ABSTRACT The themes of sustainability and the energy crisis have led to diverse reflections in the economic, political, social, philosophical, and cultural spheres over the last 50 years, resulting in proposals that point to the historic interaction between humanity and nature. The premise is the realization that the planet and its components, substantiated as natural, are finite, and their scarcity and probable extinction puts the existing socioeconomic and cultural systems at risk. By analyzing the systematized premises and propositions on these themes, one can see that historiography has not shied away from addressing them, indicating that the logic of the prevailing socioeconomic and cultural system seeks its “eternal” permanence. economic political social philosophical 5 years nature components natural finite risk them eternal “eternal permanence

RESUMO Os temas sustentabilidade e crise energética têm propiciado reflexões diversas nos âmbitos econômico, político, social, filosófico e cultural nos últimos 50 anos, resultando em proposições que apontam para o descompasso da histórica interação realizada entre humanidade e natureza. A premissa é a constatação de que o planeta e seus componentes, substantivados como naturais, são finitos, e sua escassez e provável extinção colocam em risco os sistemas socioeconômicos e culturais vigentes. Ao analisar as premissas e proposições sistematizadas sobre esses temas, constata-se que a historiografia não se eximiu de abordá-los, indicando que a lógica do sistema socioeconômico e cultural vigente busca sua “eterna” permanência. econômico político social 5 anos natureza componentes naturais finitos vigentes constatase constata abordálos, abordálos abordá los, los abordá-los eterna “eterna permanência

RESUMO Neste ensaio, proponho uma agenda para o estado de bem-estar do século 21 que enfatiza seu papel como mecanismo alocativo. Como os problemas sociais e ambientais estão fugindo do controle, o tempo da mera compensação passou: urge um mecanismo capaz de influenciar diretamente os sistemas de produção e os padrões de consumo na reconfiguração da socioeconomia. Isso se traduz parcialmente em mudança estrutural em direção aos serviços sociais públicos conduzida pelo estado de bem-estar. Entre as vantagens dessa mudança, além de resultados socialmente mais equilibrados, estão empregos de qualidade e o atendimento a necessidades sociais de forma ecologicamente amigável. A função alocativa que confere ao estado de bem-estar um papel constitutivo na formação da socioeconomia complementa sua função clássica de compensador de problemas. O estado de bem-estar social alocativo deve estar preparado para limitar o domínio da alocação de mercado.

ABSTRACT In this essay, I propose an agenda for the welfare state of the 21st century that emphasizes its role as a mechanism of resource allocation. Since social and environmental problems are getting out of hand, the time for mere compensation is over: we need a mechanism for directly influencing systems of production and patterns of consumption in the direction of addressing those problems. This partially translates into a decisive sectoral shift towards public social services led by the welfare state. Among the advantages of this move, in addition to more socially balanced outcomes, are quality jobs and fulfillment of social needs in an environment-friendly way. The allocative task which gives the welfare state a constitutive role in shaping the socioeconomy complements its classic function as problem fixer. The allocative welfare state must be prepared to limit the domain of market allocation.

Abstract Zacatecas is positioned among the five leading peach producing states in Mexico. The peach is creole, yellow, bonded bone, firm pulp, sexually propagated and cultivated in temporary in ≈ 81% of the cultivated surface; what, highlights the low competitiveness of this crop. However, due to the number of producers dedicated to this crop, it enhances its socioeconomic importance in relation to other fruit trees. If it is intended to understand the characteristics and problems of the production units (UP) that serve as an instrument to optimize the allocation of public resources, and propose strategies that improve the development of agriculture, it is necessary to understand the heterogeneity of producers considering their socio-economic characteristics within the UP. Therefore, this research sought to analyze and segment technically and typologically the peach producers of the state of Zacatecas. The data was collected through a survey of 204 peach producers in Zacatecas, Mexico. The results suggest four types of producers: 1) those who plant peach without objective; 2) those who plant peach at the backyard level; 3) producers where the peach is part of an agricultural production system; and 4) peach business producers. In this last category, ≈ 31% of the producers were found, which could explain, in part, the low competitiveness of the crop with other product systems.

