ABSTRACT Proper waste management is a major worldwide concern; waste is disposed of directly into the environment, affecting water, soil and air quality. The development and production of green energy sources is strongly encouraged in modern society. The aim of this study, in accordance with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1, 2 and 7 of the 2030 Agenda of the UN, is to combine the correct disposal of animal waste with the generation of energy to mitigate the energy insecurity of families in an extremely vulnerable semi-arid region in the north-east of the country using biodigesters. To this end, a conceptual proposal was drawn up for a low-cost, easy-to-maintain and easy-to-use biodigester. A small-scale prototype was used to assess its operation by evaluating the main factors that affect biogas production (pH, temperature and the biomass properties: total solids, fixed solids, volatile solids, concentration of volatile fatty acids and C/N ratio). Evaluation of the test prototype gave satisfactory results that corroborate other studies and make it possible to propose an economically viable and efficient full-scale biodigester for biogas production. concern environment water quality society study SDGs (SDGs 1 203 UN semiarid semi arid northeast north east biodigesters end lowcost, lowcost low cost, cost low-cost easytomaintain easy maintain easytouse use smallscale small scale pH, pH (pH properties solids CN C N ratio. ratio . ratio) fullscale full 20

ABSTRACT Biochar can promote crop production and soil quality. However, its characteristics depend on the waste used in its production and its effects may vary according to the species being cultivated and the management adopted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of biochar from animal waste on soil quality and the agronomic characteristics of the cowpea. An experiment was set up to test three types of biochar (bovine-BB, swine-SB and poultry-BP), with added fertiliser (BBF, SBF and BPF) and two control treatments, including the addition of calcium magnesium oxide (CT) and calcium magnesium oxide with fertiliser (CTF), giving a total of eight treatments with four replications. There was a respective increase of up to 102.94%, 1048%, 1560% and 360.22% in stem diameter, number of pods, number of grains per pod and stem dry matter from adding the biochar. The poultry biochar increased each of the above parameters even with no added fertiliser. There was no difference in basal soil respiration or β-glucosidase enzyme activity, whereas organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), microbial carbon and soil labile carbon were greater with biochar. BBF gave the highest TOC content (24.40 g kg-1), while BP and BPF increased TN by around 61%. The application of biochar + fertiliser contributed to an average reduction of 56% in the soil metabolic quotient. Poultry biochar favoured both the agronomic characteristics of the cowpea and soil quality, while bovine biochar showed more marked results with the addition of fertiliser. However adopted bovineBB, bovineBB BB, BB (bovine-BB swineSB swine SB poultryBP, poultryBP , poultry-BP) BBF, (BBF CT (CT CTF, CTF (CTF) replications 10294 102 94 102.94% 1048 1048% 1560 36022 360 22 360.22 diameter pods βglucosidase β glucosidase activity TOC, (TOC) TN, (TN) 24.40 2440 24 40 (24.4 kg1, kg1 kg 1 kg-1) 61 61% 56 quotient poultry-BP (CTF 1029 10 9 102.94 104 156 3602 36 2 360.2 (TOC (TN 24.4 244 4 (24. kg-1 6 5 102.9 15 3 360. 24. (24 kg- 102. (2 (

ABSTRACT Potassium (K) and B are important for phloem translocation, reproductive growth, and grain formation. A 2-yr field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of K and B applied through the soil and foliar application on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Experiments included the soil application of K (62 kg ha-1) and B (5 kg ha-1) and foliar spray of K (1%) and B (0.1%). Furthermore, the soil-applied K and B was supplemented with three foliar sprays of either K, B, or both at 45, 60 and 75 d after sowing. The results revealed that K and B fertilization improved the agronomic parameters of sunflower, including plant height, head diameter, achenes per head, achene weight, yield, seed oil contents and oil quality. The soil applied K at 62 kg ha-1 followed by foliar spray of 1% K + 0.1% B at 45, 60 and 75 DAS resulted in production of taller plants (192 and 172 cm), head diameter (23 and 28 cm), achene per head (954 and 1063), 1000 achene weight (68 and 67.58 g), achene yield (2976 and 2621 kg ha-1), biological yield (11363 and 8430 kg ha-1), oil contents (43.37% and 41.87%), and oleic acid (70.33% and 80.83%) over 2 yr of study. Hence it can be concluded that soil application of 62 kg ha-1 K followed by foliar application of 1% K + 0.1% B is the preferable fertilization strategy for sunflower for improved yield, seed oil contents, and oil quality.

