Abstract The potential of daylight harvesting is related to the building location. However, climatic zonings adopted by energy efficiency programs focus only on the thermal performance, neglecting important variables of the buildings’ luminous performance. This paper aims to investigate the relationship between the angle of solar incidence, the annual occurrence of clear sky, and the annual lighting energy consumption when daylight harvesting is practiced. The lighting consumption of a square floor space, orientated in the cardinal directions, was simulated for 20 Brazilian cities. The frequency of the 15 CIE sky types was determined for each city using weather files and the angle of solar incidence was calculated for each hour of the year. The analysis comprised graphical exploration, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression. The sensitivity of the consumption to the other two variables could be perceived in the hourly but not the annual analysis. The correlation between annual consumption and latitude was more robust for the intertropical range, with increased consumption moving south, and varied significantly for each orientation. It was concluded that, although relevant, the variables are not representative of variations in annual lighting consumption for application in climate zoning.

O aproveitamento da luz natural está relacionado à localização do edifício. Tadavia, os zoneamentos climáticos dos programas de eficiência energética focam no desempenho térmico, negligenciando importantes variáveis do desempenho luminoso das edificações. Este trabalho objetivou investigar a relação entre o ângulo de incidência solar, a ocorrência anual de céu claro e o consumo anual de iluminação, considerando o aproveitamento da luz natural. Simulou-se o consumo de iluminação de um ambiente quadrado, orientado aos pontos cardeais, para 20 cidades brasileiras. Determinou-se a frequência dos 15 tipos de céu CIE para cada cidade, usando-se arquivos climáticos, e calculou-se o ângulo de incidência solar para cada hora do ano. A análise compreendeu exploração gráfica, correlação de Pearson e regressão múltipla. A sensibilidade do consumo às outras duas variáveis pode ser percebida na análise horária, mas não na anual. A correlação entre consumo anual e latitude foi mais robusta para a faixa intertropical, com o consumo aumentando para o sul, e variando significativamente para cada orientação. Concluiu-se que, embora relevantes, as variáveis não são representativas das variações de consumo anual de iluminação para aplicação em zoneamentos climáticos.

Abstract: This research study assessed the use of Pueraria phaseoloides crops as cover in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantations to improve the ecological function of soils under tropical conditions. The plots examined (90 palms·ha-1) were established 5, 7, 11, and 30 years ago. The results showed a high and stable specific coverage index that ranged between 52 and 87%. This enhanced soil moisture by reducing the incidence of solar radiation. It also increased competitive capacity with the complex of weeds present and improved soil nutrient averages (1.60 mg/L N and 0.42 mg/L P). Fruit bunch average yields also improved in the short term, ranging from 10.6 to 22.4 t·ha-1, with more frequent harvest events when compared to the control. It is concluded that Pueraria phaseoloides is a sustainable alternative to improve the establishment of plantations under tropical conditions.

Resumen: Esta investigación evaluó el uso de los cultivos de Pueraria phaseoloides como cobertura en plantaciones de palma aceitera (Elaeis guineensis) para mejorar el funcionamiento ecológico de los suelos en condiciones tropicales. Se examinaron parcelas de densidades de siembra de 90 palmas·ha-1 establecidos hace 5, 7, 11 y 30 años. Los resultados mostraron un índice de cobertura específico elevado y estable que osciló entre 52 y 87 %. Se observó mejor humedad del suelo con una menor incidencia de radiación solar, mayor capacidad competitiva con el complejo de malezas presentes, y mejores promedios de nutrientes (1.60 mg/L N y 0.42 mg/L P). Además, se incrementaron los rendimientos promedios de los racimos de fruta a corto plazo entre 10.6 y 22.4 t·ha-1 con eventos de cosechas más frecuentes en comparación con la estándar. Se concluye que Pueraria phaseoloides es una alternativa sostenible para mejorar el establecimiento de las plantaciones en condiciones tropicales.