Resumen Zacatecas se posiciona entre los cinco principales Estados productores de durazno en México. El durazno es criollo, amarillo, hueso pegado, pulpa firme, propagado sexualmente y cultivado en temporal en ≈ 81% de la superficie cultivada; lo que, destaca la baja competitividad de este cultivo. No obstante, por el número de productores dedicados a este cultivo, realza su importancia socioeconómica con relación a otros frutales. Si se pretende entender las características y problemáticas de las unidades de producción (UP) que sirvan como un instrumento para optimizar la asignación de recursos públicos, y proponer estrategias que mejoren el desarrollo de la agricultura, es necesario entender la heterogeneidad de los productores considerando sus características socioeconómicas dentro de las UP. Por ello, en esta investigación se buscó analizar y segmentar técnica y tipológicamente a los productores de durazno del estado de Zacatecas. Los datos se recopilaron a través de una encuesta a 204 productores de durazno en Zacatecas, México. Los resultados sugieren cuatro tipos de productores: 1) aquellos que plantan durazno sin objetivo; 2) los que plantan durazno a nivel de traspatio; 3) productores donde el durazno forma parte de un sistema de producción agropecuario; y 4) productores empresarios de durazno. En esta última categoría, se encontró ≈31% de los productores, lo cual podría explicar, en parte, la baja competitividad del cultivo ante otros sistemas producto.

Resumen En Bolivia existen 797780 unidades productivas agropecuarias, de las cuales 224908 corresponden al departamento de La Paz, de estas 121903 se hallan en la región altiplánica del departamento. La caracterización es la descripción de las características principales y múltiples interrelaciones de las organizaciones mientras que el estudio socioeconómico investiga aspectos sociales y económicos de un grupo poblacional. El objetivo del estudio es caracterizar socioeconómicamente la producción agrícola en la microcuenca Mamaniri, el trabajo se realizó en las zonas de Taruta y Huancayno de la comunidad de Pomasara situada en la microcuenca, municipio Ayo Ayo del departamento de La Paz. Se seleccionaron dos estudios de casos, aplicando la investigación participativa, esto permitió el acercamiento directo con las familias campesinas, asimismo, se desarrollaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a seis familias que habitan la zona de Huancayno y cuatro familias en la zona de Taruta con preguntas concernientes al idioma que habla, educación, organización social comunal, tenencia de tierra, producción agrícola familiar, mano de obra, características de la siembra y uso de la semilla, prácticas de conservación del suelo, plagas y enfermedades que afectan a los cultivos, recurso hídrico y manejo del agua para riego, cosecha, rendimiento, pérdidas en la producción agrícola y destino de la producción. Los resultados fueron validados en dos talleres participativos, en cuanto a la evaluación económica, se halló el valor agregado neto de la producción agrícola de las dos familias seleccionadas. En la microcuenca existen diversos sistemas de producción agropecuaria que brindan valor comercial a los agricultores, el manejo de los componentes de los sistemas lo realizan de manera tradicional; los principales cultivos son papa, haba y cebolla. El ingreso rural familiar varía dependiendo de la calidad y cantidad del producto ofertado, esto ocasiona diferencia entre las familias, hallándose un valor agregado neto de 6186.90 USD y 5309.74 USD para la familia Mamani Chino y Santos Alanoca respectivamente.

Abstract In Bolivia there are 797780 agricultural production units, of which 224908 correspond to the department of La Paz, of which 121903 are located in the highland region of the department. The characterization is the description of the main characteristics and multiple interrelationships of the organizations while the socioeconomic study researches social and economic aspects of a population group. The objective of the study is to socio-economically characterize the agricultural production in the Mamaniri micro-basin, the work was carried out in the Taruta and Huancayno areas of the Pomasara community located in the micro-basin, Ayo Ayo municipality of the department of La Paz. Two case studies were selected, applying participatory research, this allowed a direct approach with peasant families, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with six families living in the Huancayno area and four families that make upthe Taruta area with questions concerning the speaking language, education, communal social organization, land tenure, family agricultural production, labor, characteristics of sowing and use of seed, soil conservation practices, pests and diseases that affect crops, water resources and Water management for irrigation, harvest, yield, losses in agricultural production and destination of production. The results obtained were validated in two participatory workshops, in terms of the economic evaluation, the net added value of the agricultural production of the two selected families was found. In the micro-basin there are several agricultural production systems that provide commercial value to farmers, the management of system components is done in a traditional way; the main crops are potatoes, beans and onions. The rural family income varies depending on the quality and quantity of the product offered, this causes a great difference between the families, finding a net added value of 6186.90 USD and 5309.74 USD for the Mamani Chino family and Santos Alanoca respectively.

