34±40.3 MgC.ha-1, whereas Secondary Forests (SF) stored 82.7±38.2 MgC.ha-1. The carbon in the necromass varied from 1.63 to 11.47 MgC.ha-1, with SF exhibiting 3.90±2.73 MgC.ha-1 and MF 4.31±2.82 MgC.ha-1. Only average annual precipitation and successional stage positively explained the carbon in Atlantic Forest. This research clarifies the function and potential of Atlantic Forest fragments for storing carbon and reinforces need for conserving mature forest patches throughout the biome since one hectare of mature forest can store almost twice as much carbon as one hectare of secondary young patches. drivers However heterogeneity Thus 2000 (200 2021 variables altitude, altitude (altitude size temperature stages 4 articles 96%, 96 96% , (96%) MF, (MF) 12534403 125 34 40 3 125.34±40. MgC.ha1, MgCha1 MgCha MgC.ha 1, MgC ha 1 (SF 827382 82 7 38 2 82.7±38. MgC.ha1. 1. 163 63 1.6 1147 11 47 11.4 390273 90 73 3.90±2.7 MgC.ha1 MgC.ha- 431282 31 4.31±2.8 200 (20 202 9 (96% (MF 1253440 12 125.34±40 ha1 82738 8 82.7±38 16 6 114 11. 39027 3.90±2. 43128 4.31±2. 20 (2 (96 125344 125.34±4 8273 82.7±3 3902 3.90±2 4312 4.31±2 ( (9 12534 125.34± 827 82.7± 390 3.90± 431 4.31± 1253 125.34 82.7 39 3.90 43 4.31 125.3 82. 3.9 4.3 125. 3. 4.

Abstract The demand for low-cost and time-efficient biomonitoring and ecological assessment strategies has increased due to threats to biodiversity. We evaluated the ability of surrogates (genera and biovolume classes) to access information provided by diatom species. Moreover, we investigated whether the relative importance of spatial and environment on diatom communities identified at the genus or classified at biovolume classes reflects the ecological responses at the species. We used biotic, environmental, and spatial data from Pampa streams. We employed Procrustes analysis to detect whether the spatial variation of communities at the species level was represented by the surrogates and variation partitioning to evaluate the relative importance of spatial and environment. We found high congruence between the surrogates and diatom species communities. Furthermore, whilst both spatial and environment were important to explain species composition, only the environment was important for both surrogates. We suggest that the use of genus-level determinations can provide information about the environmental relationships of species, whereas biovolume classes may be useful to detect changes in diatom communities. These results are a first step to seek for strategies aiming to simplify biological monitoring and assessments at pampean streams, especially considering the demand for the identification of organisms at the species. lowcost low cost timeefficient time efficient biodiversity genera Moreover biotic streams Furthermore composition genuslevel

Abstract This work investigated the annual variations in dry snow (DSRZ) and wet snow radar zones (WSRZ) in the north of the Antarctic Peninsula between 2015-2023. A specific code for snow zone detection on Sentinel-1 images was created on Google Earth Engine by combining the CryoSat-2 digital elevation model and air temperature data from ERA5. Regions with backscatter coefficients (σ⁰) values exceeding -6.5 dB were considered the extent of surface melt occurrence, and the dry snow line was considered to coincide with the -11 °C isotherm of the average annual air temperature. The annual variation in WSRZ exhibited moderate correlations with annual average air temperature, total precipitation, and the sum of annual degree-days. However, statistical tests indicated low determination coefficients and no significant trend values in DSRZ behavior with atmospheric variables. The results of reducing DSRZ area for 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 compared to 2018/2018 indicated the upward in dry zone line in this AP region. The methodology demonstrated its efficacy for both quantitative and qualitative analyses of data obtained in digital processing environments, allowing for the large-scale spatial and temporal variations monitoring and for the understanding changes in glacier mass loss. (DSRZ (WSRZ 20152023. 20152023 2015 2023. 2023 2015-2023 Sentinel1 Sentinel 1 Sentinel- CryoSat2 CryoSat 2 CryoSat- ERA5 ERA σ⁰ σ (σ⁰ 6.5 65 6 5 -6. occurrence 11 -1 C precipitation degreedays. degreedays degree days. days degree-days However variables 20192020 2019 2020 2019/202 20202021 2021 2020/202 20182018 2018 2018/201 region environments largescale large scale loss 2015202 201 202 2015-202 (σ 6. -6 - 2019202 2019/20 2020202 2020/20 2018201 2018/20 201520 20 2015-20 201920 2019/2 202020 2020/2 201820 2018/2 20152 2015-2 20192 2019/ 20202 2020/ 20182 2018/ 2015-

Abstract The littoral zone is an essential compartment for lake biota because of its high productivity and diversity. Moreover, phytoplankton is expected to have non-equilibrium dynamics on it. The study’s aimed to explore phytoplankton in the littoral zone of a shallow lake over a short-term scale. Daily sampling was conducted for 25 consecutive summer days in 2016, at two marginal points of a continuously warm, polymictic, and oligo-mesotrophic subtropical lake (Lake Mangueira, Brazil). Cyanobacteria and Chlorophyta contributed 86% of total biomass. We observed high variability in phytoplankton structure, with species turnover over diel cycles. Redundancy analysis indicated spatial differentiation for phytoplankton structure in relation to abiotic conditions. Nutrient dynamics and humic substances were significant drivers for phytoplankton variability. Phytoplankton was positively correlated with SRP and negatively with humic substances. Our results showed a non- equilibrium state for the littoral phytoplankton of Lake Mangueira, given the high variability of abiotic conditions, even at short distances. Due to its high temporal and spatial variability, the littoralzone seems to contribute to the recruitment and maintenance of phytoplankton biodiversity in shallow lakes. Further studies should consider the functional attributes of species and the complex biological interactions of phytoplankton and macrophytes along the littoral zone. diversity Moreover nonequilibrium non it studys study s shortterm term scale 2 2016 warm polymictic oligomesotrophic oligo mesotrophic Mangueira Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) 86 biomass cycles conditions distances lakes 201 8 20