Abstract In this study, we have carried out a variationist analysis of the use of mitigation resources in oral narrations of personal experiences both individually and conversationally constructed by speakers from Santiago de Chile. For this purpose, we have followed the model proposed in González Riffo yand Guerrero González (2017), who have classified the mitigation resources in three pragmatic axes: ‘certainty’, ‘veracity’, and ‘esteem’. The extralinguistic factors are the informants’ sex, their socioeconomic status, and the type of narrative construction. We have contrasted 36 individual narrations and 54 conversational (or co-constructed) narrations. Results have shown that speakers from high socioeconomic status mitigate more than those in medium or low status; females mitigate more than males in individual narrations; and, in conversational narrations, females mitigate less in those constructed by two males in comparison with those constructed by two females or a male and a female. Lastly, it is possible to observe that in individual narrations speakers mitigate less than in conversational narrations, which can be explained by a ‘conversational validation’ that can be found in the latter.

Resumen En este trabajo se realiza un análisis variacionista del empleo de recursos de atenuación en narraciones orales de experiencia personal construidas individual y conversacionalmente por hablantes de Santiago de Chile. Para esto, se sigue el modelo expuesto en González Riffo y Guerrero González (2017), quienes clasifican los recursos de atenuación según tres ejes pragmáticos: ‘certeza’, ‘veracidad’ y ‘estima’. Los factores extralingüísticos corresponden al sexo de los informantes, su grupo socioeconómico y el tipo de construcción narrativa. Se contrastan 36 narraciones individuales y 54 narraciones conversacionales (o co-construidas). Los resultados muestran que los hablantes del grupo socioeconómico alto atenúan más que los de los grupos bajo y medio; las mujeres atenúan más que los hombres en narraciones individuales; y en las conversacionales aquellas construidas por dos hombres presentan menos atenuadores que las construidas por dos mujeres y un hombre y una mujer. Por último, es posible observar que en las narraciones individuales los hablantes atenúan menos que en las conversacionales, lo que se explicaría por una ‘validación conversacional’ que es apreciable en las últimas.

Abstract: The aim of this contribution is to present a corpus of data for the study of the current Spanish of Equatorial Guinea that was collected during a research stay on the island of Bioko and the mainland region of Rio Muni in February and March 2022. This corpus contains oral and written data from men and women who belong to different ethnic and age groups, live in different parts of the country, and have varying levels of education. After providing an overview of the geography, ethnic composition, history and sociolinguistic landscape of Equatorial Guinea, the article delves into the data collection process and the analysis tools used. It then describes the properties of the sample, the programs used in the data analysis, as well as the planned studies.

Resumen: El objetivo de esta contribución es presentar un corpus de datos para el estudio del español actual de Guinea Ecuatorial que fue recogido durante una estancia de investigación en la isla de Bioko y la región continental de Río Muni en febrero y marzo de 2022. Este corpus contiene datos orales y escritos de hombres y mujeres que pertenecen a diferentes etnias y grupos etarios, viven en distintas partes del país y poseen niveles de instrucción variados. Después de ofrecer una visión de conjunto de la geografía, la composición étnica, la historia y el panorama sociolingüístico de Guinea Ecuatorial, el artículo ahonda en el proceso de recogida de datos y los instrumentos de análisis empleados. A continuación, se describen las propiedades de la muestra, los programas empleados en el análisis de los datos, así como los estudios previstos.

Resumen Este artículo hace un análisis sociolingüístico del uso de las formas de futuro en español —morfológico, perifrástico, presente e infinitivo— por generación y género en hablantes hispanos en Houston, Texas por medio de dos instrumentos: oral y escrito (entrevista y encuesta). Se examinó cuáles son las causas internas o externas de la lengua que condicionan cada una de las ocurrencias, y se compararon los datos de los hablantes de Houston con un grupo monolingüe de Zacatecas, México. Se investigó literatura previa de este fenómeno lingüístico para poder establecer un contexto investigativo, como los de Orozco (2007a, 2007b) y Gutiérrez (1995). Los resultados exponen que el futuro morfológico sí se encuentra en una gran decadencia en el discurso oral y que cada vez se sustituye más por el perifrástico, pero que, además, el presente y el infinitivo están tomando el lugar de las dos formas tradicionales. En el discurso escrito se encontró que los hablantes todavía mantienen la forma tradicional del futuro morfológico junto con el perifrástico. El tratamiento analítico de los datos no indicó marcadas diferencias estadísticas entre hombres y mujeres, pero sí una diferencia evidente en el patrón del uso del futuro oral con el escrito. Dichas inclinaciones parecen ser el resultado de un proceso lingüístico interno, ya que la forma innovadora está ocurriendo con una alta frecuencia en el español actual de los hablantes hispanos en Houston, pero también en dialectos monolingües.

