Resumen La transición de lo rural a lo semiurbano en Yucatán ocurre principalmente en las cabeceras municipales, y trae consigo problemas de gestión de los residuos. Las autoridades municipales son las encargadas del Manejo Integral de los Residuos Sólidos Urbanos (MIRSU); pero en últimos años, la asociación entre el sector público y el privado para la gestión de los residuos resulta una estrategia eficaz. Existen pocos estudios sobre el MIRSU en zonas rurales o semiurbanas y la disposición a pagar de los usuarios, información que ayudaría a los creadores de política pública a diseñar planes y programas adecuados para su gestión. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio es determinar los factores socioeconómicos asociados a la disposición a pagar por el MIRSU de los usuarios de municipios semiurbanos de Yucatán. Se realizaron 1,144 encuestas en 6 localidades semiurbanas de Yucatán, los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial con un modelo econométrico de regresión Tobit. El 69,75% de los usuarios encuestados declararon estar dispuestos a pagar por el manejo integral de los residuos sólidos un monto promedio de 17,65 pesos mexicanos (0,85 dólares estadounidenses). La disposición a pagar disminuye cuando predomina el idioma maya, y mientras menos activos físicos y habitaciones tenga el hogar. Existen elementos culturales y sociales arraigados en la recolección de residuos sólidos, este sistema integral puede ir acompañado de otro tipo de incentivos económicos para modificar el comportamiento de los consumidores hacia algo más beneficioso para el medio ambiente, tal como el ingreso familiar.

Abstract In Yucatan, the transition from rural to semi-urban communities has occurred mainly in the municipality seats; this transition comes with the problems of waste management. The municipalities oversee the Integral Urban Solid Waste Management (IUSWM); but in recent years, the public-private partnership for waste management has proved to be an effective strategy. There are few studies on the IUSWM in rural or semi-urban areas and the users’ willingness to pay, information that would help public policymakers to design adequate plans and programs for its management. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the socioeconomic factors associated with the willingness to pay for the IUSWM of users in semi-urban municipalities of Yucatan. A total of 1,144 interviews were conducted in 6 semi-urban localities in Yucatan, and the data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with a Tobit regression econometric model. 69.75% of the surveyed users declared that they were willing to pay an average of 17.65 Mexican pesos (0.85 U.S. dollars) for the integral urban solid waste management. The willingness to pay decreases when the Mayan language predominates among the member of the household, and when they have fewer tangible assets and rooms. There are cultural and social factors rooted in solid waste collection, this integrated system may be accompanied by other types of economic incentives to modify consumers’ behavior towards something more beneficial for the environment, such as the homes’ income.

Resumen Durante las últimas décadas en Puno, Perú, la problemática de la contaminación se fue agudizando por la acción combinada del crecimiento desordenado de la población urbana, gestión deficiente de residuos sólidos, descarga de aguas servidas sin tratamiento en la bahía del lago Titicaca y prácticas de sanidad e higiene inadecuadas; situaciones que afectan severamente el ambiente y la salud humana. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar las actitudes y comportamientos proambientales de la población de la ciudad de Puno en relación al saneamiento, la contaminación y la gestión ambiental. La investigación es no experimental, cuantitativa, trans¬versal, descriptiva, correlacional y nivel de análisis micro. El universo de estudio fue la población mayor de 18 años del área urbana, que comprende 97.264 habitantes; la muestra, deter¬minada al azar simple, fue de 382 personas. Se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado. El análisis descriptivo, inferencial y prueba de hipótesis se realizó con el software estadístico SPSS. Los resultados señalan que las actitudes ambientales de la mayoría de la población son positivas respecto a factores y fuentes de contaminación y efectos en la salud humana; contrariamente, las prácticas ambientales son inadecuadas en gestión ambiental en el hogar y condiciones de sanidad e higiene en la vivienda. Se concluye, que la mejora sostenible de actitudes y comportamientos proambientales, demanda de una nueva política pública de educación ambiental, cuya implementación incorpore la participación efectiva de la sociedad civil con base a un sistema de incentivos.

