Resumen En este artículo se reconstruye una polémica suscitada en la ciudad de Buenos Aires en 1891 a propósito de unas infracciones contra la ley de ejercicio de la medicina, cometidas presuntamente por dos actores que se especializaban en el tratamiento de la lombriz solitaria, un médico extranjero y un sanador no diplomado. En base al examen de las fuentes relativas a ese caso, el texto propone una reflexión en torno a tres tópicos. En primer lugar, se rastrean las múltiples ofertas curativas disponibles para el abordaje de esa afección, pues se entiende que considerarlas ayuda a comprender de modo más certero los componentes de aquella polémica. En segundo lugar, se documentan los antecedentes de los actores sociales involucrados en ese conflicto, bajo el supuesto de que se trata de un caso ilustrativo de las trayectorias de muchos otros agentes del mundo de la salud de esos años. En tercer lugar, se recupera la discusión referida a las relaciones de complementariedad o de negociación entabladas entre la medicina diplomada y sus competidores no autorizados.

Abstract This article reconstructs a controversy that arose in the city of Buenos Aires in 1891 regarding infractions against the law on the practice of medicine, allegedly committed by two actors who specialized in the treatment of tapeworms, a foreign doctor and a healer. not graduated. Based on the examination of the sources related to that case, the text proposes a reflection on three topics. Firstly, the multiple curative offers available to address this condition are traced, since it is understood that taking these offers into consideration helps to more accurately understand the components of that controversy. Secondly, the background of the social actors involved in this conflict is documented, with the understanding that it is an illustrative case of the trajectories of many other agents in the world of health in those years. Thirdly, the discussion referring to the relationships of complementarity or negotiation established between certified medicine and its unauthorized competitors is recovered.

Resumo Este artigo reconstrói uma polêmica surgida na cidade de Buenos Aires em 1891 a respeito de infrações à lei do exercício da medicina, supostamente cometidas por dois atores especializados no tratamento de tênias, um médico estrangeiro e um curandeiro não graduado. A partir do exame das fontes relacionadas ao caso, o texto propõe uma reflexão sobre três temas. Primeiramente, são traçadas as múltiplas ofertas curativas disponíveis para o enfrentamento dessa condição, pois se entende que considerá-las ajuda a compreender com maior precisão os componentes dessa polêmica. Em segundo lugar, documenta-se a trajetória dos atores sociais envolvidos neste conflito, partindo do pressuposto de que se trata de um caso ilustrativo das trajetórias de muitos outros agentes do mundo da saúde naqueles anos. Em terceiro lugar, recupera-se a discussão sobre as relações de complementaridade ou negociação estabelecidas entre o medicamento certificado e os seus concorrentes não autorizados.

Resumen En el siglo XIX existían en Brasil dos facultades de Derecho, una en São Paulo y otra en Olinda (posteriormente transferida a Recife), ambas fundadas en 1827. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo se incluían a los negros en estas facultades en la época imperial, desde la perspectiva de tres aspectos diferentes pero complementarios: la exclusión, el prejuicio y lo apagamiento. Para hacerlo, utilizaremos fuentes primarias y secundarias, con el objetivo de recuperar la memoria de los negros que integraron estas instituciones o que intentaron ingresar en ellas sin conseguirlo.

Resumo No século XIX, existiram duas faculdades de Direito no Brasil, uma em São Paulo e outra em Olinda (posteriormente transferida para o Recife), ambas fundadas em 1827. O objetivo do presente artigo é analisar como o negro se inseria em tais faculdades no período imperial, sob a ótica de três aspectos diferentes, mas complementares: exclusão, preconceito e apagamento. Para tanto, faremos uso de fontes primárias e secundárias, com o escopo de resgatar a memória de pessoas negras que fizeram parte dessas instituições ou que nelas tentaram ingressar, mas não conseguiram.

