ABSTRACT Purpose This study investigated the association between self-perception of stuttering and self-perception of hearing, speech fluency profile, and contextual aspects in Brazilian adults who stutter. Methods Fifty-five adults who stutter (ages 18 to 58 years), speakers of Brazilian Portuguese speakers, participated in an observational study that included: (a) a clinical history survey to collect identification, sociodemographic, clinical, and assistance data; (b) the Brazil Economic Classification Criteria (CCEB); (c) a hearing self-perception questionnaire (Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale – SSQ, version 5.6); (d) self-perception of the impact of stuttering (Brazilian Portuguese version of the Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering – Adults – OASES-A); and (e) an assessment of speech fluency (Fluency Profile Assessment Protocol -- PAPF). Data analysis consisted of descriptive and bivariate analysis using Pearson’s chi-square, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman correlation coefficient. Results Most participants were classified as moderate to severe in the total classification of the impact of stuttering. There were moderate and weak negative correlations between the participants' self-perception of stuttering and self-perception of hearing. Conclusion Self-perception of auditory abilities was greater to the extent that self-perception of the impacts of stuttering on quality of life was lower.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Amblyopia is a cortical neurological disorder caused by abnormal visual experiences during the critical period for visual development. Recent works have shown that, in addition to the well-known visual alterations, such as changes in visual acuity, several perceptual aspects of vision are affected. This study aims to analyze and compare the effects of different types of amblyopia on visual color processing and determine whether these effects are correlated with visual acuity. Methods: Our study sample comprised 42 amblyopic individuals, aged 7-40 years, (strabismus, n=16; anisometropia, n=18; and mixed-cause, n=8) and 33 age-matched controls. Color vision was tested by measuring the chromaticity threshold of each patient on the protan, deutan, and tritan axes using version 02 of the Cambridge Color Test. Spatial stimulation cues were eliminated using spatial noise and luminance. Results: The color discrimination thresholds on the protan, deutan, and tritan axes were similar between control participants and amblyopic patients (p>0.05). There was no correlation between VA values and color thresholds (p>0.05). Conclusion: Patients with amblyopia have normal color vision in contexts that include luminance and spatial noise. Our results may be indicative of independent neural pathways for spatial and chromatic visual processing.

A esporotricose transmitida por gatos é atualmente hiperendêmica na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Apesar do contexto zoonótico, a vigilância é fragmentada, sendo as dimensões humana e animal avaliadas separadamente. Este estudo descreve e compara os padrões espaciais e temporais dos casos de esporotricose em humanos e animais (cães e gatos) notificados ao Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, no período de 2013 a 2020. Foi realizado um estudo ecológico, baseado na evolução espacial e temporal da esporotricose na área, comparando-se as séries temporais para casos humanos e animais por mês. Também comparamos as incidências humanas cumulativas e a proporção de casos de animais por habitante por bairros ou subdistritos e exploramos a correlação espacial com Moran global e local. Durante o período, foram notificados 9.552 casos suspeitos de esporotricose humana e 12.532 de animais. Análises exploratórias espaciais e temporais apontaram ações que favoreceram a notificação nesse período, como o estabelecimento da notificação obrigatória e campanhas relacionadas à assistência veterinária pública. Verificou-se também a existência de aglomerados na zona oeste da capital e cidades fronteiriças e a expansão da esporotricose para outras áreas desfavorecidas da capital e da periferia da região metropolitana. Ademais, observamos padrões divergentes entre a distribuição da esporotricose humana e animal no tempo e no espaço. Nossos achados mostram uma expansão espacial da esporotricose para humanos e animais; no entanto, eles também destacam as limitações da vigilância atual, indicando subestimação da magnitude do problema.

