Summary: The castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) is a plant that has dif ferent benefits, such as the production of biodiesel and soil bioremediation. Due to the above, the castor plant’s ability to extract arsenic (As) was evaluated. For this, a randomized block experimental design with four repetitions was carried out. The evaluated treatments consisted of two types of biosolids (oxidation lagoon biosolids (BLO) and activated sludge biosolids (BLA) and four doses of As (0, 25, 50, 100 mg kg-1), under greenhouse conditions. As concentration was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). From the quantification of As, the translocation factor (TF) and the bioaccumulation factor (FB) were estimated. The total nitrogen (N) content was quantified by the combustion method. Phosphorus (P) was analyzed by colorimetry using the metavanadate method, and the content of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) was quantified by atomic absorption. For percentage of oil The Soxhlet method was used in the seed. The plant height and the dry weight of biomass did not vary due to the treatment ef fect (P ≤ 0.05). The Translocation Factor (TF) and the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) registered ranges of 0.20 - 0.63 and 0.28 - 0.75, respectively. The applied doses of As did not af fect the biomass and nutrient absorption in the castor plant, which indicates that this plant species is tolerant to toxicity with productive potential in soils contaminated with this element, in concentrations up to 100 mg kg-1.

Resumen: La higuerilla (Ricinus communis L.) es una planta que tiene diferentes beneficios, como la producción de biodiesel y la biorremediación de suelo. Debido a lo anterior, se evaluó la capacidad de la higuerilla para extraer arsénico (As). Para ello, se realizó un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos evaluados consistieron en dos tipos de biosólidos (biosólidos de lagunas de oxidación (BLO) y biosólidos de lodos activados (BLA) y cuatro dosis de As (0, 25, 50, 100 mg kg-1), bajo condiciones de invernadero. La concentración de As se determinó por espectrometría de masas por plasma acoplado inductivamente (ICP-MS). A partir de la cuantificación de As se estimó el factor de translocación (FT) y el factor de bioacumulación (FB). El contenido de nitrógeno (N) total se cuantifico por el método de combustión. El fósforo (P) se analizó por colorimetría por el método de metavanadato, y el contenido de potasio (K), calcio (Ca), magnesio (Mg), cobre (Cu), manganeso (Mn), hierro (Fe) y zinc (Zn) que se cuantificaron por absorción atómica. Para porcentaje de aceite en la semilla se utilizó el método Soxhlet. La altura de planta y el peso seco de biomasa no variaron por efecto de tratamiento (P ≤ 0.05). El Factor de translocación (FT) y el Factor de bioconcentración (FBC) registraron rangos de 0.20 - 0.63 y 0.28 - 0.75, respectivamente. Las dosis aplicadas de As no afectaron la biomasa y absorción de nutrientes en la planta de higuerilla, lo cual indica que esta especie vegetal es tolerante a la toxicidad con potencial productivo en suelos contaminados con este elemento, en concentraciones hasta de 100 mg kg-1.

Resumen La cuenca baja del río Acre se ubica en una zona de deforestación con la implementación de pastizales para ganado vacuno en suelos susceptibles a la erosión y clima ecuatorial. La existencia de mataderos y ganado vacuno en el municipio de Boca do Acre, en el estado de Amazonas, es uno de los problemas vinculados a la deforestación en la Amazonía brasileña. Ante este escenario, se presentó una estimación de las pérdidas de suelo con la aplicación de la Ecuación Universal en un sistema de información geográfica. En la metodología, se desarrolló una base de datos con información vectorizada para extraer las áreas de tipos de suelo y cobertura del suelo, incluyendo el análisis espacial de pendientes extraído del modelo digital de elevación. Como resultado del análisis de las áreas por geoprocesamiento y vectorización, se obtuvieron los cálculos de las parcelas de erosión a través de tablas con los parámetros adoptados por los referentes científicos. Se encontró que el 60% de la pérdida de suelo ocurre en el área agrícola en el 11% del territorio de la cuenca, siendo predominantemente en áreas de asentamientos rurales en el estado de Acre. Como resultado de la estimación, la pérdida de suelo en la cuenca baja del río Acre fue de 386.422 t/ha/año, con una producción de 46 millones de toneladas de sedimentos por año.

Abstract The Lower Acre River Basin is located in an area of deforestation with the implementation of pastures for beef cattle ranching in soils susceptible to erosion and equatorial climate. The existence of slaughterhouses and beef cattle in the municipality of Boca do Acre, in the state of Amazonas, is one of the problems linked to deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Given this scenario, an estimate of soil losses was presented with the application of the Universal Equation in a geographic information system. In the methodology, a database was elaborated with vectorized information for the extraction of the areas of the types of soils and land cover, including the spatial analysis of slopes extracted from the digital elevation model. Due to the analysis of the areas by geoprocessing occurring by vectorization, the calculations of the erosion plots were obtained through tables with the parameters adopted by the scientific references. It was found that 60% of the soil loss occurs in the area of agriculture in 11% of the territory of the watershed, being predominantly in areas of rural settlements of the state of Acre. As a result of the estimate, soil loss in the Lower Acre River Basin was 386,422 t/ha/year, with a production of 46 million tons of sediment per year.

