Resumen Introducción. La erosión acelerada del suelo es una de las principales causas de la degradación del suelo, que se ve reforzada por las actividades humanas que reducen la cobertura del suelo y aumentan su densidad. Metodologia: Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio es cuantificar y comparar las pérdidas de suelo por erosión, entre áreas con agricultura convencional y vegetación natural en el sitio Potós ubicado en la zona rural del municipio de Ubajara, Ceará, Brasil. Resultados. Para monitorear la erosión, se instalan nueve pines de erosión en cada tratamiento, distribuidos en forma triangular, en el sentido de la pendiente, entre las hileras de plantas. El monitoreo se realizará mensualmente durante los años 2020 y 2021. Las pérdidas mensuales varían entre 0 y 948,73 Mg ha-1 mes, siendo las mayores en los meses más lluviosos, registrándose las mayores pérdidas en el año de mayor precipitación total acumulada.

Abstract Introduction. Accelerated soil erosion is one of the major causes of land degradation, which is exacerbated by human activities that reduce soil cover and increase its density. Objective. This study aimed to quantify and compare the levels of soil erosion between areas with conventional agriculture and natural vegetation at the Potós site located in the rural area of the municipality of Ubajara, Ceará, Brazil. Methodology. To monitor erosion, nine erosion pins were installed in each treatment area, arranged in a triangular mesh pattern, in the direction of the slope and between the rows of plants. Monitoring will occur monthly during 2020 and 2021. Results. Monthly losses range from 0 to 948.73 Mg ha-1 month, with the highest losses occurring in the driest months. The greatest losses were recorded in the year with the highest total accumulated precipitation.

Resumo Introdução: A erosão acelerada do solo é uma das principais causas de sua degradação, sendo esta potencializada por atividades antrópicas que reduzem a cobertura do solo e aumentam sua densidade. Objetivo: Ante isso, com o presente estudo objetivou-se quantificar e comparar as perdas de solos por erosão, entre áreas com agricultura convencional e vegetação natural no sítio Potós localizado na zona rural do município de Ubajara, Ceará, Brasil. Metodologia: Para monitorar a erosão foram instalados nove pinos de erosão em cada tratamento, distribuídos em malha triangular, no sentido do declive e entre as fileiras de plantas. O monitoramento ocorreu mensalmente durante os anos de 2020 e 2021. Resultados: As perdas de solos mensais variaram entre 0 e 948,73 Mg ha-1 por mês e foram maiores nos meses mais chuvosos, sendo as maiores perdas registradas no ano com maior precipitação total acumulada.

Summary: The state of Chiapas presents degradation processes of dif ferent kinds, as a consequence of the current established agricultural model. It is estimated that, in the near future, the surface of the state of Chiapas will present more than 55% degradation, generating changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, af fecting the quality of life of human beings, mainly due to scarcity of food. The objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of the soils in three municipalities of the central depression of Chiapas, Mexico. The analysis were interpreted taking NOM-021-SEMARNAT-2000 as a reference and were classified according to the world reference base (WRB), version 2014. For the evaluation of soil quality, the sustainable use of land subindex (SUSS). 144 soil samples corresponding to 21 profiles were analyzed. Of the 21 profiles studied, 17 present poor soil qualities, two a sensitive quality, one acceptable quality and one with good quality. Only two soil groups presented good fertility and are classified as Vertisols and Phaeozems, which present good quality and capacity to maintain sustainable agricultural production in this region.

Resumen: El estado de Chiapas presenta procesos de degradación de diferente índole, como consecuencia del actual modelo agrícola establecido. Se estima que, en el futuro cercano, la superficie del estado de Chiapas presente más de 55% de degradación, generando modificaciones en las propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo; afectando la calidad de vida de los seres humanos, principalmente por escasez de alimentos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la calidad de los suelos en tres municipios de la depresión central de Chiapas, México. Los análisis se interpretaron tomando como referencia la NOM-021-SEMARNAT-2000 y se clasificaron de acuerdo con la world reference base (WRB), versión 2014, para la evaluación de calidad del suelo se utilizó el subíndice de uso sustentable del suelo (SUSS). Se analizaron 144 muestras de suelo correspondientes a 21 perfiles. De los 21 perfiles estudiados, 17 presentan calidad de suelo pobre, dos calidades sensibles, uno calidad aceptable y uno con calidad buena. Solo dos Grupos de suelo presentaron buena fertilidad y son clasificados como Vertisols y Phaeozems, los cuales presentan buena calidad y capacidad para mantener producción agrícola sostenible en esta región.