La esporotricosis transmitida por gatos es actualmente hiperendémica en la Región Metropolitana de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. A pesar del contexto zoonótico, la vigilancia está fragmentada, y las dimensiones humana y animal se evalúan por separado. Este estudio describe y compara los patrones espaciales y temporales de los casos de esporotricosis en humanos y animales (perros y gatos) notificados al Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación Obligatoria en la Región Metropolitana de Río de Janeiro, en el período de 2013 a 2020. Se realizó un estudio ecológico, basado en la evolución espacial y temporal de la esporotricosis en la región, comparando las series temporales de casos humanos y animales por mes. También se compararon las incidencias humanas acumuladas y la proporción de casos de animales por habitante por barrios o subdistritos, y se exploró la correlación espacial con Moran global y local. Durante el período, se reportaron 9.552 casos sospechosos de esporotricosis humana y 12.532 casos en animales. Los análisis exploratorios espaciales y temporales indicaron acciones que favorecieron la notificación en este período, como la notificación obligatoria y las campañas relacionadas con la atención veterinaria pública. También hubo agrupaciones en la zona oeste de la capital y las ciudades fronterizas, y la expansión de la esporotricosis hacia otras zonas desfavorecidas de la capital y la periferia de la región metropolitana. Además, se observaron patrones divergentes entre la distribución de la esporotricosis humana y animal en el tiempo y el espacio. Los hallazgos muestran una expansión espacial de la esporotricosis a humanos y animales; sin embargo, también resaltan las limitaciones de la vigilancia continua, lo que indica una subestimación de la magnitud del problema.

Cat-transmitted sporotrichosis is currently hyperendemic in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area, Brazil. Despite the zoonotic context, surveillance is fragmented, with human and animal contagion being assessed separately. This study aimed to describe and compare spatial and temporal patterns of sporotrichosis cases in humans and animals (cats and dogs) reported to the Brazilian Information System for Notificable Diseases in the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, from 2013 to 2020. We conducted an ecological study based on the spatial and temporal evolution of sporotrichosis in the area. We compared the time series of human and animal cases per month. We also compared the cumulative human incidences and the ratio of animal cases per inhabitant by neighborhood or subdistrict and explored spatial correlation with global and local Moran’s I. During the period, 9,552 human and 12,532 animal sporotrichosis suspected cases were reported. Via spatial and temporal exploratory analyses, we verified actions that favored notification during this period, such as establishing mandatory notification and campaigns related to public veterinary care. We also verified the existence of clusters in the west zone of the capital and border cities, and the expansion of sporotrichosis to other disadvantaged areas in the capital and the outskirts of the metropolitan area. Moreover, we observed divergent patterns between human and animal sporotrichosis distribution in time and space. Our findings show a spatial expansion of sporotrichosis in humans and animals; however, they also highlight the limitations of ongoing surveillance, indicating we probably are underestimating magnitude of the problem.

Resumen Introducción. El tamaño del efecto y la variabilidad son factores relevantes en la estimación del número de repeticiones necesario en un experimento, cuyo impacto suele ser desconocido por el investigador. Objetivo. Analizar el efecto de la variabilidad y el tamaño del efecto en el número de repeticiones necesario en experimentación agrícola. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron los parámetros de correlación espacial estimados a partir de ensayo de uniformidad en el cultivo de arroz para realizar 10 000 simulaciones de campos aleatorios. En cada simulación se conformaron 16 unidades experimentales de 24 m2 y se ajustó un análisis de varianza para estimar la varianza residual promedio como escenario A. En adición, se propuso un escenario B donde se usó el cuantil 95 de las varianzas estimadas. El tamaño del efecto se definió con base en los resultados de un metaanálisis sobre el efecto de prácticas agrícolas en el rendimiento del arroz y resultó ser un 15% de la media general de los datos del ensayo de uniformidad. También, se propusieron tamaños de efecto adicionales del 10% y 5% de la media general. Resultados. En el escenario A, se necesitaron cuatro repeticiones para alcanzar una potencia del 0,91 y detectar un efecto del 15%, mientras que seis repeticiones fueron necesarias para detectar un efecto del 10% con una potencia de 0,81. En el escenario B, cinco repeticiones lograron una potencia del 0,86 para detectar un efecto del 15%, mientras que nueve repeticiones fueron requeridas para detectar un efecto del 10% con una potencia del 0,82. En ninguno de los dos escenarios se alcanzó una potencia del 0,80 para detectar un efecto del 5%. Conclusión. Mientras más pequeño sea el tamaño del efecto a detectar y mayor sea la varianza residual, se requerirá más repeticiones para lograr una potencia de prueba del 0,80. Se deben considerar estos dos factores al planificar experimentos en agricultura.