Abstract This article makes a sociolinguistic analysis of the use of the future tense forms in Spanish —morphological, periphrastic, present, and infinitive— by generation and gender in Hispanic speakers in Houston through two instruments: oral-written (interview-survey). The causes that condition each of the occurrences (internal/external of the language) were examined. Data from Houston speakers were compared with a monolingual group from Zacatecas, Mexico. Previous literature on this linguistic phenomenon was investigated to establish a research context, such as those created by Orozco (2007a, 2007b) and Gutiérrez (1995). The results show that the future tense is indeed in great decline in the oral and that it is increasingly being replaced by the periphrastic, but also that the present and the infinitive are taking the place of the two traditional forms. In the written discourse, it was found that the speakers still maintain the traditional form of the future tense along with the periphrastic form. The analytical treatment of the data did not indicate marked statistical differences between men and women but did show an evident difference in the pattern of use of the oral future tense with the written one. These inclinations seem to be the result of an internal linguistic process, since the innovative form is occurring with a high frequency in the current Spanish of Spanish-speakers in Houston, but also in monolingual dialects.

Este artículo analiza las potencialidades y limitaciones de la perspectiva translingüística como marco teórico aplicado al estudio de las comunicaciones científico-académicas. Se realiza una revisión teórica del denominado “giro trans” en la lingüística, especialmente la sociolingüística, la lingüística aplicada y la pedagogía de enseñanza de lenguas. A continuación se consideran las características de los intercambios comunicativos propios del campo científico-académico, en sus distintos circuitos a nivel internacional, regional y local. Finalmente, se discuten tanto la riqueza como las carencias de este paradigma como caja de herramientas metodológica y teórica aplicada al análisis de este objeto de estudio particular, y su potencialidad en términos de diseño de políticas lingüísticas tendientes a una mayor inclusión y democratización de las condiciones de producción, circulación y apropiación del conocimiento dentro de este campo del espacio social.

Este artigo analisa as potencialidades e limitações da perspectiva translinguística como uma estrutura teórica aplicada ao estudo das comunicações científico-acadêmicas. É feita uma revisão teórica da chamada "virada trans" na linguística, especialmente na sociolinguística, na linguística aplicada e na pedagogia do ensino de idiomas. Em seguida, são analisadas as características das trocas comunicativas no campo acadêmico-científico, em seus diferentes circuitos nos níveis internacional, regional e local. Por fim, discutimos a riqueza e as deficiências desse paradigma como uma caixa de ferramentas metodológica e teórica aplicada à análise desse objeto de estudo específico e seu potencial em termos de elaboração de políticas linguísticas voltadas para uma maior inclusão e democratização das condições de produção, circulação e apropriação do conhecimento nesse campo do espaço social.

This article assesses the potential and limits of translingualism as a theoretical framework applied to the analysis of scholarly communications. A theoretical revision of the “trans turn” in sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, and language teaching pedagogies is carried out. The characteristics of communicative exchanges in the scientific field at a local, regional and international level are considered. Finally, both the richness and shortcomings of this paradigm as a methodological and theoretical toolbox are discussed in relation to this particular object of study, included its potential in terms of linguistic policy design towards greater inclusion and democratization of the conditions of production, circulation, and reception of scientific knowledge within this field of social space.

ABSTRACT In this research,1 we aim to analyze how misogyny establishes itself in an interaction on X (formerly Twitter) to legitimize hate speech, under the argument of opinion defense. Theoretically, in light of Interactional Sociolinguistics and Pragmatics, we conceive that impoliteness strategies contribute to the construction of linguistic-discursive violence scenarios in online-mediated interactions, as they both reduce interlocutive distance and generate sexist, misogynistic, patriarchal, and antifeminist metapragmatics. Methodologically, we adopted a qualitative approach to analyze an interaction on X based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria proposed in this study, using the netnographic method. Analytically, we observed that interlocutors C, E, and F frequently used impoliteness strategies in constructing opinion-based discourses to attack feminism and legitimize hate speech. research1 research 1 research, formerly Twitter speech defense Theoretically Pragmatics linguisticdiscursive linguistic discursive onlinemediated online mediated interactions sexist misogynistic patriarchal metapragmatics Methodologically study method Analytically C E opinionbased