Abstract During the last decades in Puno, Peru, the problem of contamination has worsened due to the combined action of the disorderly growth of the urban population, poor management of solid waste, discharge of untreated sewage into the bay of Lake Titicaca and practices of inadequate sanitation and hygiene, severely affecting the environment and human health. The objective of the study was to characterize the pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors of the city’s population of Puno in relation to sanitation, pollution and environmental management. The research is nonexperimental, quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational and micro level of analysis. The universe of study was the population over 18 years of age in the urban area, which comprises 97,264 inhabitants; the sample, determined at simple random, was 382 people. A structured questionnaire was applied. Descriptive and inferential analysis and hypothesis testing were performed with SPSS statistical software. The results indicate that the environmental attitudes of the majority of the population are positive regarding factors and sources of pollution and effects on human health. On the contrary, environmental practices are inadequate in environmental management in the home and health and hygiene conditions in the home. It is concluded that the sustainable improvement of pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors demands a new public policy of environmental education, whose implementation incorporates the effective participation of civil society based on an incentive system.

Agroindustrial processes related to sugar cane generate agricultural waste that, for the most part, is not treated adequately and is often finally burned. This poor waste management leads to socio-economic and environmental problems, such as air, soil, and water pollution. The biomass of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) is mainly made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, the latter is a complex biopolymer which represents challenges for its degradation due to its resistance to chemical and physical treatments naturally in the environment. Therefore, the use of microorganisms and enzymes in the biological treatment of lignocellulosic materials promotes sustainability. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to identify the most efficient method to achieve the total decomposition of insoluble lignin present in sugarcane biomass, using four different methodological approaches to achieve integration into soils, closing the cycle. The methods used in this study achieved complete degradation of insoluble lignin, therefore, the application of solid matrix discs inoculated with Pleurotus ostreatus is recommended for the degradation of insoluble lignin.

Los procesos agroindustriales relacionados con la caña de azúcar generan residuos agrícolas que, en su mayoría, no son tratados adecuadamente y a menudo son finalmente quemados. Esta gestión deficiente de los residuos conlleva problemas socioeconómicos y medioambientales, como la contaminación del aire, el suelo y el agua. La biomasa de la caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum) está constituido principalmente de celulosa, hemicelulosa y lignina, siendo esta última un biopolímero complejo que representa desafíos para su degradación debido a su resistencia a tratamientos físicoquímicos y de manera natural en el ambiente, de forma que, la utilización de microorganismos y enzimas en el tratamiento biológico de materiales lignocelulósicos fomenta la sostenibilidad. Por lo tanto, el propósito de esta investigación consistió en identificar el método más eficiente para lograr la descomposición total de la lignina insoluble presente en la biomasa de caña de azúcar, utilizando cuatro enfoques metodológicos distintos a fin de lograr la integración a los suelos, cerrando el ciclo. Los métodos empleados en este estudio lograron la degradación completa de lignina insoluble, por lo cual, se recomienda la aplicación de discos de matriz sólida inoculados con Pleurotus ostreatus para la degradación de la lignina insoluble.

Abstract This article synthesizes research related to the development by the author, of his doctoral thesis on the subject of product design in the service economy. In this thesis, the design operation of public services is analyzed through the study of four cases of design of integral solid waste management systems. These case studies have been located in Ecuador in the last 4 years and are related to a public policy of decentralization that forces local governments to assume the competence of this public service. In the part of the research that gives rise to this article, it specifically seeks to investigate the perception of the community regarding the quality of a public service and relate it to the willingness to pay a specific rate. The existence of relationships between the level at which the community participates in the elaboration of public policy, the perception of service quality and the willingness to pay for it, is demonstrated. There is also a relationship between the perception of service quality and the availability of technically selected equipment in contrast to the perception of quality when the equipment is selected for political agendas. In addition, the role of the media in articulating the participation of society is described, but also in the formation of a collective conscience about the responsibilities of citizens, their rights and obligations towards the integral management of solid waste and the environment, and the need to adopt responsible habits.