Resumo A Bacia do Baixo Rio Acre está localizada em uma área de desflorestamento com implantação de pastagens para pecuária de corte em solos suscetíveis à erosão e clima equatorial. A existência de abatedouros e pecuária de corte implantada no município de Boca do Acre, no Amazonas, é um dos problemas vinculados ao desmatamento da Amazônia Brasileira. Diante desse cenário, foi apresentada uma estimativa de perdas de solo com aplicação da Equação Universal em sistema de informação geográfica. Na metodologia, foi elaborado um banco de dados com informações vetorizadas para extração das áreas dos tipos de solos e cobertura da terra, incluindo a análise espacial de declividades extraídas do modelo digital de elevação. Em decorrência da análise das áreas pelo geoprocessamento ocorrer pela vetorização, foram obtidos os cálculos das parcelas de erosão através de tabelas com os parâmetros adotados pelas referências científicas. Foi constatado que 60% da perda de solo ocorrem na área de agricultura em 11% do território da bacia hidrográfica, sendo predominantemente em áreas de assentamentos rurais do estado do Acre. Como resultado da estimativa, a perda de solos na Bacia do Baixo Rio Acre foi de 386.422 t/ha/ano, com uma produção de 46 milhões de toneladas de sedimentos por ano.

Resumen: Las Reservas Ecológicas, son la base primordial para la subsistencia de la biodiversidad, desempeñan funciones cruciales para el mantenimiento de los ecosistemas, especialmente, en la preservación de los servicios ecosistémicos de regulación del clima y suministro de agua. Determinar la capacidad de acumulación del COS en tres ecosistemas de la Reserva Ecológica Arenillas (REAR) y la influencia que tienen con los factores de profundidad y el tipo de suelo, fue el objetivo de la investigación. Se partió de la hipótesis que dichos factores ejercen un efecto sobre las propiedades físicas-químicas del suelo, provocando la variabilidad del carbono. Se establecieron 14 unidades de muestreo para los tres ecosistemas; 1) Intervenido, 2) Bosque deciduo y 3) Bosque arbustal deciduo, se extrajo de cada unidad dos muestras de suelo a profundidades de (0-10 y 10-30 cm), dando un total de 28 muestras. Los resultados revelaron diferencias significativas entre los tres tipos de ecosistemas, permitiendo afirmar que, en la REAR, el contenido de COS es mayor en el ecosistema de Bosque deciduo, que en los denominados Bosque arbustal deciduo y la zona Intervenida. Así mismo, los suelos del tipo Alfisol y Entisol en el Bosque deciduo presentaron la mayor capacidad de almacenamiento de COS, siendo la capa superficial la de mayor acumulación en los tres ecosistemas. Se concluyó que las bajas precipitaciones, el aumento de la temperatura y la esporádica vegetación producida por actividades antrópicas, afectan el almacenamiento de COS, limitando la prestación de servicios ecosistémicos relacionados con la captura de carbono edáfico.

Abstract: Ecological Reserves are the primary basis for the subsistence of biodiversity, they play crucial roles in the maintenance of ecosystems, especially in the preservation of ecosystem services of climate regulation and water supply. The objective of the research was to determine the accumulation capacity of COS in three ecosystems of the Arenillas Ecological Reserve (REAR) and the influence of depth factors and soil type. It was hypothesized that these factors exert an effect on the physical-chemical properties of the soil, causing carbon variability. Fourteen sampling units were established for the three ecosystems; 1) Intervened, 2) Deciduous Forest and 3) Deciduous shrub forest, two soil samples were extracted from each unit at depths of (0-10 and 10-30 cm), giving a total of 28 samples. The results revealed significant differences between the three types of ecosystems, allowing us to affirm that, in the REAR, the COS content is higher in the deciduous forest ecosystem than in the deciduous shrub forest and the Intermediate zone. Likewise, Alfisol and Entisol soils in the deciduous forest had the highest COS storage capacity, being the surface layer the one with the highest accumulation in the three ecosystems. It was concluded that low precipitation, increased temperature and sporadic vegetation produced by anthropic activities affect COS storage, limiting the provision of ecosystem services related to soil carbon sequestration.