RESUMO Almejamos analisar, nesta pesquisa1, como a misoginia se estabelece em uma interação no X (antigo Twitter), sob o argumento de defesa de opinião, para legitimar discursos de ódio. No âmbito teórico, concebemos, à luz da Sociolinguística Interacional e da Pragmática, que as estratégias de impolidez colaboram com a construção de cenários de violência linguístico-discursiva em interações mediadas on-line, na medida em que tanto reduzem a distância interlocutiva quanto geram metapragmáticas machistas, misóginas, patriarcais e antifeministas. No âmbito metodológico, inscrevemo-nos em uma abordagem qualitativa para, a partir do método netnográfico, analisarmos uma interação no X a partir dos critérios de inclusão e de exclusão propostos neste estudo. No âmbito analítico, constatamos que os interlocutores C, E e F se valeram, com frequência, de estratégias de impolidez na construção de discursos pautados na defesa de opinião para atacar o feminismo e legitimar discursos de ódio. analisar pesquisa1 pesquisa antigo Twitter, Twitter , Twitter) ódio teórico concebemos Pragmática linguísticodiscursiva linguístico discursiva online, online on line, line on-line machistas misóginas antifeministas metodológico inscrevemonos inscrevemo nos netnográfico estudo analítico C valeram frequência

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to analyse reformulation as a discursive strategy in the specific context of teaching and learning Portuguese, to contribute to the extant knowledge of the verbal interactions that take place in the classroom. To this end, we used the interactional sociolinguistics framework to analyse the conversational mechanism of reformulation, in a pedagogical context. More specifically, we look at the co-construction of the learning and teaching of European Portuguese, in two 5th grade classes, which total 44 students. Results show that reformulation occurs very frequently in the development phase of the lesson and is part of the verbal routines of the participants − teacher and students −, constituting a strategy of conversational involvement, which is fundamental for all linguistic understanding in pedagogical interactions. In class, reformulation aims to repair communicative problems, such as errors or misunderstandings, and to improve understanding of the meaning of texts for the effective learning of Portuguese as a mother tongue. classroom end specifically coconstruction co construction th classes 4 involvement class problems misunderstandings tongue

RESUMO O presente texto tem como objetivo analisar a reformulação enquanto estratégia discursiva no contexto específico de ensino-aprendizagem do Português, à luz do modelo da Sociolinguística Interacional. Pretende-se contribuir para o conhecimento das interações verbais que aí se desencadeiam. Adotando a perspetiva daquele modelo teórico, analisa-se o mecanismo conversacional de reformulação, em contexto pedagógico, na coconstrução da aprendizagem do Português Europeu, em duas turmas do 5.º ano de escolaridade, num total de quarenta e quatro alunos. Os resultados do estudo revelam que a reformulação ocorre com muita frequência na fase de desenvolvimento da aula e faz parte das rotinas verbais dos participantes - professor e alunos - na sala de aula, constituindo uma estratégia de envolvimento conversacional, fundamental para toda a compreensão linguística nas interações pedagógicas. Nas aulas, a reformulação visa reparar problemas comunicativos, como erros ou mal-entendidos, e melhorar a compreensão do sentido dos textos para uma efetiva aprendizagem da língua portuguesa enquanto língua materna. ensinoaprendizagem ensino Interacional Pretendese Pretende desencadeiam teórico analisase analisa pedagógico Europeu 5º º 5 escolaridade pedagógicas aulas comunicativos malentendidos, malentendidos mal entendidos, entendidos mal-entendidos materna

Résumé Lors de la parution en 2020 de la retraduction française du roman Dix petits nègres d’Agatha Christie, rebaptisé Ils étaient dix, la Christie Corporation a déclaré que cette nouvelle version de l’œuvre a[vait] du sens. Selon le communiqué, au siècle de l’auteure le langage était différent. Afin d’interroger le bienfondé de cet argument, notre étude porte sur la traduction et usage du terme Nigger/Nègre (nom/adjectif) en français métropolitain. Le corpus est composé de l’œuvre originale Ten Little Niggers (1939), sa traduction interlinguale (1940) et retraduction?(2020). Ces concepts-ci sont examinés dans la première partie de l’étude à l’appui des bases théoriques de l’intertextualité. La deuxième partie suit le parcours de la lexie aux États-Unis à travers notamment la popularisation de la comptine éponyme originale. La troisième partie vise à démontrer qu’à l’instar du statut sociolinguistique du N… word aux États-Unis, Nègre/nègre n’a jamais intégré le vocabulaire usuel du français. Ce sont-là autant d’éléments qui permettent de contester voire invalider l’argument présenté par les ayants-droits de l’auteure. La conclusion expose les résultats du baromètre des discriminations en France CRAN/IPSOS (2023) et souligne la nécessité de déconstruction de l’imaginaire colonial institutionalisé. 202 dAgatha d Agatha dix lœuvre l œuvre avait vait a[vait sens communiqué lauteure auteure différent dinterroger interroger argument NiggerNègre Nigger Nègre nom/adjectif nomadjectif nom adjectif (nom/adjectif métropolitain 1939, 1939 , (1939) 1940 (1940 retraduction2020. retraduction2020 . retraduction?(2020) conceptsci concepts ci létude lappui appui lintertextualité. lintertextualité intertextualité. intertextualité l’intertextualité ÉtatsUnis États Unis quà qu linstar instar N ÉtatsUnis, Unis, Nègrenègre nègre na n sontlà là déléments éléments largument ayantsdroits ayants droits lauteure. auteure. CRANIPSOS CRAN IPSOS 2023 (2023 limaginaire imaginaire institutionalisé 20 193 (1939 194 (194 retraduction202 retraduction?(2020 (202 2 19 (193 (19 retraduction20 retraduction?(202 (20 1 (1 retraduction2 retraduction?(20 (2 ( retraduction?(2 retraduction?( retraduction?