Resumen Este artículo sintetiza una investigación relacionada con el desarrollo por parte del autor de su tesis doctoral en torno al tema del diseño de productos en la economía de servicios. En esta tesis se analiza la operación de diseño de servicios públicos a través del estudio de cuatro casos de diseño de sistemas de gestión integral de desechos sólidos. Estos casos de estudio están ubicados en Ecuador en los últimos 4 años y están relacionados con una política pública de descentralización que obliga a los gobiernos locales a asumir la competencia de este servicio público. En la parte de la investigación que da lugar a este artículo, específicamente se busca indagar la percepción de la comunidad respecto de la calidad de un servicio público y relacionarlo con la disposición al pago de una tarifa determinada. Se demuestra la existencia de relaciones entre el nivel en que la comunidad participa en la elaboración de la política pública, la percepción de calidad del servicio y la disposición al pago por recibirlo. Se encuentra además una relación entre la percepción de calidad del servicio y la disponibilidad de equipamiento seleccionado técnicamente en contraste con la percepción de calidad cuando el equipamiento se selecciona por intereses políticos. Además, se describe el papel que tienen los medios de comunicación en articular la participación de la sociedad, pero también en la formación de una conciencia colectiva sobre las responsabilidades de la ciudadanía, sus derechos y obligaciones para con la gestión integral de los residuos sólidos y el medioambiente, y la necesidad de adoptar hábitos responsables.

Resumo Este artigo sintetiza as pesquisas relacionadas ao desenvolvimento do autor de sua tese de doutorado sobre o tema design de produto na economia de serviços. Nesta tese, o projeto operacional de serviços públicos é analisado através do estudo de quatro casos de projeto de sistemas integrais de gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos. Estes estudos de caso estão localizados no Equador nos últimos 4 anos e estão relacionados a uma política pública de descentralização que obriga os governos locais a assumirem a competência deste serviço público. Na parte da pesquisa que dá origem a este artigo, busca-se especificamente investigar a percepção da comunidade sobre a qualidade de um serviço público e relacioná-la com a disposição de pagar uma taxa específica. É demonstrada a existência de relações entre o nível em que a comunidade participa da elaboração das políticas públicas, a percepção da qualidade do serviço e a disposição de pagar pelo recebimento. Também existe uma relação entre a percepção da qualidade do serviço e a disponibilidade de equipamentos selecionados tecnicamente em contraste com a percepção de qualidade quando o equipamento é selecionado por interesses políticos. Além disso, é descrito o papel da mídia na articulação da participação da sociedade, mas também na formação de uma consciência coletiva sobre as responsabilidades dos cidadãos, seus direitos e deveres para com a gestão integral dos resíduos sólidos e o meio ambiente e a necessidade de adoção de hábitos responsáveis.

ABSTRACT: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) represent a significant environmental problem due to their toxicity, with a high capacity to persist in the environment, resistance to conventional degradation methods, the ability to accumulate in living organisms and their magnification in food chains or food. In this review article, the impacts on health and environmental components are examined. Strategies and measures for control, mitigation and/or minimization of POPs are also addressed. Agricultural and industrial activities, inadequate final disposal of solid waste and lack of wastewater treatment are identified as the main sources of POP emissions. In addition, innovative and promising technologies are analyzed, such as nanotechnology, bioremediation, rhizoremediation, biochar, chromatography techniques, ultrasound, among others, for the adequate treatment of POPs. The review highlights both the advantages and limitations of these technologies, pointing out areas that still require developments to achieve effective treatments. More economical and ecological alternatives are also mentioned to counteract the impacts of POPs.