Saline water resources are more abundant than freshwater. Bringing these resources into sustainable, productive use will offer opportunities to reduce competition for freshwater resources, especially in arid and semi-arid areas where freshwater is scarce. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to elucidate the dynamics of salt ions in saline profiles of various soil types (sandy Clovelly and sandy loam Bainsvlei) under malt barley cultivation across 2 seasons where no leaching between the seasons took place. Results of this lysimeter study investigating increasing irrigation salinity (ECi) set at 1.5, 4.5, 6, 9, and 12 dS·m-1 over 2 seasons were used to explore ion dynamics of a saline environment. The lysimeter set-up included a saline constant (1.2 m) groundwater table with its salinity corresponding to ECi. Findings showed that ion concentrations are higher closer to the water source only in the Bainsvlei soil and remain variable in the Clovelly soil. Salt dynamics were more predictable in sandy loam soil than in sandy soil, making management of saline sandy soils far more challenging when leaching is not possible. Therefore, our hypothesis that the absence of leaching between seasons will lead to a differentiated progressive accumulation of salt ions in the soil profile, with variable effects on the soil depending on soil texture, was true. We conclude that the desalinized zone, which we determined to be at a depth of 600 mm, should be used to guide crop selection. Furthermore, in addition to the apparent provision for leaching of saline profiles, fertilization should target restoring ion balances, especially provisioning for calcium deficiencies. Both soils were prone to nutritional disorders, most especially calcium deficiency. Therefore, in addition to provision for leaching saline profiles, fertilization should target calcium provisioning for crop production in arid saline environments.

ABSTRACT Using grafted and aluminum (Al) tolerant seedlings can be a strategy to enable the cultivation of dwarf cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in regions with predominance of soils with acidic reaction and high concentrations of exchangeable Al. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the influence of grafting on dwarf cashew genotypes cultivated in the presence of Al. For this, the experimental design was completely randomized in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial scheme, with seedlings of three dwarf cashew genotypes (‘CCP 06’, ‘CCP 09’, and ‘CCP 76’) and two types of seedlings (ungrafted and self-grafted), cultivated in the absence and presence of Al (30 mg L-1), with six replicates. One hundred and ten days after the beginning of Al application, the seedlings were evaluated for growth, dry matter and accumulation of nutrients and Al (in shoots and roots). Al caused reductions in the height (25.8%), stem diameter (6.7%), number of leaves (43.3%), leaf area (46.3%), stem dry matter (29.8%), and shoot dry matter (37.0%) of dwarf cashew. Application of 30 mg L-1 of Al increased the accumulation of Al in the roots and, as a consequence, reduced the accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe and Zn in the shoots and roots. Dwarf cashew accumulates greater amount of Mn in the leaves and smaller amount in the roots, contrary to what occurs with Al. Al limits growth and nutrient accumulation in the clones ‘CCP 06’, ‘CCP 09’, and ‘CCP 76’; however, the use of grafted seedlings increases the tolerance of the plants to this element. (Al Anacardium L. L context scheme CCP 06, 06 , 06’ 09, 09 09’ 76 76’ ungrafted selfgrafted, selfgrafted self self-grafted) (3 L1, L1 1 L-1) replicates application . roots) 25.8%, 258 25.8% 25 8 (25.8%) 6.7%, 67 6.7% 6 7 (6.7%) 43.3%, 433 43.3% 43 (43.3%) 46.3%, 463 46.3% 46 (46.3%) 29.8%, 298 29.8% 29 (29.8%) 37.0% 370 37 0 (37.0% L- consequence N P K Ca Mg S Cu however element self-grafted ( 25.8 (25.8% 6.7 (6.7% 43.3 4 (43.3% 46.3 (46.3% 29.8 (29.8% 37.0 (37.0 25. (25.8 6. (6.7 43. (43.3 46. (46.3 29. (29.8 37. (37. (25. (6. (43. (46. (29. (37 (25 (6 (43 (46 (29 (2 (4