Abstract Introduction. In organic agriculture, green manures and biocontrols are used as methods for fertilization and pest control. However, their independent application of these inputs increases production costs. A pelletized formulation is proposed to allow simultaneous application of both inputs. Objective. To evaluate the effect of pelletized Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum Rifai on nutritional intake, agricultural yield, and regulation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out in 2022 in Tablón del Guarco, Cartago, Costa Rica, using a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and seven repetitions. Two formulations (A and B) of biopellet (M. pruriens + zeolite + T. harzianum) were applied at three dosages (15, 30, 50 g/plant). T. harzianum was added at a rate of 5 g/kg of biopellet. Applications of each treatment were conducted every 15 days for a total of eight applications. At the time of planting, F. oxysporum was inoculated (100 mL/plant with a concentration of 1 x 103 CFU). Results. The application of biopellet achieved a yield and weight of high-quality fruits similar to the commercial control. There were no significant differences among treatments for second and third-quality fruits. The technical efficiency in controlling F. oxysporum reached 97.6 % with biopellet. This amendment increased the levels of Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), and organic matter in the soil and affected the nutritional content of the plant foliage in the first 60 days after sowing. Conclusions. The biopellet has the capacity to make chemical and organic contributions to the soil, which improves the nutrition of the tomato crop. It could be also a biocontrol alternative against F. oxysporum and compatible with T. harzianum.

Resumen Introducción. En agricultura orgánica, se utilizan abonos verdes y biocontroladores como métodos de fertilización y control de plagas. Sin embargo, la aplicación independiente de estos incrementa los costos de producción. Se propone una presentación peletizada que permita la aplicación conjunta de ambos insumos. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. peletizada e inoculada con Trichoderma harzianum Rifai en el aporte nutricional, el rendimiento agrícola y la regulación de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici en tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Materiales y métodos. El experimento se ejecutó el año 2022 en Tablón del Guarco, Cartago, Costa Rica, bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar con siete tratamientos y siete repeticiones. Se aplicaron dos formulaciones (A y B) de biopélet (M. pruriens + zeolita + T. harzianum) en tres dosificaciones (15, 30, 50 g/planta). La adición de T. harzianum se efectuó a razón de 5 g por cada kilo del biopélet. Se realizaron aplicaciones cada 15 días por tratamiento para un total de ocho aplicaciones. Se inoculó F. oxysporum (100 mL/planta con una concentración de 1 x 103 UFC) a la siembra. Resultados. La aplicación del biopélet mostró un rendimiento y peso de frutos de primera calidad similar al testigo comercial. En frutos de segunda y tercera calidad, no hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. La eficiencia en el control de F. oxysporum alcanzó el 97,6 % con biopélet. Esta enmienda aumentó los niveles de Carbono, Nitrógeno y materia orgánica en el suelo e influenció el contenido nutricional en el follaje a los 60 días después de la siembra. Conclusiones. El biopélet tiene la capacidad de realizar aportes químicos y orgánicos al suelo, por lo cual mejora la nutrición del cultivo del tomate. Los resultados sugieren además que es una alternativa de biocontrol contra F. oxysporum y compatible con T. harzianum.

Abstract Introduction. Coffee (Coffea spp.) is the second most traded product globally and is cultivated in over eighty countries. Its cultivation is complex because it belongs to an ecosystem where abiotic and biotic factors interact under various agronomic management conditions. To understand the development of the coffee plant and its influence on the sensory quality of the final product, it is necessary to explore the intricate interactions between the coffee plant and the native microorganisms within the crop environment. Objective. To describe the role of the coffee soil microbiota, specially bacteria and fungi, and how they may contribute to the final quality of the beverage. Development. Soil is one of the most diverse and least studied ecosystems, where crucial ecological functions for plant growth and development take place. Identifying soil microbial components and their interactions with other organisms is important from an agronomic perspective. The soil microbiota can enhance plant physiology; thus, this review aims to connect how the sensory attributes of coffee beverage can be positively influenced by soil microbiota. Articles from ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from 2011 to 2023 were reviewed. The data show the diversity of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB), and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with coffee cultivation. Additionally, microbial compounds play an important role in the formation of sensory attributes and are related to the coffee cup quality. Conclusion. The microbial diversity of soil and on the fruit can synthesize or degrade compounds that affect the sensory profile of the coffee beverage, which could have implications for sustainability and quality.

Resumen Introducción. El café (Coffea spp.) es el segundo producto más comercializado a nivel mundial y cultivado en más de ochenta países. Su cultivo es complejo por pertenecer a un ecosistema donde factores abióticos y bióticos tienen dinámicas bajo diferentes condiciones de manejo agronómico. Para comprender el desarrollo de la planta y su influencia en la calidad sensorial del producto, hay que conocer la intrincada interacción entre la planta del café y los microorganismos autóctonos del cultivo. Objetivo. Describir el rol de la microbiota edáfica del café, bacterias y hongos, y cómo puede contribuir en la calidad final de la bebida. Desarrollo. El suelo es uno de los ecosistemas más diversos y menos estudiados, en el cual se desarrollan funciones ecológicas importantes para el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas. La identificación de los componentes microbianos del suelo y sus interacciones con otros organismos, son importantes desde el punto de vista agronómico. La microbiota edáfica puede favorecer la fisiología de la planta y de esta manera, se realiza la presente recopilación de información que busca asociar cómo los atributos sensoriales de la bebida de café pueden ser beneficiados por la microbiota del suelo. Se revisaron artículos de ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science y Google Scholar, entre el 2011 y 2023. Los datos muestran la diversidad de rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (RPCV), bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno (BFN) y hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares (HMA) asociados con el cultivo de café. También existen compuestos microbianos que juegan un papel importante en la formación de atributos sensoriales y están relacionados con la calidad en taza del café. Conclusión. La diversidad microbiana del suelo y fruto puede sintetizar o degradar compuestos que influyen en el perfil sensorial de la bebida, lo cual podría tener implicaciones para la sostenibilidad y calidad.