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to verify vitamin D concentration in children and adolescents during the seasons of the year and to compare vitamin D concentration between children engaged in outdoor activities and those engaged in indoor activities. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a sample of 708 children and adolescents (aged 6–18 years), excluding 109 (16 were over 19 years old; 39 had a disease that required continuous treatment; 20 were on continuous medication; and 34 had no vitamin D data), ending with 599. The plasma concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 was measured with commercial kits following manufacturer instructions. Results: Participants who engaged in outdoor activities, as well as those who had data collected during summer and spring, had higher levels of vitamin D. According to the Poisson regression, the proportion of participants with inadequate levels of vitamin D was greater in the participants whose vitamin D was measured during spring (PR 1.15, 95%CI 1.03–1.29) and winter (PR 1.18, 95%CI 1.05–1.32). Also, a greater proportion of inadequate vitamin D was observed for those engaged in indoor activities (PR 1.08, 95%CI 1.01–1.15). Conclusions: Participants who measured the vitamin during the summer and autumn had a lower prevalence of hypovitaminosis D. Even in regions with high solar incidence throughout the year, vitamin D levels can vary significantly during the period’s seasons.

Resumo Objetivo: Verificar a concentração de vitamina D em crianças e adolescentes durante as estações do ano e comparar essa concentração entre crianças praticantes de atividades ao ar livre e aquelas praticantes de atividades em ambiente fechado. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal com amostra de 708 crianças e adolescentes (seis a 18 anos), excluindo-se 109, pois 16 eram maiores de 19 anos; 39 tinham doença que exigia tratamento contínuo; 20 estavam em uso de medicação contínua; e 34 não tinham dados de vitamina D. Terminou-se, assim, com 599 pacientes. A concentração plasmática de 25-hidroxivitamina D2 foi medida com kits comerciais, seguindo as instruções do fabricante. Resultados: Os participantes que realizaram atividades ao ar livre, assim como aqueles que tiveram dados coletados durante o verão e a primavera, apresentaram níveis mais elevados de vitamina D. De acordo com a regressão de Poisson, a proporção de participantes com níveis inadequados de vitamina D foi maior naqueles cuja medição foi realizada durante a primavera (razão de prevalência — RP 1,15, intervalo de confiança — IC95% 1,03–1,29) e o inverno (RP 1,18, IC95% 1,05–1,32). Além disso, maior proporção de vitamina D inadequada foi observada para aqueles envolvidos em atividades internas (RP 1,08, IC95% 1,01–1,15). Conclusões: Participantes que mediram a vitamina durante o verão e o outono tiveram menor prevalência para hipovitaminose D. Mesmo em regiões com alta incidência solar ao longo do ano os níveis de vitamina D podem variar significativamente durante as estações.

