Abstract Introduction: Uruguay had the highest cumulative rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the Americas and a mid-range position concerning mortality. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on fatality rates across different socioeconomic sectors has been generally underexplored. Objective: To compare mortality, fatality, and SARS-CoV-2 infection cases in the two subsectors of the healthcare system during 2020, 2021, and 2022 in Uruguay. Materials and methods: Data on the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections and deaths in Uruguay from 2020 to 2022, disaggregated by public and private healthcare subsectors, were requested from the Ministry of Public Health. Cumulative incidence, mortality, and fatality rates were calculated for each subsector by year. Results: During the analyzed years, annual cumulative incidence rates of COVID-19 in the public subsector were significantly lower compared to the private subsector. Regarding fatality, the proportion was significantly higher in the public subsector than in the private subsector across all years. Global analyses of the main risk factors for severe and fatal infections do not clearly show differences between the subsectors. Conclusions: From a rights-based perspective, unequal outcomes between the two subsectors represent a potential socio-health inequity. However, specific studies analyzing key healthcare variables in both subsectors are needed to confirm this inequity.

Resumo Introdução: O Uruguai foi o país com a maior taxa acumulada de infectados por SARS-CoV-2 nas Américas e, em relação à mortalidade, ocupa uma posição intermediária. O impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 na letalidade nos diferentes setores socioeconômicos tem sido pouco estudado de forma geral. Objetivo: Comparar a mortalidade, a letalidade e os casos de infecções por SARS-CoV-2 nos dois subsetores do sistema de saúde durante os anos de 2020, 2021 e 2022 no Uruguai. Materiais e métodos: Foram solicitados ao Ministério da Saúde Pública os dados sobre o número de pessoas infectadas e falecidas por SARS-CoV-2 no país no período de 2020 a 2022, separados por subsetor assistencial público e privado. Foram calculadas as taxas de incidência acumulada, mortalidade e letalidade em cada subsetor por ano. Resultados: Durante os anos analisados, as taxas anuais de incidência acumulada de COVID-19 no subsetor público foram significativamente menores em comparação ao subsetor privado. Ao comparar a letalidade, a proporção foi significativamente maior no subsetor público em relação ao privado em todos os anos. A partir da análise dos principais fatores de risco para desenvolver infecções mais graves e letais, definidos globalmente, não se constatam diferenças claras entre os subsetores. Conclusões: De uma perspectiva baseada nos direitos, os resultados desiguais entre os dois subsetores representam uma potencial inequidade socio-sanitária. No entanto, são necessários estudos específicos que analisem as principais variáveis de saúde nos dois subsetores para confirmar essa inequidade.

Resumen Introducción: Uruguay fue el país con mayor tasa acumulada de infectados por SARS-CoV-2 de todas las Américas y con respecto a la mortalidad, se ubica en una zona intermedia. El impacto en la letalidad que la pandemia por COVID-19 ha tenido en los diferentes sectores socioeconómicos ha sido poco estudiado en general. Objetivo: Comparar la mortalidad, letalidad y casos de infecciones por SARS-CoV-2 en los dos subsectores del sistema de salud durante los años 2020, 2021 y 2022 en Uruguay. Material y métodos: Se solicitaron al Ministerio de Salud Pública los datos del número de personas infectadas y fallecidas por SARS-CoV-2 en el país en el período 2020-2022 por subsector asistencial público y privado. Se calcularon las tasas de incidencia acumulada, mortalidad y letalidad en cada subsector por año. Resultados: Durante los años analizados, las tasas de incidencia acumulada anuales de COVID-19 en el subsector público fueron significativamente menores en comparación con el subsector privado. Al comparar la letalidad, la proporción en todos los años es significativamente mayor en el subsector público en relación con el subsector privado. A partir del análisis de los principales factores de riesgo para desarrollar una infección más grave y letal definidos a nivel mundial no se desprende con certeza diferencias entre los subsectores. Conclusiones: Desde una perspectiva de derechos, los resultados desiguales en los dos subsectores constituyen una potencial inequidad socio sanitaria. Sin embargo, hacen falta estudios específicos que analicen las principales variables sanitarias en los dos subsectores para poder afirmar esta inequidad.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound effect on food security worldwide. Colombian farmers were adversely affected by prolonged periods of lockdown, disruptions in the agricultural supply chain, increased poverty levels, and heightened socioeconomic uncertainty. The objective of this study is to evaluate the perceptions of pea producers with regard to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, and ex-ante (2019) and ex-post (2020-2022) diagnostic analysis was conducted in the south of Nariño. We carried out semi-structured interviews with 35 farmers, four key informants, and three focus groups. A sentiment analysis (text mining) was conducted to process sensitive information on environmental, economic, and intrinsic aspects of the productive system. The results revealed that participants maintained constant levels of happiness and confidence across the two-time periods. However, in the period subsequent to the pandemic, higher levels of anger and sadness were reported, attributed to effects of the pandemic itself and the inherent challenges associated with pea cultivation. The implementation of confinement measures resulted in an increase in feelings of uncertainty and sadness, in addition too the emergence of challenges in fieldwork context. Moreover, the increased production costs were attributed to the greater demand for agricultural inputs and labour in 2020. However, in 2022, the increased the price paid per kilogram of pea grains helped mitigate the adverse impact of the pandemic. The study concludes that the econ economic uncertainty introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic affected crop profitability. Nevertheless, small-scale farmers exhibited remarkable resilience and adaptability, allowing them to persist in growing and selling their pea harvest.