RESUMO A utilização de mudas enxertadas e tolerantes ao alumínio pode ser uma estratégia para viabilizar o cultivo do cajueiro-anão (Anacardium occidentale L.) em regiões com predomínio de solos com reação ácida e altas concentrações de alumínio trocável. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar a influência da enxertia em genótipos de cajueiro-anão cultivados na presença de alumínio. Para isso, o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 × 2 × 2, com mudas de cajueiro-anão de três genótipos (‘CCP 06’, ‘CCP 09’, e ‘CCP 76’) e dois tipos de muda (pé-franco e auto-enxertada), cultivadas na ausência e presença de alumínio (30 mg L-1), com seis repetições. Cento e dez dias após o início da aplicação do alumínio as plantas foram avaliadas quanto ao crescimento, matéria seca e acúmulo de nutrientes e alumínio (na parte aérea e nas raízes). O alumínio causou reduções na altura (25,8%), diâmetro do caule (6,7%), número de folhas (43,3%), área foliar (46,3%), massa seca do caule (29,8%) e massa seca da parte aérea (37,0%) do cajueiro-anão. A aplicação de 30 mg L-1 de alumínio incrementou o acúmulo do Al nas raízes e, como consequência, reduziu o de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe e Zn na parte aérea e nas raízes. O cajueiro-anão acumula maior quantidade de Mn nas folhas e menor nas raízes, de maneira inversa ao que acontece com o Al. O alumínio limita o crescimento e o acúmulo de nutrientes nos clones ‘CCP 06’, ‘CCP 09’, e ‘CCP 76’, entretanto, a utilização de mudas enxertadas aumenta a tolerância da planta ao elemento. cajueiroanão cajueiro anão Anacardium L. L trocável sentido objetivouse objetivou se isso CCP 06, 06 , 06’ 09, 09 09’ 76 76’ péfranco pé franco autoenxertada, autoenxertada auto enxertada auto-enxertada) (3 L1, L1 1 L-1) repetições . raízes) 25,8%, 258 25,8% 25 8 (25,8%) 6,7%, 67 6,7% 6 7 (6,7%) 43,3%, 433 43,3% 43 (43,3%) 46,3%, 463 46,3% 46 (46,3%) 29,8% 298 29 (29,8% 37,0% 370 37 0 (37,0% cajueiroanão. anão. L- consequência N P K Ca Mg S Cu 76, entretanto elemento auto-enxertada ( 25,8 (25,8% 6,7 (6,7% 43,3 4 (43,3% 46,3 (46,3% 29,8 (29,8 37,0 (37,0 25, (25,8 6, (6,7 43, (43,3 46, (46,3 29, (29, 37, (37, (25, (6, (43, (46, (29 (37 (25 (6 (43 (46 (2 (4

Resumo Em 1997 através da Portaria nº 1037/1997 de 1 de outubro foi constituída a Zona Vulnerável n.º 1- Aquífero livre entre Esposende e Vila do Conde, que consta da lista de Zonas Vulneráveis a Nitratos (ZVN) como uma das nove atualmente existentes em Portugal Continental, sendo designada de Zonas Vulnerável Esposende-Vila do Conde. Neste sentido, desde 2007 que a Direção Regional de Agricultura e Pescas do Norte (DRAP Norte) monitoriza esta ZVN com uma metodologia de acompanhamento que implica recolha de dados, análise, extensão rural e formação de técnicos e agricultores como um meio de apoiar a implementação do Programa de Ação para as Zonas Vulneráveis de Portugal Continental (Portaria n.º 259/2012, de 28 de agosto). Com base nessa metodologia, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar e divulgar os resultados obtidos em 3.764 análises de água realizadas entre 2008-2022 em 12 pontos fixos onde é monitorizada com uma periodicidade quinzenal a quantidade de nitratos (NO3 -) nas águas subterrâneas, tendo como principais fatores diferenciadores os tipos de solos e o sistema de produção agrícola onde estes se encontram. Os resultados obtidos apontam para uma tendência de redução das concentrações médias anuais embora existam oscilações anuais significativas por tipo de solo, por local de amostragem e sistema de produção.

Abstract The Vulnerable Zone nº 1 - Free Aquifer between Esposende and Vila do Conde was created in 1997, through Ordinance nº. 1037/1997 of October 1, and appears on the list of Nitrate Vulnerable Zones to (NVZ) as one of the nine currently existing in Mainland Portugal, designated as Vulnerable Zone of Esposende-Vila do Conde. Since 2007, the Direção Regional de Agricultura e Pescas do Norte (DRAP Norte) has been monitoring this ZVN with a follow-up methodology that involves data collection, analysis, rural extension and training of technicians and farmers as a means of supporting implementation of the Vulnerable Zones Action Program (Ordinance nº 259/2012, of 28 August). Based on this methodology, this work aimed to analyze and disseminate the results obtained in 3,764 water analyzes carried out between 2008-2022 in 12 fixed points where the amount of nitrates (NO3 -) in the underground water is monitored every two weeks, having as main differentiators factors the soils types of and the agricultural production system. The results obtained point to a downward trend in average annual concentrations, with significant annual fluctuations by soil type, sampling location and production system.

ABSTRACT: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associate with legumes to enhance nitrogen fixation and nutrient absorption, thus promoting plant growth and reducing fertilizer usage. This study aimed to measure the degree of specificity and dependency of cover legumes inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from degraded soils with acidic pH and low fertility in the Alto Cumbaza sector, San Martín, Peru. Four species (Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea, and Vigna unguiculata) were evaluated with three types of fungi (Acaulospora rugosa, Acaulospora sp., and Ambispora appendicula) in a completely randomized design with three replications. Canavalia ensiformis inoculated with Acaulospora rugosa reached greater height (271.67 cm), while Crotalaria juncea with Acaulospora sp. showed higher aboveground biomass (27.52 g). Vigna unguiculata with Acaulospora rugosa exhibited high colonization (71.48%) and mycorrhizal dependency (54.40%), and Cajanus cajan with Ambispora appendicula showed high phosphorus content (5.01%). These interactions varied significantly, demonstrating the specificity and dependency of the associations. These findings are important for establishing programs to recover degraded soils with cover legumes inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