Abstract When the French retranslation of the novel Ten Little Niggers, by Agatha Christie, renamed They were ten, was published in 2020, the Christie Corporation declared that this new version of the work makes sense. According to the press release, in the century of the author the language was different. To question the validity of this argument, our study focuses on the translation and use of the term Nigger/Nègre (noun/adjective) in metropolitan French. The corpus is composed of the original work Ten Little Niggers (1939), its interlingual translation (1940) and retranslation (2020). These concepts are examined in the first part of the study in support of the theoretical bases of intertextuality. The second part follows the journey of the lexie in the United States, notably through the popularization of the original eponymous nursery rhyme. The third part aims to demonstrate that, like the sociolinguistic status of the N… word in the United States, the lexie Nègre/nègre has never integrated the usual vocabulary of French. These are all elements that make it possible to contest or even invalidate the argument presented by the author's heirs. The conclusion exposes the results of the CRAN/IPSOS discrimination barometer in France (2023) and underlines the need to deconstruct the institutionalized colonial imaginary. ten 2020 sense release different NiggerNègre Nigger Nègre noun/adjective nounadjective noun adjective (noun/adjective 1939, 1939 , (1939) 1940 (1940 2020. . (2020) intertextuality States rhyme N Nègrenègre nègre authors s heirs CRANIPSOS CRAN IPSOS 2023 (2023 imaginary 202 193 (1939 194 (194 (2020 (202 20 19 (193 (19 (20 2 1 (1 (2 (

RESUMO Os estudos e as discussões sobre os contatos entre povos e línguas que se deram no Brasil têm sido frequentemente objeto de estudo da Linguística, principalmente da Sociolinguística de Contato, e da História. Entretanto, tomando os textos literários como possibilidade de entrever o passado, ainda que sob os olhares da ficção, a literatura tem muito a contribuir com a forma de se ver o passado, tendo em vista principalmente as metaficções historiográficas que se interessam por lacunas da Historiografia oficial, (re)apresentando acontecimentos e/ou fatos históricos, mas sob o olhar de personagens que foram marginalizados. Considerando isso, este artigo propõem uma análise do romance Um defeito de cor, da autora mineira Ana Maria Gonçalves (2021), a fim de ilustrar como a escrita literária pode contribuir para o entendimento das formas de interações que moldaram a sociedade brasileira, dando origem ao “Brasil” e, especialmente, ao “português brasileiro”. Linguística Contato História Entretanto passado ficção oficial reapresentando re apresentando eou ou históricos marginalizados isso cor 2021, 2021 , (2021) brasileira “Brasil especialmente português brasileiro. brasileiro . brasileiro” 202 (2021 20 (202 2 (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT Studies and discussions about the contacts between peoples and languages in Brazil have often been the subject of study in linguistics, especially Contact sociolinguistics, and History. However, by taking literary texts as a way of glimpsing the past, albeit through the eyes of fiction, literature has a lot to contribute to how we see the past, especially because of historiographic metafiction that is interested in gaps in official historiography, (re)presenting historical events and/or facts, but through the eyes of characters who have been marginalized. Bearing this in mind, this article proposes an analysis of the novel Um defeito de cor, by the author from Minas Gerais, Ana Maria Gonçalves (2021), to illustrate how literary writing can contribute to understanding the forms of interaction that have shaped Brazilian society, giving rise to “Brazil” and, especially, to “Brazilian Portuguese.” linguistics sociolinguistics History However past fiction historiography representing re presenting andor or facts marginalized mind cor Gerais 2021, 2021 , (2021) society “Brazil Portuguese. Portuguese 202 (2021 20 (202 2 (20 (2 (