Abstract Introduction.The effect size and variability are relevant factors in estimating the number of repetitions in an experiment, where their impact is often unknown to the researcher. Objetive. To analyze the effect of the variability and effect size on the number of repetitions required in agricultural research. Materials and methods. The spatial correlation parameters estimated from the uniformity trial in the rice crop were used to perform 10,000 simulations of random fields. In each simulation, 16 experimental units of 24 m2 were formed, and an analysis of variance was adjusted to estimate the average residual variance, called scenario A. Additionally, a scenario B was proposed, where the 95th percentile of the estimated variances was used. The effect size was defined based on the results of a meta-analysis on the effect of agricultural practices on rice yield, and resulted in a 15% of the overall mean of the uniformity trial data. Additional effect sizes of 10% and 5% of the overall mean were also proposed. Results. In scenario A, four repetitions were needed to achieve a power of 0.91 and detect a 15% effect, while six repetitions were necessary to detect a 10% effect with a power of 0.81. In scenario B, five repetitions achieved a power of 0.86 to detect a 15% effect, while nine repetitions were required to detect a 10% effect with a power of 0.82. Neither of the scenarios achieved a power 0.80 to detect a 5% effect. Conclusion. The smaller the effect size to be detected and the greater the residual variance, the more repetitions were required to achieve a test power of 0.80. These two factors should be considered when planning experiments in agriculture.

Abstract Precision agriculture optimizes crop management by providing accurate data on soil chemical properties, thereby improving agricultural productivity and sustainability. This study aims to develop models to estimate soil chemical properties, such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and organic matter (OM), by analyzing drone-captured RGB images. The methodology included photogrammetric flights with a DJI Phantom 4 Pro drone equipped with a 20 Mpx camera and simultaneous sampling, laboratory analysis and on-site measurements, with Royal Eijkelkamp EC meter set voor grond multiparameter sensors and pH meter set for soil and water. The aerial images were processed with the PIX4Dmapper software, to generate the orthophoto and spectral bands. With the resulting orthophoto of 1.6 cm/pixel, eight spectral indices were calculated, using the spatial analysis tools of ArcGIS software. The in situ results showed an average pH value of 5.83, indicating a slightly acidic soil, and an EC of 1.09 dS/m, suggesting a soil with a low concentration of dissolved salts. Laboratory analyses showed a medium-high content of OM, with an average of 5.19 %. A strong correlation was found between OM and pH_index with coefficients of determination R2=0.55, while moderate correlations were also observed between pH with pH_index and EC with sal_index6 with coefficients of determination R2=-0.39 and R2=0.42 respectively. The aforementioned results allowed the generation of two models for the estimation of these variables from RGB images.

Resumen La agricultura de precisión optimiza la gestión de cultivos al proporcionar datos precisos sobre las propiedades químicas del suelo, mejorando así la productividad y sostenibilidad agrícola. Este estudio tiene como objetivo desarrollar modelos para estimar propiedades químicas del suelo, como pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE) y materia orgánica (MO), mediante el análisis de imágenes RGB capturadas por dron. La metodología incluyó vuelos fotogramétricos con un dron DJI Phantom 4 Pro equipado con una cámara de 20 Mpx y la toma simultánea de muestras de análisis de laboratorio y mediciones in situ, con sensores multiparámetros Royal Eijkelkamp EC meter set voor grond y pH meter set for soil and water. Las imágenes aéreas fueron procesadas con el software PIX4Dmapper, para generar la ortofoto y bandas espectrales. Con la ortofoto resultante de 1.6 cm/píxel, se calcularon ocho índices espectrales, usando las herramientas de análisis espacial del software ArcGIS. Los resultados in situ mostraron un valor promedio de pH de 5.83, indicando un suelo ligeramente ácido, y una CE de 1.09 dS/m, sugiriendo un suelo con baja concentración de sales disueltas. Los análisis de laboratorio evidenciaron un contenido medio-alto de MO, con un promedio de 5.19 %. Se encontró una correlación fuerte entre la MO y el pH_index con coeficientes de determinación R2=0.55, por su parte también se observaron correlaciones moderadas entre pH con el pH_index y CE con el sal_index6 con coeficientes de determinación R2=-0.39 y R2=0.42 respectivamente. Los resultados mencionados permitieron generar dos modelos para la estimación de estas variables a partir de imágenes RGB.