Abstract In the 19th century there were two law schools in Brazil, one in São Paulo and another in Olinda (later transferred to Recife), both founded in 1827. The objective of this paper is to analyze how black people were inserted in these institutions in the imperial period from the point of view of three different but complementary aspects: exclusion, prejudice, and erasure. To do so, we will make use of primary and secondary sources, with the purpose of recovering the memory of black people who were part of these institutions or who tried to enter them, but failed.

This study adds to knowledge by specifically focusing on the dam spillage-induced floods within a fast-urbanising city with weak law enforcement in a developing country. Employing a sequential mixed-method approach, we first selected and analysed data from 120 respondents through a survey and complemented it with key informants residing in the communities affected by flooding. The findings revealed that dramatic ramifications of dam spillage-induced floods disrupt the livelihoods of many individuals in the form of disruption to income-generating activities and substantial property loss. Notwithstanding the devastating effect of the dam spillage, residents lack advance and adequate preparedness. In coping with such challenges, most flood victims rely on support from nongovernmental sources. The challenge of flooding from the dam spillage is multifaceted and deeply rooted in complex factors which includes growing urbanisation, poor urban planning and weak law enforcement. Residents' adaptive strategies remain limited, demonstrating a dearth of resilience against such shocks. CONTRIBUTION: In light of these challenges, the authors advocate a close collaborative working partnerships among stakeholders to provide flood risk management interventions, strategic planned dam spillage that minimises the effect of dam spillage-induced floods on the local communities, early warning systems and planning and enforcement of building regulations

This article dealt with the irony that confronts any investigation into the conceptualisation of morality in Judaism: much of contemporary scholarship promotes the Strong Dependence Theory where God is considered the prime source of morality − yet an empirical analysis of classical rabbinic literature indicates a leaning more towards the Weak Dependence Theory which considers human beings the source for morality. Somehow, scholarship seems to overlook this textual evidence. On the other hand, that same contemporary scholarship has no problem in accepting absolute and complete human autonomy in the area of Jewish religious law or Halacha. This study questioned why humans are comfortably accepted as the primary determinants of religious law but not of morality - and argued for a return to the original Weak Dependence Theory to maintain moral efficacy. It included an examination of an extreme historical test case for rabbinic morality concerning how the rabbinic world dealt internally with the moral implications of major rabbis who had fled the Holocaust. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: While this literature study was conducted from an orthodox rabbinic perspective, it adopted a descriptive and evaluative methodology based on academic, rabbinic and historical sources

Resumen En el territorio argentino están en vigencia una gran cantidad de proyectos mineros que tienen numerosos efectos sociales y ambientales. En el año 2010 fue aprobada una ley que dispuso la realización de un inventario y monitoreo del estado de los glaciares y del ambiente periglacial. Los criterios para establecer dicho inventario fueron dados a partir de la consideración de determinadas voces y saberes, quedando marginadas posiciones de diferentes actores sociales tanto dentro de la comunidad científica como de los pobladores locales. Este trabajo busca comprender y comparar los modos de saber, hablar, experienciar y decidir respecto de la problemática asociada a los glaciares y a los ambientes periglaciares en el contexto de discusión acerca de la implementación de la Ley de Glaciares en Argentina. A través del análisis de diferentes fuentes y discursos se pretende comprender y profundizar los modos de intervención e incidencia, a los fines de enriquecer la discusión en relación con la toma de decisiones en las políticas públicas.

Abstract A large number of mining projects are underway in Argentina, with numerous social and environmental impacts. In 2010, a law was passed that provided for an inventory and monitoring of the state of glaciers and the periglacial environment. The criteria for establishing this inventory were based on the consideration of certain voices and knowledge, marginalising the positions of different social actors within the scientific community as well as those of local inhabitants. This paper seeks to understand and compare the ways of knowing, speaking, experiencing and deciding about the problems associated with glaciers and periglacial environments in the context of the discussion about the implementation of the Glaciers Law in Argentina. Through the analysis of different sources and discourses, the aim is to understand and deepen the modes of intervention and advocacy, in order to enrich the discussion in relation to decision-making in public policy.