RESUMEN: Los contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (COP) representan un problema ambiental significativo debido a su toxicidad, con una alta capacidad para persistir en el entorno, resistencia a los métodos de degradación convencionales, la capacidad de acumulación en organismos vivos y su magnificación en las cadenas tróficas o alimentarias. En este artículo de revisión, se examinan los impactos en la salud y en los componentes medio ambientales. También se abordan las estrategias y medidas de control, mitigación y/o minimización de los COP. Se identifica a las actividades agrícolas, industriales, la inadecuada disposición final de los residuos sólidos y la falta de tratamiento de las aguas residuales como las principales fuentes de emisión de COP. Además, se analizan tecnologías innovadoras y prometedoras, como la nanotecnología, biorremediación, rizorremediación, biocarbón, técnicas de cromatografía, ultrasonido, entre otras, para el tratamiento adecuado de los COP. La revisión destaca tanto las ventajas como las limitaciones de estas tecnologías, señalando áreas que aún requieren desarrollos para lograr tratamientos eficaces. También se mencionan alternativas más económicas y ecológicas, para contrarrestar los impactos de los COP.

Abstract Biomedical waste management is an integral part of health care as being the mainstay of hospital cleanliness, hygiene, and maintenance activities. Medical care is crucial for human health but mismanagement of biomedical waste harms the flora and fauna of ecosystem on earth, and badly influences the human health. Due to their stability, biomedical wastes are not eliminated by the solid or sewage treatment plants, and get bioaccumulated in environment, and eventually get to population through various means. They are harmful due to their potential carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and other toxicities. Current disposal techniques employed in disposing biomedical wastes are sewage/drains, incineration, and landfills. These practices are normally costly and might transform pollutants from one toxic form to another. Whereas bioremediation is an inexpensive method of employing naturally occurring microorganisms or plants to detoxify man-made pollutants to harmless products that make soil fertile as well in the process. Researchers have also evolved genetically engineered microbes to remediate environmental pollutants including radionuclides. Phytoremediation is also a type of sustainable methods, which is reasonable and competent in handling heavy metals and radioactive waste generated from hospitals. In this article, we have summarized rational applications of bioremediation techniques of using effective microorganisms and plants in enhanced removal of several recalcitrant pollutants including biomedical waste. Our review highlights the challenges and future perspectives to bioremediate non-biodegradable and potentially toxic hospital wastes.

Resumo A catação de materiais recicláveis é uma ocupação com crescente número de trabalhadores, que encontram nela sustento diante das desigualdades socioeconômicas e do desemprego. Este artigo descreve as estratégias de resistência de mulheres catadoras que fazem parte de uma associação no Nordeste brasileiro, além da forma como elas lidaram com problemas de saúde durante a pandemia de covid-19, especialmente no que se refere aos medicamentos. Utilizamos uma abordagem quantitativa e uma etnográfica, coletando dados sociodemográficos de 13 participantes e dos medicamentos presentes em suas casas, e também realizando observação participante e entrevistas aprofundadas. Em meio à crise sanitária, foram mencionados problemas como o desemprego, as relações de gênero, a violência e os estigmas do trabalho. Se por um lado a pandemia vulnerabilizou ainda mais alguns segmentos populacionais, por outro potencializou estratégias coletivas de enfrentamento. As catadoras e a associação se organizaram para obter insumos e melhorias tanto na sede quanto no bairro. Identificamos 58 unidades de medicamentos, prescritos e obtidos principalmente na Unidade Básica de Saúde. Desses, 27,6% tinham ação sobre o sistema nervoso (analgésicos, psicolépticos e psicoanalépticos) e 17,2% sobre o sistema cardiovascular e sobre o trato alimentar e metabolismo. As catadoras desenvolveram práticas de autoatenção com os medicamentos, destacando o papel central deles no enfrentamento dos problemas de saúde.