Resumen Objetivo. Caracterizar la distribución geográfica de dengue confirmado y evaluar su autocorrelación espacial con determinantes sociales y climáticos a nivel de áreas pequeñas, en dos ciudades del noroeste de México. Métodos. En este trabajo se utilizan herramientas de análisis espacial, como el Índice de Moran y el método de Indicadores Locales de Asociación Espacial (LISA), para examinar la correlación espacial, global y local, entre la incidencia de dengue y factores climáticos y socioeconómicos a nivel de área geoestadística básica (AGEB). Para mapear áreas de alto riesgo, se usó el método de agrupamiento espacial de Getis-Ord. Resultados. En general, no identificamos una autocorrelación espacial global, aunque agrupamientos locales de una alta incidencia de dengue, temperatura de la superficie terrestre ≤31 °C y un alto grado de marginación social, coinciden. Discusión. Encontramos que a nivel de áreas pequeñas urbanas, poblaciones con desventaja social agrupan una mayor carga de dengue comparadas con áreas de mejores condiciones socioeconómicas. En los dos sitios de estudio, se encontraron patrones espaciales similares que correlacionaron problemas de salud y características físicas del medio ambiente utilizando os análisis espaciales, lo que soporta la utilidad de su uso sistemático para entender mejor la distribución urbana del dengue.

Abstract Objective. To characterize the geographic distribution of dengue and to evaluate the spatial autocorrelation with social and climatic determinants at the census-tract level in two medium sized cities in northwestern Mexico. Methods. In this work we apply spatial analysis ecological tools, such as the Moran’s Index and the Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) method, to examine global and local spatial correlation between incidence of dengue, with socioeconomic and climatic factors at the census tract-level. For the analysis of the spatial clustering, the Getis-Ord method was used to find statistically significant hot spots in each city. Results. Overall, a global spatial autocorrelation could not be identified, although local clusters of a high dengue incidence, soil surface temperature ≤ 31 °C and high degree of social marginalization coincide. Discussion. We found that at the census-tract level in urban settings, socially disadvantaged populations showed higher clusters of dengue when compared to areas with better socioeconomic conditions. A similar spatial pattern was observed in the two study sites, when considering public health conditions and its aggregation with physical attributes using spatial analysis techniques, supporting the application of this technique for a better understanding about the dengue distribution in urban areas.

Abstract Phytophthora capsici is an aggressive pathogen in escabeche pepper on the Peruvian coast. Root rot has a strong correlation with humidity and environment. Disease behavior was evaluated epidemiologically using spatiotemporal variables. Severity was evaluated according to the advance of the secondary symptom according to grades 1 to 5. Then, coordinates of each plant were established by photogrammetric survey of a field with 1705 escabeche pepper plants. For temporal analysis, severity was adjusted to an exponential model (R2 = 0.909) and incidence to a Gompertz model (R2 = 0.921) that detected an initial delay of the disease due to temperature. For the spatial analysis, the Global Moran Index (Ii) showed a high spatial dependence of the disease reaching a peak of 0.4 and 0.7 for severity and incidence, respectively. Also, heat maps related to the Local Ii were generated from which an initial source of infestation was determined where the furrow irrigation started in random infestations. Then, the infestation spots were settled in areas of surface water accumulation. Also, rhizosphere samples were collected per plant by degree of severity on V8 or CMA whit PARB and PDA-A selective medium. As a result, significant differences were obtained between grade 1, grade 2, 3, 4 and grade 5. In addition, the effect on yield was significant for plants with grade 4 and 5 with respect to fruit weight (22.3 and 18.5g/fruit) and weight per plant (509.5 and 371.8g/plant), respectively.

ABSTRACT Agricultural cooperatives in Chile have not consolidated at the level of other OECD countries, developing in a spatially heterogeneous way in the country. To understand the territorial consolidation of agricultural cooperatives, this paper aims to analyze the patterns of spatial location of agricultural cooperatives in Chile and to identify whether there are clusters of agricultural cooperatives over Economic Importance (EI) organizations. To achieve this, non-spatial (cluster analysis and location analysis) and spatial (Moran index and spatial correlation analysis) clustering tools were used to determine the spatial dependence of the concentration of agricultural cooperatives in Chile. The results indicate the existence of productive cooperative clusters in the regions of Los Ríos and Coquimbo centered on EI cooperatives. Additionally, they also suggest a positive correlation between EI cooperatives and cooperative nuclei at the regional level.

