What motivates voters to support candidates with backgrounds in public security for Brazil’s National Congress, the so-called Law & Order (L&O) politicians? The 2018 elections witnessed a surge in parliamentarians from police and military backgrounds and the election of a president closely aligned with this agenda. We explore whether this trend correlates with municipal-level violence indicators and the presence of municipal capacity in the security sector, employing various regression models that account for socioeconomic, demographic, political, and geographic factors. Our findings from the additive model reveal a negative association between the level of violence and votes for L&O candidates. This suggests a potential disconnection between fear, victimization, and support for repressive policies, while also indicating that local capacity in the security sector tend to enhance L&O candidates’ performance. However, our model incorporating the interaction between both variables uncovers that violence exacerbates the negative impact on L&O voting when the city has capacity in the security sector. This may reflect a municipal-level preference for preventive measures, particularly in more violent areas, which contrasts with the generally repressive stance of L&O candidates. Brazils Brazil s Congress socalled so called LO L O (L&O politicians 201 agenda municipallevel socioeconomic demographic political factors fear victimization policies performance However measures areas 20 2

Resumen Objetivo: este estudio estima un sistema de demanda de bienes alimenticios en México, incorporando dimensiones territoriales y de ingreso. Se evalúa el impacto diferenciado de choques en los precios en el bienestar económico y la tasa de pobreza, considerando variaciones entre hogares y entre cinco grandes regiones. Metodología: utilizando el modelo de valores unitarios de Deaton (1988) y la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) de 2018, calculamos elasticidades-precios y elasticidades-ingreso y el impacto de las variaciones de precios en el ingreso y la pobreza. Resultados: revelan importantes diferencias regionales y se subraya la necesidad de considerar diferencias socioeconómicas y regionales y de adoptar un enfoque territorial en este tipo de análisis y para formular políticas efectivas. Limitaciones: existen limitaciones a este estudio que pueden afectar la comprensión completa de la dinámica de la pobreza. Hemos enfocado nuestra atención únicamente en los bienes alimenticios, excluyendo un grupo específico de productos, en este caso, los productos pesqueros. También, se considera que los hogares son únicamente consumidores de bienes, omitiendo así la dimensión productiva de autoconsumo. Originalidad: radica en la vinculación directa entre las estimaciones de pobreza y la desagregación territorial, integra patrones de consumo y elasticidades específicas a cada región. Conclusiones: se resalta la importancia de considerar las diferencias socioeconómicas y regionales al analizar la demanda de bienes alimenticios y su impacto en la pobreza. A pesar de las limitaciones, nuestros hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de un enfoque territorial en este tipo de análisis para formular políticas adaptadas y efectivas de reducción de la pobreza en diferentes regiones del país.

Abstract Objective: this study estimates a system of demand for food products in Mexico, incorporating territorial and income dimensions. The differentiated impact of shocks on prices on economic well-being and the poverty rate is evaluated, considering variations among households and across five major regions. Methodology: using Deaton’s (1988) unit values model and the 2018 National Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH), we calculate price and income elasticities, examining the impact of price variations on income and poverty. Results: our results reveal significant regional differences, emphasizing the need to consider socioeconomic and regional variations and to adopt a territorial approach in such analyses for effective policy formulation. Limitations: there are limitations to this study that may affect a complete understanding of poverty dynamics. We have focused our attention solely on food products, excluding a specific group of products, in this case, fishery products. We also assume that households are only consumers of goods, thus omitting the productive and self-consumption dimension. Originality: lies in the direct link between poverty estimates and territorial disaggregation, integrating consumption patterns and specific elasticities for each region. Conclusions: our study highlights the importance of considering socioeconomic and regional differences when analyzing the demand for food products and its impact on poverty. Despite the limitations, our findings underscore the need for a territorial approach in this type of analysis to formulate tailored and effective poverty reduction policies in different regions of the country.