Resumen Esta investigación sociolingüística analiza la expresión variable de sujetos pronominales (ESP) en el corpus PRESEEA-Cali, Colombia, estratificado por género, edad y nivel educativo del hablante. Exploramos 6409 muestras para analizar los efectos de seis variables predictoras (3 internas y 3 externas). Los resultados descubren la tasa pronominal (28,6 %) más alta encontrada en una comunidad de habla continental andina de tierras altas. Los efectos del condicionamiento lingüístico revelan como la variable predictora más fuerte a la persona y número gramatical; específicamente uno constituye el pronombre que más favorece los sujetos expresos. El condicionamiento social descubre un fuerte efecto de la edad del hablante y a los hablantes más jóvenes desfavoreciendo los sujetos expresos. Este hallazgo parece tener implicaciones cognoscitivas, ya que se esperaría de acuerdo con la teoría sociolingüística, que los hablantes más jóvenes tuviesen las tasas pronominales más altas. Además, las mujeres caleñas promueven los sujetos expresos, lo cual es similar a lo que ocurre en la región caribe colombiana pero contrario a lo que ocurre en la ciudad andina de Medellín. En términos generales, este estudio contribuye a ampliar el conocimiento de la ESP en comunidades de habla continentales latinoamericanas. Además, los efectos de la edad del hablante contribuyen a la apertura de promisorios senderos investigativos.

Abstract This sociolinguistic investigation analyzes variable subject pronoun expression in the PRESEEA-Cali corpus, which is socially stratified in terms of speaker’s gender, age and educational level. We explored 6409 tokens seeking to determine the effects of six predictors: 3 internal and 3 external. Results uncover the highest pronominal rate (28,6%) found to date in a continental Andean highland speech community. The linguistic conditioning shows the strongest effect of grammatical person and number of the subject; specifically, uno is the pronoun that most strongly favors overt subjects. The social conditioning reveals a strong effect of speaker’s age with the youngest speakers disfavoring overt pronominal subjects. This finding appears to have cognitive implications, as the youngest speakers would be expected to have the highest pronominal rates according to sociolinguistic theory. Moreover, women promote overt pronominal subjects, something similar to what happens in the Colombian Caribbean region, but the opposite of what occurs in the Andean city of Medellin. In general terms, this study contributes to expand our knowledge of subject pronoun expression in continental Latin-American speech communities. Furthermore, our findings regarding speaker’s age contribute to opening promising research paths.

Resumo Esta pesquisa sociolinguística analisa a expressão variável de sujeitos pronominais (ESP) no corpus PRESEEA-Cali, Colômbia, estratificado por sexo, idade e nível educativo do falante. Exploramos 6409 amostras para analisar os efeitos de seis variáveis preditoras (3 internas e 3 externas). Os resultados revelam a taxa pronominal (28,6%) mais alta encontrada em uma comunidade de fala andina de terras altas. Os efeitos do condicionamento linguístico revelam a pessoa e o número gramatical do sujeito como a variável preditora mais forte; especificamente uno constitui o pronome que mais favorece os sujeitos expressos. O condicionamento social descobre um forte efeito da idade do falante e dos falantes mais jovens desfavorecendo os sujeitos expressos. Esse achado parece ter implicações cognitivas, uma vez que seria de se esperar, de acordo com a teoria sociolinguística, que os falantes mais jovens tivessem as maiores taxas pronominais. Além disso, as mulheres de Cali promovem sujeitos expressos, o que é semelhante ao que acontece na região do Caribe colombiano, mas ao contrário do que acontece na cidade andina de Medellín. Em termos gerais, este estudo contribui para ampliar o conhecimento do ESP nas comunidades continentais de fala latino-americana. Além disso, os efeitos da idade do falante contribuem para a abertura de caminhos de pesquisa promissores.

Dié laaste deel van 'n vierdelige artikelreeks ondersoek die geskiedenis van die sosiolinguistiek relatief tot Oranjerivierafrikaans, een van die drie hoofdialekkontinuums van Afrikaans, van die periode 1999 tot 2021. Begrond in die linguistiese geskiedskrywing in die breë, en Michel Foucault se argeologiese en genealogiese oriënterings in die besonder, skets die artikeldeel hoe die huidige periode in die intellektuele geskiedenis van Oranjerivierafrikaans as die tydsgees van tekstualiteit opgesom kan word. Die periode sien die hoogbloei van die aandag aan geskrewe tekste - sowel argivale bronne as meer resente skeppende skryfwerk. Hiernaas word die deurentydsgees van romantiese pittigheid, 'n benadering wat die ganse Afrikaanse sosiolinguistiek deurspek, bespreek. Die optekenings en navorsing van ondere andere Sanet du Plessis, Frank Hendricks, Annél Otto, Elvis Saal, Donovan Lawrence, Carla Luijks, Luan Staphorst, Camilla Christie, Daan Wissing, en Hendrik Theys word bespreek. Hierdeur daag die artikelreeks vier sentrale veronderstellings oor die taalvorm uit, naamlik dat daar n gebrek aan bronne is, dat dit redelik "onsigbaar" is, dat dit as 'n Swart Afrikaanse taalvorm getipeer kan word, en dat Kaapse Afrikaans, eerder as Oranjerivierafrikaans, as die "oudste" vorm van Afrikaans beskou moet word.