There is growing evidence that soil degradation, among other factors, has led to both the decline and constraint of agriculture in southern Africa. Conservation and regenerative agriculture (CA/RA) have been proposed as a grain crop production system that could slow down, halt or even reverse some of these disturbing trends. But the question remains whether it is financially viable. We sought to find an answer to this question by comparing the financial returns of a CA/RA system over a 20-year period to its alternatives, namely conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) production systems. The cumulative free cash flow (CFCF) of the average between the realistic and conservative CA/RA scenarios in year 20 is considerably higher than that of the other systems under investigation. The CFCF for CA/RA in year 20 in Mpumalanga is estimated to be ZAR86 million, compared to -ZAR51 million for CT and about ZAR4 million for NT. That is a net difference between ZAR137 million (compared to CT) and ZAR82 million (compared to NT). In the Maluti area, the CFCF for the CA/RA production system is estimated at ZAR26 million, compared to -ZAR66 million for CT and -ZAR19 million for NT. In the North-West production area, the CFCF for the CA/RA production system is estimated at ZAR35 million, compared to -ZAR9 million for CT and about ZAR21 million for NT. The differences between the CFCF of the CA/RA system and the other systems represent the financial opportunity cost of not converting to the CA/RA system. SIGNIFICANCE: • Soil degradation leads to both the decline and constraint of agriculture in southern Africa. • Conservation and regenerative agriculture (CA/RA) have been proposed as a grain crop production system that could slow down, halt or even reverse some of these disturbing trends. • CA/RA are financially more viable in three grain production areas of South Africa. • The cumulative free cash flow (CFCF) CA/RA in year 20 is considerably higher than that of the other systems. • The differences between the CFCF of the CA/RA system and the other systems represent the financial opportunity cost of not converting to the CA/RA system.

Abstract The estimation and variation of the vegetation cover of the Amazon forest generated by anthropic activity in Huepetuhe had the purpose of estimating the loss of vegetation and the deforestation rates for an Amazon forest, the study was carried out using Landsat 8 satellite images, the treatment of the raster images was made using the ERDAS software, the images were subjected to geometric and radiometric corrections, for this purpose control points were taken on the ground, for the analysis four categories of forest degradation were established: Forest with null vegetation with presence of bare soil, forest with sparse vegetation, forest with moderate vegetation and total area of deterioration. The results from the analysis of the multispectral images and the NDVI show that compared to 2016, 30.1 ha increased in the forest category with no vegetation, 28.8 ha in forests with sparse vegetation, 236.9 ha for forests with moderate vegetation and the area of global deterioration increased by 295.8 ha. The annual deforestation rate was 5% (6.02 ha/year) for forests with no vegetation and presence of bare soil and 9% (59.16 ha/year) for global degradation, the coefficient of determination for forests with no vegetation and area naked was R2=0.9704, and for global deterioration of the forest R2=0.957.

Resumen La estimación y variación de la cobertura vegetal del bosque amazónico generada por la actividad antrópica en Huepetuhe tuvo por finalidad estimar las pérdidas de vegetación y las tasas de deforestación para para un bosque amazónico, el estudio se realizó utilizando la herramienta Google Earth Engine e imágenes satelitales Landsat 8, para el tratamiento de las imágenes ráster se utilizó el software ERDAS y ArcGis, las imágenes fueron sometidas a correcciones geométricas y radiométricas, para ello se tomaron puntos de control el tierra, para el análisis se estableció cuatro categorías de degradación del bosque: Bosque con vegetación nula con presencia de suelo desnudo, Bosque con vegetación escasa, Bosque con vegetación moderada y área total de deterioro. Los resultados a partir del análisis de las imágenes multiespectrales y el NDVI muestra que respecto al año 2016 se incrementó 30.1ha en la categoría bosque con vegetación nula, 28.8 ha en los bosques con vegetación escasa, 236.9 ha para bosques de vegetación moderada y el área de deterioro global se incrementó en 295.8 ha. La tasa de deforestación anual fue del 5% (6.02 ha/año) para bosque con vegetación nula y presencia de suelo desnudo y del 9% (59.16 ha/año) para degradación global, el coeficiente de determinación para bosques con vegetación nula y área desnuda fue de R2=0.9704, y para deterioro global del bosque R2=0.957.

ABSTRACT: Feathers are by-products that are generated in significant quantities by the poultry industry. Microbial bioconversion has been investigated as a promising strategy for the processing of feathers, since, along with the degradation of these keratinous materials, bioprocessing can result in value-added products. Thus, from the perspective of industrial microbiology, chicken feathers can be considered a raw material for obtaining microbial proteases. Within this context, this research investigated and characterized the production of extracellular proteases by Aspergillus sp., isolated from soil of the Amazon Rainforest. The enzymatic production was evaluated using several growth substrates (whole feathers, feather meal, human hair, casein, gelatin, peptone and chicken beaks). With highest enzyme production was obtained the feather meal (FM) and peptone. After 48 h of fermentation, FM degradation was 15.82%. The crude protease showed optimal activity at pH 5.0 and 37 °C and enzymatic activity was enhanced with the addition of 1 and 5 mM of CaCl2, MnSO4, KCl, MgSO4 and CuSO4. The detergents Tween 20 and Triton x-100, at concentrations 0.5 and 1% (v/v), tended to stimulate activity. The presence of 0.5 and 1% (v/v) of organic solvents (methanol, acetone, butanol, acetonitrile, isopropanol and DMSO), maintained the enzymatic activity. β-mercaptoethanolstimulated proteolytic activity in the enzymatic assays. This study suggested new direction for waste management with industrial applications giving rise to green technology for sustainable development. ABSTRACT byproducts products industry since materials valueadded value added Thus microbiology context sp sp. Rainforest whole hair casein gelatin beaks. beaks . beaks) (FM 4 fermentation 1582 15 82 15.82% 50 0 5. 3 C CaCl2 CaCl MnSO4 MnSO KCl MgSO CuSO4 CuSO 2 x100, x100 x 100, 100 x-100 05 0. v/v, vv v/v , v (v/v methanol, methanol (methanol acetone butanol acetonitrile DMSO, DMSO DMSO) βmercaptoethanolstimulated β mercaptoethanolstimulated assays development 158 8 15.82 x10 10 x-10 15.8 x1 x-1 15. x-