ABSTRACT One of the most important aspects for sustainable aquaculture is the proper management of feed, for which the best strategy is the implementation of automatic feeders that allow optimizing feed rations and optimizing productive performance. The present study evaluated the impact of automatic feeding on soil quality in the cultivation of Litopenaeus vannamei in three experimental pools in a period of three months; where were evaluated the amount of organic matter, organic carbon, pH, nitrogen and the carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N) to evaluate if there are differences in the feeding and lung-type zones. In the final analyzes no statistical differences (p ≥ 0.05) were observed in the parameters between the feeding areas and between the pools. These results demonstrate that automatic feeding does not cause changes in soil quality in the cultivation of L. vannamei.

RESUMEN Uno de los aspectos más importantes para una acuacultura sustentable es el manejo adecuado del alimento, para lo cual la mejor estrategia es la implementación de alimentadores automáticos que permiten optimizar las raciones de alimento y optimizar el rendimiento productivo. El presente estudio evaluó el impacto de la alimentación automática sobre la calidad del suelo en el cultivo de Litopenaeus vannamei en tres piscinas experimentales en un periodo de tres meses; se evaluaron las cantidades de materia orgánica, carbono orgánico, pH, nitrógeno y la relación carbono-nitrógeno (C/N) para discernir si existen diferencias en los puntos de alimentación y de tipo pulmón. En los análisis finales no se observaron diferencias estadísticas (p ≥ 0.05) entre los puntosde alimentación y entre las piscinas. Estos resultados demuestran que la alimentación automática no provoca cambios en la calidad del suelo en el cultivo de L. vannamei.

Summary: Plant growth, higher yield and fruit quality are positive ef fects due to the absorption of silicon (Si) and chlorine (Cl), which contributes to mitigating stress due to biotic or abiotic factors and recovering plant growth. The objective of this research was to know what the ef fect of Si or Cl does on morphometric variables, production quality and yield of the cucumber crop. A complete randomized block design was applied, four repetitions and ten treatments in seedlings: six doses of 20, 30 and 50 mg L-1 of Si or Cl, three doses with the volume:volume (v:v) ratio of 20 :20, 30:30 and 50:50 mg L-1 Si:Cl, plus the control. In plants transplanted in soil, already with five true leaves, there were nine treatments: six doses of 20, 30 and 50 mg L-1 of Si or Cl, two with the v:v ratio of 20:20 and 30:30 mg L-1 Si:Cl, and the witness. In pickle cucumber seedlings, the high dose of Cl was more ef fective in increasing leaf greenness and stem length; leaf size was greater in seedlings with the high dose of Si; while low doses of Cl or Si caused greater dry weight of roots. In the ˈModanˈ cultivar, the greenness did not change, the stem length was greater with the intermediate dose of Si, while the size of leaves was better expressed in plants with the lowest dose of Si. So perhaps the greater number of roots, the chlorophyll content and the leaf area influenced the higher yield to be expressed where Si or Cl was fertilized, as well as the firmness, TSS and °Brix of the fruits to improve.

Resumen: El crecimiento de plantas, mayor rendimiento y calidad de frutos, son efectos positivos debido a la absorción de silicio (Si) y cloro (Cl), que contribuye a mitigar el estrés por factores bióticos o abióticos y recuperar el crecimiento de las plantas. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue conocer el efecto que producen las dosis de Si o Cl en variables morfométricas, calidad de producción y rendimiento del cultivo de pepino. Se aplicó un diseño de bloques completos al azar, cuatro repeticiones y diez tratamientos en plántulas: seis dosis de 20, 30 y 50 mg L-1 de Si o Cl, tres dosis con la relación volumen:volumen (v:v) de 20:20, 30:30 y 50:50 mg L-1 Si:Cl, más el testigo. En plantas trasplantadas en suelo, ya con cinco hojas verdaderas, los tratamientos fueron nueve: seis dosis de 20, 30 y 50 mg L-1 de Si o Cl, dos con la relación v:v de 20:20 y 30:30 mg L-1 Si:Cl, y el testigo. En plántulas de pepino ˈpickleˈ, la dosis alta de Cl fue más eficaz para incrementar el verdor de hojas y longitud del tallo; el tamaño de hojas fue superior en plántulas con la dosis alta de Si; mientras que las bajas dosis de Cl o Si ocasionaron mayor peso seco de raíces. En el cultivar ˈModanˈ el verdor no varió, la longitud del tallo fue superior con la dosis intermedia de Si, mientras que el tamaño de hojas se expresó mejor en plantas con la menor dosis de Si. Así que quizás la mayor cantidad de raíces, el contenido de clorofila y el área foliar influyeron para que el rendimiento más alto se expresara donde se fertilizó con Si o Cl, así como para que mejoraran la firmeza, SST y °Brix de los frutos.