This last part of a four-part article series investigates the history of sociolinguistics relative to Orange River Afrikaans, one of Afrikaans's three main dialect continuas, from the period 1999 to 2021. Grounded in linguistic historiography broadly construed, and Michel Foucault's archaeological and genealogical orientations specifically, this part of the article sketches how the intellectual history of Orange River Afrikaans in this period can be summarised as the Zeitgeist of textuality. This period sees the height of the study of written texts - of both archival and creative writing. A final discussion focuses on the discourse of "romantic curiosa", a discourse that has pervaded the study of Orange River Afrikaans since the onset of Afrikaans sociolinguistics. The writings and research of, amongst others, Sanet du Plessis, Frank Hendricks, Annél Otto, Elvis Saal, Donovan Lawrene, Carla Luijks, Luan Staphorst, Camilla Christie, Daan Wissing, and Hendrik Theys are discussed. Through this, the article series challenges four central and dominant presuppositions on Orange River Afrikaans, namely that there are limited sources available relative to it, that it constitutes an "invisible" language form, that it can be typified as an expression of Black Afrikaans, and that Kaaps (Cape Afrikaans), rather than Orange River Afrikaans, should be regarded as the "oldest" form of Afrikaans.

Dié derde deel van 'n vierdelige artikelreeks ondersoek die geskiedenis van die sosiolinguistiek relatief tot Oranjerivierafrikaans, een van die drie hoofdialekkontinuums van Afrikaans, van die periode 1980 tot 1998. Begrond in die linguistiese geskiedskrywing in die breë, en Michel Foucault se argeologiese en genealogiese oriënterings in die besonder, skets die artikeldeel hoe die intellektuele geskiedenis van Oranjerivierafrikaans in die tydsgees van die diskoers van dialektologie van 1980-1998 en die tydsgees van die besinning van taalidentiteit sedert die 1980's getipeer kan word. Hierdie periode sien die hoogbloei van die Afrikaanse sosiolinguistiek, veral wat veldwerkdialektologie betref. Die optekenings en navorsing van ondere andere Christo van Rensburg, Hans du Plessis, Hendrina Nieuwoudt, Vic Webb, Hans den Besten, en Gabriël Nienaber word bespreek. Hierdeur daag die artikelreeks vier sentrale veronderstellings oor die taalvorm uit, naamlik dat daar 'n gebrek aan bronne oor die taalvorm is, dat dit redelik "onsigbaar" is, dat dit as 'n Swart Afrikaanse taalvorm getipeer kan word, en dat Kaapse Afrikaans, eerder as Oranjerivierafrikaans, as die "oudste" vorm van Afrikaans beskou moet word.

This third part of a four-part article series investigates the history of sociolinguistics relative to Orange River Afrikaans, one of Afrikaans's three main dialect continuas, from the period 1980 to 1998. Grounded in linguistic historiography broadly construed, and Michel Foucault's archaeological and genealogical orientations specifically, this part of the article sketches how the intellectual history of Orange River Afrikaans in this period can be divided into two Zeitgeists - the time of dialectology of 1980-1998 and the time of language identity since 1980. This period sees the height of Afrikaans fieldwork dialectology. The writings and research of Christo van Rensburg, Hans du Plessis, Hendrina Nieuwoudt, Vic Webb, Hans den Besten and Gabriël Nienaber are discussed. Through this, the article series challenges four central and dominant presuppositions on Orange River Afrikaans, namely that there are limited sources available relative to it, that it constitutes an "invisible" language form, that it can be typified as an expression of Black Afrikaans, and that Kaaps (Cape Afrikaans), rather than Orange River Afrikaans, should be regarded as the "oldest" form of Afrikaans.

Dié tweede deel van 'n vierdelige artikelreeks ondersoek die geskiedenis van die sosiolinguistiek relatief tot Oranjerivierafrikaans, een van die drie hoofdialekkontinuums van Afrikaans, van die periode 1917 tot 1979. Begrond in die linguistiese geskiedskrywing in die breë, en Michel Foucault se argeologiese en genealogiese oriënterings in die besonder, skets die artikeldeel hoe die intellektuele geskiedenis van Oranjerivierafrikaans in die tydsgees van die diskoers van ras- en taalverbastering van 1917-1939, en die tydsgees van die taalatlas van 1940-1979, daar uitgesien het. Hierdie periode sien die vestiging van Afrikaanstalige taalkunde. Die optekenings van ondere andere Gideon von Wielligh, Stephanus Boshoff, John Rademeyer, Abel Coetzee, en Stephanus Louw word bespreek. Hierdeur daag die artikelreeks vier sentrale veronderstellings oor die taalvorm uit, naamlik dat daar 'n gebrek aan bronne oor die taalvorm is, dat dit redelik "onsigbaar" is, dat dit as 'n Swart Afrikaanse taalvorm getipeer kan word, en dat Kaapse Afrikaans, eerder as Oranjerivierafrikaans, as die "oudste" vorm van Afrikaans beskou moet word.