Resumo Está em curso na Argentina um grande número de projectos mineiros, com numerosos impactos sociais e ambientais. Em 2010, foi aprovada uma lei que previa um inventário e monitorização do estado dos glaciares e do ambiente periglacial. Os critérios para estabelecer este inventário basearam-se na consideração de certas vozes e conhecimentos, marginalizando as posições dos diferentes actores sociais no seio da comunidade científica, bem como as dos habitantes locais. Este documento procura compreender e comparar as formas de conhecer, falar, experimentar e decidir sobre os problemas associados aos glaciares e ambientes periglaciais no contexto da discussão sobre a implementação da Lei dos Glaciares na Argentina. Através da análise de diferentes fontes e discursos, o objectivo é compreender e aprofundar os modos de intervenção e advocacia, a fim de enriquecer a discussão em relação à tomada de decisões em políticas públicas.

Resumen El presente artículo tiene por objeto discutir cómo puede tener sentido el derecho internacional, a partir del estado actual de la técnica, frente a los desarrollos futuros, y qué características debe tener el mismo para hacer frente a los desafíos que plantea el surgimiento del actual contexto mundial posmoderno, interdependiente, multipolar y cada vez más complejo. La novedad en el contexto internacional actual es que, además del nivel individual de acción de los Estados, ya sea unilateral, bilateral y multilateral, existe un área creciente para la formación y el desarrollo del consenso común. En ese contexto, la opinio juris ya no debe entenderse en la actualidad como una opinión individual de uno o de ciertos Estados, sino como declaraciones colectivas, emitidas por la comunidad internacional, en su conjunto o de una parte sustancial de las mismas.

Abstract This essay aims to discuss how international law can make sense, based on the current state of the art, in the face of future developments. What characteristics does it have to have to face the challenges posed by the emergence of the current postmodern, interdependent, multipolar and increasingly complex world context? What is new in the current international context is that, in addition to the individual level of action by States, be it unilateral, bilateral and multilateral, there is a growing area for the formation and development of common consensus. In this context, the opinio juris should no longer be understood as an individual opinion of one or certain States, but today as collective declarations, issued by the international community, as a whole or a substantial part of them.

Résumé Cet essai vise à discuter de la façon dont le droit international peut avoir un sens, sur la base de l’état actuel de l’art, face aux développements futurs. Quelles caractéristiques doit-elle avoir pour faire face aux défis posés par l’émergence du contexte mondial actuel postmoderne, interdépendant, multipolaire et de plus en plus complexe? Ce qui est nouveau dans le contexte international actuel, c’est qu’au-delà du niveau d’action individuel des États, qu’il soit unilatéral, bilatéral et multilatéral, il existe un espace croissant pour la formation et le développement d’un consensus commun. Dans ce contexte, l’opinio juris ne doit plus être comprise comme une opinion individuelle d’un ou de certains États, mais aujourd’hui comme des déclarations collectives, émises par la communauté internationale, dans leur ensemble ou une partie substantielle d’entre elles.

Resumen El artículo 38 del Estatuto de la Corte Internacional de Justicia enumeró las fuentes del derecho internacional, y a la doctrina como un medio auxiliar. El uso de la doctrina por los tribunales de justicia internacionales llamó la atención de la literatura; sin embargo, éste no ha sido el caso del Tribunal de Justicia de la Comunidad Andina (TJCAN). El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la forma como el TJCAN usó la doctrina, por qué la utilizó y qué rol ha tenido en sus decisiones. Este artículo plantea que la doctrina tuvo un valor agregado y persuasivo en las interpretaciones del TJCAN. Se revisaron 133 sentencias; el 81.20% incorporaron la doctrina. La doctrina aportó información en el análisis del TJCAN e influyó en sus interpretaciones a través de los años.

Abstract Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice listed the sources of international law, and doctrine as an auxiliary means. The use of the doctrine by international courts of justice drew the attention of the literature; however, this has not been the case with the Court of Justice of the Andean Community (TJCAN). The objective of this article is to analyze how the TJCAN used the doctrine, why it used it and what role it has had in its decisions. This article argues that the doctrine had an added and persuasive value in the interpretations of the TJCAN. 133 judgments were reviewed; 81.20% incorporated the doctrine. The doctrine provided information to the analysis of the TJCAN and influenced its interpretations over the years.