RESUMEN: Los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares se asocian a las leguminosas para mejorar la fijación de nitrógeno y la absorción de nutrientes, promoviendo así el crecimiento vegetal y reduciendo el uso de fertilizantes. Este estudio buscó medir el grado de especificidad y dependencia de leguminosas de cobertura inoculadas con hongos micorrízicos arbusculares provenientes de suelos degradados, con pH ácido y baja fertilidad del sector de Alto Cumbaza, San Martín, Perú. Se evaluaron cuatro especies (Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea y Vigna unguiculata) con tres tipos de hongos (Acaulospora rugosa, Acaulospora sp. y Ambispora appendicula) en un diseño completamente aleatorizado con tres repeticiones. Canavalia ensiformis inoculada con Acaulospora rugosa alcanzó mayor altura (271,67 cm), mientras que Crotalaria juncea con Acaulospora sp. mostró mayor biomasa aérea (27,52 g). Vigna unguiculata con Acaulospora rugosa presentó alta colonización (71,48%) y dependencia micorrízica (54,40%), y Cajanus cajan con Ambispora appendicula mostró alto contenido de fósforo (5,01%). Estas interacciones variaron significativamente, evidenciando la especificidad y dependencia de las asociaciones. Estos hallazgos son importantes para el establecimiento de programas de recuperación de suelos degradados con leguminosas de cobertura inoculadas con hongos micorrízicos arbusculares.

Abstract. - Reinforced concrete buildings subjected to seismic events may present different damages even though they have similar characteristics when designed with the regulatory seismic load combination. This results in higher costs and inconsistent structural reliability over the life cycle of the buildings. This work focuses on comparing the life cycle costs of reinforced concrete buildings of various levels located on soil with period Ts=0.75s and Ts=2.0s in Mexico City. For this purpose, a set of seismic load combinations proposed for the design of the buildings were used. The capacity of the designs was evaluated by incremental dynamic analysis and the structural reliability was examined by structural demand hazard curves. In addition, simulations of seismic demands were performed to estimate the damage that could occur during the life cycle of the buildings. Finally, initial and total damage costs were obtained for all the buildings analyzed. The results showed that some proposed load combinations provided cost savings while improving the structural performance of the buildings over time. These findings could be valuable to the construction industry, as they offer a clearer picture of how to optimize the design and seismic resistance of buildings.

Resumen. - Los edificios de concreto reforzados sujetos a eventos sísmicos pueden presentar distintos daños aun cuando estos tengan características similares cuando son diseñados con la combinación de carga sísmica reglamentaria. Lo anterior se traduce en mayores costos y una confiabilidad estructural no consistente durante el ciclo de vida útil de los edificios. Este trabajo se centra en comparar de los costos durante el ciclo de vida útil de edificios de concreto reforzado de varios nieles ubicados en suelo con periodos Ts=0.75s y Ts=2.0s de la ciudad de México. Para ello, se utilizaron un conjunto de combinaciones de cargas sísmicas propuestas para el diseño de los edificios. La capacidad de los diseños fue evaluada mediante el análisis dinámico incremental y la confiabilidad estructural se examinó mediante las curvas de peligro de demanda estructural. Además, se realizaron simulaciones de demandas sísmicas para estimar los daños que podrían ocurrir durante el ciclo de vida útil de los edificios. Por último, se obtuvieron los costos iniciales y los costos totales por daños de todos los edificios analizados. Los resultados demostraron que algunas combinaciones de cargas propuestas permitieron un ahorro en los costos, al mismo tiempo que mejoraban el comportamiento estructural de los edificios a lo largo del tiempo. Estos hallazgos podrían ser valiosos para la industria de la construcción, ya que ofrecen una visión más clara sobre cómo optimizar el diseño y la resistencia sísmica de los edificios.

Abstract A geotechnical zoning was created using descriptive statistics for the soils found in Costa Rica, taking into consideration the geotechnical map and the climatic conditions of Costa Rica. This information can be used to provide additional information when geotechnical analyses and designs are to be performed through a probabilistic approach and an appropriate quantity of data is lacking to adequately allow for the statistical processing of soil parameters. Consideration of the Geotechnical Zoning included in the Costa Rica Foundation Code was taken. Additionally, Climatological Atlas of the National Meteorological Institute was also considered. As part of the results attained, the average values and the standard deviation of different types of soils were obtained. The geotechnical information on the different materials was obtained from geological surveys and private geotechnical studies. This data is important because when considering them, it is possible to reduce the uncertainty associated with the characteristics of the soil.