Abstract Introduction. Sustainable practices are important tools for mitigating and adapting to climate change, making it essential to understand the factors influencing rice producers’ decisions to adopt conservation practices in their production system. Objective. To determine the causal relationships between variables that explain the adoption of conservation practices by rice producers. Materials and methods. A study was conducted between July and September 2021 in rice production systems in Costa Rica, involving producers from the Brunca, Chorotega, Huetar, and Central Pacific regions through quota sampling. A survey was administered to a total of 67 rice producers. The research was quantitative, identifying degrees of adoption of conservation practices, performing cluster groupings, and using an ordered probit model was to analyze the factors influencing the intensity of adoption of conservation technologies or practices in these production systems. Results. Greater adoption of conservation practices in rice production systems was influenced by the producer’s level of education, membership or affiliation with organizations in rice sector, and land ownership. Conclusions. The design of strategies for conservation practice in rice cultivation benefits from a better understanding of the relationships between socioeconomic, productive, and environmental variables, which can increase the likelihood that a producer will implement and maintain these conservation practices over time.

Resumen Introducción. Las prácticas sostenibles son importantes como herramientas de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, por lo que es oportuno comprender qué factores influencian las decisiones de las personas productoras del cultivo de arroz en adoptar una práctica de conservación en su sistema de producción. Objetivo. Determinar las relaciones causales entre las variables que permiten entender la adopción de prácticas de conservación en el cultivo del arroz por parte de las personas productoras. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio entre julio y septiembre del 2021 en los sistemas productivos de arroz en Costa Rica, con personas productoras de las regiones Brunca, Chorotega, Huetar y Pacífico Central, a través de un muestreo por cuotas. Se aplicó una encuesta a un total de 67 personas productoras de arroz. La investigación realizada fue cuantitativa y se identificaron grados de adopción de prácticas de conservación, se realizaron agrupaciones mediante clústeres y se utilizó un modelo probit ordenado para analizar los factores que influyen en la intensidad de adopción de tecnologías o prácticas de conservación en estos sistemas productivos. Resultados. Una mayor adopción de prácticas de conservación en los sistemas productivos del cultivo de arroz estuvo influenciada por el nivel de escolaridad de la persona productora, la pertenencia o afiliación a organizaciones del sector arrocero y la tenencia de la tierra. Conclusiones. El diseño de estrategias de prácticas de conservación en el cultivo del arroz se beneficia de una mejor comprensión de las relaciones entre las variables socioeconómicas, productivas y del entorno, que permitan aumentar la probabilidad de que una persona productora implemente y mantenga en el tiempo el uso de estas prácticas de conservación.

Resumen: La cuenca binacional del río Zarumilla es un lugar con gran diversidad de especies y es de gran importancia para la economía de Perú y Ecuador. Estos factores socioeconómicos pueden traer consigo cambios en la distribución de las coberturas del suelo, los cuales afectan de manera negativa los ecosistemas. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar los cambios de cobertura y uso de suelo durante el periodo 1992-2022 y construir una proyección al año 2040 siguiendo las tendencias de uso actuales y su patrón histórico. Se usaron mapas de cobertura y uso de suelo de los años 1992 y 2022, así como información georreferenciada que fue usada para encontrar los factores condicionantes para el cambio de suelo. El modelo de prospección se basó en la implementación de cadenas de Markov y autómatas celulares usando factores condicionantes para construir una proyección más precisa. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan una pérdida neta de 11378 hectáreas de bosque durante el periodo 1992-2022, ocurriendo el 87.7% de esta pérdida en el lado ecuatoriano de la cuenca. A este ritmo se puede prospectar una pérdida de bosque de 10552 hectáreas para el periodo 2022-2040, de igual manera prevista principalmente en el lado ecuatoriano. El modelo prospectivo también resalta que los principales cambios se producirán en áreas de baja altitud y en proximidad a fuentes hídricas y carreteras. Esta es una pérdida alarmante de bosque nativo, la cual se puede evitar mediante la creación de políticas de desarrollo sostenible y programas de ordenamiento territorial.

Abstract: The binational basin of the Zarumilla River is a place with great species diversity and is particularly important to the economy of Peru and Ecuador. These socioeconomic factors can lead to changes in land cover distribution, which negatively affect ecosystems. The present study aims to evaluate changes in land cover and use during the period 1992-2022 and to generate a projection for the year 2040 following current usage trends and historical patterns. Land cover and use maps from 1992 and 2022 were used, along with georeferenced information that was employed to identify the conditioning factors for land change. The prospection model was based on the implementation of Markov chains and cellular automata using conditioning factors to build a more accurate projection. The results obtained reflect a net loss of 11378 hectares of forest during the period 1992-2022, with 87.7% of this loss occurring on the Ecuadorian side of the watershed. At this rate, a forest loss of 10552 hectares can be projected for the period 2022-2040, similarly projected mainly on the Ecuadorian side. The projection model also highlights that the main changes will occur in low-altitude areas and in proximity to water sources and roads. This is an alarming loss of native forest, which can be avoided through the creation of sustainable development policies and land-use planning programs.