Résumé L’article 38 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice énumère les sources du droit international, et la doctrine comme moyen auxiliaire. L’utilisation de la doctrine par les cours internationales de justice a attiré l’attention de la littérature; cependant, cela n’a pas été le cas de la Cour de justice de la Communauté andine (TJCAN). L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser la manière dont le TJCAN a utilisé la doctrine, pourquoi il l’a utilisée et quel rôle il a eu dans ses décisions. Cet article soutient que la doctrine avait une valeur ajoutée et persuasive dans les interprétations du TJCAN. 133 phrases ont été révisées; 81,20% ont intégré la doctrine. La doctrine a éclairé l’analyse du TJCAN et influencé ses interprétations au fil des ans.

Abstract This work proposes to explore the process of university normalization and democratic reconstruction that took place at the National University of San Luis (UNSL), during the years 1984 to 1986, when the elections by assembly took place. Analyzing this case in historical conditions that left behind those years of obscurantism and pain from the indelible marks of the last Argentine civic-military dictatorship, acquires a unique meaning and interpretation 40 years after the democratic reconstruction. This requires us to bear witness to the political configurations that were put into play, the conditions that operated for the installation of a new institutional framework in the face of the various trends and possibilities of democratic invention that were experienced in Argentina during those early years. The university practices suffered the course of tensions and contradictions that affected the visible and the speakable in the face of the singularities that the memory processes were acquiring in the interior of the country. We will analyze the actions that the UNSL undertook within the framework of Law No. 23,068 on university normalization and the set of regulations and work commissions that played a central role, among which the reincorporation of students, teachers, and non-teachers who They were dismissed by the Expendability Law and those in charge of preparing the reports referring to the intervention of the university. We will go to the survey of sources carried out in the Historical and Documentary Archive of the UNSL that made it possible to form a corpus of unpublished material recovered and systematized for this work.

Resumen El trabajo propone explorar el proceso de normalización universitaria y de reconstrucción democrática que se llevó a cabo en la Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), durante los años 1984 a 1986, momento en que se producen las elecciones por asamblea. Analizar este caso en unas condiciones históricas que dejaba atrás aquellos años de oscurantismo y dolor ―producto de las marcas imborrables de la última dictadura cívico-militar Argentina― adquiere un sentido e interpretación singulares a 40 años de la reconstrucción democrática. Ello nos exige testimoniar las configuraciones políticas que se pusieron en juego, las condiciones que operaron para la instalación de una nueva institucionalidad frente a las diversas tendencias y posibilidades de invención democrática que se vivieron en la Argentina durante esos primeros años. Las prácticas universitarias sufrieron el derrotero de tensiones y contradicciones que afectaron lo visible y lo decible frente a las singularidades que fueron adquiriendo los procesos de memoria en el interior del país. Analizaremos las acciones que emprendió la UNSL en el marco de la Ley N° 23.068, de normalización universitaria, y el conjunto de normativas y comisiones de trabajo que cumplieron un papel central, entre las que se destaca las de reincorporación de estudiantes, docentes y no docentes ―que fueron dados de baja por la Ley de prescindibilidad― y las encargadas de elaborar los informes referidos a la intervención de la universidad. Acudiremos al relevamiento de fuentes realizado en el Archivo Histórico y Documental de la UNSL, que posibilitó conformar un corpus de material inédito recuperado y sistematizado para este trabajo.