This second part of a four-part article series investigates the history of sociolinguistics relative to Orange River Afrikaans, one of Afrikaans's three main dialect continuas, from the period 1917 to 1979. Grounded in linguistic historiography broadly construed, and Michel Foucault's archaeological and genealogical orientations specifically, this part of the article sketches how the intellectual history of Orange River Afrikaans in the period 1917-1979 can be divided into two Zeitgeists - the time of the discourse of racial and linguistic bastardization of 1917-1939, and the time of the linguistic atlas of 1940-1979. This constitutes the period of the establishment of Afrikaans-language scholarship. The writings of Gideon von Wielligh, Stephanus Boshoff, John Rademeyer, Abel Coetze, and Stephanus Louw are discussed. Through this, the article series challenges four central and dominant presuppositions on Orange River Afrikaans, namely that there are limited sources available relative to it, that it constitutes an "invisible" language form, that it can be typified as an expression of Black Afrikaans, and that Kaaps (Cape Afrikaans), rather than Orange River Afrikaans, should be regarded as the "oldest" form of Afrikaans.

Dié eerste deel van 'n vierdelige artikelreeks ondersoek die geskiedenis van die sosiolinguistiek relatief tot Oranjerivierafrikaans, een van die drie hoofdialekkontinuums van Afrikaans, van die periode 1595 tot 1916. Begrond in die linguistiese geskiedskrywing in die breë, en Michel Foucault se argeologiese en genealogiese oriënterings in die besonder, skets die artikeldeel hoe die intellektuele geskiedenis van Oranjerivierafrikaans in die "voortyd" van 1595-1843, en die meer formele Europeestalige sosiolinguisties georiënteerde studies van die tydperk 1844-1916 - dit wil sê die tydperk van die sosiolinguistiek oor Afrikaans, maar nie in Afrikaans nie - daar uitgesien het. Die optekenings van reisigers en dagboekskrywers, insluitende Willem ten Rhyne, Peter Kolbe, Otto Mentzel, John Barrow en Hinrich Lichtenstein, asook meer professionele taalkundiges, insluitende Antoine Changuion, Wilhelm Bleek, Thomas le Roux, Jac van Ginneken, en Theophilus Hahn, word bespreek. Ter afsluiting van die artikeldeel word die oorgangstydsgees van die eerste en tweede taalbewegings in verhouding tot die bewussyn oor Afrikaans vermeld. Hierdeur daag die artikelreeks vier sentrale veronderstellings oor die taalvorm uit, naamlik dat daar 'n gebrek aan bronne oor die taalvorm is, dat dit redelik "onsigbaar" is, dat dit as 'n Swart Afrikaanse taalvorm getipeer kan word, en dat Kaapse Afrikaans, eerder as Oranjerivierafrikaans, as die "oudste" vorm van Afrikaans beskou moet word.

This first part of a four-part article series investigates the history of sociolinguistics relative to Orange River Afrikaans, one of Afrikaans's three main dialect continuas, from the period 1595 to 1916. Grounded in linguistic historiography broadly construed, and Michel Foucault's archaeological and genealogical orientations specifically, this part of the article sketches how the intellectual history of Orange River Afrikaans in the period 1595-1916 figured through two Zeitgeists - the 'pre-time' of 1595-1843, and the more professional European-language sociolinguistic orientated studies of the period 1844-1916. This constitutes the period of sociolinguistics about Afrikaans, but not in Afrikaans. The writings of travellers and journal keepers, including Willem ten Rhyne, Peter Kolbe, Otto Mentzel, John Barrow and Hinrich Lichtenstein, and more professional linguists, including Antoine Changuion, Wilhelm Bleek, Thomas le Roux, Jac van Ginneken, and Theophilus Hahn, are discussed. In conclusion to this part of the article series, mention is made of the transitionary period of the first and second language movements relative to the consciousness around Afrikaans. Through this, the article series challenges four central and dominant presuppositions on Orange River Afrikaans, namely that there are limited sources available relative to it, that it constitutes an 'invisible' language form, that it can be typified as an expression of Black Afrikaans, and that Kaaps (Cape Afrikaans), rather than Orange River Afrikaans, should be regarded as the 'oldest' form of Afrikaans.