Abstract This research analyzes how individual characteristics (area of origin, skin color, economic status of origin and education) and structural factors (economic growth and trade openness) influence in Mexico the opportunities to obtain a high level of economic well-being. Using a IV-probit model estimated in two stages with instrumental variables in a context of complex samples, it is identified that people born in homes with low economic status, originating from rural localities and with brown skin have lower probabilities of economic success compared to people of non-low economic status, from urban areas and light skin. The findings also reveal that economic growth and educational achievement increase the probabilities of obtaining a high economic status, but the increase in probabilities is bigger for people of non-low economic origin, coming from urban areas and light skin. Finally, through the different rates of growth and school achievement, the differences in economic well-being widen, which indicates an increase in inequality between privileged and non-privileged groups. This research is innovative since it not only analyzes the effect of economic growth and academic achievement on social mobility, but also provides an empirical method that investigates the effect of growth and academic achievement on inequality of opportunities for socioeconomic advancement. The results indicate the existence of irrational mobility barriers based on criteria over which the individual has no control.

Resumen La presente investigación analiza cómo influyen en México las características del individuo (ámbito de origen, color de piel, estatus económico de origen y educación) y los factores estructurales (crecimiento económico y apertura comercial) en las oportunidades de obtener un nivel de bienestar económico alto. Por medio de un modelo probit, estimado en dos etapas con variables instrumentales en un contexto de muestras complejas, se identifica que las personas nacidas en hogares con estatus económico bajo, originarias de localidades rurales y de piel morena, tienen menores probabilidades de éxito económico con respecto a las personas de estatus de origen económico no-bajo, provenientes del ámbito urbano y piel clara. Los hallazgos también revelan que el crecimiento económico y el logro escolar aumentan las probabilidades de obtener un estatus económico alto, pero el incremento de probabilidades no es homogéneo, sino que favorece en mayor medida a personas de origen económico no-bajo, provenientes del ámbito urbano y piel clara. Finalmente, se identifica que, a través de las distintas tasas de crecimiento y logro escolar, las diferencias en el bienestar económico se amplían, lo que indica aumento de la desigualdad entre grupos privilegiados y no-privilegiados. La ruta de investigación es innovadora ya que no solo analiza el efecto del crecimiento económico y el logro académico en la movilidad social, sino que también aporta un método empírico que indaga el efecto del crecimiento y el logro académico en la desigualdad de oportunidades de ascenso socioeconómico. Los resultados indican la existencia de barreras de movilidad irracionales basadas en criterios sobre los que el individuo no tiene control.

Abstract Objective Child sexual violence is a multidimensional problem of many contemporary societies, affecting people of all sexes, social stratum and age groups. Offenses involving children and adolescents are more serious, given their total or partial dependence on parents and caregivers. Information on child sexual violence in Brazil is found in raw form and without detail. The objective was to compare the information with social and economic data in the state of Paraná. Methods The authors conducted a retrospective study of secondary data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) on cases of sexual violence involving victims aged 0 to 19 years. Results are presented according to notification characteristics. The authors applied exploratory spatial data analysis to assess spatial autocorrelations and investigated relationships by the ordinary least squares regression model. Results Between 2017 and 2021, there were 13,403 reports of child sexual violence in Paraná State, Brazil. Most victims (82.8%) were female and aged between 10 and 14 years. The majority of sexual violence cases (67.8%) occurred in the home environment. The highest rates on a population basis were observed in the North Central and Greater Curitiba regions, mainly in cities with higher population density and with higher rates of other types of violence. Conclusion The results provide data that can promote a broader understanding of the distribution of sexual violence and the state and associated variations. It is expected to improve the provision of care for victims of child sexual violence and assist in strategic planning to prevent future offenses. societies sexes groups serious caregivers detail SINAN (SINAN 1 years characteristics model 201 2021 13403 13 403 13,40 State 82.8% 828 82 8 (82.8% 67.8% 678 67 (67.8% environment regions variations offenses 20 202 1340 40 13,4 82.8 (82.8 67.8 6 (67.8 2 134 4 13, 82. (82. 67. (67. (82 (67 (8 (6 (