Resumen Con el objetivo de proveer información adicional para la realización de análisis y diseños geotécnico mediante un enfoque probabilístico cuando no se cuenta con una cantidad de datos que permita un procesamiento estadístico de los parámetros requeridos del suelo, se elaboró una zonificación geotécnica mediante estadísticos descriptivos para los suelos encontrados en Costa Rica, tomando en consideración el mapa geotécnico y las condiciones climáticas de Costa Rica. Para el ámbito geotécnico, se consideraron los mapas de zonificación geotécnica establecidos en el Código de Cimentaciones, mientras que en el meteorológico se tomaron en cuenta el Atlas Climatológico del Instituto Meteorológico Nacional. Como parte de los resultados se obtuvieron los valores promedio y la desviación estándar de diferentes tipos de suelos presentes en la zonificación efectuada en el país. La información geotécnica de los diferentes materiales se obtuvo de campañas geológicas y estudios geotécnicos privados. Estos datos son importantes porque al considerarlos, se logra disminuir la incertidumbre asociada a las características del suelo.

Abstract Traditional post-fire forest management can influence future vegetation composition and recovery of a burned area. The present study, integrated in SUDOE-REMAS project (SOE3/P4/E0954) and Curricular Unit Silviculture II (Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa), evaluated the effect of forest management on the diversity of post-fire vegetation in the cork oak forest from Serra do Caldeirão (Algarve, Portugal). Climate is classified as Csa and most of soils are Leptosols. We selected three types of cork oak plots: unburned (A), burned with post-fire management (B) and burned with post-fire abandonment (C). Floristic inventories were carried out through transects (15 transects per group and each one with 10 m of length ) to determine species abundance and diversity. Hill series diversity indices were estimated for the individuals inventoried. The results indicated that plots C present greater diversity in all Hill Series indices. Plots A presented greater diversity when compared to B. The species Lavandula stoechas ssp. luisieri Rozeira was the dominant in the 3 groups (19% in plots A, 17% in B and 19% in C). In the burned plots (B+C), Cistus ladanifer L. represented 14% of the total individuals, with or without management. In the unburned plots (A), Ulex argenteus Welw. ex Webb representes 17% of the individuals present. There’s a greater presence of pyrophytic species (genera Cistus and Ulex) in burned plots, with or without management. Fire is favourable to species diversity but not to their resistance to new fires. Nevertheless, management of herbaceous flora in burned plots seems to positively influence vegetation composition and diversity.

Resumo A gestão florestal tradicional pós-fogo pode influenciar a vegetação futura do local e a recuperação da área ardida. O presente estudo, integrado no projeto SUDOE-REMAS (SOE3/P4/E0954) e na Unidade Curricular de Silvicultura II ministrada no Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade de Lisboa, avaliou o efeito da gestão florestal na diversidade da vegetação pós-fogo no sobreiral da Serra do Caldeirão (Algarve, S de Portugal). A maioria dos solos são classificados como Leptossolos e o clima é do tipo Cs. Selecionaram-se parcelas de 3 tipos: não ardidas com gestão pós-fogo (A), ardidas com gestão pós-fogo (B) e ardidas sem gestão pós-fogo (C). Efetuaram-se inventários florísticos através de transeptos (15 transeptos por tipologia), com 10 m de comprimento cada, para avaliação da abundância e diversidade de espécies. Estimaram-se os índices de diversidade da série de Hill para os indivíduos inventariados. Os resultados indicaram que as parcelas do tipo C apresentam maior diversidade em todos os índices da Série de Hill. As parcelas A apresentaram maior diversidade quando comparadas com as parcelas B. A espécie Lavandula stoechas ssp. luisieri Rozeira é a espécie dominante nos 3 grupos (19% in plots A, 17% in B and 19% in C). Nas parcelas ardidas (B+C), Cistus ladanifer L. representa 14% dos indivíduos presentes, com ou sem gestão. Verificou-se maior presença de espécies pirófitas (géneros Cistus e Ulex) nas parcelas ardidas, com ou sem gestão. Este estudo aponta que o fogo pode favorecer a diversidade de espécies mas não a resistência das mesmas a novos fogos. Ainda assim, a gestão da flora herbácea nas parcelas ardidas parece influenciar positivamente a composição e diversidade.