With the rise of e-commerce, most organisations are turning to online activities as a way of conducting their businesses. This change in doing business has been found to have been a preferred option for penetrating certain markets. However, as great and innovative this is for retailers to shift into the e-tailing space, it has been met with challenges in the different countries across the African continent. There were barriers identified in different countries some common across different countries and others not so common. Deeply entrenched in the narrative about e-commerce barriers in Africa are factors that are socio-economic, cultural, institutional and cognitive. It is crucial for organisations present in Africa or those that wish to enter the different African markets to understand how best to participate in this region. In an attempt to understand e-business participation for African Multi-Country strategy, Company Z was approached to learn more about their best practice and failures learnt in participating in e-business within different countries in Africa. What was clear from their responses is that Africa is not a country, but a continent with different countries that have different barriers. This study was an exploratory study into this phenomenon, to create a better understanding of the barriers organisations may face and how best to deal with them. The study followed on interpretivism philosophy as it aimed to understand the decision rationale that management at this organisation followed. Data was collected through semi-structured individual interviews, which were analysed using thematic analysis. Conclusions were reached that identified a model for e-commerce barriers in the African context. Three phases were identified, namely the Environmental Phase, Growth & Sustainability Phase and the Control Phase. Though the results are not confirmed for all countries, they can be used as a guide in understanding how best to approach various countries in Africa, provided environmental variables are similar to those discussed in this article.

Os sistemas agroflorestais ocupam 25% dos espaços agrícola e florestal do Continente, integrando algumas espécies de arvoredo (azinheira, sobreiro, carvalhos, castanheiro, alfarrobeira e pinheiro-manso) com o pastoreio de animais no seu sob coberto e o aproveitamento dos frutos. A partir de variáveis de estrutura produtiva e de valor económico, e recorrendo à estatística multivariada, fixaram-se cinco grandes zonas de sistemas agroflorestais: o Norte atlântico, o Norte transmontano, uma mancha de “transição”, o Sul-montado e o Algarve. Procedeu-se à caracterização: da ocupação territorial, da economia e das agriculturas destes espaços, na ótica da função de produção de bens transacionáveis; da dimensão económica dos efetivos pecuários, dos frutos secos alfarroba, pinhão e castanha e da cortiça. Verifica-se uma grande diversidade dos espaços, advinda do fator climático e espelhado nas espécies florestais que dominam a paisagem. Essa diversidade é marcante ao nível demográfico, capacidade regional de criação de riqueza, principais produções agrícolas e silvícolas, especialização produtiva e estruturas agrícolas de produção.

ABSTRACT Agro forestry systems occupy 25% of the agricultural and forestry mainland territory. They integrate, in a territory, some species of trees (holm oak, cork oak, chestnut, pine and carob), with grazing animals under cover, and the fruits production. Five major areas of agro forestry systems were defined, from productive and economic variables, and applying the multivariate statistics: the Northatlantics, the North transmontano, a “transition” region, the South-montado and the Algarve. These regions were characterized by: territorial use, economic and agricultural, from the production function perspective (commodities); the economic dimension of the livestock, carob, pinion, chestnut and cork. There is a great diversity of the five types of agro forestry areas, arising from climatic factor, and forest species that dominate the landscape. This diversity is strongly marked by the demographic, the regional capacity for wealth creation, the major agricultural and forestry production, the agricultural specialization and the structures of agricultural production.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a variabilidade espacial e temporal da eficiência produtiva da cana-de-açúcar e o deficit de produtividade no Estado de São Paulo, ao longo de 16 safras agrícolas, tendo-se considerado o clima e o solo como efeitos principais e os aspectos socioeconômicos como efeitos complementares. Utilizou-se um modelo empírico para avaliar as produtividades potencial e atingível, tendose utilizado séries de dados climáticos de 37 estações meteorológicas. Os efeitos do solo foram analisados por meio do conceito de ambientes de produção associado a um mapa de aptidão dos solos para a cana-de-açúcar. A eficiência da produtividade aumentou de 0, 42 a 0, 58 no período avaliado (safras de 1990/1991 a 2005/2006), com consequente redução do deficit de produtividade de 58 para 42%. Os fatores climáticos explicaram 43% da variabilidade da eficiência produtiva da cana-de-açúcar, na seguinte ordem de importância: radiação solar, deficiência hídrica, temperatura máxima do ar, precipitação e temperatura mínima do ar. O solo explicou 15% da variabilidade, na média de todas as safras. Houve alteração no padrão de correlação do clima e do solo com a eficiência produtiva a partir da safra 2001/2002, provavelmente por causa da expansão da cultura para a região oeste do Estado, no período subsequente. Fatores socioeconômicos, bióticos e de manejo da cultura explicam, em conjunto, 42% da variabilidade na eficiência produtiva da cana-de-açucar, no Estado de São Paulo.