At South African universities, the role of academic advisors is not easily defined and there is limited literature about the attributes and characteristics required of those who occupy advising positions in the country. This article proposes a model for identifying academic advisors for South African higher education contexts. The authors adopt a phenomenological approach to construct this model. Based on existing literature and data collected from advising interactions with students, the authors share and explain their model for identifying suitable candidates for academic advisor roles in South African higher education contexts. The model consists of seven dimensions: cultural quotient, data analytics, personal/ emotional support, psychosocial and socioeconomic support, scholarly activities and networking, skills formation and support, and teaching and learning. The authors conclude by emphasising the importance of academic advising for South Africa, before making recommendations for using the model to identify suitable candidates for advisor roles.

Resumen La transición de lo rural a lo semiurbano en Yucatán ocurre principalmente en las cabeceras municipales, y trae consigo problemas de gestión de los residuos. Las autoridades municipales son las encargadas del Manejo Integral de los Residuos Sólidos Urbanos (MIRSU); pero en últimos años, la asociación entre el sector público y el privado para la gestión de los residuos resulta una estrategia eficaz. Existen pocos estudios sobre el MIRSU en zonas rurales o semiurbanas y la disposición a pagar de los usuarios, información que ayudaría a los creadores de política pública a diseñar planes y programas adecuados para su gestión. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio es determinar los factores socioeconómicos asociados a la disposición a pagar por el MIRSU de los usuarios de municipios semiurbanos de Yucatán. Se realizaron 1,144 encuestas en 6 localidades semiurbanas de Yucatán, los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial con un modelo econométrico de regresión Tobit. El 69,75% de los usuarios encuestados declararon estar dispuestos a pagar por el manejo integral de los residuos sólidos un monto promedio de 17,65 pesos mexicanos (0,85 dólares estadounidenses). La disposición a pagar disminuye cuando predomina el idioma maya, y mientras menos activos físicos y habitaciones tenga el hogar. Existen elementos culturales y sociales arraigados en la recolección de residuos sólidos, este sistema integral puede ir acompañado de otro tipo de incentivos económicos para modificar el comportamiento de los consumidores hacia algo más beneficioso para el medio ambiente, tal como el ingreso familiar.

Abstract In Yucatan, the transition from rural to semi-urban communities has occurred mainly in the municipality seats; this transition comes with the problems of waste management. The municipalities oversee the Integral Urban Solid Waste Management (IUSWM); but in recent years, the public-private partnership for waste management has proved to be an effective strategy. There are few studies on the IUSWM in rural or semi-urban areas and the users’ willingness to pay, information that would help public policymakers to design adequate plans and programs for its management. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the socioeconomic factors associated with the willingness to pay for the IUSWM of users in semi-urban municipalities of Yucatan. A total of 1,144 interviews were conducted in 6 semi-urban localities in Yucatan, and the data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with a Tobit regression econometric model. 69.75% of the surveyed users declared that they were willing to pay an average of 17.65 Mexican pesos (0.85 U.S. dollars) for the integral urban solid waste management. The willingness to pay decreases when the Mayan language predominates among the member of the household, and when they have fewer tangible assets and rooms. There are cultural and social factors rooted in solid waste collection, this integrated system may be accompanied by other types of economic incentives to modify consumers’ behavior towards something more beneficial for the environment, such as the homes’ income.

Resumen Este artículo analiza el problema del aumento de la violencia en Ecuador durante los últimos años. Para ello, se presenta el tema a través de dos ejes. En primer lugar, se ofrece una aproximación general a la violencia desde la perspectiva transnacional y global del crimen organizado. Se debate la estructura general de las economías ilícitas y se propone varias explicaciones a la dinámica de la violencia, que relaciona los problemas globales con los locales. En segundo lugar, se presentan datos de la situación de la violencia en el país, y se discute la evolución en los diferentes escenarios que se suscitan en cada región. Se muestran estadísticos descriptivos y además se propone, de forma exploratoria, un modelo que vincula diferentes variables de la estructura socioeconómica interna de los cantones del país para relacionarlos con la violencia. Por último, se hace un repaso de la situación general de las cárceles en el país.