RESUMEN El cooperativismo agrícola en Chile no está consolidado al nivel que se encuentra en otros países de la OCDE, habiéndose desarrollado de forma espacialmente heterogénea en el país. Para conocer la consolidación territorial del cooperativismo agrícola en Chile, este trabajo se propone analizar los patrones de localización espacial de las cooperativas agrícolas en el país e identificar si sobre las cooperativas de Importancia Económica (IE) existen clústeres cooperativos agrícolas que las engloben. En este marco se han utilizado herramientas de agrupamiento no espacial –análisis de conglomerado y análisis de localización) y espacial (índice de Moran y análisis de correlación espacial–, para determinar la dependencia espacial en la concentración del cooperativismo agrícola en Chile. Los resultados indican la existencia de clústeres productivos cooperativos en las regiones de Los Ríos y Coquimbo, centrados en cooperativas de IE. Adicionalmente, sugieren una correlación positiva entre cooperativas de IE y los núcleos cooperativos a nivel regional.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las medidas de distanciamiento social debidas a la pandemia por COVID-19 impidieron que muchos chicos con trastornos del neurodesarrollo pudieran acceder a tratamientos presenciales. La telerrehabilitación creció en este tiempo como una herramienta terapéutica alternativa. El objetivo es analizar la telerrehXbilitación cognitiva en trastornos del neurodesarrollo. Métodos: En este estudio prospectivo, cuasi-experimental (antes-después), se incluyó a 22 pacientes (media de edad, 9,41 arios) con trastornos del neurodesarrollo que realizaron telerrehabilitación con el programa Rehametrics por más de 6 meses. Resultados: Luego de 6 meses de telerrahabilitación, se constató una mejoría estadísticamente significativa con un gran tamaño del efecto en áreas de: atención (sostenida, selectiva y dividida), funciones ejecutivas (memoria de trabajo verbal y visual, categorización, velocidad de procesamiento), habilidades visuoespaciales (orientación espacial, integración perceptiva, percepción, simultagnosia) y lenguaje (comprensivo y expresivo). En la Escala de Impedimento Funcional de Weiss mejoraron con significancia estadística todas las áreas (familia, aprendizaje y escuela, autoconcepto, actividades de la vida diaria, actividades de riesgo). Se constata una correlación positiva entre la cantidad de sesiones y la mejoría observada en funciones ejecutivas (memoria de trabajo visual, velocidad de procesamiento), atencionales (atención sostenida, atención dividida) y habilidades visuoespaciales (orientación espacial, integración perceptiva, percepción, simultagnosia). No encontramos significancia estadística entre la estructura familiar y la cantidad de sesiones realizadas. Se observó un alto grado de percepción de mejora y satisfacción en los padres. Conclusiones: La telerrehabilitación puede ser una herramienta alternativa segura que, sin reemplazar la presencialidad, puede lograr mejoras cognitivas y funcionales significativas en niños con trastornos del neurodesarrollo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Social distancing measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic prevented many children with neurodevelopmental disorders from accessing face-to-face treatments. Tele-rehabilitation grew at this time as an alternative therapeutic tool. In this study we analyzed remote cognitive rehabilitation in neurodevelopmental disorders. Methods: This was a prospective, quasi-experimental (before-after) study that included 22 patients (mean age 9.41 years) with neurodevelopmental disorders who had telerehabilitation for over six months. Results: After six months of telerehabilitation, a statistically significant improvement was found with a large effect size in these areas: attention (sustained, selective and divided), executive functions (verbal and visual working memory, categorization, processing speed), visuospatial skills (spatial orientation, perceptual integration, perception, simultanagnosia) and language (comprehensive and expressive). On the Weiss Functional Impairment Scale, all areas (family, learning and school, self-concept, activities of daily living, risk activities) improved with statistical significance. We found a positive correlation between the number of sessions and the improvement observed in executive functions (visual working memory, processing speed), attention (sustained attention, divided attention) and visuospatial skills (spatial orientation, perceptual integration, perception, simultanagnosia). We did not find statistical significance between the family structure and the number of sessions carried out. A high degree of perception of improvement and satisfaction was observed in the parents. Conclusions: Telerehabilitation is a safe alternative tool which, although it does not replace face-to-face therapy, can achieve significant cognitive and functional improvements in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.

ABSTRACT Hard-bottom macroalgae were analyzed in 17 sites of the reef lagoon of Chinchorro Bank Biosphere Reserve. 36 species were recorded. Canistrocarpus cervicornis was the dominant species. The diversity intervals were between 1.5 and 3.31 bits·ind-1, the most diverse area was in the southern part of the lagoon where there was a greater presence of coral substrates. The similarity of the sites obtained with the Morisita index, presents diverse and heterogeneous groups that typify specific areas within the reef lagoon, mainly those near windward. Canonical analysis shows the dependence of sites on environmental factors; However, salinity and surface temperature are restrictive for hard-bottom algae. There is a high correlation greater than 0.9 between the environmental parameters and the first three main components of the system.