Resumen La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto significativo en la seguridad alimentaria en todo el mundo. El agricultor colombiano se vio afectado por bloqueos prolongados, interrupciones en la cadena de suministro agrícola, mayores niveles de pobreza y una mayor incertidumbre socioeconómica. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la percepción de los productores de arveja sobre el COVID-19, realiza un diagnóstico ex ante (2019) y ex post (2020-2022) en el sur de Nariño. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 35 agricultores, 4 informantes clave y 3 grupos focales. A través de un análisis de sentimiento (Text Mining) se procesó información sensible sobre aspectos ambientales, económicos e intrínsecos del sistema productivo. Los resultados revelaron que los participantes mantuvieron niveles constantes de felicidad y confianza durante dos períodos de tiempo. Sin embargo, en el período posterior a la COVID-19, se informaron niveles más altos de ira y tristeza, atribuidos a los efectos de la pandemia y los desafíos inherentes asociados con el cultivo de arvejas o guisantes. Las medidas de confinamiento intensificaron los sentimientos de incertidumbre y tristeza, además de desafíos en el trabajo de campo. Asimismo, atribuyeron el aumento de los costos de producción a la mayor demanda de insumos agrícolas y mano de obra en 2020. Sin embargo, en 2022, el aumento del precio pagado por kilogramo de granos de arvejas ayudó a mitigar el impacto adverso de la pandemia. El estudio concluye que la COVID-19 introdujo incertidumbre económica en la región y, en consecuencia, afectó la rentabilidad de los cultivos. Sin embargo, los pequeños agricultores mostraron una notable resiliencia y adaptabilidad, lo que les permitió persistir en el cultivo y venta de su cosecha de guisantes.

Abstract The study presents the main findings on the impact that experimental kits have had on the formation of scientific and practical skills in high school and university chemistry students through a systematic review following the phases of the PRISMA protocol. After a search and selection using inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 studies selected from the Scopus, Google Scholar, and ERIC databases were analyzed. The results indicated that experimental kits facilitate observation, interpretation of results, proper handling of instruments, formulation of hypotheses, analysis of physical and chemical changes, as well as evaluation of quantitative and qualitative data, among others. In addition, socioeconomic factors such as inclusion in curricular planning are key determinants of the effectiveness and scope of experimental kits. In contexts where these aspects are adequately managed, a notable improvement in the quality of practical education was observed, contributing significantly to more enriching and effective learning. Concluding that experimental kits are effective resources for the training of practical and scientific skills, offering remarkable benefits thanks to their versatility, portability, safety, ease of use, and low maintenance cost.

Resumen El estudio presentó los principales hallazgos acerca del impacto que han tenido los kits experimentales en la formación de habilidades científicas y prácticas en estudiantes de química de secundaria y universitaria, mediante una revisión sistemática siguiendo las fases del protocolo PRISMA. Luego de una búsqueda y selección mediante criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se analizaron 18 estudios seleccionados de las bases de datos Scopus, Google Académico y ERIC. Los resultados señalaron que los kits experimentales facilitan la observación, la interpretación de los resultados, un adecuado manejo de instrumentos, formulación de hipótesis y análisis de cambios físicos y químicos, así como la evaluación de datos cuantitativos y cualitativos, entre otros. Además, factores socioeconómicos como la inclusión en la planificación curricular son determinantes claves en la efectividad y el alcance de los kits experimentales. En contextos donde estos aspectos se gestionan de manera adecuada, se observó una notable mejora en la calidad de la educación práctica que contribuye significativamente a un aprendizaje más enriquecedor y efectivo. Concluyendo que los kits experimentales son recursos eficaces para la formación de habilidades prácticas y científicas, ofreciendo beneficios notables gracias a su versatilidad, portabilidad, seguridad, facilidad de uso y su bajo costo de mantenimiento.