Summary: The state of Chiapas presents degradation processes of dif ferent kinds, as a consequence of the current established agricultural model. It is estimated that, in the near future, the surface of the state of Chiapas will present more than 55% degradation, generating changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, af fecting the quality of life of human beings, mainly due to scarcity of food. The objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of the soils in three municipalities of the central depression of Chiapas, Mexico. The analysis were interpreted taking NOM-021-SEMARNAT-2000 as a reference and were classified according to the world reference base (WRB), version 2014. For the evaluation of soil quality, the sustainable use of land subindex (SUSS). 144 soil samples corresponding to 21 profiles were analyzed. Of the 21 profiles studied, 17 present poor soil qualities, two a sensitive quality, one acceptable quality and one with good quality. Only two soil groups presented good fertility and are classified as Vertisols and Phaeozems, which present good quality and capacity to maintain sustainable agricultural production in this region.

Resumen: El estado de Chiapas presenta procesos de degradación de diferente índole, como consecuencia del actual modelo agrícola establecido. Se estima que, en el futuro cercano, la superficie del estado de Chiapas presente más de 55% de degradación, generando modificaciones en las propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo; afectando la calidad de vida de los seres humanos, principalmente por escasez de alimentos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la calidad de los suelos en tres municipios de la depresión central de Chiapas, México. Los análisis se interpretaron tomando como referencia la NOM-021-SEMARNAT-2000 y se clasificaron de acuerdo con la world reference base (WRB), versión 2014, para la evaluación de calidad del suelo se utilizó el subíndice de uso sustentable del suelo (SUSS). Se analizaron 144 muestras de suelo correspondientes a 21 perfiles. De los 21 perfiles estudiados, 17 presentan calidad de suelo pobre, dos calidades sensibles, uno calidad aceptable y uno con calidad buena. Solo dos Grupos de suelo presentaron buena fertilidad y son clasificados como Vertisols y Phaeozems, los cuales presentan buena calidad y capacidad para mantener producción agrícola sostenible en esta región.

Summary: Excessive use of chlorpyrifos affects the quality of agricultural soils causing negative effects on the safety of harvested food. The behavior of chlorpyrifos residues depends on soil properties, especially organic matter. Our aim in this research was to determine the effect of the application of vermicompost on the residual and dissipation of chlorpyrifos in an entisol soil of semi-arid climate with variations in its edaphic fertility. Four treatments were studied. T1: 7.5% vermicompost (V) and 92.5% soil (S); T2: 5% V and 95% S; T3: 2.5% V and 97.5% S; T4: 0% V and 100% S. The treatments were subjected to a seven-day incubation period. Subsequently, a dose of chlorpyrifos of 1.5 mg kg-1 as active ingredient was applied once for each treatment. A completely randomized design was used with three replicates for each treatment, forming 12 experimental units. The analytical determination of chlorpyrifos was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The evaluations were carried out 1.7, 14, 28, 42, 70 and 98 days after the application of chlorpyrifos. The results showed that the incorporation of vermicompost to the soil at increasing levels promoted a decrease in the residual concentration of chlorpyrifos and facilitated its gradual dissipation. The chlorpyrifos dissipation curves correspond to a first order logarithmic equation where the effects of the treatments caused greater dissipation of chlorpyrifos as the evaluation period elapsed. At 98 days of evaluation, T1 registered lower residuality (0.786 m kg-1), higher daily dissipation rate (0.008) and lower half-life of chlorpyrifos (86.64 days). At the end of the research period, edaphic levels of P, K, EC and CEC increased while OM, N and pH decreased after vermicompost application.

Resumen: El uso excesivo de clorpirifos afecta la calidad de los suelos agrícolas provocando efectos negativos en la inocuidad de los alimentos cosechados. El comportamiento de los residuos de clorpirifos depende de las propiedades edáficas especialmente la materia orgánica. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar el efecto de la aplicación de vermicompost en la residualidad y disipación de clorpirifos en un suelo entisol de clima semiárido con variaciones en su fertilidad edáfica. Se estudiaron cuatro tratamientos. T1: 7.5% vermicompost (V) y 92.5% suelo (S); T2: 5% V y 95% S; T3: 2.5% V y 97.5% S; T4: 0% V y 100% S. Los tratamientos fueron sometidos a un periodo de incubación de siete días. Posteriormente, se aplicó una dosis de clorpirifos de 1.5 mg kg-1 como ingrediente activo en una sola oportunidad por cada tratamiento. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con tres repeticiones por cada tratamiento conformando 12 unidades experimentales. La determinación analítica de clorpirifos se efectuó por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). Las evaluaciones se realizaron a 1,7, 14, 28, 42, 70 y 98 días de la aplicación de clorpirifos. Los resultados demostraron que la incorporación de vermicompost al suelo en niveles crecientes promovió la disminución de la concentración residual de clorpirifos y facilitó su disipación de manera gradual. Las curvas de disipación de clorpirifos corresponden a una ecuación logarítmica de primer orden donde los efectos de los tratamientos ocasionaron mayor disipación de clorpirifos conforme transcurrió el periodo de evaluación. A 98 días de evaluación el T1 registró menor residualidad (0.786 m kg-1), mayor tasa de disipación diaria (0.008) y menor vida media de clorpirifos (86.64 días). Al final del periodo de investigación, los niveles edáficos de P, K, CE y CIC se incrementaron mientras que la MO, N y pH descendieron luego de la aplicación de vermicompost.