ABSTRACT Soil is a medium that stores and transfers air, water, nutrients and heat to microorganisms and plants. Its water storage capacity is studied by analysing water retention curves (WRCs), which establish the relationship between soil water content and the force with which water is retained. The objective of this work was to evaluate the capacity of functional geostatistics in predicting the spatial distribution of water retention curves in two types of soils. Experimental areas with two types of soil, Andisol and Oxisol, were selected, and a regular grid of 75 sites was established, from which water retention curves were obtained at two depths. The curves were subjected to geostatistical functional analysis (GF), and the applicability of this method was evaluated by obtaining the usable water table (LAA) and comparing the results with experimental data obtained using traditional methods. Based on cross-validation, it was verified that GF produced a better fit for the Andisol since the coefficient of determination between the LAA values for the measured data and predictions was high, with an R2 of 99%; however, the proposed methodology was also reliable for the Oxisol, since an R2 of 94% was obtained at the two depths studied. air plants WRCs, WRCs , (WRCs) retained soils Oxisol selected 7 established GF, (GF) (LAA methods crossvalidation, crossvalidation cross validation, validation cross-validation high R 99% 99 however 94 (WRCs (GF 9

RESUMO O solo é um sistema que armazena e transfere ar, água, nutrientes e calor para microrganismos e plantas. Sua capacidade de armazenamento de água é estudada analisando a curva de retenção de água (WRC), que estabelece a relação entre a umidade do solo e a força com que ela é retida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade preditiva da geoestatística funcional na distribuição espacial das curvas de retenção de água em dois tipos de solos. Foram selecionadas duas áreas experimentais, um Andisol e um Oxisol, nas quais foi estabelecida uma grade regular com 75 pontos, das quais foram obtidas curvas de retenção de água em duas profundidades. As curvas foram submetidas à análise geoestatística funcional (GF), sua aplicabilidade foi avaliada obtendo a tabela de água utilizável (LAA) e sua posterior análise espacial por métodos tradicionais nos quais os resultados foram comparados com os dados experimentais. Com base na validação cruzada, verificou-se que o uso de GF tem um melhor ajuste para o Andossolo, uma vez que o coeficiente de determinação entre os valores de LAA obtidos com os dados observados e aqueles obtidos com as previsões foi alto, com R2 de 99%; no entanto, para o Latossolo, a metodologia proposta também é confiável, uma vez que foi obtido um R2 de 94% nas duas profundidades estudadas. ar plantas WRC, WRC , (WRC) retida solos experimentais Oxisol 7 pontos GF, (GF) (LAA cruzada verificouse verificou se Andossolo alto R 99% 99 entanto Latossolo confiável 94 estudadas (WRC (GF 9

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of different types of land use on organic carbon stocks in a typical dark red ferritic soil. Materials and Methods: The research was developed in a permanent observation point, located in the Guaro locality, Mayarí municipality, Holguín province. Soil samples were taken at 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm depth, in three types of land use: Pinus cubensis Griseb. forest, natural pasture (Paspalum notatum Alain ex Flügge) and Saccharum spp. to which total organic carbon was determined. In addition, undisturbed samples were taken to determine the bulk density. Results: Significant differences in soil organic carbon stocks were found among the three types of land use, at a depth of 0-20 cm. The natural pasture had the highest stock. It was followed by Saccharum spp and P. cubensis forest. There was increase in the rate of edaphic carbon accumulation with depth in all types of land use. The highest values were found in the 0-20 cm depth, which decreased with profile. There were negative figures only in the P. cubensis forest, at 40-60 cm depth. Conclusions: The highest carbon stocks were found in soils with P. notatum. This was followed by Saccharum spp. and P. cubensis. Land use types with less human activity showed the highest rates of carbon accumulation and better soil quality.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de diferentes tipos de utilización de la tierra en las reservas de carbono orgánico en un suelo Ferrítico Rojo oscuro típico. Materiales y Métodos: La investigación se desarrolló en un punto de observación permanente, ubicado en la localidad de Guaro, municipio Mayarí, provincia Holguín. Se tomaron muestras de suelo a la profundidad de 0-20, 20-40 y 40-60 cm, en tres tipos de utilización de la tierra: bosque de Pinus cubensis Griseb., pasto natural (Paspalum notatum Alain ex Flügge) y Saccharum spp., a los que se les determinó el carbono orgánico total. Además, se tomaron muestras sin disturbar para determinar la densidad aparente. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas en las reservas de carbono orgánico del suelo entre los tres tipos de utilización de la tierra, a una profundidad de 0-20 cm. En el pasto natural fue donde hubo mayor reserva. Le siguió Saccharum spp y el bosque de P. cubensis. Hubo incremento en la tasa de acumulación de carbono edáfico con la profundidad en todos los tipos de utilización de la tierra. Se encontraron los mayores valores en la profundidad de 0-20 cm, que disminuyeron con el perfil. Solo hubo cifras negativas en el bosque de P. cubensis, a profundidad de 40-60 cm. Conclusiones: Las mayores reservas de carbono se hallaron en terrenos con P. notatum. Le siguieron Saccharum spp. y P. cubensis. Los tipos de uso de la tierra con menor actividad humana mostraron las tasas más altas de acumulación de carbono y mejor calidad del suelo.