RESUMEN Alinear los objetivos de aprendizaje con las necesidades del mercado laboral representa un desafío considerable para las universidades en la actualidad. A pesar de que las organizaciones demandan profesionales con competencias variadas y flexibles, a menudo las universidades subestiman la relevancia de las competencias transversales. Por tanto, este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar la percepción de los recién graduados sobre la importancia de las competencias transversales adquiridas y desarrolladas en su formación universitaria, así como la manera en que estas se aplican en el entorno laboral. En el marco de este estudio exploratorio, se distribuyó un cuestionario a los recién graduados que actualmente están empleados en 14 instituciones educativas de la Zona Sur de Manabí y en 3 instituciones de educación básica pública de Jipijapa. Esta metodología permitió analizar el desarrollo y la aplicabilidad de las competencias transversales en las organizaciones del sector educativo y su impacto en la práctica pedagógica. Los resultados se discuten en el contexto más amplio de cómo las universidades se están adaptando a los intensos desafíos socioeconómicos que caracterizan el presente, así como la integración de los recién graduados en el mercado laboral. Se concluye que la flexibilidad curricular y el desarrollo de competencias transversales son esenciales para mejorar la empleabilidad de los egresados y su capacidad para enfrentar las exigencias del mundo laboral contemporáneo.

ABSTRACT Aligning learning objectives with the needs of the labour market represents a considerable challenge for universities today. Although organisations demand professionals with varied and flexible skills, universities often underestimate the relevance of transversal skills. Therefore, this article aims to identify the perception of recent graduates on the importance of transversal skills acquired and developed in their university education, as well as the way in which these are applied in the work environment. Within the framework of this exploratory study, a questionnaire was distributed to recent graduates who are currently employed in 14 educational institutions in the Southern Zone of Manabí and in 3 public basic education institutions in Jipijapa. This methodology allowed us to analyse the development and applicability of transversal skills in organisations in the educational sector and their impact on pedagogical practice. The results are discussed in the broader context of how universities are adapting to the intense socio-economic challenges that characterise the present, as well as the integration of recent graduates into the labour market. It is concluded that curricular flexibility and the development of transversal competences are essential to improve the employability of graduates and their ability to face the demands of the contemporary labor market.

Abstract: This study provides a comprehensive review of the Water-Energy-Food (WEF Nexus) approach in the context of Latin America, with an emphasis on rural development through the implementation of sustainable energy in remote areas. The WEF Nexus approach has become a crucial tool for managing resources in isolated and vulnerable areas. This study provides context to the energy scenario in these regions and details the methods and materials used in a literature review, highlighting existing knowledge on WEF Nexus integration in rural development projects and its importance in addressing socio-economic and environmental challenges in isolated communities. This is concluded by providing a diagnosis of WEF Nexus conditions in non-interconnected areas of Colombia as a representative example of the region, emphasizing the need for holistic approaches and posing new questions for future research, including aspects of implementation and long-term evaluation of the impact of these interventions.

Resumen: Este estudio proporciona una revisión exhaustiva del enfoque del Agua-Energía-Alimento (WEF Nexus) en el contexto de América Latina, con un énfasis en el desarrollo rural a través de la implementación de energía sostenible en zonas remotas. El enfoque WEF Nexus se ha consolidado como una herramienta esencial para gestionar los recursos en áreas aisladas y vulnerables. Se contextualiza la situación energética en América Latina y se detallan los métodos y materiales utilizados en la revisión de la literatura, destacando el conocimiento sobre la integración del enfoque WEF Nexus en proyectos de desarrollo rural y su importancia para abordar desafíos socioeconómicos y ambientales en comunidades aisladas. Se concluye examinando el diagnóstico de las condiciones WEF Nexus en las zonas no interconectadas de Colombia, subrayando la necesidad de enfoques holísticos y planteando nuevas preguntas para investigaciones futuras, incluyendo aspectos de implementación y evaluación a largo plazo del impacto de estas intervenciones.

Abstract We investigated the timely initiation of antenatal care among Brazilian adolescents to support the national discussion on the gestational age limit for legal abortion. Using data from the Live Births Information System (SINASC) 2020-2022, we correlated the timely antenatal care (first quarter of pregnancy) with the adolescent’s age, region, ethnicity/skin color, and schooling level; 11,607 annual births result from vulnerable rape. The timely initiation of antenatal care was 70.2% for all adolescents (<20 years), but only 55.6% for those under 13 years old; 14.1% of adolescents started antenatal care at 22 weeks or more of gestation (28.3% among those <13 years old). Timely initiation was lower in the North region, among Indigenous girls, and those with low education. Delays in recognizing the pregnancy and communicating with the family contribute to the late start of antenatal care and the decision to abort. The proposed legal abortion time limit will mainly impact the most vulnerable adolescents in terms of socioeconomic and racial factors.