RESUMEN Se analizaron las macroalgas de fondo duro en 17 sitios de la laguna arrecifal de la Reserva de la Biosfera de Banco Chinchorro. Se registraron 36 especies. Canistrocarpus cervicornis fue la especie dominante. Los intervalos de diversidad estuvieron entre 1,5 a 3,31 bits·ind-1, el área más diversa estuvo en la parte sur de la laguna donde existía mayor presencia de sustratos coralinos. La similitud de los sitios obtenido con el índice de Morisita, presenta grupos diversos y heterogéneos que tipifican áreas específicas dentro de la laguna arrecifal, principalmente las cercanas a barlovento. El análisis canónico muestra la dependencia de los sitios hacia los factores ambientales; sin embargo, la salinidad y la temperatura de la superficie son restrictivas para las algas del fondo duro. Se presenta una alta correlación mayor de 0,9 entre los parámetros ambientales y los tres primeros componentes principales del sistema.

RESUMO A Agricultura de Precisão (AP) procura validar ferramentas tecnológicas que permitam captar a variabilidade espacial das culturas e do solo, o que constitui a base para o estabelecimento de zonas homogéneas de gestão (ZHG). Os sensores que medem a condutividade elétrica aparente do solo (CEa) são exemplo destas ferramentas no levantamento da variabilidade espacial das caraterísticas do solo. A estabilidade temporal dos padrões de variabilidade espacial da CEa é essencial para assegurar corretas decisões a médio e longo prazo. Neste estudo, foram usados dois sensores de CEa, um sensor de contacto (Veris 2000 XA) e um sensor de indução eletromagnética (EM-38), em quatro parcelas de pastagens permanentes de sequeiro no Alentejo. O levantamento com o sensor de contacto foi realizado em outubro de 2018 e o levantamento com o sensor de indução foi realizado em setembro de 2020. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a estabilidade temporal dos padrões das ZHG resultantes de medições da CEa com diferentes sensores em diferentes datas. O processamento de dados incluiu a sincronização das coordenadas geográficas obtidas pelos dois sensores em cada parcela e o estabelecimento de ZHG a partir de análise geoestatística, tanto da CEa como da altimetria. Apesar das condições do solo serem diferentes, nomeadamente em termos de humidade, e dos sensores terem uma forma diferente de medição (de contacto versus não contacto), os valores da CEa mostraram correlações estatisticamente significativas em todos os campos experimentais, o que se refletiu na estabilidade dos padrões espaciais das ZHG obtidas. Estes resultados abrem boas perspetivas para futuros desenvolvimentos, os quais deverão ocorrer ao nível dos algoritmos que permitam a validação da variabilidade espacial e da estabilidade temporal da CEa através de amostragem inteligente do solo, conduzindo a recomendações sustentadas ao nível da fertilização ou da correção do solo.

ABSTRACT Precision agriculture (PA) intents to validate technological tools that capture soil and crop spatial variability, which constitute the basis for the establishment of differentiated management zones (MZ). Soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) sensors are commonly used to survey soil spatial variability. Temporal stability of the surveys is essential to ensure correct medium and long-term decisions. In this study, an ECa contact-type sensor (Veris 2000 XA) and an electromagnetic induction sensor (EM-38) were used in four fields of dryland pastures in Alentejo region of Portugal. The first survey was carried out in October 2018 and the second was carried out in September 2020. The aim of this study was to assess the temporal stability of ECa patterns using different types of sensors. Data processing involved synchronizing geographic coordinates obtained by the two types of ECa sensors in each location and establishing MZ based on geostatistical analysis of altimetry and ECa data. Although the basic technologies have different principles (contact versus non-contact sensors), the surveys were carried out at different soil moisture conditions and were temporarily separated (about 2 years), ECa measurements showed statistically significant correlation in all experimental fields, which was reflected in spatially stable patterns of the MZ maps. These results provide perspectives for future developments, which will need to occur in the creation of algorithms that allow validating the spatial variability and temporal stability of ECa through smart soil sampling and analysis to allow recommendations for sustained soil amendment or fertilization.