RESUMO: As penas são subprodutos que são gerados em quantidades significativas pela indústria avícola. A bioconversão microbiana tem sido investigada como uma estratégia promissora para o processamento de penas, uma vez que, juntamente com a degradação desses materiais queratinosos, o bioprocessamento pode resultar em produtos de valor agregado. Assim, do ponto de vista da microbiologia industrial, as penas de frango podem ser consideradas matéria-prima para a obtenção de proteases microbianas. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar e caracterizar a produção de proteases extracelulares por Aspergillus sp., isolados de solo da floresta Amazônica. A produção enzimática foi avaliada utilizando diversos substratos de crescimento (penas inteiras, farinha de penas, cabelo humano, caseína, gelatina, peptona e bicos de frango). Com maior produção de enzima foi obtida a farinha de penas (FP) e peptona. Após 48 h de fermentação, a degradação da FP foi de 15.82%. A protease bruta mostrou atividade ótima em pH 5.0 e 37 0C e a atividade enzimática foi aumentada com a adição de 1 e 5 mM de CaCl2, MnSO4, KCl, MgSO4 e CuSO4. Os detergentes Tween 20 e Triton x-100, nas concentrações 0.5 e 1% (v/v), tenderam a estimular a atividade. A presença de 0.5 e 1% (v/v) dos solventes orgânicos (metanol, acetona, butanol, acetonitrila, isopropanol e DMSO), mantiveram a atividade enzimática. O β-mercaptoetanol estimulou a atividade proteolítica nos ensaios enzimáticos. Este estudo sugere uma nova direção para a gestão de resíduos com aplicações industriais dando origem à tecnologia verde para o desenvolvimento sustentável. RESUMO avícola queratinosos agregado Assim industrial matériaprima matéria prima microbianas contexto sp sp. Amazônica inteiras humano caseína gelatina frango. . frango) (FP 4 fermentação 1582 15 82 15.82% 50 0 5. 3 C CaCl2 CaCl MnSO4 MnSO KCl MgSO CuSO4 CuSO 2 x100, x100 x 100, 100 x-100 05 0. v/v, vv v/v , v (v/v metanol, metanol (metanol acetona butanol acetonitrila DMSO, DMSO DMSO) βmercaptoetanol β mercaptoetanol enzimáticos sustentável 158 8 15.82 x10 10 x-10 15.8 x1 x-1 15. x-

ABSTRACT The physical and microbiological characteristics of the soil are indicators considered in the assessment of the conditions of anthropized areas and are tools to identify levels of degradation, define the best crops, and thus, propose actions that help the producer to choose the appropriate soil management. In this regard, the aim of this work was to analyze the physical and microbiological properties of the soil in different agricultural production systems and in a preserved area. The research was carried out at a property located in the municipality of Campo Novo do Parecis - MT, Cerrado`s Biome. For the physical analysis, samples at depths of 0-0.10 m, 0.10-0.20 m and 0.20-0.30 m in five locations were collected randomly, within each production system and in the forest fragment. To evaluate the microbial activity of the soil, soil samples were collected at the 0-0.10 m layer also in five locations. All uses showed changes in physical characteristics, when compared to natural conditions. In the microbiological analysis, the integrated systems did not present significant differences in relation to the organic matter and the basal respiration of the soil when compared with the conventional systems and the forest fragment. The carbon of the microbial biomass of the soil and the metabolic quotient showed a difference between the systems of use and the preserved area. degradation crops thus management regard area MT Cerrados Cerrado s Biome analysis 00.10 0010 0 0.10 10 0-0.1 0.100.20 010020 0.20 20 0.10-0.2 0.200.30 020030 0.30 30 0.20-0.3 randomly fragment 00 00.1 001 010 0.1 1 0-0. 100 0.100.2 01002 020 0.2 2 0.10-0. 200 0.200.3 02003 030 0.3 3 0.20-0. 00. 01 0. 0-0 0.100. 0100 02 0.10-0 0.200. 0200 03 0.20-0 0- 0.100 0.10- 0.200 0.20-