Abstract The collection of recyclable materials is an occupation with an increasing number of workers, who find in it a livelihood in a context of socioeconomic inequalities and unemployment. This article describes resistance strategies of women collectors who are part of an association in Northeast Brazil, in addition to describing how they managed health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially regarding medicines. A quantitative and an ethnographic approach were used by collecting data on sociodemographic and medicines present in the homes of 13 participants and conducting participant observation and in-depth interviews. Amid the health crisis, the participants mentioned problems such as unemployment, gender relations, violence, and work stigmas. If, on the one hand, the pandemic has further increased vulnerability for certain population segments, on the other hand, it has enhanced collective resistance strategies. The collectors of the association organized to obtain various materials and benefits both for their headquarters and their neighborhood. We identified 58 units of medicines, prescribed and obtained mainly at the Basic Health Unit. Of these, 27.6% had action on the nervous system (analgesics, psycholeptics, and psychoanaleptics) and 17.2% on the cardiovascular system and on the alimentary tract and metabolism. The collectors developed self-attention practices with the medicines highlighting their central role in facing health problems.

Leachate from a composting plant was characterized and applied as a biofertilizer in lettuce crops. Characteristics of untreated (UE) and anaerobically treated (TE) leachate samples were compared. The pH of TE (8.2) increased in relation to the UE (5.2) due to an increase in ammonia nitrogen in TE (1197 mg L-1) compared to UE (859 mg L-1). Anaerobic treatment was efficient in the removal of organic matter from the leachate, evaluated by the decrease of dissolved organic carbon, biochemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and total solids. K presented the highest concentration (1743 mg L-1) in TE, followed by Mg (135 mg L-1). Cd, Pb and Cr were present at low concentrations in the samples, 0.047, 0.206 and 0.081 mg L-1, respectively. Salmonella, thermotolerant coliforms and viable helminth eggs were not present in TE, which was applied as a biofertilizer in a lettuce crop and compared to mineral fertilization based on fresh matter and dry matter production. Lettuce production using TE was statistically equivalent to mineral fertilization. Toxic metals were not detected in the lettuce shoots. It was concluded that the anaerobically treated leachate from the composting company has the potential to be used as a biofertilizer.

Abstract Small-scale physical models of geotechnical problems are thought-provoking didactic tools that motivate students by arousing their curiosity and facilitating the understanding of physical phenomena and theoretical concepts. This work presents the development of an educational video about slope stability failures and its contributing factors. It shows several small-scale models built in a glass wall tank measuring 150 x 50 x 10 cm. Layers of fine gravel were placed on a sloping surface of polystyrene to represent a slope with a layer of residual soil on rock. Toy houses and cars were used to represent anthropogenic agents, and water with dye represents the groundwater flow. Each model depicts a different scenario of shallow slope failure. The objective of the video is to show that most slope failures in urban areas result from natural and anthropogenic factors. Several influence factors are shown: porewater level rise, excavation, surcharge application, and solid urban waste deposition. The 6-minute video has had more than 130,000 views on YouTube. Thanks to its simple and concise language, the video is shown in basic education and science museum, as well as in graduate and undergraduate courses. A questionnaire survey was carried out with undergraduate students to assess how helpful the video was for the learning process. This article explains the construction of the model, the video script, and the strategies for its use, as well as its reception. It was found that the video promoted motivational and learning benefits of providing context, establishing relevance, and teaching inductively.

RESUMO Objetivo: Detectar aglomerados espaciais e espaço-temporais de arboviroses urbanas e investigar se o índice desenvolvimento social (IDS) e o descarte irregular de lixo estão relacionados ao coeficiente de detecção das arboviroses urbanas em São Luís, Maranhão. Métodos: Os casos confirmados de dengue, Zika e chikungunya em São Luís, no período de 2015 a 2019, foram georreferenciados para o setor censitário de residência. O modelo de regressão Autorregressivo Condicional Bayesiano foi utilizado para identificar a associação entre o coeficiente de detecção de arboviroses urbanas, IDS e pontos de descarte irregular de lixo. Resultados: O padrão espacial de arboviroses apontou para a predominância de cluster de baixo coeficiente de detecção, exceto em 2016. Para os anos de 2015, 2016, 2017 e 2019, o aumento de uma unidade de ponto de lixo aumenta o coeficiente de detecção de arboviroses em 1,25, 1,09, 1,23 e 1,13 casos de arboviroses por 100 mil habitantes, respectivamente. O IDS não foi associado ao coeficiente de detecção de arboviroses. Conclusão: Em São Luís foram identificados aglomerados espaço-temporais de risco para a ocorrência de arboviroses e a associação positiva entre o coeficiente de detecção de arboviroses e os pontos de descarte irregular de lixo.