Resumen Melián, E. A.; M. A. Hadad, D. Flores, V. Gallardo, Y. A. Ribas Fernádez, E. Romero & F. A. Roig. 2024. Evaluación del potencial dendrocronológico de dos arbustos que coexisten en áreas desérticas de montaña del centro-oeste de Argentina. Darwiniana, nueva serie 12(1): 107-121. Los estudios dendrocronológicos con arbustos de ecosistemas áridos en América del Sur son de gran importancia para interpretar la ecología de estos ambientes debido a la escasez de estudios en la región. Este enfoque permite evaluar las respuestas de las poblaciones vegetales expuestas a las condiciones del clima árido. Desarrollamos cronologías de ancho de anillos y evaluamos, por primera vez para Argentina, la relación entre el crecimiento radial y variables climáticas (precipitación, temperatura e índice de aridez) de dos especies de arbustos característicos de ambientes montanos, Proustia cuneifolia y Hualania colletioides. La cronología de P. cuneifolia registró una correlación positiva con la precipitación (mayo), temperatura (octubre, julio y febrero) y SPEI (junio-octubre). La cronología de H. colletioides presentó relaciones negativas con la temperatura de los meses de diciembre y febrero. Los resultados sugieren que las variaciones en el ancho de los anillos anuales de P. cuneifolia están influenciadas por el clima regional, principalmente por la aridez, mientras que el crecimiento de H. colletioides podría estar influenciado por factores a escala de micrositio. La intrincada orografía cordillerana genera variaciones en las condiciones climáticas, las cuales pueden imprimir respuestas particulares del crecimiento. Por ello, una red de cronologías ayudaría a interpretar en detalle la respuesta del crecimiento de estas plantas al clima cordillerano.

Abstract Melián, E. A.; M. A. Hadad, D. Flores, V. Gallardo, Y. A. Ribas Fernández, E. Romero & F. A. Roig. 2024. Assessment of dendrochronological potential of two shrubs that coexist in mountain desert areas of central-western Argentina. Darwiniana, nueva serie 12(1): 107-121. Dendrochronological studies with shrubs from arid ecosystems in South America are of great importance due to the scarcity of ecological information that exists in these environments. This approach allows to evaluate the responses of plant species exposed to climate variability under arid conditions. We developed ring width chronologies and evaluated, for the first time for Argentina, the relationship between radial growth and climatic variables (precipitation, temperature and aridity index) of two shrub species characteristic of arid montane environments, Proustia cuneifolia and Hualania colletioides. The chronology of P. cuneifolia recorded a positive correlation with precipitation (May), temperature (October, July and February), and SPEI (June-October). The chronology of H. colletioides showed negative correlation with the temperature of the months of December and February. The results suggest that variations of the annual ring widths of P. cuneifolia are influenced by regional climate, mainly by aridity, while the growth of H. colletioides could be influenced by factors at the scale of microsite. A more extensive network of chronologies is necessary to explore site-climate variability under conditions of a complex topography such as that found in mountainous areas, suggesting the spatial extension of these records in order to understand in more detail the climatic imprint on the annual growth of these shrubs.

Resumen El contar con acceso efectivo a diversos productos financieros puede ser determinante para explotar de manera eficiente el área de oportunidades que brinda el mercado financiero para la sociedad. Esta investigación tiene como propósito determinar el grado de inclusión de los productos y servicios del sector financiero en México para el año 2021, para lo cual, se utiliza un método mediante econometría espacial para la identificación de clusters a nivel municipal. Los resultados revelan que los municipios que cuentan con niveles altos de correlación en indicadores como: vías de acceso, cantidad de productos de crédito y cantidad de cuentas de captación; cuentan con mayor inclusión financiera, tales como las alcaldías de la CDMX. Por otro lado, las zonas que cuentan con niveles más bajos de inclusión financiera corresponden a los municipios de las entidades federativas de Oaxaca y Guerrero. Se propone el desarrollo de una estrategia de inclusión financiera de acuerdo con las necesidades de los clusters identificados. Este trabajo innova en presentar un análisis cluster a nivel municipal para la inclusión financiera.

Abstract The effective access to various financial products can be decisive to use efficiently the opportunities offered by the financial market. The purpose of this research is to determine the inclusion degree of financing in Mexico for 2021, so, a method used was through spatial econometrics to identify clusters at municipal level. The results showed that administrative units that have elevated levels of correlation in indicators such as: access roads, number of credit products and number of deposit accounts; have more financial inclusion in CDMX’s administrative units. On the other hand, zones with lowest levels of financial inclusion correspond to Oaxaca and Guerrero counties. The development of a financial inclusion strategy is proposed according to the needs of the identified clusters. This work innovates in presenting a cluster analysis at the municipal level for financial inclusion.