This research aimed to examine the quandaries of contract cheating faced by higher education institutions (HEIs) in South Africa. Based on a desktop study utilizing unobtrusive research methods such as documentary analysis and conceptual analysis of authoritative sources to conceptualise and provide context to contract cheating, the data drew secondary data from published journal articles. Findings demonstrated that the key quandaries of contract cheating are attributed to limited awareness of the concept, the undetectable nature of the action, the lack of law (lacuna) from the national point of view, gaps in existing institutional policies on misconduct, ambiguity in the conceptualisation, and expansion in the availability of this practice as evident in the increase use of custom essay websites, essay mills and file-sharing sites across the globe. To address these challenges, South African HEIs need to acknowledge that contract cheating is a problem which exists in institutions. Therefore, South African HEIs must revisit institutional policies on intellectual integrity and include a delineation of contract cheating, making a clear distinction between plagiarism and collusion. Additionally, South African HEIs must raise awareness of contract cheating amongst their students, invest in software that detects authenticity, such as Authorship Investigate, AI-Emma or Ouriginal, and design student-support-intervention marketing strategies to deter students from turning to contract cheating websites. (HEIs Africa articles concept action lacuna (lacuna view misconduct conceptualisation websites filesharing file sharing globe challenges Therefore collusion Additionally authenticity Investigate AIEmma AI Emma Ouriginal studentsupportintervention student support intervention

Resumen En este artículo se analizó la aplicación de la ley de Centros Agrícolas de 1887 de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Para ello, se tomó como objeto de la investigación el centro agrícola La Constancia, en el partido de Ayacucho, ubicado en el sudeste del territorio provincial. A través del entrecruzamiento de diversas fuentes y el abordaje de la bibliografía existente sobre el tema, se intentó dar cuenta de los pormenores de su instrumentación en un caso en el que, contrariamente a lo que aconteció a nivel general, se pudieron alcanzar, en los primeros años, algunos objetivos de la ley vinculados al reparto de tierras, al desarrollo de la producción agrícola y a la instalación de población en el medio rural. Si bien el centro se desarticuló como tal a fines de 1894, producto del escaso éxito general de la ley y de la crisis económica que atravesaban la provincia y sus instituciones bancarias, la población instalada en la zona se mantuvo y dio forma a una comunidad que a comienzos del siglo XX se mostraba pujante y que aún hoy en día permanece, aunque reducida a una mínima expresión.

Abstract This article analyzed the application of the law of agricultural centers of 1887 in the Buenos Aires province. For this, the agricultural center La Constancia, in the Ayacucho district, located in the southeast of the provincial territory, was taken as the object of the investigation. Through the interweaving of various sources and the approach to the existing bibliography on the subject, an attempt was made to account for the details of its implementation in a case in which, contrary to what happened at a general level, it was possible to achieve, in the early years, some objectives of the law linked to the distribution of land, the development of agricultural production and the settlement of population in rural areas. Although the center was dismantled as such at the end of 1894, as a result of the general lack of success of the law and the economic crisis that the province and its banking institutions were going through, the population settled in the area remained and shaped a community that at the beginning of the 20th century it was thriving and it still remains today, although reduced to a minimum expression.

Resumo Neste artigo, foi analisada a aplicação da Lei de Centros Agrícolas de 1887 na província de Buenos Aires. Para isso, o centro agrícola La Constancia, no distrito de Ayacucho, localizado no sudeste do território provincial, foi tomado como objeto de investigação. Através do entrelaçamento de várias fontes e da abordagem bibliografia existente sobre o tema, procurou-se dar conta dos pormenores da sua concretização num caso em que, ao contrário do que acontecia a nível geral, puderam se alcançar, nos primeiros anos, alguns objetivos da lei ligados à distribuição de terras, ao desenvolvimento da produção agrícola e à instalação da população em áreas rurais. Embora o centro tenha sido desmantelado como tal em finais de 1894, fruto do escasso sucesso geral da lei e da crise económica que atravessava a província e as suas instituições bancárias, a população instalada na zona manteve-se e deu forma a uma comunidade que no início do século XX era forte e ainda hoje se mantém, embora reduzida a uma expressão mínima.