Resumen El presente artículo busca verificar cómo fue realizado el proceso de subtitulación hablas de los personajes extraídos de la serie Narcos. Para analizar ese proceso, nos pautamos en el marco teórico de la traducción audiovisual de Diaz Cintas (2003), de la Sociolinguística de Labov (1978, 2006) y Díaz-Campos (2014) y de la traducción sociolinguística de Mayoral Asensio (1998), Bolanos Cuellar (2000) y Pontes (2014). Para eso, elegimos dos colombianismos "berraco" y "chimba", con mayor frecuencia de aparición, cada uno presentando contextos diferentes. Los resultados encontrados apuntan que, en el proceso de la traducción de los colombianismos para el português, no siempre fueron consideradas las influencias socio-lingüístico-culturales y las prácticas de traducción.

Abstract This research aims to analyze how the options chosen by subtitling professionals were used in the process of translating text from Colombian Spanish into Brazilian Portuguese concerning the dialogues extracted from the Narcos series. To analyze the subtitling process, this investigation adopted the theoretical framework related to audiovisual translation studies by Díaz Cintas (2003), Labov's sociolinguistics (1978, 2006), Diaz-Campos (2014) and sociolinguistic translation by Mayoral Asensio (1998), Bolaños Cuéllar (2000) and Pontes (2014). Withthat aim, the Colombianisms "berraco" and "chimba" were selected due to their frequency of occurrence, each one presenting a different context. Results suggest that in the process of the translation of Colombianisms into Portuguese the translator/subtitler nor always considers the translation practices and the influences of social, linguistic, and cultural aspects.

Resumo O presente artigo busca verificar como foi realizado o processo de legendagem, do espanhol colombiano para o português brasileiro, das falas dos personagens extraídas da série Narcos. Para analisar esse processo, apropriamo-nos dos referenciais teóricos relacionados à tradução audiovisual de Diaz Cintas (2003), da Sociolinguística de Labov (1973, 2006) e Diaz-Campos (2014) e da tradução sociolinguística de Mayoral Asensio (1998), Bolaños Cuéllar (2000) e Pontes (2014). Para esse fim, selecionamos dois colombianismos "berraco" e "chimba", termos de ocorrência mais frequente, cada um apresentando contextos diferentes. Os resultados encontrados apontam que, no processo de tradução dos colombianismos para o português, nem sempre foram consideradas as influências sócio-linguístico-culturais e as práticas de tradução.

Abstract Grounded in the theoretical perspective of Interactional Sociolinguistics (Blommaert, 2017, 2019; Carranza & Vidal, 2013; Eckert, 2019) and Situated Discourse Analysis (Baxter, 2002; Fairclough, 1995, 2003), this paper examines aspects of the manifestation of the dimension of morality in online interaction. The data come from the public forum of Facebook pages dedicated to gender violence. The sequences of exchanges analyzed begin with a post featuring a narrative of the violent acts and a multimodal text. In this article, I show that the particular interactional stance (Du Bois, 2007) expressed in an opening post conditions the nature of the exhortations and recommendations offered by Facebook users. One of the interactional patterns detected is characterized by the adoption of a leading stance that favors other participants’ positioning which is convergent with the one expressed by the participant who initiates the sequence. The other one, which is deployed in cases of interactional conflict, involves the orchestrated defense of the leading stance in cases in which it is defied. In the conclusions, I argue that the discourse of the web pages analyzed includes communicative practices of vigilance that ultimately seek to produce a disciplining effect. I also discuss the relation between moral panic (Cohen, 2002 [1972)] and the voices that call for less aggressive and more polite ways of communication when representing perpetrators and demanding justice.

Resumen Partiendo de la perspectiva teórica de la Sociolingüística Interaccional (Blommaert, 2017, 2019; Carranza y Vidal, 2013; Eckert, 2019) y el Análisis del Discurso en Situación (Baxter, 2002; Fairclough, 1995, 2003), examino la manifestación de la dimensión moral en la interacción en línea. Los datos provienen del foro público de páginas de Facebook dedicadas a la violencia de género. Las secuencias de intercambios analizadas comienzan con el posteo de una narrativa de los hechos violentos y un texto multimodal. En este artículo, muestro que la postura (Du Bois, 2007) expresada en un posteo inicial condiciona la naturaleza de las exhortaciones y recomendaciones que ofrecen los integrantes de estos grupos de Facebook. Uno de los patrones interaccionales detectado se caracteriza por la adopción de una postura líder que favorece el posicionamiento convergente de otros integrantes del grupo con el de la participante que publica una denuncia. El otro, que se despliega en casos de conflicto interaccional, involucra la defensa coordinada de la postura líder ante intentos de desafiarla. En las conclusiones, muestro que el discurso de las páginas web analizadas incluye prácticas comunicativas de vigilancia que buscan producir un efecto de disciplinamiento. Discuto, además, la relación entre el pánico moral (Cohen, 2002 [1972]) y las voces que abogan por la comunicación menos agresiva y más cortés al momento de representar al violento y demandar justicia.