Abstract The objective of this work was to select white oat (Avena sativa) genotypes for environments with and without fungicide application, as well as to identify relationships between meteorological variables and agronomic traits. Two experiments were carried out: one without and the other with the use of the tebuconazole fungicide. In each experiment, 26 genotypes were evaluated, conducted during ten years in the same experimental area; cultivation years were considered as one environment. The methodologies of genotype and of the genotypes x environments interaction were used to define the ideal genotype. 'URS Corona' is considered an ideal genotype due to its excellent responses in the environment with tebuconazole. The 'Brisasul', 'IPR Aphrodite', and 'URS Taura' genotypes respond better in the environment without the fungicide. However, based on multitraits, the 'URS Taura' and 'IPR Afrodite' genotypes can be positioned in environments with or without the use of tebuconazole. Genotypes with a rust incidence lower than 15% and a height higher than 93 cm in an environment with a relative humidity lower than 70.75% have a higher grain yield regardless of fungicide use. Greater magnitudes of air temperature and solar radiation result in a higher grain yield of white oat, regardless of fungicide use.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar genótipos de aveia-branca (Avena sativa) para ambientes com e sem aplicação de fungicidas, bem como identificar relações entre variáveis meteorológicas e características agronômicas. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos: um sem e outro com o uso do fungicida tebuconazole. Em cada experimento, foram avaliados 26 genótipos, conduzidos durante dez anos na mesma área experimental; os anos de cultivo foram considerados como um ambiente. As metodologias de genótipos e da interação genótipos x ambientes foram utilizadas para definir o genótipo ideal. 'URS Corona' é considerado um genótipo ideal devida às suas ótimas respostas em ambiente com uso de tebuconazole. Já os genótipos 'Brisasul', 'IPR Afrodite' e 'URS Taura' respondem melhor em ambiente sem o fungicida. Contudo, com base em multicaracterísticas, os genótipos 'URS Taura' e 'IPR Afrodite' podem ser posicionados em ambientes com ou sem o uso de tebuconazole. Genótipos com incidência de ferrugem menor que 15% e altura maior que 93 cm, em ambiente com umidade relativa menor que 70,75%, apresentam maior produtividade de grãos independentemente do uso de fungicida. Maiores magnitudes de temperatura do ar e radiação solar resultam em maior produtividade de grãos de aveia-branca, independentemente do uso de fungicida.

Resumo A iluminação natural oferece benefícios para o edifício e para os ocupantes, porém, em climas tropicais, a luz natural é frequentemente excessiva, sendo fonte de ofuscamento e incentivo ao uso intensivo da iluminação artificial. Objetivando analisar a influência das janelas e da iluminação natural na percepção visual em ambientes laborais, esta pesquisa foi conduzida em dois edifícios de escritórios em João Pessoa-PB, com o registro da iluminância em 219 estações de trabalho simultâneo à aplicação de questionário. A amplitude dos índices de iluminância (6,77 lux a 2.620,4 lux) demonstra a dificuldade em atingir uniformidade e condição adequada às normas, com recorrentes índices em torno de 750 lux - implicando a insatisfação para 30,15% dos ocupantes. Predominaram elementos internos de sombreamento na posição 'fechada' e baixo percentual de acionamento pelos usuários (22,94%), uma vez que a frequência de manuseio se mostrou relacionada à proximidade do dispositivo. Os resultados sugerem que as janelas podem desencadear elevada insatisfação com a luz natural, quando permitem excessiva incidência de luz solar e, especialmente, quando associadas a grandes aberturas com orientação leste desprovidas de proteção solar externa.

Abstract Daylighting is beneficial for buildings and their occupants; however, in tropical climates, daylight is often excessive, and it is a source of glare and cause of frequent use of artificial lighting. With the objective of analysing the influence of windows and daylighting on visual perception in workplaces, this study was conducted in two office buildings in the city of João Pessoa, state of Paraíba, Brazil: illuminance at desk level was recorded at 219 workstations, simultaneously to a questionnaire application. The wide range of illuminance indices (from 6,77 to 2620,4 lux) demonstrates the difficulty of achieving uniform conditions that are in conformity with the standards, with recurrent indices around 750 lux leading to 30,15% of occupants’ dissatisfaction. Internal shading elements predominated in the ‘closed’ position and a low percentage of activation by users (22,94%), since the frequency of activation was related to device proximity. The results suggest that windows may be related with high dissatisfaction with daylight when they allow excessive incidence of sunlight, especially when associated with east-facing facades with no external solar protection.