ABSTRACT Objective: To detect spatial and spatiotemporal clusters of urban arboviruses and to investigate whether the social development index (SDI) and irregular waste disposal are related to the coefficient of urban arboviruses detection in São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil. Methods: The confirmed cases of Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya in São Luís, from 2015 to 2019, were georeferenced to the census tract of residence. The Bayesian Conditional Autoregressive regression model was used to identify the association between SDI and irregular waste disposal sites and the coefficient of urban arboviruses detection. Results: The spatial pattern of arboviruses pointed to the predominance of a low-incidence cluster, except 2016. For the years 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2019, an increase of one unit of waste disposal site increased the coefficient of arboviruses detection in 1.25, 1.09, 1.23, and 1.13 cases of arboviruses per 100 thousand inhabitants, respectively. The SDI was not associated with the coefficient of arboviruses detection. Conclusion: In São Luís, spatiotemporal risk clusters for the occurrence of arboviruses and a positive association between the coefficient of arbovirus detection and sites of irregular waste disposal were identified.

Resumen (Introducción): Los estudios de percepción del riesgo refieren a las reflexiones y evaluaciones que las personas otorgan a los peligros en su entorno y sobre el modo en que toman decisiones ante una situación de exposición. (Objetivo): Analizar la percepción del riesgo de las comunidades Mesa de los Laureles y Fraccionamiento Nueva Vizcaya ubicadas en El Salto, Jalisco, México, que se encuentran en las inmediaciones del relleno sanitario Los Laureles y examinar la relación espacial entre la ubicación de las personas y las enfermedades sensibles a la contaminación. (Metodología): Se utilizó una metodología cuantitativa, complementada con elementos cualitativos. El tamaño total de la población fue de 629 personas, se aplicaron 101 encuestas, 50.5 % fueron mujeres y 49.5 % hombres, el instrumento estuvo divido en 4 apartados con 21 preguntas. Se realizaron pruebas de estadística descriptiva y análisis con regresión lineal simple y ji-cuadrado. (Resultados): La población reconoce los cambios en su entorno, y reporta como enfermedades más frecuentes las gastrointestinales, respiratorias y dérmicas. Los resultados cuantitativos muestran que por cada unidad que aumente la distancia al relleno sanitario, disminuirá el número de veces que las personas se enferman. Lo anterior no modifica la percepción de la población respecto al riesgo. (Conclusiones): La población aún percibe el riesgo desde una noción del espacio limitada, lo cual impide reaccionar frente a la amenaza; esta tiene un portafolio de riesgos, en donde el habitar en las inmediaciones del relleno no es visibilizado como una amenaza importante a su bienestar físico.

Abstract (Introduction): Risk perception studies refer to the reflections and evaluations that people give to the dangers in their environment and the way they make decisions in an exposure situation. (Objective): To analyze the risk perception of the communities Mesa de los Laureles and Fraccionamiento Nueva Vizcaya located in El Salto, Jalisco, Mexico, both of which are in the vicinity of the Los Laureles Sanitary Landfill, and to examine the spatial relationship between the location of the inhabitants and diseases sensitive to contamination. (Methodology): A quantitative methodology was used, complemented with qualitative elements. The total size of the population was 629 people, 101 surveys were applied, 50.5 % were women and 49.5 % men, the instrument was divided into 4 sections with 21 questions. Descriptive statistics tests and simple linear regression and chi-square analyzes were performed. (Results): The population recognizes the changes in their environment, and reports gastrointestinal, respiratory and skin diseases as the most frequent. The quantitative results show that for each unit that the distance to the landfill increases, the frequency of illness decreases. This does not change the perception of the population regarding risk. (Conclusions): The population still perceives the risk from a notion of limited space, which prevents inhabitants from reacting to the threat, the population is presented with a portfolio of risks, where living in the mediations of the landfill is not seen as an important threat to its physical well-being.