Resumo Investigamos o início do pré-natal em adolescentes brasileiras para subsidiar a discussão nacional sobre o limite de idade gestacional para o aborto legal. Com dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) 2020-2022 correlacionamos o início oportuno do pré-natal (primeiro trimestre da gestação) com a idade da adolescente, região, raça/cor e escolaridade; 11.607 partos anuais resultam de estupro de vulnerável. O início oportuno foi de 70,2% para todas as adolescentes (<20 anos), mas de apenas 55,6% para aquelas abaixo de 13 anos; 14,1% das adolescentes iniciaram o pré-natal com 22 semanas ou mais de gestação (28,3% entre <13 anos). O início oportuno foi menor na região Norte, entre meninas indígenas e com baixa escolaridade. Demoras no reconhecimento da gestação e na comunicação para a família contribuem para o início tardio do pré-natal e para a decisão de abortar. A proposta de limite do prazo para abortos legais irá atingir principalmente as adolescentes mais vulneráveis em termos socioeconômicos e raciais.

Resumen Investigamos el inicio oportuno de la atención prenatal entre las adolescentes brasileñas para apoyar la discusión nacional sobre el límite de edad gestacional para el aborto legal. Con datos del Sistema de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos (SINASC) 2020-2022, correlacionamos el inicio oportuno del cuidado prenatal (primer trimestre del embarazo) con la edad de la adolescente, la región, la etnia/color de piel y el nivel de escolaridad; 11.607 nacimientos anuales resultan de violaciones vulnerables. El inicio oportuno fue del 70,2% para todas las adolescentes (<20 años), pero solo del 55,6% para aquellas menores de 13 años; el 14,1% de las adolescentes comenzaron el cuidado prenatal a las 22 semanas o más de embarazo (28,3% entre las menores de 13 años). El inicio oportuno fue menor en la región Norte, entre las niñas indígenas y las de baja escolaridad. Los retrasos en el reconocimiento del embarazo y en la comunicación con la familia contribuyen al inicio tardío del cuidado prenatal y a la decisión de abortar. La propuesta de límite de tiempo para los abortos legales afectará principalmente a las adolescentes más vulnerables en términos socioeconómicos y raciales.

Abstract This study proposes to evaluate the impact of the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) on the income of family farmers benefiting from the Bolsa Família Program, in Brazilian municipalities, in 2018. Using the bases of the Municipal Basic Information Survey (MUNIC) and the Registry The Propensity Score Matching methodology was used, with adjustments of 1, 3 and 5 nearest neighbors, and quantile regression, which allowed observing the impact in different income ranges. The results demonstrate that the PNAE generated a positive and statistically significant effect on the income of participating rural producers, contributing an increase of 0.1%. When evaluating the impact beyond the average, it was found that the program had a positive and significant effect on the income of family farmers with average socioeconomic conditions (quartiles 50 and 75), while for those with low income (quartile 25), well such as those with higher income (quantile 90), the result was not statistically significant and for those with lower socioeconomic conditions (quartile 10) a negative effect was observed. Such results highlight the program's potential to positively impact the income of family entrepreneurs, although it needs to consider heterogeneity and local conditions.

Resumo Este estudo propõe avaliar o impacto do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) sobre a renda dos agricultores familiares beneficiários do Programa Bolsa Família, nos municípios brasileiros, em 2018. Com uso das bases da Pesquisa de Informações Básicas Municipais (MUNIC) e do Cadastro Único, foi empregada a metodologia de Propensity Score Matching, com ajustes de 1, 3 e 5 vizinhos mais próximos, e da regressão quantílica, que permitiu observar o impacto em diferentes faixas de renda. Os resultados demonstram que o PNAE gerou efeito positivo e estatisticamente significativo na renda dos produtores rurais participantes, contribuindo com um acréscimo de 0,1%. Ao avaliar o impacto para além da média, constatou-se que o programa teve um efeito positivo e significativo na renda de agricultores familiares com condições socioeconômicas médias (quartis 50 e 75), enquanto, para aqueles com renda baixa (quartil 25), bem como os de maior renda (quantil 90), o resultado não foi estatisticamente significativo e para aqueles com condições socioeconômicas mais baixas (quartil 10), observou-se um efeito negativo. Tais resultados evidenciam a potencialidade do programa em impactar positivamente a renda dos empreendedores familiares, conquanto, precisa considerar a heterogeneidade e as condições locais.

RESUMEN La alfabetización financiera es clave para la administración responsable de las finanzas personales, siendo un componente esencial para la vida adulta exitosa. Esta revisión bibliográfica empleó una revisión exploratoria en bases de datos académicas como Scopus, Google Scholar y Cicco, buscando estudios que abordaran la educación financiera a nivel internacional y en contextos latinoamericanos. Se seleccionaron 22 documentos publicados entre 2005 y 2023, especialmente en español e inglés. Este trabajo se enfoca en identificar los factores determinantes que influyen en la alfabetización financiera, identificándose cinco factores clave: características individuales, factores socioeconómicos, intervenciones educativas, tecnologías digitales e influencias culturales. Estos factores tienen un impacto significativo en la toma de decisiones financieras, la acumulación de riqueza y el bienestar financiero general.