Resumo Embora a exposição à radiação solar tenha forte impacto no conforto das pessoas, estações de trabalho são frequentemente posicionadas junto às janelas. Modelos de ajuste solar vêm sendo desenvolvidos para incluir o impacto da radiação solar no conforto térmico, o que não é abordado nos modelos de Fanger e Adaptativo. Entretanto, esses modelos apresentam diferenças em seus procedimentos de cálculo, as quais não foram amplamente investigadas. Esse estudo teve como objetivo verificar divergências nos resultados de conforto térmico através da aplicação de diferentes modelos de ajuste solar, considerando uma pessoa sentada próximo à fachada envidraçada em um escritório. Dados ambientais foram obtidos por simulação térmica no EnergyPlus para um clima temperado no Brasil. Observaram-se diferenças significativas nos resultados obtidos para um mesmo espaço. Por exemplo, a diferença horária máxima no PMV entre os modelos de ajuste solar foi 1,7e a MRT foi até 17,6 ºCmaior do que o valor médio calculado pelo EnergyPlus. Embora os resultados não tenham sido confrontados com dados de medição ou percepção térmica de pessoas em um ambiente real, as limitações e vantagens de cada modelo de ajuste solar foram analisadas numericamente, ampliando as discussões sobre a necessidade de ajuste solar e as consequências da escolha entre os modelos.

Abstract Although solar radiation exposure strongly impacts people's thermal comfort, workstations are frequently positioned close to glazed façades. Solar adjustment models have been developed to include the solar radiation impact on people's thermal comfort, which the Fanger and Adaptative models do not address. Nonetheless, those models present differences in their calculation procedures, which have not been thoroughly investigated. This study aims to verify differences in thermal comfort results by applying various solar adjustment models of thermal comfort indices for a person sitting close to a highly glazed façade in an office room. The analyses were based on indoor environment data from computer thermal simulations in EnergyPlus for a temperate climate in Brazil. The results for the same room demonstrated significant differences. For example, the hourly difference between the solar-adjustment models reached 1.7 in PMV, and the MRT was up to 17.6 ºC higher than the mean result calculated through EnergyPlus. The need for solar radiation incidence control is also reinforced. Although the results were not compared with measurement data or people's thermal perception, the limitations and advantages of each solar adjustment model were numerically analysed, broadening the discussions about the solar adjustment models and the consequences of the choices among them.

Background: Malignant melanoma (MM) is the most fatal cutaneous neoplasm. Its incidence is increasing progressively, which cannot be explained only by early diagnosis. Chilean population, due to the geography of the country, has a very varied solar exposure. Aim: To know the incidence of MM in a Chilean population, according to the level of sun exposure and to describe its clinical and histopathological characteristics. Material and Methods: Two hundred seventy-four surgeries for malignant melanoma with histological confirmation, carried out between 2016 and 2018 in an oncological institute were included. Results: The annualized incidence of MM was 13.83 cases per 100,000 people over 15 years of age in the 2016-2018 period. The geographical distribution of the incidence did not have a clear relationship with sun exposure. The most frequent locations of the primary lesions were trunk, head/neck and lower limb. Sixty-one per cent of cases were invasive MM; lesion thickness and presence of ulceration were associated with a higher risk of sentinel node involvement. Conclusions: No association between the level of sun exposure and the incidence of MM was observed in this study.

Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene or norbornadiene (NBD) is a bicyclic hydrocarbon molecule used in many fields of chemistry since its first synthesis in 1950. NBD is the precursor of Aldrin, an agrochemical that was commonly used as an insecticide until the end of the XX century. Norbornadiene is capable of interconverting into its isomer, quadricyclane (QC), by the incidence of ultraviolet light. After that, the QC can release heat to return to the initial stage of NBD. To increase the energy efficiency and to enable the reaction to occur at the solar light, chemists have synthesized a wide variety of NBD derivatives. Papers in more than seventy years have studied and reported the physical and chemical properties of those compounds and their applications as rocket fuel, solar energy cell, homogeneous catalysis, and agrochemicals published between 1950 and 2021. Even computational chemistry has been used to investigate the NBD derivatives synthetic routes, elucidation, and application. In addition, this review describes other applications of norbornadiene.