Summary: The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), due to its high demand and production, is the most important vegetable in the world, coupled with this, it is a functional food due to its antioxidant content. This crop is produced under a protected system with a synthetic inorganic fertilization source, which increases production costs. It is important to find an alternative source of fertilization and agronomic management that increases yields and improves the commercial and nutraceutical quality of this crop. The aim of the study was to verify the effect on the commercial quality and bioactive compounds of tomato, with doses of solarized bovine manure and the number of stems under a protected system, as well as evaluate the effect of organic fertilization on the soil. The research was carried out during the spring-summer 2021 cycle. Eight treatments (4×2 factorial) were obtained from the combination of four fertilization doses (0, 40, 60 Mg ha-1 of solarized manure and chemical fertilizer [Urea (46-0-0) and MAP (11-52-0)] with two numbers of stems (one and two stems) per plant. The commercial quality was superior organoleptically with the treatment of 60 Mg ha-1 and with a single stem being higher than 4.8 °Brix. The highest yield was obtained with the dose of 60 Mg ha-1 of bovine manure being statistically similar to chemical fertilization. The content of bioactive compounds (lycopene and antioxidant capacity) increased by 36% with the effect of the interaction of 60 Mg ha-1 of manure and a stem compared to the chemical treatment. The content of MO, NO3 -, NH4 + and PO4 -3 in the soil increased with the doses of manure, which reflects one of the benefits of using this fertilizer organic.

Resumen: El tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) por su alta demanda y producción es la hortaliza más importante en el mundo aunado a esto es un alimento funcional por su contenido de antioxidantes. Este cultivo se produce bajo un sistema protegido con una fuente de fertilización inorgánica sintética, lo cual incrementa los costos de producción. Es importante encontrar una fuente alternativa de fertilización y un manejo agronómico que incremente los rendimientos, mejore la calidad comercial y nutraceútica de este cultivo. El objetivo del estudio fue comprobar el efecto sobre la calidad comercial y los compuestos bioactivos de tomate, con dosis de estiércol bovino solarizado y el número de tallos bajo un sistema protegido, así como evaluar el efecto de la fertilización orgánica en el suelo. La investigación se desarrolló durante el ciclo primavera-verano 2021. Se obtuvieron ocho tratamientos (factorial 4×2) originados de la combinación de cuatro dosis de fertilización (0, 40, 60 Mg ha-1 de estiércol solarizado y fertilizante químico [Urea (46-0-0) y MAP (11-52-0)] con dos números de tallos (uno y dos tallos) por planta. La calidad comercial fue superior organolépticamente con el tratamiento de 60 Mg ha-1 y con un solo tallo encontrándose superior a los 4.8 °Brix. El mayor rendimiento se obtuvo con la dosis de 60 Mg ha-1 de estiércol bovino siendo estadísticamente similar a la fertilización química. El contenido de compuestos bioactivos (licopeno y la capacidad antioxidante) se incrementó un 36% con el efecto de la interacción de 60 Mg ha-1 de estiércol y un tallo en comparación con el tratamiento químico. El contenido de MO, NO3 -, NH4 +y PO4 -3 en el suelo se incrementó con las dosis de estiércol, por lo que se ve reflejado uno de los beneficios del uso de este abono orgánico.

Summary: Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch is a fruit tree with high economic value. However, this crop is very sensitive to zinc (Zn) deficiency in alkaline soils, where an alternative to minimize this problem is the edaphic supply of this micronutrient. Thus, the objective of this research is to evaluate the response of some physiological variables (trunk diameter, fruiting shoot length, terminal leaflet area and leaf Zn concentration), yield components (kg tree-1, nut weight, kernel percentage and alternation index) to the edaphic Zn chelate application in pecan nut “Western Schley” for three years in Chihuahua, Mexico. Five edaphic doses of Zn chelate (Carboxy Zn®, Innovak Global, México kg ha-1) T1 (8.5), T2 (17), T3 (34), T4 (51), T5 (68), where T0 corresponds to the control (no application) were evaluated in a split-plot experimental design with five replications. Statistical analyses showed statistical differences in physiological parameters such as trunk diameter and shoot length (19.93 and 19.27 cm, respectively), terminal leaflet area (34.08 cm2) and leaf Zn concentration (34.93 mg kg-1) with soil application of 8.1 (kg ha-1 of Carboxy Zn), as well as yield components (12.82 kg tree-1, 7.82 g nut weight and 59.15 kernel percentage) and minimize the bearing alternation index. The edaphic application of Carboxy Zn could be an alternative to Zn supply in the agronomic management of commercial pecan nut orchards in alkaline soils.