ABSTRACT The generation of observation units of reduced dimensions and regular geometry is becoming increasingly important in spatial analysis. Following this line of work, the Institute of Statistics and Cartography of Andalusia has, for the last decade, developed information integrated into the statistical grid formed by regular cells of 250 x 250 meters, according to Eurostat guidelines. This article shows the results of the use of spatial distribution data of population and housing. Autocorrelation and spatial correlation analyses have been conducted to find out the relationship between the Smoothed Standardized Mortality Ratio and certain socioeconomic indicators, as well as certain housing characteristics. The results, along with the advantages of working at a territorial disaggregation level of reduced dimensions and with a homogeneous observation unit, are showing order to obtain a more exhaustive knowledge of the territory.

RESUMEN La generación de unidades de observación de dimensiones reducidas y geometría regular tiene cada vez más peso en el análisis espacial. Siguiendo esta línea de trabajo, el Instituto de Estadística y Cartografía de Andalucía elabora, desde hace diez años, información integrada en la malla estadística formada por celdas regulares de 250 x 250 metros según las directrices de Eurostat. En este artículo se muestran los resultados de la utilización de datos de distribución espacial de la población y de la vivienda. Se han realizado análisis de autocorrelación y de correlación espacial para conocer la relación que existe entre la Razón de Mortalidad Estandarizada Suavizada y determinados indicadores socioeconómicos y de algunas características de las viviendas. Se muestran los resultados y las ventajas de trabajar en un nivel de desagregación territorial de dimensiones reducidas y con una unidad de observación homogénea, para obtener así un conocimiento más exhaustivo del territorio.

RESUMO Compreender o solo, os atributos das plantas e a dinâmica das culturas de cenoura é vital para otimizar praticas de manejo a sitio especifico e melhorar o rendimento das culturas e a qualidade do solo. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a dependência e a variabilidade espacial entre a produtividade da cenoura irrigada e os atributos físicos do solo em um Latossolo Argiloso. A pesquisa ocorreu durante a safra 2021 em uma área comercial de produção de cenoura em Campos Altos, MG, Brasil. Foram estabelecidos cem pontos amostrais dentro da área irrigada, distribuídos em uma área quadrada de 40.000 m², posicionados nos centros de grades de 20 x 20 m. O estudo revelou alta produtividade na cultura da cenoura irrigada (99,74 t ha-1) com variabilidade moderada. Os atributos do solo apresentaram uma gama de heterogeneidade, variando de baixa a extremamente alta, dependendo da variável avaliada, determinada pelo coeficiente de variação. Dentre as variáveis que apresentam dependência espacial, a densidade de partículas apresentou alcance mínimo de 40 m, o que é recomendado para futuros estudos de cultivo de cenoura irrigada em Latossolo Argiloso. A disponibilidade total de água no solo demonstrou correlação espacial positiva e mostrou-se a variável recomendada para estimar a variabilidade espacial da produtividade da cultura da cenoura. Argiloso 202 Altos MG Brasil 40000 000 40.00 m² m 2 99,74 9974 99 74 (99,7 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 moderada heterogeneidade avaliada variação 4 mostrouse mostrou se 4000 00 40.0 99,7 997 9 7 (99, ha- 400 0 40. 99, (99 (9 (

ABSTRACT Understanding soil, plant attributes, and carrot crop dynamics is vital for optimizing site-specific management practices and enhancing crop yield and soil quality. This study aimed to ascertain the dependence and spatial variability between irrigated carrot yield and soil physical attributes in a clayey Oxisol. The research took place during the 2021 growing season in a commercial carrot production area in Campos Altos, MG, Brazil. One hundred sampling points were established within the irrigated area, distributed across a square expanse of 40,000 m², positioned at the centers of 20 × 20 m grids. The study revealed high yield in the irrigated carrot crop (99.74 t ha-1) with moderate variability. Soil attributes displayed a range of heterogeneity, ranging from low to extremely high, contingent on the variable assessed, as determined by the coefficient of variation. Among the variables exhibiting spatial dependence, particle density exhibited a minimum range of 40 m, which is recommended for further studies on irrigated carrot cultivation in a clayey Oxisol. Total soil water availability demonstrated a positive spatial correlation and proved to be the recommended variable for estimating the spatial variability of carrot crop yield. sitespecific site specific quality Oxisol 202 Altos MG Brazil 40000 000 40,00 m² 2 grids 99.74 9974 99 74 (99.7 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 heterogeneity assessed variation 4 4000 00 40,0 99.7 997 9 7 (99. ha- 400 0 40, 99. (99 (9 (