Abstract This paper seeks a multifactorial explanation to the problem of the increase in violence in Ecuador in recent years. To this end, the topic is presented along two axes. First, it offers a general approach to violence from the transnational and global perspective of organized crime. The general structure of illicit economies is discussed and several explanations for the dynamics of violence are proposed, linking global and local problems. Secondly, data about violence in the country is presented, and the evolution of the different scenarios that arise in each region is discussed. Descriptive statistics are shown, and a model is also proposed, in an exploratory manner, that links different variables of the socioeconomic structure of the country's cantons to relate them to violence. Finally, a review is made of the general situation of prisons in the country.

BACKGROUND: Despite inpatient rehabilitation many stroke survivors struggle with community reintegration on returning home. The environment to which the stroke survivor returns affects and may limit participation in home and community-based activities. AIM: To describe stroke survivors' lived experiences of the environmental barriers and facilitators to community reintegration in an under resourced urban metropolitan sub-district in the Western Cape, South Africa. METHODS: A descriptive, qualitative study design with a phenomenological emphasis used semi-structured interviews to collect the data from purposefully selected stroke survivors who had been discharged for more than one year following inpatient rehabilitation. Supporting data were collected from interviews with two occupational therapists providing rehabilitation services to the stroke survivors. Deductive priori coding of semi-structured interviews with 11 stroke survivors, based on the environment subsystems described in the Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance (PEOP) model explored the barriers and facilitators to their community reintegration. FINDINGS: Of the six environmental sub systems in the PEOP model the systems and policy, access to information and health education, social determinants of health in the form of poor rehabilitation planning and loss of income as well as the built and natural environment presented the greatest barriers to the stroke survivor participants' community reintegration. However, reintegration was facilitated by social support and social capital, social determinants of health in the form of support groups as well as assistive technologies. CONCLUSION: Community reintegration continues to be a challenge for stroke survivors in an under-resourced urban sub-district due to environmental barriers associated with factors such as poor social support, inadequate implementation of policies and systems, poor compliance with home programmes, low socioeconomic status, poor access within the built and natural environment and inappropriate assistive devices. Several facilitators that occupational therapists can focus on to enable community reintegration included ensuring effective social support, access to community-based organisations, the introduction of home visits and provision of appropriate assistive devices. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE All stroke survivors must receive a comprehensive discharge plan to facilitate adequate access to continued rehabilitation and support for successful community reintegration. • There must be a specific referral to primary health care rehabilitation services on discharge from hospital. • Occupational therapists at community level have the responsibility to: o advocate for, or assist stroke survivors to self-advocate, the removal of inter-sectoral environmental barriers that limit their community reintegration and community participation, o where possible provide services in the home and involve midlevel workers when conducting home visits to enable successful reintegration into the home and resumption of occupational roles where possible, o look to other resources in their community that can assist in facilitating the community reintegration of stroke survivors to enable access to health, education, productive activities, and social and leisure participation opportunities, o improve their collaboration with the communities that they service.

Abstract In this study, we have carried out a variationist analysis of the use of mitigation resources in oral narrations of personal experiences both individually and conversationally constructed by speakers from Santiago de Chile. For this purpose, we have followed the model proposed in González Riffo yand Guerrero González (2017), who have classified the mitigation resources in three pragmatic axes: ‘certainty’, ‘veracity’, and ‘esteem’. The extralinguistic factors are the informants’ sex, their socioeconomic status, and the type of narrative construction. We have contrasted 36 individual narrations and 54 conversational (or co-constructed) narrations. Results have shown that speakers from high socioeconomic status mitigate more than those in medium or low status; females mitigate more than males in individual narrations; and, in conversational narrations, females mitigate less in those constructed by two males in comparison with those constructed by two females or a male and a female. Lastly, it is possible to observe that in individual narrations speakers mitigate less than in conversational narrations, which can be explained by a ‘conversational validation’ that can be found in the latter.