ABSTRACT Financial literacy is key to responsible management of personal finances, being an essential component for successful adult life. This literature review used an exploratory review in academic databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar and Cicco, searching for studies that addressed financial education internationally and in Latin American contexts. 22 documents published between 2005 and 2023 were selected, especially in Spanish and English. This work focuses on identifying the determining factors that influence financial literacy, identifying five key factors: individual characteristics, socioeconomic factors, educational interventions, digital technologies and cultural influences. These factors have a significant impact on financial decision making, wealth accumulation, and overall financial well-being.

Resumo Investigamos o início do pré-natal em adolescentes brasileiras para subsidiar a discussão nacional sobre o limite de idade gestacional para o aborto legal. Com dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) 2020-2022 correlacionamos o início oportuno do pré-natal (primeiro trimestre da gestação) com a idade da adolescente, região, raça/cor e escolaridade; 11.607 partos anuais resultam de estupro de vulnerável. O início oportuno foi de 70,2% para todas as adolescentes (<20 anos), mas de apenas 55,6% para aquelas abaixo de 13 anos; 14,1% das adolescentes iniciaram o pré-natal com 22 semanas ou mais de gestação (28,3% entre <13 anos). O início oportuno foi menor na região Norte, entre meninas indígenas e com baixa escolaridade. Demoras no reconhecimento da gestação e na comunicação para a família contribuem para o início tardio do pré-natal e para a decisão de abortar. A proposta de limite do prazo para abortos legais irá atingir principalmente as adolescentes mais vulneráveis em termos socioeconômicos e raciais.

Resumen Investigamos el inicio oportuno de la atención prenatal entre las adolescentes brasileñas para apoyar la discusión nacional sobre el límite de edad gestacional para el aborto legal. Con datos del Sistema de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos (SINASC) 2020-2022, correlacionamos el inicio oportuno del cuidado prenatal (primer trimestre del embarazo) con la edad de la adolescente, la región, la etnia/color de piel y el nivel de escolaridad; 11.607 nacimientos anuales resultan de violaciones vulnerables. El inicio oportuno fue del 70,2% para todas las adolescentes (<20 años), pero solo del 55,6% para aquellas menores de 13 años; el 14,1% de las adolescentes comenzaron el cuidado prenatal a las 22 semanas o más de embarazo (28,3% entre las menores de 13 años). El inicio oportuno fue menor en la región Norte, entre las niñas indígenas y las de baja escolaridad. Los retrasos en el reconocimiento del embarazo y en la comunicación con la familia contribuyen al inicio tardío del cuidado prenatal y a la decisión de abortar. La propuesta de límite de tiempo para los abortos legales afectará principalmente a las adolescentes más vulnerables en términos socioeconómicos y raciales.

Abstract We investigated the timely initiation of antenatal care among Brazilian adolescents to support the national discussion on the gestational age limit for legal abortion. Using data from the Live Births Information System (SINASC) 2020-2022, we correlated the timely antenatal care (first quarter of pregnancy) with the adolescent’s age, region, ethnicity/skin color, and schooling level; 11,607 annual births result from vulnerable rape. The timely initiation of antenatal care was 70.2% for all adolescents (<20 years), but only 55.6% for those under 13 years old; 14.1% of adolescents started antenatal care at 22 weeks or more of gestation (28.3% among those <13 years old). Timely initiation was lower in the North region, among Indigenous girls, and those with low education. Delays in recognizing the pregnancy and communicating with the family contribute to the late start of antenatal care and the decision to abort. The proposed legal abortion time limit will mainly impact the most vulnerable adolescents in terms of socioeconomic and racial factors.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has had a profound impact on global health and socio-economic conditions. To date, various vaccines have been administered worldwide in an effort to curb the spread of the virus. Despite vaccination efforts, there have been complications. Existing antiviral drugs have shown limited effectiveness, prompting the use of computational methods to understand the dynamics of the virus and develop suitable treatments. The current study focuses on using biocompatible para-sulfonato-calix[4]arenes to dock against two key proteins of SARS-CoV-2, namely ribonucleic acid (RNA)-dependent RNA polymerase, and helicase. Docking results indicate a strong binding affinity of these compounds to the target proteins, with higher scores compared to commonly used medications. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation validates the docking results, showing stable protein-ligand complexes over time. The compounds are also screened for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties and toxicity, suggesting their potential as lead candidates for inhibiting the virus’s key proteins. However, further in vivo and in vitro studies are recommended to confirm these findings. COVID19 COVID 19 (COVID-19 pandemic SARSCoV2, SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV , (SARS-CoV-2) socioeconomic socio economic conditions date efforts complications effectiveness treatments parasulfonatocalix4arenes parasulfonatocalixarenes para sulfonato calix 4 arenes 2, SARS-CoV-2 RNAdependent dependent polymerase helicase medications MD (MD proteinligand protein ligand time absorption distribution metabolism toxicity viruss s However findings COVID1 1 (COVID-1 (SARS-CoV-2 parasulfonatocalix SARS-CoV- (COVID- (SARS-CoV- SARS-CoV (COVID (SARS-CoV