Resumo O uso de materiais de baixa absortância solar no envelope construtivo tem se mostrado uma estratégia eficaz para otimizar o desempenho termoenergético de edificações em locais com alta incidência de radiação solar. No entanto, a capacidade refletiva dos revestimentos se modifica ao longo do tempo, devido à degradação pela ação das intempéries e à deposição de material particulado, com prejuízos ao desempenho térmico da vedação ao longo de sua vida útil. Assim, determinar os efeitos da degradação da absortância solar tornou-se primordial para prever a capacidade de manutenção das propriedades refletivas de telhas e tintas com o tempo. Com o objetivo de contribuir com pesquisas nessa temática, este artigo apresenta o projeto, construção e operação de uma estação de envelhecimento natural para avaliação da degradação da absortância solar de telhas e revestimentos expostos ao tempo, em conjunto com o monitoramento simultâneo e contínuo de temperaturas superficiais com termopares. Os resultados obtidos para 28 telhas expostas por 2 anos indicam forte correlação (R² = 0,81) entre as temperaturas superficiais e a absortância solar ao longo do tempo, assim como o potencial de uso da estação de envelhecimento natural para análise conjunta da degradação da absortância e o desempenho térmico dos revestimentos.

Abstract The use of materials with low solar absorptance on the building envelope has shown to be an effective strategy to optimise the thermal and energy performance of buildings located in climates with incidence of high solar energy. However, the ability of coatings to reflect solar energy changes over time, mainly due to degradation caused by natural weathering and dust or soot deposition, leading to loss of building thermal performance. Therefore, assessing the effects of solar absorptance degradation is crucial to predict the ability to maintain the reflective properties of coatings over time. With the aim of contributing with research on this subject, this paper presents the design, construction, and operation of a natural aging rack to evaluate tiles and coatings exposed to natural weathering conditions, with simultaneous and continuous surface temperature measurements with thermocouples. The results obtained for 28 tiles exposed for 2 years indicate a strong correlation (R² = 0,81) between surface temperatures and solar absorptance over time, as well as the usability of the natural weathering rack to assess solar absorptance degradation of tiles and surface temperature measurements.

Abstract: Although afforestation is an essential component to improve environmental quality and urban thermal habitability, there is a few quantitative information on the impact of the selection of species in combination with morphological and climatic characteristics of the site. This work approach the incidence of two species of tree alignment on the thermal behavior of two adapted urban schemes: linear organic grid and organic grid with Cul-de-Sac. The forestry species -White mulberry and China berry tree- present similar characteristics and differ in their solar permeability (14.53% and 19.79%). Using the ENVI-met software, the different cases were simulated by adjusting the theoretical model to a real monitored case. The results show differences in the maximum temperatures greater than 4°C between the species studied in the linear organic grid and not very significant differences in the organic Cul-de-Sac grid. This research will collaborate in the selection and design of proposals for a sustainable urban development in the hillsides of Mendoza, Argentina.

Resumen: Aunque la forestación es un componente esencial para mejorar la calidad ambiental y la habitabilidad térmica urbana, existe poca información cuantitativa del impacto en la selección de especies en combinación con características morfológicas y climáticas del sitio. Este trabajo aborda la incidencia de dos especies de arbolado de alineación en el comportamiento térmico de dos esquemas urbanos adaptados: trama lineal orgánica y trama orgánica con Culde-Sac. Las especies -Morera y Paraíso- presentan características semejantes y se diferencian en su permeabilidad solar (14.53% y 19.79%). Mediante el software ENVI-met, se simularon los distintos casos ajustando el modelo teórico a un caso real monitoreado. Los resultados demuestran diferencias en las temperaturas máximas mayores a 4°C entre las especies estudiadas en trama lineal orgánica y diferencias poco significativas en la trama orgánica Cul-de-Sac. Esta investigación colaborará en la selección y diseño de alternativas para un desarrollo urbano sustentable del piedemonte de Mendoza, Argentina.