Resumen En este trabajo se realiza un análisis variacionista del empleo de recursos de atenuación en narraciones orales de experiencia personal construidas individual y conversacionalmente por hablantes de Santiago de Chile. Para esto, se sigue el modelo expuesto en González Riffo y Guerrero González (2017), quienes clasifican los recursos de atenuación según tres ejes pragmáticos: ‘certeza’, ‘veracidad’ y ‘estima’. Los factores extralingüísticos corresponden al sexo de los informantes, su grupo socioeconómico y el tipo de construcción narrativa. Se contrastan 36 narraciones individuales y 54 narraciones conversacionales (o co-construidas). Los resultados muestran que los hablantes del grupo socioeconómico alto atenúan más que los de los grupos bajo y medio; las mujeres atenúan más que los hombres en narraciones individuales; y en las conversacionales aquellas construidas por dos hombres presentan menos atenuadores que las construidas por dos mujeres y un hombre y una mujer. Por último, es posible observar que en las narraciones individuales los hablantes atenúan menos que en las conversacionales, lo que se explicaría por una ‘validación conversacional’ que es apreciable en las últimas.

Abstract This study aims to estimate the willingness to pay for a red wine produced in the state of Guanajuato, as well as to determine the socioeconomic variables that most influence the willingness to pay under the hypothesis that there is a positive willingness to pay among the participants. A total of 120 surveys were conducted in the municipality of Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato. We used the contingent valuation method and the binomial logit model by means of the Nlogit software. The estimated willingness to pay was $727.30, a 34.7% premium over the average price of wine produced in the country. The variables that explain the willingness to pay are price, income, age, economic dependents, and amount of wine consumed.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es estimar la disposición a pagar por un vino tinto producido en el estado de Guanajuato, así como determinar las variables socioeconómicas que más influyen en la disposición a pagar, bajo la hipótesis de que existe una disposición a pagar positiva entre los participantes. Se aplicaron 120 encuestas en el municipio de Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato. Se empleó el método de valoración contingente y modelo logit binomial, utilizando el software Nlogit. La disposición a pagar estimada fue de $727.30, un sobreprecio de 34.7% respecto al precio promedio del vino que se produce en el país. Las variables que explican la disposición a pagar son precio, ingreso, edad, dependientes económicos y cantidad de vino consumida.

BACKGROUND. Adverse pregnancy outcomes are an important indicator of the overall health of a population and the socioeconomic development of a country. OBJECTIVES. To determine the prevalence and factors associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes among women of reproductive age in South Africa, and to recommend strategies to reduce the burden of these outcomes. METHODS. We conducted a secondary data analysis on women of reproductive age using data from the nationally representative, population-based, cross-sectional 2016 South Africa Demographic and Health Survey (SADHS). We described the sociodemographic characteristics of the study participants and determined the prevalence and factors associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes using the multivariable logistic regression model. We adjusted all our analyses for complex survey sampling using survey weights. RESULTS. There were 8 514 women of reproductive age, of whom 41.2% had fallen pregnant during the 5-year period preceding the survey. The majority (70.9%) were of age 20 - 34 years, 78% had secondary education, 61.6% were unemployed, 65% were from urban areas, and more than 40% of these women were currently living with a man, while 51.5% reported that they had never been in a union. The prevalence of adverse pregnancy outcomes was 14.6% (95% CI 13.2 - 16.1%). The odds of experiencing adverse pregnancy outcomes were significantly higher for those aged 35 - 49 years (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 7.41, 95% CI 3.46 - 15.85) or 20 - 34 years (aOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.02 - 4.18), compared with those aged 15 - 19 years. Women who were currently in a union/living with a man (aOR 1.85, 95% CI 1.41 - 2.43) or formerly in a union/living with a man (aOR 2.66, 95% CI 1.64 - 4.29), compared with those who had never been in a union, had higher odds of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Contrarily, adverse pregnancy outcomes were lower with each additional child delivered or ever born (aOR 0.66, 95% CI 0.58 - 0.75). CONCLUSIONS. We report a high prevalence of adverse pregnancy outcomes among women of reproductive age in South Africa. We recommend addressing factors such as maternal age and currently/formerly living with a man within interventions to reduce the burden of adverse pregnancy outcomes in South Africa.