ABSTRACT Despite the significant socioeconomic impact of yam cultivation in developing countries, this field needs more scientific studies and incentives. In Brazil, the absence of a developed processing chain has resulted in a considerable production loss due to the predominant form of commercialization (in natura). This study aimed was to examine the physicochemical and technological composition of yams of the species Dioscorea trifida L., including both white and purple varieties. The aim was to contribute to an increase in food utilization and technological potential. The proximate composition of the flours indicated that the yam species investigated have the potential for human consumption and are good sources of energy (1,489 and 1,527 kJ), with considerable levels of total fiber (8.18 and 6.69 g 100 g–1), potassium (1,325 and 981 mg 100 g–1), and phenolic compounds (133 and 110 mg 100 g–1) for white and purple yams, respectively. Additionally, the yams demonstrated distinct properties in water and oil, indicating their potential for use in breading applications. The viscoamylographic profiles of purple yam flour and yam starches were found suitable for use in quick-cooking foods that reach high viscosity when heated, whereas white yam flour was identified as a suitable thickening agent. The yams yielded flours and starches with favorable characteristics as food ingredients, offering greater added value and enhanced stability compared to the original raw materials. They present a sustainable alternative for reducing post-harvest losses and, as they are gluten-free, they cater to the celiac population. countries incentives Brazil natura. natura . natura) L L. varieties 1,489 1489 1 489 (1,48 1527 527 1,52 kJ, kJ , kJ) 8.18 818 8 18 (8.1 669 6 69 6.6 10 g–1, g1 g–1 1,325 1325 325 (1,32 98 133 (13 11 respectively Additionally oil applications quickcooking quick cooking heated agent ingredients materials postharvest post harvest glutenfree, glutenfree gluten free, free gluten-free population 1,48 148 48 (1,4 152 52 1,5 8.1 81 (8. 66 6. g– 1,32 132 32 (1,3 9 13 (1 1,4 14 4 (1, 15 5 1, 8. (8 1,3 3 (

What motivates voters to support candidates with backgrounds in public security for Brazil’s National Congress, the so-called Law & Order (L&O) politicians? The 2018 elections witnessed a surge in parliamentarians from police and military backgrounds and the election of a president closely aligned with this agenda. We explore whether this trend correlates with municipal-level violence indicators and the presence of municipal capacity in the security sector, employing various regression models that account for socioeconomic, demographic, political, and geographic factors. Our findings from the additive model reveal a negative association between the level of violence and votes for L&O candidates. This suggests a potential disconnection between fear, victimization, and support for repressive policies, while also indicating that local capacity in the security sector tend to enhance L&O candidates’ performance. However, our model incorporating the interaction between both variables uncovers that violence exacerbates the negative impact on L&O voting when the city has capacity in the security sector. This may reflect a municipal-level preference for preventive measures, particularly in more violent areas, which contrasts with the generally repressive stance of L&O candidates. Brazils Brazil s Congress socalled so called LO L O (L&O politicians 201 agenda municipallevel socioeconomic demographic political factors fear victimization policies performance However measures areas 20 2

ABSTRACT Introduction: Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways with a prevalence of approximately 7% in the Portuguese population, affecting individuals of all ages. Occupational asthma accounts for 5% to 20% of late-onset asthma cases and is often associated with exposure to chemical irritants or other agents in the workplace. Early diagnosis and intervention, including the removal of the causal agent, are essential for improving prognosis. This case report describes the development of occupational asthma in a woman with prolonged exposure to irritant products in her work as a domestic worker. This case report aims to highlight the importance of early diagnosis and the use of personal protective equipment in the prevention of occupational asthma and its’ biopsychosocial implications. Clinical Case: A 62-year-old woman, a domestic worker since the age of 13, with a medical history of allergic rhinitis, depressive disorder, osteoporosis, and prior surgery for an epigastric hernia, presented for consultation. Pulmonary nodules were identified in the right lung during a computed tomography (CT) scan. The patient denied the presence of respiratory symptoms. However, during the pneumology consultation, she described chest tightness upon exertion and in environments with strong smells over the past six years, symptoms that she didn't appreciate before. Respiratory function tests revealed mild bronchial hyperreactivity, confirmed through a methacholine challenge test. Based on these findings and the patient’s occupational history, a diagnosis of non-IgE-mediated asthma was established. The patient began treatment with inhaled fluticasone/vilanterol. Due to her profession, which involved daily exposure to irritant products, a suspicion of occupational disease was reported. In the following years, the patient experienced worsening respiratory and depressive symptoms, leading to her resignation and an unsuccessful attempt at early retirement. She was referred for social support due to financial difficulties resulting from her inability to return to work. Discussion/Conclusion: This case describes a case of non-IgE-mediated asthma in a domestic worker and highlights the importance of personal protective equipment (PPE) in workplaces with exposure to respiratory irritants. The use of PPE could have prevented the development of occupational asthma by mitigating the harmful effects of prolonged exposure to cleaning products. The prognosis for occupational asthma is generally poor, with avoidance of exposure being the primary method of control, as pharmacological treatments have limited impact when exposure persists. This case also illustrates the biopsychosocial consequences of occupational disease, with negative effects on the patient’s quality of life and financial independence, underscoring the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to managing such cases.