Abstract Biofilm degradation with amylase is one of the effective ways for controlling bacterial biofilm. Although amylase can be obtained from several sources, microbial amylase is preferred. Information of the new source of amylase and its activity is therefore fundamental for new applications and enzyme technology advancement. In this study, amylase was extracted from bacteria isolated from soil in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. Two different soil isolates AMPB10 and AMPB31 were selected for the purification of amylase; they were identified as Bacillus tequilensis and Bacillus subtilis, respectively. The efficiencies of purified amylase in degradation of biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus TISTR 1466, Staphylococcus epidermidis TISTR 518, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa TISTRA 781 biofilms were measured. The amylase from AMPB10 and AMPB31 degraded 70.9% and 66.1% of S. aureus biofilm, 59.6% and 64.1% of S. epidermidis biofilm, and 57.8% and 60.1% of P. aeruginosa biofilm, respectively. Amylase produced from AMPB10 had greater biofilm degrading activity on S. aureus than AMPB31, while amylase from AMPB31 was more effective against P. aeruginosa and S. epidermidis at high concentration. However, AMPB10 amylase showed stronger degrading activity on P. aeruginosa at intermediate concentration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating a successful use of B. tequilensis amylase to degrade the bacterial biofilm. sources preferred advancement study Ratchasima Thailand AMPB AMPB1 AMPB3 subtilis respectively 1466 518 78 measured 709 70 9 70.9 661 66 1 66.1 S 596 59 6 59.6 641 64 64.1 578 57 8 57.8 601 60 60.1 P concentration However knowledge B 146 51 7 70. 66. 5 59. 64. 57. 60. 14

ABSTRACT Water erosion is one of the main cause of soil degradation and the pollution of water resources. The aim of the present study is to update and evaluate the seasonal variation of the erosivity index and the Modified Fournier Index as a tool to predict rain erosivity for the state of Rio Grande do Sul. A series of monthly average rainfall data was used from 112 rainfall stations based on the Climatological Norms of the period between 1991 and 2020. Based on 16 regression equations, the values of the Modified Fournier Index (MFI) and the EI30 index were estimated, assessing their spatial and seasonal variation. Results show a strong seasonal variation with greater erosivity in the months of April, October and December. The EI30 varied between 3500 and 12500 MJ, ha-1 h-1 year-1. A significant spatial variation could be observed, with an increase in values in the east-west direction. resources Sul 11 199 2020 1 equations MFI (MFI EI EI3 estimated April December 350 1250 MJ ha1 ha ha- h1 h h- year1. year1 year 1. year-1 observed eastwest east west direction 19 202 35 125 year- 20 3 12 2

RESUMO A erosão hídrica é uma das principais causas de degradação de solos e poluição dos recursos hídricos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo atualizar e avaliar a variação sazonal do índice de erosividade e do Índice de Fournier Modificado como ferramenta para prever a erosividade das chuvas para o estado de Rio Grande do Sul. Foram usadas as séries de dados de precipitação média mensal tendo como base as Normais Climatológicas do período de 1991 a 2020 de 112 estações pluviométricas. Com base em 16 equações de regressão formam estimados os valores dos Índices de Fournier Modificado (IFM) e do índice EI30, avaliando-se sua variação espacial e sazonal. Os resultados mostram uma forte variação sazonal, com maiores erosividades nos meses de abril, outubro e dezembro. O EI30 variou entre 3.500 a 12.500 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 ano-1. Observou-se uma marcante variação espacial, com aumento dos valores no sentido leste a oeste. hídricos Sul 199 202 11 pluviométricas 1 IFM (IFM EI avaliandose avaliando se abril dezembro EI3 3500 3 500 3.50 12500 12 12.50 ha1 ha ha- h1 h h- ano1. ano1 ano 1. ano-1 Observouse Observou oeste 19 20 350 50 3.5 1250 12.5 ano- 2 35 5 3. 125 12.

ABSTRACT The Semiarid region in the Northeast of Brazil is characterized by Caatinga tropical forests, adapted to 8-to-9 months of annual water stress. Human activities have resulted in environmental degradation due to tree removal and soil exposure to erosion factors; however, planting native trees, such as Mimosa tenuiflora and Cnidoscolus quercifolius, may accelerate environmental recovery. Tree recovery was evaluated in a degraded areas under a 14-year period of grazing exclusion (2005 to 2019) and planting of M. tenuiflora (2005 and 2009) and C. quercifolius (2007 and 2009) and under natural regeneration. Data on survival, height, and diameter of planted seedlings, and the number, species, height, and diameter of naturally regenerating trees were collected. The absence of grazing allowed for the establishment of 50.5% and 44.6% of the 204 M. tenuiflora and 204 C. quercifolius planted seedlings, which presented mean heights of 395 and 355 cm and mean basal diameters of 92 and 76 mm. Naturally regenerated M. tenuiflora and C. quercifolius totaled 190 and 7 plants, with heights of 95 and 139 cm, and basal diameters of 10 and 26 mm. A naturally established specimen of Cenostigma pyramidale with a height of 175 cm and basal diameter of 36 mm was found. This denotes the positive effect of seedling planting on tree cove compared to a nearby continuously grazed area; however, full recovery, especially regarding diversity of the tree community, requires more than 14year grazing exclusion, tree planting, and natural regeneration. forests 8to9 8 9 8-to- stress factors however year 14 2005 (200 2019 M 2009 C 2007 regeneration survival seedlings number species collected 505 50 5 50.5 446 44 6 44.6 20 39 35 19 plants 13 1 2 17 3 found area community 8to 8-to 200 (20 201 50. 4 44. (2 (