Summary: The hydrological region 21 coast of Oaxaca has an active tourist dynamic, it generates significant economic income, and it is considered the fourth most important socioeconomic region in the state of Oaxaca. Similarly, hydrological region 23 coast of Chiapas, has an economy governed by tertiary sector activities and is comprised of the Istmo-Costa and Soconusco socioeconomic regions, the latter is the main region that contributes to the gross domestic product of the state of Chiapas. It should be noted that this socioeconomic growth has required a greater demand for water resources, which has led to water pollution. The deterioration of the area’s water resources is caused by the discharge of wastewater, solid waste and agrochemicals into natural waterways. In order to assess the state of the water resources of hydrological regions 21 and 23, 31 sampling sites were established in the spring of 2021 distributed in the main streams. Each sample was analyzed for chemical properties: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), major anions and cations (CO3 2-, HCO3-, Cl-, SO4 2-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+), total dissolved solids (TDS), percentage of sodium (%Na), adsorption ratio of sodium (RAS), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index (PI), as well as a hydrochemical evaluation. The waters of the hydrological regions 21 and 23 present as dominant facies the calcium-magnesium bicarbonate, whose possible origin is a consequence of the dilution process of the geological material (water-rock interaction) with low and medium concentrations. With respect to salinity, 45.16% are low salinity waters and 93.55% of the sites have low sodium, therefore, they are considered recommended for irrigation with moderate restrictions.

Resumen: La región hidrológica 21 costa de Oaxaca, presenta una activa dinámica turística, en ella se genera un ingreso económico importante y es considerada la cuarta región socioeconómica más importante del estado de Oaxaca. De igual manera, la Región Hidrológica 23 costa de Chiapas, tiene una economía regida por las actividades del sector terciario, está comprendida por las regiones socioeconómicas Istmo-Costa y Soconusco, ésta última es la principal región que aporta al producto interno bruto del estado de Chiapas. Cabe señalar, que dicho crecimiento socioeconómico ha exigido una mayor demanda del recurso agua, que ha ocasionado la contaminación del mismo. El deterioro de los recursos hídricos de la zona tiene su origen en la descarga de aguas residuales, de desechos sólidos y de agroquímicos a los cauces naturales. Con la finalidad de valorar el estado de los recursos hídricos de las regiones hidrológicas 21 y 23, se establecieron 31 sitios de muestreo en la primavera de 2021 distribuidos en las corrientes principales. En cada muestra se analizaron las propiedades químicas: pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), aniones y cationes principales (CO3 2-, HCO3-, Cl-, SO4 2-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ y K+), sólidos totales disueltos (STD), porcentaje de sodio (%Na), relación de adsorción de sodio (RAS), carbonato de sodio residual (CSR) e índice de permeabilidad (IP), así como una evaluación hidroquímica. Las aguas de las regiones hidrológicas 21 y 23 presentan como facie dominante la bicarbonatada cálcico-magnésica, cuyo posible origen es consecuencia del proceso de dilución del material geológico (interacción agua-roca) con concentraciones bajas y medias. Con respecto a la salinidad el 45.16% son aguas de salinidad baja y el 93.55% de los sitios tiene baja sodicidad, por lo tanto, se consideran recomendables para el riego con restricciones moderadas.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze solid waste management in order to develop investment projects. We worked with a descriptive documentary type of research through a systematic review of 18 original articles related to public management and investment projects. There is much to be understood about solid waste and public management; the authors mention both elements bilaterally and some general aspects, making it possible to search in different search media (library) and original scientific journals and review journals to identify relevant aspects of some topics of great interest in terms of recognizing the methodological processes used for their development by those responsible for the research.