RESUMO Introdução: A asma brônquica é uma doença inflamatória crónica das vias aéreas com prevalência de cerca de 7% na população portuguesa, afetando indivíduos de todas as idades. A asma ocupacional representa entre 5% e 20% dos casos de asma de início tardio e está frequentemente associada à exposição a irritantes químicos ou outros agentes no local de trabalho. O diagnóstico precoce e a intervenção, incluindo a remoção do agente causal, são fundamentais para melhorar o prognóstico. Este caso clínico descreve o desenvolvimento de asma ocupacional numa mulher com longa exposição a produtos irritantes no exercício da sua profissão como trabalhadora do serviço doméstico. Com o presente relato de caso pretende-se destacar a importância do diagnóstico precoce e da utilização de equipamentos de proteção individual na prevenção da asma ocupacional, bem como as consequentes implicações biopsicossociais. Caso Clínico: Apresenta-se o caso de uma mulher de 62 anos, trabalhadora do serviço doméstico desde os treze anos, com antecedentes de rinite alérgica, perturbação depressiva, osteoporose e cirurgia a uma hérnia epigástrica. Após a realização de uma tomografia computorizada pulmonar, foram identificados nódulos no pulmão direito. A paciente não referiu sintomatologia respiratória relevante. No entanto, durante a consulta de pneumologia, referiu sensação de opressão torácica com o esforço e em ambientes com cheiros intensos nos últimos seis anos, sintomas que desvalorizava até então. As provas de função respiratória revelaram hiperreatividade brônquica ligeira, confirmada através de uma prova de broncoconstrição com metacolina. Com base nesses achados e na história ocupacional, foi assumido o diagnóstico de asma não IgE mediada. A paciente iniciou tratamento com terapêutica inalatória com fluticasona/vilanterol. Devido à sua profissão, que envolvia exposição diária a produtos irritantes, foi notificada a suspeita de doença profissional. Nos anos seguintes, a paciente apresentou agravamento da sintomatologia respiratória e, consequentemente, depressiva, o que conduziu ao seu despedimento e tentativa de reforma antecipada, que foi indeferida. A paciente foi referenciada para apoio social devido às dificuldades económicas resultantes da incapacidade para retomar a atividade laboral. Discussão/Conclusão: Este caso clínico descreve um quadro de asma não IgE mediada numa trabalhadora do serviço doméstico e evidencia a importância da proteção individual em ambientes de trabalho com exposição a agentes irritantes respiratórios. A utilização de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPIs) poderia ter prevenido o desenvolvimento da asma ocupacional, mitigando os efeitos nocivos da exposição prolongada a produtos de limpeza. O prognóstico da asma ocupacional é geralmente mau, sendo a evicção da exposição o principal método de controlo, uma vez que os tratamentos farmacológicos têm impacto limitado quando a exposição persiste. Este caso ilustra também as consequências biopsicossociais da doença ocupacional, com efeitos negativos sobre a qualidade de vida e independência financeira da utente, sublinhando a importância da abordagem multidisciplinar para a sua gestão.

The United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to address global challenges like food insecurity, poverty, inequality, and economic growth. Remittances are crucial in achieving these goals, especially in developing countries. By directly supporting households, remittances help reduce poverty and food insecurity, improve access to healthcare and education and bolster financial stability. Strengthening policies to facilitate safe, affordable remittances aligns with SDG targets and empowers families to break the poverty cycle, contributing to sustainable development at the community level. Recent migration studies reveal that food remittances are essential to achieving the SDG goals, mainly poverty reduction at the household level and the nutrition security of poor households in Southern Africa. The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly disrupted the mechanisms and pathways through which international migrants transfer food remittances to their home countries. In the Global South, recent studies have highlighted the expansion of digital-mobile technology. However, in Southern Africa, digital food remittances are still under-researched. This paper is based on a mixed-methods study whose aim is to contribute to the academic and policy discussion on food remittances by examining the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns introduced by the South African and Zimbabwean governments on the nature and volume of cross-border food remittance flows between the two countries. The article begins by assessing the characteristics of food remittance transfers during the pandemic. It then highlights key lessons learned regarding the role of various transfer channels amid significant disruptions. Finally, the discussion pivots to the implications of mobile and digital technology-based channels for the food remittance market, which primarily operates within informal financial ecosystems. This examination underscores the transformative potential of technological advancements in reshaping the dynamics of remittance flows during times of crisis. A key finding is that digital-mobile technologies in cross-border food remittances promote financial and digital inclusion and offer swift, accessible (particularly during the pandemic-induced disruptions of informal channels), reliable, and convenient ways to remit food, which is crucial for food and nutrition security. The insights gained from this paper underscore the need for policymakers to support and enhance the integration of digital-mobile technologies within the food remittance framework. By doing so, stakeholders can ensure improved food and nutrition security for families reliant on these vital transfers, thus contributing to broader socio-economic stability in the region.