BACKGROUND: The vegetation type boundaries in the North West province as they appear in the 2018 National Vegetation Map, for the most part, are derived from agricultural land types that were mapped in the 1980s Aim & objectivesGiven (1) the importance the National Vegetation Map plays in conservation assessment and planning, as well as environmental planning and decision making; and (2) the map boundary errors reported by users, an update of the provincial vegetation map was considered necessary. METHODS: A vegetation identification key using high-level environmental parameters (in order of importance: flooding, bioregion, terrain, geology and soil) was developed. This key was used to manually interpret high-resolution colour aerial imagery, together with existing environmental spatial datasets (land types as a proxy for soils, simplified geology and terrain/land form). The existing vegetation type concepts are sound and are mostly retained in this map RESULTS & CONCLUSION: Changes to the map include: (1) all vegetation boundaries in the province are remapped; (2) Olea Sclerophyllous Forest is proposed as a sub type/community related to the Northern Afrotemperate Forest vegetation type; (3) two existing vegetation types currently not mapped as occurring in the province are brought into the province, namely, Subtropical Alluvial Vegetation and Wa-terberg Mountain Bushveld; and (4) three vegetation units recognised in previous vegetation studies and which are not indicated in the current National Vegetation Map are included here as new vegetation types, namely, Vryburg Thornveld, Morokweng Thornveld and Central Sandy Mountain Bush-veld. The descriptions of all terrestrial vegetation types occurring in the province are also updated and an updated annotated global plant species list for the province is provided. Changes reflected in this vegetation map have been incorporated into the National Vegetation Map Version 2024 beta.

Abstract This study analyzes the geographic distribution of karst in Mexico, considering its continuity and some of its physical environment characteristics (geology, climate, vegetation, relief, soils), karst conservation, and aquifers exploitation status. A cartographic analysis of spatial overlap was conducted on the world karst aquifer map (WOKAM) and thematic maps of Mexico. 25.52% of the Mexican territory is composed of rocks partially soluble in water. Sedimentary rocks are the most abundant in Mexico's karst areas (92.76%), with mountain ranges and plains being the predominant relief forms and with Leptosols being the most abundant soils. A total of 248 karst aquifers out of 278 in Mexico are not overexploited. 14.95% of Mexico's karstic area is under some conservation category. Five karst zones, each with specific and distinctive characteristics, were identified in Mexico.

Resumen Este trabajo analiza la distribución geográfica del carso (o karst) en México considerando su continuidad y algunas de sus características del medio físico (geología, clima, vegetación, relieve y suelos), la conservación y el estado de explotación de sus acuíferos. Se realizó un análisis cartográfico de superposición espacial del mapa mundial de acuíferos kársticos (WOKAM, por su acrónimo en inglés) y los mapas temáticos de México. El 25.52% del territorio mexicano está conformado por rocas parcialmente solubles en agua. Las rocas sedimentarias son las más abundantes en las zonas kársticas de México (92.76%), las sierras y llanuras son las formas predominantes del relieve, y los Leptosols son los suelos más abundantes. De los 278 acuíferos kársticos en México, 248 no están sobreexplotados. El 12.95% de la superficie kárstica de México está bajo alguna categoría de conservación. Se identificaron cinco zonas de karst en México, cada una con características específicas y distintivas.

Abstract Seismic bearing capacity of strip footings is a challenging task for geotechnical engineers due to its stochastic framework instigated by the natural uncertainties incorporated into geotechnical properties and earthquake parameters. Consequently, the introduction of the random field theory into reliability analysis may provide power tools to succor designers check how reliable their designs. This paper aims to assess the seismic bearing capacity of shallow strip footings resting on soils with randomly varying parameters. Bearing capacity formulas for purely cohesive and cohesive-frictional soils are considered. The influence of the type of the autocorrelation functions (ACFs), the scale of fluctuations (SOFs) and the coefficient of variation (COV) of the random parameters are investigated. Statistical moments, probability density function (PDF) and failure probability (Pf) of the seismic bearing capacity are computed. It is shown that the Single Exponential (SNE) ACF is the most appropriate function to characterize the spatial variability of the soil properties since it provides conservative results. On other hand, the results indicate that the increase in the coefficients of variation (COV) of the cohesion or the friction angle increases the variability of the seismic bearing capacity while this variability remains unaffected when the COV of the seismic coefficient increases. The results also highlight that the effect of the vertical SOF on the PDF and the failure probability is much more significant than that of the horizontal SOF. In addition, the mean seismic bearing capacity fluctuates slightly as the horizontal or vertical SOF increases so that the increment of variation is between 0.4% and 2% for the both two soil types. Consequently designs cohesivefrictional frictional considered ACFs, ACFs , (ACFs) SOFs (SOFs (COV investigated moments (PDF Pf (Pf computed SNE (SNE hand addition 04 0 4 0.4 2 types (ACFs 0.