RESUMO A região semiárida do nordeste do Brasil é caracterizada pela floresta tropical Caatinga adaptada a déficit hídrico anual de 7-a8 meses. As atividades humanas degradam o ambiente pela remoção das árvores e exposição do solo aos agentes erosivos; porém o plantio de árvores nativas, tais como Mimosa tenuiflora e Cnidoscolus quercifolius, pode acelerar a recuperação ambiental. A recuperação arbórea de uma área degradada foi avaliada considerando 14 anos sem pastejo (de 2005 a 2019), o plantio de M. tenuiflora (2005 e 2009) e C. quercifolius (2007 e 2009), e a regeneração natural. Foram coletados dados de sobrevivência, altura e diâmetro das mudas plantadas, e a quantidade, espécie, altura e diâmetro dos regenerantes. A ausência do pastejo permitiu o estabelecimento de, respectivamente, 50,5% e 44,6% das 204 M. tenuiflora e das 204 de C. quercifolius, com médias altura de 395 e 355 cm, e de diâmetro basal de 92 e 76 mm. Foram observados 190 e sete regenerantes de M. tenuiflora e C. quercifolius, com média de 95 cm e 139 cm de altura, e de 10 mm e 26 mm de diâmetro basal. Foi observado um regenerante de Cenostigma pyramidale, com altura de 175 cm e diâmetro basal de 36 mm. Isto mostrou o efeito positivo do plantio de mudas na cobertura arbórea comparada ao cenário ainda observado na área adjacente pastejada continuamente, mas a recuperação completa, especialmente quanto à diversidade da comunidade arbórea, precisa de mais do que 14 anos sem pastejo, plantio de mudas e regeneração natural. 7a8 7 a8 7-a meses erosivos nativas ambiental 1 200 2019, 2019 , 2019) M (200 2009 C 2007 2009, natural sobrevivência plantadas quantidade espécie respectivamente 505 50 5 50,5 446 44 6 44,6 20 39 35 9 19 13 2 pyramidale 17 3 continuamente completa 7a 201 (20 50, 4 44, (2 (

ABSTRACT Potato cultivation is characterized by a high use of inputs, which results in soil degradation and contamination. Crop rotation is a good practice to counteract these problems. This study aimed to assess the sustainability of three rotation sequences (potato-pea-potato, potato-oat-pea and potato-potato-oat) using the sustainability assessment methodology oriented to agricultural experiments associated with soil management. It was observed that, both environmentally and economically, potato-potato-oat is the most sustainable treatment, while potato-oat-pea is the most socially sustainable. Balancing the three dimensions, potato-potato-oat is the most sustainable treatment, with sustainability index of 0.85, while potato-pea-potato is the least sustainable one, with 0.64. The potato-potato-oat rotation sequence generates a less negative environmental impact, as well as a higher social equity and economic return for the farmer. inputs contamination problems potatopeapotato, potatopeapotato potato pea potato, (potato-pea-potato potatooatpea oat potatopotatooat management that economically treatment dimensions 085 0 85 0.85 one 064 64 0.64 impact farmer 08 8 0.8 06 6 0.6 0.

RESUMO O cultivo da batata caracteriza-se por elevado uso de insumos, o que resulta na degradação e contaminação do solo. A rotação de culturas é uma boa prática para neutralizar tais problemas. Objetivou-se avaliar a sustentabilidade de três esquemas de rotação (batata-ervilha-batata, batata-aveia-ervilha e batata-batata-aveia), utilizando-se a metodologia de avaliação da sustentabilidade orientada a experimentações agrícolas associadas ao manejo do solo. Verificou-se que, ambiental e economicamente, batata-batata-aveia é o tratamento mais sustentável, enquanto batata-aveia-ervilha é o mais socialmente sustentável. Ao equilibrar as três dimensões, batata-batata-aveia é o tratamento mais sustentável, com índice de sustentabilidade de 0,85. No outro extremo está batata-ervilha-batata, com 0,64. A sequência de rotação batata-batata-aveia gera menor impacto ambiental negativo, bem como maior equidade social e retorno econômico para o produtor. caracterizase caracteriza se insumos solo problemas Objetivouse Objetivou batataervilhabatata, batataervilhabatata ervilha batata, (batata-ervilha-batata batataaveiaervilha aveia batatabatataaveia, batatabatataaveia , batata-batata-aveia) utilizandose utilizando Verificouse Verificou economicamente sustentável dimensões 085 0 85 0,85 batata-ervilha-batata 064 64 0,64 negativo produtor 08 8 0,8 06 6 0,6 0,