Resumo Introdução: O cancro cutâneo pode ser classificado em melanoma e não melanoma. O cancro cutâneo não-melanoma é o cancro mais comum em humanos. Já o melanoma, tem baixa incidência, mas alta letalidade. Tendo em vista a grande miscigenação europeia e a grande exposição solar no Brasil, é de grande valia estudar a epidemiologia dos cânceres de pele, a fim de determinar a magnitude desta doença na sociedade. Objetivos e métodos: Este estudo determina os indicadores de câncer de pele no Brasil, por local de residência, nas unidades federativas e regiões do Brasil, entre 2015 e 2021. Resultados: Os valores avaliados permitem concluir que o cancro cutâneo ainda é uma doença que causa morbidade no Brasil, apesar das medidas de prevenção primária e secundária estabelecidas.

Abstract Background: Skin cancer is divided into melanoma or non-melanoma skin cancer. Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in humans. Melanoma, on the other hand, has a low incidence, but high lethality. In view of the great European miscegenation and great sun exposure in Brazil, it is of great value to study the epidemiology of skin cancers, to determine the magnitude of this disease in society. Objectives and methods: This study determines skin cancer indicators in Brazil, by place of residence, in the federal units and regions of Brazil, between 2015 and 2021. Conclusion: The values evaluated allow us to conclude that skin cancer is still a disease that causes significant morbidity in Brazil, despite the primary and secondary prevention measures established.

RESUMEN Se realizó un análisis epidemiológico de enfermedades foliares asociadas a Colletotrichum spp. en Enterolobium cyclocarpum y Platymiscium pinnatum bajo condiciones de campo y sin ningún tipo de intervención. En el campus de la Universidad del Magdalena (Santa Marta, Colombia), se seleccionaron cuatro árboles de cada especie forestal y cuatro sitios equidistantes de seguimiento por árbol. La incidencia y severidad fueron registradas durante 33 semanas (de marzo a noviembre, 2016), incluyendo dos periodos de seguimiento: seco y lluvioso. Se elaboraron curvas de desarrollo de la enfermedad. Además, la tasa de desarrollo (r) y el área bajo la curva del progreso de la enfermedad (AUDPC) fueron calculadas para cada periodo de seguimiento. El efecto de las variables meteorológicas fue estadísticamente analizado mediante correlación y regresión múltiple. En E. cyclocarpum, el valor más alto de incidencia y severidad fueron registrados entre septiembre y noviembre con 100 y 19,6%, respectivamente, mostrando una correlación positiva con la humedad relativa y negativa con la temperatura promedio, la radiación solar y la velocidad del viento. En P. pinnatum, los valores máximos de incidencia y severidad fueron observados entre marzo y abril con 68,9 y 1,3%, respectivamente. Sin embargo, los análisis de correlación no confirmaron su relación con los factores ambientales. Los valores de r durante los meses secos fueron de 0,136 y 0,107 unidades semana-1 y las AUDPCs fueron calculadas en 51 y 4 unidades semana-1 para E. cyclocarpum y P. pinnatum, respectivamente. En los meses lluviosos, los valores r fueron de 0,187 y 0,016 unidades semana-1 y las AUDPCs fueron 186 y 2 unidades semana-1, respectivamente. Se concluyó que el desarrollo de la enfermedad varía según la especie forestal, la época del año y algunas variables meteorológicas.