Abstract The United States Supreme Court ruled in Plyler v. Doe (1982) that all children regardless of their legal immigration status have a fundamental right to K-12 education. Despite education being a fundamental right, it remains fragile and contested for undocumented immigrants. Federal courts have had to reaffirm Plyler multiple times, including issuing a permanent injunction over California’s Proposition 187 (1994), which banned undocumented children from K-12 public schools and required officials and teachers to report anyone they suspected of being undocumented to federal immigration authorities. More recently, the courts blocked Alabama’s HB 56(2012) provision that required schools to check and report newly enrolled K-12 students’ immigration status. The entanglement between postsecondary education and immigration, which falls outside of Plyler’s protection, has grown more pronounced over the past two decades. Federal immigration law in 1996 opened the door for states to actively regulate undocumented immigrants’ right to postsecondary education, including banning admissions or creating discriminatory hardships by denying in-state tuition or financial aid. While a rich scholarship covers these policies and their effects, no systematic study exists on the news framing of the intersection between education and immigration. This article examines 40,469 news articles published from 1980 to 2022 in six national and state news sources in the United States to explore the (dis)connections between education (K-12 and postsecondary) and immigration. Combining machine learning techniques and social network analysis with qualitative coding, we show that reporters’ use of a range of experts creates a deep conflation of education with immigration enforcement and illegality framing. Despite quests for journalistic neutrality, we argue that the use of experts by reporters prevents immigrant education from being a topic on its own or a topic where immigrants are framed primarily in a positive and inclusive way.

Abstract: This paper presents a brief contribution to the study of the historical sources of Kant’s practical philosophy, discussing the Kantian project of a metaphysics of morals as a doctrine of duties in the context of German natural law of the 17th and 18th centuries. At first, Christian Thomasius’ distinction between internal and external obligation is exposed as the basis for the differentiation between legal duties and ethical duties. Then the Kantian opposition between a doctrine of right and a doctrine of virtue is discussed against the background of Alexander Baumgarten’s and Gottfried Achenwall’s reception of Thomasius.

Resumo: O presente artigo apresenta uma breve contribuição ao estudo das fontes históricas da filosofia prática de Kant, discutindo o projeto kantiano de uma metafísica dos costumes enquanto uma doutrina dos deveres. à luz do direito natural alemão dos séculos 17 e 18. Em um primeiro momento. é exposta a distinção de Christian Thomasius entre obrigação interna e obrigação externa. como base para a diferenciação entre deveres jurídicos e deveres éticos. Na sequência. a oposição kantiana entre uma doutrina do direito e uma doutrina da virtude é discutida. sob o pano de fundo da recepção de Thomasius, por parte de Alexander Baumgarten e Gottfried Achenwall.

Abstract The article is located in the iusphilosophical scenario of the mid-twentieth century. Its objective is to trace the sources of Hart's rule of recognition, taking as its starting point the thesis that makes such rule a weighted response to the debate between the Kelsenian formalism and the utilitarian theory of Bentham and Austin in the first instance. This is explored in the sources recognized and not recognized by the author himself, since the article maintains the decisive presence in methodology of direct ancestors such as Hobbes, Hume, Malinowski, among others. These do not grant to the mentioned rule of recognition a mere conciliatory desire of the previous traditions, but they rather define the nature of the rule and the need to address it to be addressed from interdisciplinary fields because it can bear fruit for the analysis of the underlying principles in judicial practice from the exploration of speech in context.

Resumen: El artículo se ubica en el escenario iusfilosófico de mitad del siglo XX. Tiene como objetivo rastrear fuentes de la regla de reconocimiento de Hart tomando como partida la tesis que hace de dicha regla una respuesta ponderada al debate entre el formalismo kelseniano y la teoría utilitarista de Bentham y Austin en primera instancia. Esto se explora en las fuentes reconocidas y no reconocidas por el propio autor, por cuanto el artículo sostiene la presencia decisiva en lo metodológico de ascendientes directos en dicho trabajo como Hobbes, Hume, Malinowski, entre otros, los que otorgan a dicha regla de reconocimiento no un mero afán conciliador de las tradiciones anteriores, sino que definen su naturaleza propia y la necesidad de abordarla desde ámbitos interdisciplinarios, porque es desde la exploración del habla en contexto como ella puede rendir frutos para el análisis de los principios subyacentes en la práctica judicial.