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ABSTRACT In recent years, the change in the design of video games has become evident, one of them is accessibility for people with different disabilities, despite the laws, which are very limited, there are no standards that require companies, industries and producers from different sectors implement this resource in their projects. From this research, the objective is to investigate the importance that these inclusion games comply with the response to stimuli provided by the industry, in this field, and that the support that the country is giving to this need to be felt is also felt. this visually impaired population. Based on the mixed research methodology, different sources are investigated in order to demonstrate how necessary it is that there are models of inclusion in video games, both entertainment and educational (serious), thus reaching an identity model that. The lack of laws and resources that promote this industry is evidenced. The project made it possible to describe the main strategies and resources that have been proposed and/or implemented in terms of accessibility for people with visual disabilities in Colombia, investigating and comparing the information obtained from the state of the art, and in this way conclude with the impact of these development methods, in the visually impaired population. An important impact has been the technological evolution that other countries have managed to develop for this type of population. As a conclusion, a disparity was found in the development of this project, which is precisely the little accessibility that people with visual disabilities have to video games in Colombia, because beyond the interaction that exists with some, much more access is required. And above all more investment and enactment of laws that support this resource. Using the mixed research methodology, different sources are investigated in order to demonstrate how necessary it is that there are models of inclusion in video games, both entertainment and educational (serious), thus reaching an identity pattern that gives as shows the lack of laws and resources that promote this industry. From this type of research, it was concluded that the lack of resources has been a legible mark that passes through these industries that have the panorama quite compromised by the demands of the market, but that due to this lack of economic resources they cannot reach the levels of implementation. to its mission and vision. Observing what was said above, it becomes complex to be able to carry out a research that clearly defines the inclusion processes for this type of people with said disability in Colombia. Each model of each industry is defined in a different way, since not all of them have this offer in their services. Common to this type of population. What, then, allowed us to conclude this research, finding social differences in each production of a video game? The project allowed us to describe the main strategies that have been proposed and/or implemented in terms of accessibility for people with visual disabilities in Colombia, investigating and comparing the information obtained from the state of the art, as mentioned above. Thus, then, different responses were found to this inclusion, not only in entertainment games but also in educational ones, which in the end are also very important in the classroom, because not only should one think about the distraction game, but also about the playful nature of teaching, thus helping teachers in the development of their classes. In this way, we conclude with the impact of these development methods on the visually impaired population. Another important point that could be evidenced is the evolution of technology, which has brought haptic systems, immersive and dynamic audio, as well as braille itself in digital systems, this, of course, has allowed progress towards much more logical and dynamic resources, but they continue to be limited precisely because they cannot be implemented correctly, due to their high purchasing value. We must think not of people who suffer from visual disabilities, but rather we must think of all social strata with this type of disability who can, with their resources, access this type of technology. Each part of the intervention exercise with state and private companies led to results that concluded in the population with visual disabilities that does not have the possibility of accessing this exercise of inclusion, and beyond the common interest in popularizing these video games, the limitation of certain sectors is seen that do not find in this undertaking a great industry, since the majority assures that it is more lucrative to invest in video games for people without no limitation or disability than investing in this other type of video game In conclusion, the disabled population in Colombia is 3,134,037; this number is very high if we also consider the rural populations that live without any type of resource or technological reach; Due to their socioeconomic condition and location, they are people who have a deterioration in services, then what is the extent of the disabled population in these areas that do not have the support and resources to improve their quality of life? It is almost null, there is no possibility that in the most vulnerable places and far from the reach of the government, inclusion exercises will be carried out with the visually disabled population, because simply in the last population census that was carried out in Colombia in 2018, more than 50% of the population They do not access the Internet, this added to governments that waste state money, it could be said that the level exceeds that percentage. If so, it is very possible that the reach of this population to these technological resources is very bad. A lot of economic investment is required on the part of the state, and for the designers of these technologies to expand to cover their creative enterprises, to the entire population, without the right to exclusion. For this reason, in this project a disparity is evident, which is precisely the little accessibility that people with visual disabilities have to video games in Colombia, not only from entertainment, but from their spaces in the classroom, which is what many demands. academics for their models and resources to work with this population, because beyond the interaction that exists with some (very few), much more access is still required and above all more investment and enactment of laws that support said resource.