ABSTRACT Epidemiological analyzes of foliar diseases associated with Colletotrichum spp. in Enterolobium cyclocarpum and Platymiscium pinnatum were performed under field conditions and without any type of intervention. At the Universidad del Magdalena (Santa Marta, Colombia), four trees for each species and four equidistant monitoring sites per tree were established. The incidence and severity were recorded for 33 weeks (March to November 2016), including two follow-up periods: dry and rainy season. Disease development curves were elaborated. Moreover, the development rate (r) and the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) were calculated for each follow-up period. The effect of the meteorological variables was statistically analyzed by correlation and multiple regression. In E. cyclocarpum, the highest incidence and severity were recorded between September and November with 100 and 19.6%, respectively, showing a positive correlation with relative humidity and negative with average temperature, solar radiation and wind speed. In P. pinnatum, the maximum values of incidence and severity were observed between March and April with 68.9 and 1.3%, respectively. However, correlation analyzes did not support their relationship with the environmental factors. The r values during the dry months were 0.136 and 0.107 units week-1 and the AUDPCs were calculated at 51 and 4 units week-1 for E. cyclocarpum and P. pinnatum, respectively. In the rainy months, the r values were 0.187 and 0.016 units week-1 and the AUDPCs were 186 and 2 units week-1, respectively. In conclusion, the development of the disease varies according to the forest species, time of year and some meteorological variables.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos dos óxidos de zinco (ZnO) e titânio (TiO2), adicionados à emulsão de cera de carnaúba, sobre a incidência de mancha preta dos citros (MPC) causada por Phyllosticta citricarpa e, consequentemente, sobre a qualidade de tangerinas. Emulsões de cera com adição de ZnO ou TiO2 foram aplicadas a concentrações de até 8% em cultivares tardias de tangerinas. Foram realizados três experimentos, em delineamento de quatro blocos completos ao acaso, com dois tratamentos controle – um com a aplicação apenas da emulsão de cera de carnaúba e outro sem a aplicação da emulsão. As pulverizações com ZnO e TiO2 reduziram a incidência da doença em frutos colhidos; no entanto, os aumentos nas concentrações dos óxidos não melhoraram o controle da doença. Duas aplicações consecutivas dos óxidos inibiram a atividade fotossintética das plantas, tendo afetado negativamente a sua produção, e causaram danos na casca das frutas. Tangerinas infectadas artificialmente com a suspensão de 105 conídios mL-1 de P. citricarpa, antes ou depois da pulverização dos filmes, apresentaram menor incidência de MPC. Tratamentos com a aplicação apenas da emulsão de carnaúba não diferem dos com filmes preparados com ZnO e TiO2 quanto ao controle da MPC. A adição de óxidos inorgânicos aos filmes de carnaúba limita a atividade fotossintética e reduz a produtividade das plantas, além de prejudicar a qualidade visual das tangerinas.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of zinc (ZnO) and titanium (TiO2) oxides, added to carnauba wax emulsions, on the incidence of citrus black spot (CBS) caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa and, consequently, on tangerine quality. Wax emulsions blended with ZnO or TiO2 were sprayed up to concentrations of 8% on late-season tangerine cultivars. Three experiments were carried out in a randomized complete four-block design, with two control treatments – one with the application of only the carnauba wax emulsion and the other without the application of the emulsion. The spraying of ZnO and TiO2 reduced the incidence of the disease on the harvested fruit; however, the increase in the concentrations of the oxides did not improve CBS control. Two consecutive applications of the oxides reduced the photosynthetic activity of the plants, negatively affecting yield, and caused damage to fruit peel. Tangerines infected artificially with 105 conidia mL-1 of P. citricarpa, before or after the sprayings of the photoprotective films, showed a reduced CBS incidence. The treatments with the application of only carnauba wax do not differ from those with films combined with ZnO and TiO2 regarding the control of CBS incidence. The addition of inorganic oxides to the carnauba films limits the photosynthetic activity and reduces the yield of the plants, besides damaging the visual quality of the tangerines.

Abstract Damage resulting from the incidence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the skin is common nowadays, with UVB (290-320 nm) and UVA (320-400 nm) radiation responsible for photoaging, sunburn and carcinogenesis. For this reason, sunscreens represent products of growing interest to prevent such damage. However, there are few organic filters marketed worldwide with photostability and effectiveness at wavelengths greater than 340 nm (long UVA), which justifies the exploration for new compounds. In this work, we determined the photostability and sun protection factor (SPF) of three 2-(2’-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole derivative dyes in order to develop new organic UV filters. UV-vis spectrophotometry has high level of reproducibility when compared with in vivo human clinical methods. Solubility determinations were performed in different solvents. The compounds absorbed UVA and UVB radiation, with maximum absorption wavelengths ranging from 336 to 374 nm. Photostability was evaluated using a solar simulator (3 J.m2.s-1 UVA radiation) for a maximum of 3 h. The 2-(amino-2’-hydroxyphenyl) benzoxazoles showed higher photostability than the acetylated derivative under the evaluated conditions. The three benzoxazoles presented SPF values of around 40 and preliminary results indicate that they show suitable properties to act as good chemical filters in photoprotective formulations.