The objective of this work was to assess the spatial and temporal variability of sugarcane yield efficiency and yield gap in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, throughout 16 growing seasons, considering climate and soil as main effects, and socioeconomic factors as complementary. An empirical model was used to assess potential and attainable yields, using climate data series from 37 weather stations. Soil effects were analyzed using the concept of production environments associated with a soil aptitude map for sugarcane. Crop yield efficiency increased from 0.42 to 0.58 in the analyzed period (1990/1991 to 2005/2006 crop seasons), and yield gap consequently decreased from 58 to 42%. Climatic factors explained 43% of the variability of sugarcane yield efficiency, in the following order of importance: solar radiation, water deficit, maximum air temperature, precipitation, and minimum air temperature. Soil explained 15% of the variability, considering the average of all seasons. There was a change in the correlation pattern of climate and soil with yield efficiency after the 2001/2002 season, probably due to the crop expansion to the west of the state during the subsequent period. Socioeconomic, biotic and crop management factors together explain 42% of sugarcane yield efficiency in the state of São Paulo.

This article uses the concept of Locals Productives Arrangements, deriving denomination from Industrial Economy and Economic Geography, when thought as institutional arrangements, subject explored in sciences politics and regional development planning. The objective is to argue the Locals Productives Arrangements as institutional arrangements, originating the term socioproductive arrangements of communitarian base, illustrating with the case of Mondragón Cooperative Complex, considered cooperative economy paradigm. It uses bibliographical research on interorganizacional management under the sociopolitics and socioproductives approaches and exploratory research under the historical experience of Mondragón’s Cooperativism (Bask Autonomous Community, Spain)

Este artículo recurre a la denominación Arreglos Productivos Locales (APLs), oriunda de la economía industrial y de la geografía económica, pensada también como Arreglos Institucionales (AIs), tema explorado en la ciencia política y en la planificación del desarrollo regional. Ambas denominaciones son tomadas, en la mayoría de los casos, como extremos opuestos. El principal objetivo consiste en discutir los arreglos socioproductivos de base comunitaria, desde la complementariedad de los conceptos de APLs y de AIs, bajo la perspectiva de la socioeconomía. Se ilustra a partir del caso de Mondragón Corporación Cooperativa, considerado un paradigma de la economía cooperativa. Este artículo se apoya en la investigación bibliográfica sobre gestión interorganizacional, con el enfoque sociopolítico y socioproductivo, y en la investigación exploratoria sobre la experiencia de las cooperativas de Mondragón (Comunidad Autónoma Vasca, España)

The creation of the Experimental Station of Pastures and Forages "Indio Hatuey" occurred in 1962. The stages of its historical development are considered to be three: stage of "Constitution and institutionalization" (1962-1975), "Growth and consolidation" (1976-1989) and "Stage of changes in the change of stage" (1990-2005). The institutional scientific policy was characterized, in the first stage, by measures leading to an organizational research model and a research agenda that would allow to fulfill efficaciously the state mandate and the philosophy of developing animal feeding based on pastures. The second stage was distinguished by the impact of the celebration of the First Congress of the Cuban Communist Party and the approval of the thesis on National Scientific Policy. Internally the policies addressed the improvement of the scientific strategy of the Institution, materialized in what it is now known as "institutionalization of the genocentric research model". The third stage was noticeable for the most remarkable transformations undergone by the Institution in its whole period of existence. The institutional scientific policy was characterized by: the change of techno-scientific paradigm, with the use of forage trees and shrubs, and the formation of silvopastoral systems; the emergence of the Research Program of Socioeconomy and Management at the beginning of this period; and a continuous search for knowledge and alternative for improving the management work. The institution moved to a systemocentric model of research and the Station itself became an object of research and innovation

La Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes "Indio Hatuey" se creó en el año 1962. Se consideran tres las etapas en su desarrollo histórico: la etapa de "Constitución e institucionalización" (1962-1975), la de "Crecimiento y consolidación" (1976-1989) y la de "Época de cambios en el cambio de época" (1990-2005). La política científica institucional se caracterizó, en la primera etapa, por medidas conducentes a un modelo organizativo de investigación y una agenda de investigaciones que permitiera cumplir de manera eficaz el mandato estatal y la filosofía de desarrollar la alimentación animal a base de pastos. La segunda etapa estuvo marcada por el impacto de la celebración del Primer Congreso del Partido Comunista de Cuba y la aprobación de la tesis sobre Política Científica Nacional. En el plano interno las políticas fueron dirigidas al perfeccionamiento de la estrategia científica del Centro, materializada en lo que ahora se denomina "institucionalización del modelo genocéntrico de investigación". La tercera etapa se caracterizó por las transformaciones más profundas que haya sufrido la Institución en todo su período de existencia. La política científica institucional estuvo matizada por: el cambio de paradigma tecnocientífico, con el uso de los árboles y arbustos forrajeros, y la conformación de los sistemas silvopastoriles; la aparición del Programa de Investigaciones en Socioeconomía y Gestión a principios de este período; y una búsqueda incesante de conocimientos y alternativas para el perfeccionamiento del trabajo de dirección. El Centro pasó a un modelo sistemocéntrico de investigación y se convirtió en objeto de la investigación y la innovación

Este trabalho objetivou identificar e caracterizar o sistema de exploração da várzea flúvio-marinha em unidades de produção agroflorestal - UPA, nos aspectos florísticos e socioeconômicos. Utilizaram-se as técnicas do inventário florestal, orçamentos unitários e questionários. Os resultados expressaram uma composição florística média de 2.920,7 indivíduos/ha com circunferência à altura do peito (CAP)>10 cm, com maiores frequência de açaí (50,63%), cacau (31,02%) e virola (6,76%). O Sistema está constituído pela exploração florestal madeireira, não-madeireira, pesca e criação de aves e suínos. O custo anual do sistema agroflorestal - SAF é de R$ 1.866,25/UPA e a renda bruta anual oriunda do SAF é de R$ 2.959,08/UPA. Concluiu-se que o sistema é do tipo agrossilvipastoril, em que a atividade de criação de aves e suínos utiliza como fonte de alimentos a mariscagem na várzea. A tecnologia utilizada, em princípio, favorece a conservação e preservação do ecossistema, há todavia a necessidade de qualificação de mão-de-obra familiar. A renda bruta anual do SAF denota viabilidade econômica das UPA no nível do salário mínimo, porém, tais unidades são pluriativas, apresentando rendas múltiplas, cujas rendas não-agrícolas são fundamentais para a permanência das famílias na atividade e no meio rural.

The purpose of this paper is to identify and characterize forestry and socio-economic systems of tidal river floodplain utilization in agroforestry production units (UPA). Forest inventory techniques, budget sheets and questionnaires were utilized. The results obtained express an average floristic composition of 2,920.7 plants/ha, with a breast-high circumference (CHC)>10cm, the highest frequency being for açaí (Euterpe oleracea) (50.63%), cocoa (Theobroma cacau) (31.02%) and virola (Virola surinamensis) (6.76%). The system comprises timber and non-timber forest exploitation, fishing, and poultry and swine raising. The annual cost of the agroforestry system (SAF) is R$1,866.25/UPA and annual gross income is R$2,959.08/UPA. It was concluded that the system is an agro-silvi-pastoral one, where poultry and swine raising utilizes floodplain shellfish as feed source; in principle, the technology used is favorable to the ecosystem conservation; however, there is a need for improving the quality of family labor. The SAF annual gross income demonstrates the economic feasibility of the UPAs at a minimum wage level; however, such units are multi-functional and have multiple incomes whose non-agricultural earnings are fundamental to families persevering in this activity and staying in the rural environment.