Abstract The use of fertilizers affects not only the soil fertility and crop yield, but also significantly changes the taxonomic structure of the soil microbiocenosis. Here, based on stationary field experiment, we studied the influence of organo-mineral fertilizer (ОМF), modified by bacteria Bacillus subtilis, H-13 in comparison with different fertilizer systems (organic, mineral, organo-mineral) on (i) crop yield, (ii) physical and chemical properties, and (iii) alpha and beta diversity of the microbial community Albic Retisol (Loamic, Aric, Cutanic, Differentic, Ochric). The studies were carried out against the background of liming (рНКCl – 5.9) and without it (рНКCl – 5.1). The use of only one cattle farmyard manure was less effective than its co-application with mineral fertilizers in half doses. A similar effect was obtained when applying ОМF. In addition, the use of OMF contributes to a significant increase in the reserves of soil organic carbon in the soil layer 0-20 cm by 18%-32%. Using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA variable V4 gene sequence libraries, 10.759 taxa from 456 genera were identified, assigned to 34 fila (31 bacterial and 3 archaeotic. Unilateral application of mineral fertilizers leads to a significant decrease in the alpha diversity of the structure of soil microbial communities (OTE (other things equal) and Shannon index). A clear clustering of the microbiota was found in the variants with and without the introduction of сattle farmyard manure. It is revealed that the taxonomic structure of the microbiocenosis is formed under the influence of two main factors: crop rotation culture and applied fertilizers. The type of cultivated crop determines the dynamics of the microbiota at the level of larger taxa, such as domains, and fertilizers affect the structure of the microbial community at alower taxonomic level (phyla, orders, bloodlines). On the basis of the Deseq analysis, marker taxa were identified, according to the share participation of which it is possible to determine the type of cultivated crop and fertilizers used in the experiment. Understanding the dynamics of taxa association and other influential factors can lead to the creation of universal systems of metagenomic indication, where tracking the dynamics of microbial communities will allow for a comprehensive assessment of the agroecological state of soils and timely decisions to prevent their degradation. yield Here experiment organomineral organo ОМF, ОМF , (ОМF) subtilis H13 H 13 H-1 organic, (organic i (i ii (ii properties iii (iii Loamic, Loamic (Loamic Aric Cutanic Differentic Ochric. Ochric . Ochric) рНКCl 5.9 59 5 9 5.1. 51 5.1 1 5.1) coapplication co doses addition 020 0 20 0-2 18%32%. 1832 18% 32%. 18 32 18%-32% highthroughput high throughput S V libraries 10759 10 759 10.75 45 identified 31 (3 archaeotic OTE equal index. index index) domains phyla, phyla (phyla orders bloodlines. bloodlines bloodlines) analysis indication degradation (ОМF H1 H- 5. 02 2 0- 18%32% 183 32% 18%-32 1075 75 10.7 4 ( 18%32 18%-3 107 7 10. 18%3 18%-

Resumo O uso de fertilizantes afeta não apenas a fertilidade do solo e o rendimento das culturas, mas também altera significativamente a estrutura taxonômica da microbiocenose do solo. Aqui, com base em experimento de campo estacionário, estudou-se a influência do fertilizante organomineral (FOM), modificado pela bactéria Bacillus subtilis (H-13), em comparação com diferentes sistemas de fertilizantes (orgânico, mineral, organomineral) em (i) rendimento da colheita, (ii) propriedades físicas e químicas, e (iii) diversidade alfa e beta da comunidade microbiana Albic Retisol (Loamic, Aric, Cutanic, Differentic, Ochric). O experimento foi conduzido sob duas condições: com calagem (pHKCl - 5,9) e sem calagem (pHKCl - 5,1). O uso apenas de esterco bovino foi menos eficaz do que sua coaplicação com fertilizantes minerais em metade das doses. Um efeito semelhante foi obtido ao aplicar FOM. Além disso, o uso de FOM contribui para um aumento significativo nas reservas de carbono orgânico do solo na camada de solo de 0-20 cm em 18%-32%. O sequenciamento de alto rendimento das bibliotecas de sequências do gene variável V4 do rRNA 16S identificou 10.759 táxons pertencentes a 456 gêneros, classificados em 34 filos (31 bacterianos e 3 arqueanos). A aplicação unilateral de fertilizantes minerais levou a uma diminuição significativa da diversidade alfa da estrutura das comunidades microbianas do solo (OTE [outras coisas iguais] e índice de Shannon). Foi observada uma aglutinação da microbiota nas variantes com e sem a aplicação de esterco bovino. O estudo revelou que a estrutura taxonômica da microbiocenose é formada sob a influência de dois fatores principais: cultura de rotação de culturas e fertilizantes aplicados. O tipo de cultura cultivada determina a dinâmica do microbiota ao nível de taxa maiores, como os domínios, e os fertilizantes afetam a estrutura da comunidade microbiana a um nível taxonômico inferior (filos, ordens, famílias). Com base na análise Deseq, foram identificados taxa marcadores, de acordo com a participação dos quais é possível determinar o tipo de cultura cultivada e os fertilizantes utilizados na experiência. A compreensão da dinâmica da associação de taxa e de outros fatores influentes pode levar à criação de sistemas universais de indicaçadores metagenômicos, onde o rastreio da dinâmica das comunidades microbianas permitirá uma avaliação abrangente do estado agroecológico dos solos e decisões oportunas para prevenir a sua degradação. Aqui estacionário estudouse estudou se FOM, , (FOM) H13, H13 H 13 (H-13) orgânico, (orgânico mineral i (i colheita ii (ii químicas iii (iii Loamic, Loamic (Loamic Aric Cutanic Differentic Ochric. Ochric . Ochric) condições pHKCl 5,9 59 5 9 5,1. 51 5,1 1 5,1) doses disso 020 0 20 0-2 18%32%. 1832 18% 32%. 18 32 18%-32% V S 10759 10 759 10.75 45 gêneros 31 (3 arqueanos. arqueanos arqueanos) OTE outras iguais Shannon. Shannon Shannon) principais aplicados maiores domínios filos, (filos ordens famílias. famílias famílias) Deseq marcadores experiência metagenômicos degradação (FOM H1 (H-13 5, 02 2 0- 18%32% 183 32% 18%-32 1075 75 10.7 4 ( (H-1 18%32 18%-3 107 7 10. (H- 18%3 18%- (H