Resumen: Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch., es un frutal con alto valor económico, sin embargo, es un cultivo muy sensible a la deficiencia de zinc (Zn) en suelos alcalinos, donde una alternativa para minizar este problema es el suministro edáfico de este micronutriente. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la respuesta de variables fisiológicas (diámetro de tronco, longitud de brote fructífero, área del foliolo terminal y concentración foliar de Zn) y componentes de rendimiento (kg árbol-1, peso de la nuez, porcentaje de la almendra e índice de alternancia), a la aplicación de quelato de Zn en nogal pecanero “Western Schley”. Durante tres años en Chihuahua, México, se evaluaron cinco dosis edáficas de quelato Zn (Carboxy Zn®, Innovak Global) en kg ha-1 de los siguientes tratamientos: T1 (8.5), T2 (17), T3 (34), T4 (51), T5 (68), donde T0 corresponde al testigo (sin aplicación) en un diseño experimental de parcelas dividas con 5 repeticiones. El análisis estadístico reflejó diferencias estadísticas con la aplicación edáfica de 8.1 (kg ha-1 de Carboxy Zn) en parámetros fisiológicos como diámetro de tronco y longitud de brote (19.93 y 19.27 cm respectivamente), área del folíolo terminal (34.08 cm2) y concentración foliar de Zn (34.93 mg kg-1). Así como los componentes de rendimiento (12.82 kilogramos fruto árbol-1, 7.82 g peso de la nuez y 59.15 porcentaje de la almendra) y minimizarón el índice de alternancia. La aplicación edáfica de Carboxy Zn, podría ser una alternativa al suministro de Zn en el manejo agronómico de huertos comerciales de nogal pecanero en suelos alcalinos.

RESUMEN El manejo inadecuado de los pastizales ha provocado la degradación de extensas áreas, la pérdida de productividad y sostenibilidad de muchas de ellas, reflejando una realidad común entre los ganaderos de Colombia. Por ello, en la Estación Agraria Paysandú de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, ubicada en el corregimiento de Santa Elena de la ciudad de Medellín, se realizó una investigación para determinar un índice de calidad del suelo (SQI) mediante la evaluación de los indicadores físicos y químicos más relacionados con el deterioro y producción de materia seca del pasto kikuyo (Cenchrus clandestinus). Se estableció un conjunto mínimo de datos (MDS) para los indicadores más sensibles, elegidos mediante el análisis de componentes principales PCA, y se utilizó una función de puntuación no lineal para obtener el SQI. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre todos los tratamientos y la producción de materia seca (P<0,05: 1,91x10-32). Los indicadores más sensibles fueron: densidad aparente DR > porosidad total TP > macroporos MAC > microporos MIC > resistencia a la penetración PR > capacidad de intercambio catiónico efectiva ECEC > pH. Como resultado, se obtuvo el siguiente SQI = (0,225×BD) + (0,224×TP) + (0,220×MAC) + (0,218×MIC) + (0,113×PR) + (0,0879×ECEC) + (0,0877×pH). Se sugiere probar el índice en praderas dominadas por pasto kikuyo ubicadas en el trópico alto colombiano. La línea de base es crítica a valores > 0,58 Mg m-3 para BD y > 2,25 MPa para PR. Además, el intervalo de pH óptimo para el desarrollo del pasto kikuyo se situó entre 5,4 y 6,4.

ABSTRACT Inadequate grassland management has resulted in the degradation of extensive areas, loss of productivity and sustainability of many of them, reflecting a common reality among livestock farmers in Colombia. Therefore, at the Paysandú Agricultural Station of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, located in the Santa Elena township of the city of Medellín, a study was carried out to determine a soil quality index (SQI) by evaluating the physical and chemical indicators that were most related to the deterioration and dry matter production of kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus). A minimum data set (MDS) was established for the most sensitive indicators, selected by principal component analysis (PCA), and a nonlinear scoring function was used to obtain the SQI. Statistical differences were found between all the treatments in relation to dry matter production (P<0.05: 1.91x10-32). The most sensitive indicators were bulk density BD > total porosity TP > macropores MAC > micropores MIC > penetration resistance PR > effective cation exchange capacity ECEC > pH. As a result, the following formula was obtained: SQI = (0.225×BD) + (0.224×TP) + (0.220×MAC) + (0.218×MIC) + (0.113×PR) + (0.0879×ECEC) + (0.0877×pH). This index should be tested in kikuyu grass-dominated pastures located in the Colombian high tropics. The baseline is critical at values > 0.58 Mg m-3 for BD and > 2.25 MPa for PR. In addition, the optimum pH range for kikuyu grass development was between 5.4 and 6.4.