Abstract: Several studies suggest the importance of Vocational Education in innovation systems. However, the contribution of this educational level to Chile’s innovation system remains poorly understood. Thus, the objective of this study was to conduct an exploratory analysis of the public policy instruments that have channeled the participation of Higher Technical and Professional Education (ESTP) in the Chilean innovation ecosystem. The study employed a methodological approach based on the search for secondary sources of Chilean laws, with a focus on policies, regulations, and plans addressing technical-professional education and innovation within a four-year period from the publication of Law N°21091 in 2018. An increase in public policies that include the ESTP as an actor in the innovation ecosystem was observed between 2018 and 2022. In addition, after the conformation of the Ministry of Science, a significant increase in programs for the promotion of innovation in the ESTP was observed. The present study suggests that a structural framework for the participation of the ESTP in the national innovation ecosystem has been fostered, although there are fundamental aspects not yet addressed. However, further studies are needed to evaluate such participation in a concrete way, partly because of the recent regulatory structure, and also because of the cultural change that the ESTP must face.

Resumen: Distintos trabajos sugieren la importancia que tiene la educación técnica en los sistemas de innovación. Sin embargo, sigue siendo poco comprendido el aporte de este nivel educativo al sistema de innovación en Chile. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un análisis exploratorio de los instrumentos de política pública que han encauzado el rumbo de la Educación Superior Técnico profesional (ESTP) en el ecosistema chileno de innovación. Para esto se utilizó una estrategia metodológica basada en la búsqueda de fuentes secundarias de leyes chilenas, enfocándose en políticas, reglamentos y planes que abordan la educación técnico profesional y la innovación en un periodo de 4 años, a partir de la publicación de la ley N°21.091, en 2018. Se observó un aumento de las políticas públicas que incluyen la ESTP como actor del ecosistema de innovación entre 2018 y 2022. Además, tras la creación del Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación de Chile (Ley N°21.105, 2018), se observó un aumento significativo en los programas para la promoción de la innovación en la ESTP. El presente estudio sugiere que se ha propiciado un marco estructural para la participación de la ESTP en el ecosistema nacional de innovación, aunque existen aspectos fundamentales aún no abordados. Existen brechas de articulación y son necesarios mayores estudios para evaluar dicha participación en forma concreta, en parte por la reciente estructura normativa, y también por el cambio cultural que debe enfrentar la ESTP.

ABSTRACT For the development of the methodology, we resorted to the quantitative approach, through inquiry, collection and critical analysis of documents and bibliographic references, based on the methodical, rigorous and in-depth exploration of various documentary sources consisting of articles, theses, standards and laws, among others, describing the findings. Documentary review was used as a research technique. The inductive-deductive method was also used. The use of these methods made it possible to analyze doctrines, normative bodies, legal documents, which allowed the generation of criteria and contributions for a better development of the law. It is concluded that the trial just initiated is abbreviated, the jurisdictional organ declares the anticipated conclusion of the trial to be appropriate, taking the imputed facts as certain and closing all procedural debate as to the performance of evidence admitted, in the same session of the initial hearing or in a later session.

RESUMEN Para el desarrollo de la metodología, se recurrió al enfoque cuantitativo, mediante la indagación, recolección y análisis crítico documental y referencial bibliográfico, basándose en la exploración metódica, rigurosa y profunda de diversas fuentes documentales conformadas por artículos, tesis, normas y leyes, entre otros, describiendo los hallazgos encontrados. En la investigación, se empleó como técnica la revisión documental. Se recurrió, además, al método inductivo-deductivo. La utilización de estos métodos hizo posible que se analizaran las doctrinas, cuerpos normativos, documentos jurídicos lo que permitió que se generen criterios y aportes para un mejor desarrollo del derecho. Se concluye que, se abrevia el juicio recién iniciado, el órgano jurisdiccional declara procedente la conclusión anticipada del juzgamiento, dándose por ciertos los hechos imputados y cerrado todo debate procesal en cuanto a la actuación de prueba admitida, en la misma sesión de la audiencia inicial o en una posterior sesión.