This study assessed the impact of climate change on food security and natural resource management on crop farming systems. Forty-five respondents were interviewed using an open-ended, and structured questionnaire. The open-ended questions allowed respondents to share their thoughts and experiences in their own words, while the structured questions helped to ensure that all respondents were asked the same questions and that the data collected was consistent. The results of this study showed that smallholder farmers perceived an increase in hot days (51.1%), a decrease in rainfall (51.1%), and a decrease in flood occurrence (71.1%). In addition, 95.2% of the respondents indicated that climatic conditions have influenced their farming systems. Natural resource changes noticed by farmers because of climate change include reduced grazing feedlot for livestock farmers (85%), reduced herbaceous cover (80%), decline in volume of water (57.8%), and increased tree damage and land degradation (11.1%). Increased soil erosion (6.7%) and increased bush encroachment (2.2%) were some of the natural resource challenges facing smallholder farmers. Some signs of climate change experienced by farmers included increases in crop pests (71%) and crop disease (8,9%). The adaptation strategies applied included the following: use of water harvesting, use of little soil disturbance techniques, adjusted fertiliser use, application of different planting dates techniques, use of different crop varieties, use of drought tolerant seeds, applied crop diversification, use of techniques that shortened growth length, planting new trees and avoiding planting on sloppy areas, and applied soil conservation techniques. Agriculture extension advisors should address vulnerable systems, including agricultural water and natural resources. In addition, it is important for agriculture extension advisors to strengthen the link between climate change adaptation and key climate change policy processes to improve their effectiveness and ability to deal with the effects of climate change. This will help overcome shortcomings along the food value chain and ensure food security.

ABSTRACT Inadequate management of pasture soils in the Amazon has resulted in a predominance of degraded pastures. Considering the natural characteristics of this region can favor more appropriate strategies for sustainability, the objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in the chemical and physical attributes of pasture and forest soils in the Southern Amazon and to identify the most sensitive attributes of their fertility. Additionally, this study suggests appropriate management practices for sustainable pastures. Soil samples from the 0 to 0.20 m layer were analyzed to determine pH, exchangeable bases (calcium, magnesium, and potassium), exchangeable aluminum, potential acidity, phosphorus, organic carbon, bulk density, and texture. Pasture soils had a higher pH, calcium content, and bulk density than forest soils. However, the pasture soils had lower phosphorus and organic matter content. The soil organic carbon stocks were also lower in pasture soils, with levels 0.8 to 12 Mg ha-1 lower than in forest soils. The fertility attributes most sensitive to soil management in these pastures were phosphorus, pH, organic carbon, and bulk density. The lack of nutrients and soil and water conservation practices have contributed to the degradation of these pastures. Therefore, the recommended management for these pastures should aim to improve the organic matter content, reduce compaction, and replenish and cycle nutrients. sustainability Additionally 020 20 0.2 pH calcium, (calcium magnesium potassium, potassium , potassium) aluminum acidity texture content However 08 8 0. 1 ha1 ha ha- Therefore compaction 02 2

RESUMO O manejo inadequado de solos de pastagens na Amazônia resulta em predomínio de pastagens degradadas. Considerando as características naturais dessa região pode favorecer estratégias mais adequadas para sua sustentabilidade, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as diferenças de atributos químicos e físicos de solos de pastagens e florestas no sul da Amazônia e identificar os atributos mais sensíveis de sua fertilidade. Além disso, sugerir práticas de manejo mais adequadas para essas pastagens em direção à sustentabilidade. Amostras de solo da camada de 0 a 0,20 m foram analisadas para determinação de pH, bases trocáveis (cálcio, magnésio e potássio), alumínio trocável, acidez potencial, fósforo, carbono orgânico, densidade aparente e textura. Os solos de pastagem tiveram maior pH, cálcio e densidade aparente do que os solos de floresta. No entanto, os solos de pastagem apresentaram menores teores de fósforo e matéria orgânica. Os estoques de carbono orgânico do solo também foram menores nas pastagens, com teores de 0,8 a 12 Mg ha-1 inferiores aos solos da floresta. Os atributos de fertilidade mais sensíveis ao manejo do solo nessas pastagens foram fósforo, pH, carbono orgânico e densidade aparente. A carência de nutrientes e de práticas de conservação do solo e da água têm contribuído para o estado de degradação dessas pastagens. Portanto, o manejo recomendado para essas pastagens deve visar a melhoria da matéria orgânica, redução da compactação, além da reposição e ciclagem de nutrientes. degradadas sustentabilidade disso 020 20 0,2 pH cálcio, (cálcio potássio, potássio , potássio) trocável potencial textura floresta entanto orgânica 08 8 0, 1 ha1 ha ha- Portanto compactação 02 2