Abstract Introduction: The West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), is one of the most economically important pests of mangoes in Mexico and the Neotropics. Objective: To analyze adult population patterns of A. obliqua and their relation to local and landscape factors. Methods: We selected 11 “Manila” mango orchards along the middle part of La Antigua River, which were characterized to determine their biophysical structure and landscape configuration considering their distance to six different land uses/land covers. Anastrepha obliqua population was estimated by collecting adult flies in colorless polyethylene plastic bottle traps baited with a protein for three weeks in June 2022. Results: A total of 1 869 adults of A. obliqua were trapped, of which 75 % were females and 25 % were males. Abundance varied from 68 to 490 adult flies per orchard, while capture frequency from 0.36 to 1.8 flies/trap/day. Abundance increased in highly shaded orchards, and capture frequency decreased in orchards with highly soil compaction. Abundance and the frequency of capture increased in orchards near isolated trees of Spondias spp. and decreased in orchards near sugarcane plantations. Shade management in mango orchards may be used as an effective strategy to promote biotic interactions to naturally regulate A. obliqua populations, meanwhile, soil compaction represents a limiting ecological condition, which might severely impact fruit fly larvae survival. Conclusions: Adult population of A. obliqua depends on several local and landscape factors because they indicate resource availability and ecological conditions. These findings could be considered for control strategies in the integrated management of this pest to promote protection and improve the fruit quality of mango crop.

Resumen Introducción: La mosca de las indias occidentales, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), es una de las plagas más importantes económicamente en el cultivo de mango de México y el neotrópico. Objetivo: Analizamos los patrones de la población adulta de A. obliqua y su relación con factores locales y del paisaje. Métodos: Un total de 11 huertos de mango “Manila” fueron caracterizados en estructura biofísica y configuración del paisaje. Los adultos de A. obliqua fueron capturados con trampas (botellas de polietileno cebadas con una proteína) durante tres semanas en junio de 2022. Resultados: Se capturaron 1 869 adultos de A. obliqua, de los cuales 75 % fueron hembras y 25 % machos. La abundancia varió de 68 a 490 moscas adultas por huerto, mientras que la frecuencia de captura de 0.36 a 1.8 moscas/trampa/día. La abundancia incrementó en huertos altamente sombreados y decreció en huertos con suelos compactos. La abundancia y frecuencia incrementaron en huertos cercanos a árboles de Spondias spp. y decreció en huertos cercanos a plantaciones de caña de azúcar. El manejo de la sombra puede ser utilizado como una estrategia efectiva para promover las interacciones que regulan naturalmente la población de A. obliqua, mientras que la compactación del suelo representa una condición ecológica limitante que podría impactar severamente en la supervivencia de larvas de moscas de la fruta. Conclusión: La población adulta de A. obliqua depende de varios factores locales y del paisaje que indican disponibilidad de recursos y condiciones ecológicas. Estos hallazgos podrían considerarse en las estrategias del manejo integrado de esta plaga para promover la protección y el mejoramiento de la calidad de frutos en el cultivo de mango.

ABSTRACT The proper disposal of fruit and vegetable waste is essential to promote environmental sustainability, reduce the carbon footprint, improve soil quality, and contribute to the transition to a circular economy. This study examined the impact of incorporating dairy cattle wastewater (DCWW) into anaerobic co-digestion with fruit and vegetable residues and utilization of the resulting biofertilizer as a diluent in the anaerobic mono-digestion of fruit and vegetable residues (recycle). The specific biogas and methane production and the agronomic quality of the biofertilizer were evaluated in a semi-continuous trial. Two startup strategies were employed: initially, the reactors were entirely fed with inoculum (biofertilizer derived from DCWW), and fruit and vegetable residue feedstock was gradually introduced. Anaerobic co-digestion of fruit and vegetable residues with DCWW yielded the highest specific production of biogas and methane at 720 and 436 L kg-1 of volatile solids (VS), respectively. The addition of DCWW increases fruit and vegetable residue alkalinity by 249% and reduces the volatile acidity by 83.4%. Anaerobic mono-digestion of fruit and vegetable residues enhances macronutrient recovery in the biofertilizer through recycle. Logistically, directing fruit and vegetable residues to rural areas for anaerobic co-digestion with DCWW promotes agricultural biofertilizer use. sustainability footprint economy (DCWW codigestion co digestion monodigestion mono recycle . (recycle) semicontinuous semi continuous trial employed initially DCWW, , DCWW) introduced 72 43 kg1 kg 1 kg- VS, VS (VS) respectively 249 834 83 4 83.4% Logistically use (recycle 7 (VS 24 8 83.4 2 83.