RESUMEN Se tiene por objetivo analizar la gestión de residuos sólidos para elaborar proyectos de inversión. Se trabajó con un tipo de investigación descriptiva documental mediante una revisión sistemática de 18 artículos originales relacionados a la gestión pública y proyectos de inversión. Existe mucho por entender acerca de los residuos sólidos y la gestión pública; los autores mencionan ambos elementos de forma bilateral y algunos aspectos de ámbito general, haciendo posible la indagación en diferentes medios de búsqueda (Biblioteca) y revistas de orden científico original y de revisión, para identificar aspectos relevantes de algunos temas de gran interés en cuanto a reconocer los procesos metodológicos empleados para su desarrollo por los responsables de las investigaciones.

ABSTRACT The objective is to analyze solid waste management in municipal management from a systemic review. The methodology was congruent with the quantitative, exploratory- bibliometric approach. The studies reviewed aim to diagnose and evaluate the impact of solid waste generated by various cities and economic sectors on the environment, ecotourism activities, public health; also in this process it is possible to identify the most common domestic waste and determine the properties of materials in landfills and industrial waste deposits.

RESUMEN Se tiene por objetivo analizar el manejo de residuos sólidos en la gestión municipal desde una revisión sistémica. La metodología tuvo congruencia con el enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo exploratorio - bibliométrico. Los estudios revisados tienen como objetivo diagnosticar y evaluar el impacto de los residuos sólidos generados por diversas ciudades y sectores económicos sobre el medio ambiente, las actividades ecoturísticas, la salud pública; también en este proceso es posible identificar los residuos domésticos más comunes y determinar las propiedades de los materiales en vertederos y depósitos de residuos industriales.

Resumen: El relleno sanitario abandonado en la ciudad de Veracruz, ubicado al norte del municipio, fue construido en el año 2000. Operó, para un tiempo de vida útil de 10 años, de acuerdo a la normatividad vigente en la época. Sin embargo, continuó su operación de manera irregular, colapsando y convirtiéndose en un sitio de disposición final controlado que fue clausurado por las autoridades ambientales estatales en el año 2019. Mediante el uso de imágenes satelitales de Google Earth y el uso de técnicas multicriterio se determinó que cuenta con una superficie de 167 228 m² y un volumen acumulado de residuos de 1 505 052 m³. Se utilizó el Modelo Mexicano de Biogás 2.0 para estimar la generación de Biogás, que hasta el año 2023 fue de un total de 2 898 064 toneladas de Biogás. Con la ayuda de la metodología para el cálculo de efecto invernadero por residuos sólidos urbanos se determinó que en este mismo período se emitieron un total de 2 522 057.3 toneladas de dióxido de carbono, 1 162 154.8 toneladas de metano y 47 115.9 toneladas de óxido nitroso, lo que representa un total de 47.5 Mt CO2eq. Lo dicho evidencia la importancia de minimizar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, así como su impacto al ambiente por el calentamiento global de la atmósfera, sobre todo en el ecosistema costero en el que se asienta el municipio de Veracruz, México.

Abstract: The Abandoned Sanitary Landfill of the City of Veracruz, located to the north of the municipality, was built in the year 2000 and operated according to the regulations in force at the time, for a useful life of 10 years. However, it continued its operation irregularly, collapsing and becoming a controlled final disposal site that was closed by the state environmental authorities in 2019. Through the use of Google Earth satellite images using multicriteria techniques, it was determined that it has an area of 167 228 m² and an accumulated volume of waste of 1 505 052 m³, The Mexican Biogas Model 2.0 was used to estimate the generation of biogas that until the year 2023 was a total of 2 898 064 tons of biogas and with the help of the methodology for the greenhouse effect calculation for urban solid waste. It was determined that in this same period a total of 2 522 057.3 tons of carbon dioxide, 1 162 154.8 tons of methane and 47 115.9 tons of nitrous oxide were emitted. Which represents a total of 47.5 Mt CO2eq, which shows the importance of minimizing greenhouse gas emissions and their impact on the environment due to global warming of the atmosphere, especially in the coastal ecosystem where the municipality of Veracruz, Mexico is located.