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la importancia del azufre como un mineral esencial en la gestión agroecológica de los sistemas agropecuarios. Materiales y Métodos: Para desarrollar esta investigación se consultaron más de 80 publicaciones científicas que tratan sobre el azufre y el caldo sulfocálcico en los sistemas agropecuarios. Se documentó la función fundamental que desempeñan estos elementos en el suelo, su uso por las plantas para la prevención de las plagas, así como su efecto en ácaros y garrapatas que se hospedan en animales; además de su valor en la nutrición de rumiantes. También se estudiaron artículos que abordan en el contexto actual, los efectos del cambio climático, la condición del suelo como base de todos los sistemas y la importancia de la gestión agroecológica en la agricultura y la ganadería. Resultados: El azufre se puede utilizar de diversas maneras, como reductor del pH del suelo, fertilizante, pesticida y medicamento para plantas y animales. También se contempla su uso en la fabricación del ácido sulfúrico y en la nutrición de rumiantes. Además, cuando se combina con calcio como caldo sulfocálcico, el azufre es efectivo como insecticida, fungicida, y medicamento contra ácaros y garrapatas. También es necesario su uso debido a que el 33 % de los suelos en Cuba presentan un estado de degradación que va desde moderada hasta alta. Esto se debe a diversos factores como la erosión, la salinización, la compactación, la acidificación y la contaminación química, lo cual también provoca la pérdida de biodiversidad. Conclusiones: La utilización de azufre o caldo sulfocálcico es esencial en el manejo agroecológico del suelo, debido al elevado porcentaje de áreas con diversas afectaciones, a lo que se adicionan sus múltiples aplicaciones en plantas y animales. En Cuba la utilización de esta sustancia es un desafío por las cantidades disponibles y las pequeñas dosis que se utilizan. No obstante, con su aplicación se facilita la producción de alimentos sanos y abundantes a costo bajo, sin causar daños al medioambiente, y contribuir significativamente al bienestar humano.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the importance of sulfur as an essential mineral in the agroecological management of agricultural systems. Materials and Methods: To develop this research, more than 80 scientific publications dealing with sulfur and sulfocalcic broth in agricultural systems were consulted. The fundamental role of these elements in the soil, their use by plants for pest prevention, as well as their effect on mites and ticks hosted by animals, and their value in ruminant nutrition were documented. Papers were also studied that address in the current context, the effects of climate change, the condition of the soil as the basis of all systems and the importance of agroecological management in agriculture and animal husbandry. Results: Sulfur can be used in a variety of ways, as a soil pH reducer, fertilizer, pesticide and medicine for plants and animals. Its use in the manufacture of sulfuric acid and in ruminant nutrition is also contemplated. In addition, when combined with calcium as a sulfocalcic broth, sulfur is effective as an insecticide, fungicide, and medicine against mites and ticks. Its use is also necessary because 33 % of the soils in Cuba show a state of degradation ranging from moderate to high. This is due to various factors such as erosion, salinization, compaction, acidification and chemical contamination, which also causes the loss of biodiversity. Conclusions: The use of sulfur or sulfocalcic broth is essential in agroecological soil management, due to the high percentage of areas with diverse affectations, to which its multiple applications in plants and animals are added. In Cuba, the use of this substance is a challenge due to the available quantities and the small doses that are used. However, their application facilitates the production of healthy and abundant food at low cost, without causing damage to the environment, and contributes significantly to human welfare.

Abstract Based on the theory of solid porous media with pores, the dynamic response of layered saturated frozen soil under uniform moving load is studied. Firstly, the governing equation of saturated frozen soil is established. Then, the Fourier integral transform is used to decouple the governing equation of saturated frozen soil, and the general solution of the potential function is obtained, and the corresponding force and displacement of each layer of saturated frozen soil are derived. Finally, using the transfer matrix method, combined with the continuous condition, the semi-analytical solution of the layered saturated frozen soil medium in the frequency domain under the surface permeable condition is derived. After verifying the accuracy of the solution by comparing the model degradation with the existing literature, the effects of soil shear modulus, load moving speed, temperature, contact parameter and frequency on the dynamic response are analyzed in detail. The results show that the order of soft and hard soil layers is of great significance to accurately evaluate the dynamic response of saturated frozen soil. pores studied Firstly established Then obtained derived Finally method semianalytical semi analytical literature modulus speed temperature detail