RESUMO A destinação adequada dos resíduos de frutas e vegetais é fundamental para promover a sustentabilidade ambiental, reduzir a pegada de carbono, melhorar a qualidade do solo e contribuir para a transição para uma economia circular. Neste estudo, foram avaliados os efeitos da adição de água residuária da bovinocultura de leite em codigestão anaeróbia com resíduos de frutas e vegetais e o uso do biofertilizante como diluente na monodigestão anaeróbia dos resíduos de frutas e vegetais (reciclo). A produção específica de biogás e metano, bem como a qualidade agronômica do biofertilizante em um estudo semicontínuo, foram avaliados. Foram utilizadas duas estratégias para partida dos reatores: o abastecimento inicial dos reatores totalmente com inóculo (biofertilizante proveniente da digestão anaeróbia da água residuária da bovinocultura de leite) e a progressão de carga para os resíduos de frutas e vegetais. A maior produção específica de biogás e metano foi atingida pela codigestão anaeróbia de resíduos de frutas e vegetais com água residuária da bovinocultura de leite, 720 e 436 L kg-1 de sólidos voláteis (SV), respectivamente. A adição da água residuária da bovinocultura de leite aumentou em 249% a alcalinidade dos resíduos de frutas e vegetais e diminuiu em 83,4% sua acidez volátil. A recuperação de macronutrientes no biofertilizante é favorecida pela monodigestão anaeróbia dos resíduos de frutas e vegetais em função do uso do reciclo. Entretanto, visando a destinação destes ao meio rural, a codigestão anaeróbia com água residuária da bovinocultura de leite favorece o uso agrícola do biofertilizante. ambiental carbono circular reciclo . (reciclo) semicontínuo 72 43 kg1 kg 1 kg- SV, SV , (SV) respectivamente 249 834 83 4 83,4 volátil Entretanto rural (reciclo 7 (SV 24 8 83, 2

ABSTRACT The contribution of plant residues throughout the sugarcane cycles favors the increase of organic matter and the activity of microorganisms in the soil, especially in the surface layers. Soil texture also has an important effect on ecological processes and soil quality. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate soil biological attributes in different sugarcane cultivation cycles under mechanized harvesting in an Oxisol in the Savanna region of Central Brazil. The study was conducted in commercial areas under sugarcane cultivation during the 2018/2019 season, which were considered homogeneous in terms of soil and climatic conditions, with the source of variation among the areas being the cultivation cycles (C1: one cultivation cycle; C3: three cultivation cycles; C7: seven cultivation cycles) and a savanna vegetation area selected as a reference. Microbiological variables were determined in two layers, 0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m. The variables related to microbial biomass and texture were subjected to principal component analysis. Areas with longer sugarcane cultivation cycles show higher proportion of microbial biomass carbon in the total organic carbon in subsurface layers (microbial quotient). The performance of the soil microbial community, as expressed by total organic carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen indicators, was associated with higher presence of clay and silt, i.e., soil particles smaller than 0.02 mm. quality context Brazil 20182019 2018 2019 2018/201 season conditions C1 C (C1 cycle C3 C7 reference 00.1 001 0 0.1 1 0-0. 0.10.2 0102 0.2 2 0.1-0. m analysis quotient. quotient . quotient) community indicators silt ie i e i.e. 002 02 0.0 mm 2018201 201 2018/20 (C 00 00. 01 0. 0-0 10 0.10. 010 0.1-0 i.e 201820 20 2018/2 0- 0.10 0.1- 20182 2018/

RESUMO O aporte de resíduos vegetais ao longo dos ciclos da cana-de-açúcar favorece o incremento de matéria orgânica e atividade de microrganismos no solo, especialmente nas camadas superficiais. A textura do solo também tem um efeito importante nos processos ecológicos e na qualidade do solo. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar atributos biológicos do solo em diferentes ciclos de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar sob colheita mecanizada, em um Latossolo da região de cerrado do Brasil Central. O estudo foi realizado em áreas comerciais de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar na safra 2018/2019, consideradas homogêneas em termos de condições edafoclimáticas, tendo como fonte de variação entre as áreas os ciclos de cultivo (C1: um ciclo de cultivo; C3: três ciclos de cultivo; C7: sete ciclos de cultivo) e uma área de vegetação de cerrado selecionada como referência. Foram determinadas variáveis microbiológicas nas camadas de 0-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m. As variáveis relacionados à biomassa microbiana e textura foram submetidos à análise de componentes principais. Áreas com ciclos de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar mais longos apresentaram maior proporção de carbono da biomassa microbiana no carbono orgânico total nas camadas subterrâneas (quociente microbiano). O desempenho da comunidade microbiana do solo, expresso pelos indicadores carbono orgânico total e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana foi associado à maior presença de argila e silte, ou seja, partículas de solo menores que 0,02 mm. canadeaçúcar cana açúcar superficiais sentido mecanizada Central 20182019 2018 2019 2018/2019 edafoclimáticas C1 C (C1 C3 C7 referência 00,10 0010 0 0,10 10 0-0,1 0,100,20 010020 0,20 20 0,10-0,2 m principais quociente microbiano. microbiano . microbiano) silte seja 002 02 0,0 mm 2018201 201 2018/201 (C 00 00,1 001 010 0,1 1 0-0, 100 0,100,2 01002 020 0,2 2 0,10-0, 0, 201820 2018/20 00, 01 0-0 0,100, 0100 0,10-0 20182 2018/2 0- 0,100 0,10- 2018/