Resumen La broca del café es un organismo poiquilotermo, cuyo desarrollo y tamaño poblacional dependen proporcionalmente de la temperatura. Consecuentemente, las pérdidas económicas ocasionadas por esta plaga en el cultivo tienen una relación directa con la temperatura y otras condiciones ambientales. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto del gradiente altitudinal y de diferentes sistemas de sombrío en cafetales sobre la infestación de broca del café. Metodología. Se evaluó el porcentaje de infestación en doce fincas, en un rango altitudinal comprendido entre 1430 y 2030 m y en diferentes niveles de sombrío, incluyendo cafetales a plena explosión solar. En cada localidad se monitorearon las condiciones ambientales por medio de estaciones climáticas. Resultados. Se encontró que los porcentajes de infestación están inversamente relacionados con la altitud, que, a su vez, está directamente influenciada por la temperatura. Por otro lado, hubo una interacción significativa entre la altura y el sombrío, sugiriendo así que los cafetales con sombrío presentaron mayores porcentajes de infestación. Sin embargo, la mayor incidencia de broca se evidenció en cafetales por debajo de 1600 msnm con mayores niveles de sombrío. Adicionalmente se verificó que el aumento de sombrío está inversamente relacionado con la radiación fotosintéticamente activa, factor que potencialmente influenciaría la humedad de los frutos, afectando así indirectamente el desarrollo de la broca del café. Finalmente se calculó el número de generaciones mensuales de cada localidad evaluado, obteniendo 0.3 generaciones en localidades con temperaturas promedio de 17 °C y de una generación al mes en localidades con temperaturas promedio de 23 °C. Conclusión. El número de generaciones y el tamaño poblacional de la broca del café, se ven influenciados drásticamente por condiciones ambientales como la elevación y el sombrío del cultivo de café. Por lo tanto, estas son condiciones que se deben tener en cuenta en la planeación del manejo de esta plaga de gran importancia para la producción de café.

Abstract Coffee berry borer is a poikilothermic organism whose development and population size depend proportionally on temperature. Consequently, the economic losses caused by this pest in the crop have a direct relationship with the temperature and other environmental conditions. Objective: To evaluate the effect of the altitudinal gradient and of different shade systems in coffee plantations on the infestation of coffee berry borer. Methodology: The infestation percentage was evaluated in twelve farms in an altitudinal range between 1430 and 2030 m at different levels of shade, including coffee plantations at full solar explosion. In each locality, environmental conditions were monitored through weather stations. Results: Infestation percentages were found to be inversely related to altitude, which, in turn, are directly influenced by temperature. On the other hand, there was a significant interaction between height and shade, thus suggesting that coffee plantations with shade had higher percentages of infestation. However, the highest incidence of coffee berry borer was evidenced in coffee plantations below 1600 meters above sea level with higher levels of shade. Additionally, it was verified that the increase in shade is inversely related to photosynthetically active radiation, a factor that could potentially influence the humidity of the fruits, thus indirectly affecting the development of coffee borer. Finally, the number of monthly generations of each evaluated locality was calculated, obtaining 0.3 generations in localities with average temperatures of 17 °C and one generation per month in localities with average temperatures of 23 °C. Conclusion: The number of generations and the population size of coffee berry borer is drastically influenced by environmental conditions such as the elevation and shade of the coffee crop. Therefore, these are conditions that must be considered when planning the management of this pest of great importance for coffee production.