Abstract The current development model’s accumulation logic has resulted in the emergence and consolidation of social processes like segregation, leading to differentiated access and availability of urban goods and services among social groups based on socioeconomic, ethnic, or societal standing. The current development model’s accumulation logic has resulted in the emergence and consolidation of social processes like segregation, leading to differentiated access and availability of urban goods and services among social groups based on socioeconomic, ethnic, or societal standing. This disparity impacts employment levels, educational performance, urban decay, and environmental degradation. In this context, the article aims to examine the socio-spatial segregation in the access to socioenvironmental amenities provided by public green spaces (EVP) in a medium-sized city, specifically Durango, Mexico. The analysis utilizes spatial analysis and statistical methods that involve five variables associated with EVPs: surface area, percentage, number, density, and the socio-economic level of the population. A spatial pattern of segregation was identified through these variables, resulting in four clusters that impact how the city of Durango is inhabited, produced, reproduced, lived, and constructed.

Resumen La lógica de acumulación del actual modelo de desarrollo ha favorecido la aparición y consolidación de procesos sociales de expresión espacial, como la segregación. Este fenómeno describe la disponibilidad y el acceso diferenciado a los bienes y servicios urbanos entre grupos sociales debido a su condición social, étnica o socioeconómica, lo que influye en niveles de empleo, desempeño educativo, deterioro urbanístico y degradación ambiental. En este contexto, el objetivo del artículo fue analizar la segregación socioespacial en el acceso a los bienes socioambientales proporcionados por los espacios verdes públicos (EVP) en una ciudad de tamaño medio, como es el caso de la ciudad de Durango, México. El análisis se basó en el uso de métodos de análisis y estadística espacial que involucraron cinco variables asociadas con los EVP: superficie, porcentaje, número, densidad y nivel socioeconómico de la población. A través de estas variables, se identificó un patrón espacial de segregación que se manifestó en cuatro agrupaciones que influyen en la forma en que se habita, se vive, se produce, se reproduce y se construye la ciudad de Durango.

Abstracts This work discusses around the process of territorializing of Hidroituango, the largest hydroelectric project that is being built in Colombia. It considers some of the socio-environmental effects produced by it, as well as the dynamics and the interactions it has had with the internal armed conflict in the Northwest of Antioquia, the place where this megaproject has been localized. For this, it analyzes, from an ethnographical approach, some discourses and practices mobilized by the Company promoting this megaproject and by some State institutions to justify the implementation of this, despite the failures, risks and conflicts that are configured in the context of planning and execution of the works. More than energy and progress, Hidroituango has produced some “collateral” effects that have contributed, on the one hand, to expanding and strengthening the institutional power of the State in that territory and, on the other hand, to strengthening the socioeconomic structures that dominate the territory, the armed conflict and the extractivist model.

Resumo Este trabalho trata sobre o processo de territorialização de Hidroituango, o maior projeto hidrelétrico que está sendo construído na Colômbia, considerando alguns efeitos socioambientais por ele produzidos, bem como a dinâmica e interações com o conflito armado interno no Noroeste de Antioquia, local onde este empreendimento está localizado. Para isso, analisamos etnograficamente alguns discursos e práticas mobilizados pela empresa promotora deste megaprojeto e por determinadas instituições do Estado para justificar a sua implementação, apesar das falhas, riscos e conflitos que se têm configurado no contexto do planeamento e execução das obras. levando em conta que, mais do que energia e progresso, Hidroituango há produzido alguns efeitos “colaterais” que têm contribuído, por um lado, para expandir e fortalecer o poder institucional do Estado no referido território e, por outro, para fortalecer o estruturas socioeconómicas que dominam o território, o conflito armado e o modelo extrativista.

Resumen Este trabajo estudia el proceso de territorialización de Hidroituango, el mayor proyecto hidroeléctrico que se construye en Colombia. Se consideran algunos de los efectos socioambientales que produce, así como las dinámicas e interacciones con el conflicto armado interno en el noroccidente de Antioquia, lugar donde se localiza esta mega obra. Para ello, se analiza, desde el enfoque etnográfico, algunos discursos y ciertas prácticas que la empresa promotora del megaproyecto y determinadas instituciones del Estado promueven para justificar su implementación, pese a las fallas, los riesgos y los conflictos que se configuran en el contexto de la planeación y la ejecución de las obras. Más que energía y progreso, Hidroituango ha producido algunos efectos “colaterales” que han contribuido, por un lado, a ampliar y afianzar el poder institucional del Estado en dicho territorio y, por el otro, a consolidar las estructuras socioeconómicas que predominan allí, el conflicto armado y el modelo extractivista.