RESUMEN Las cuatro misiones de la Universidad hacen que esta tenga un papel importante en el desarrollo económico y social a través de la formación del capital humano. Entre las misiones, se encuentran la enseñanza y la investigación. La enseñanza debe llevarse a cabo por medio de la investigación para generar las bases del conocimiento y el desarrollo de este. Además, debe generar el uso del conocimiento, su preservación y difusión mediante la interacción con usuarios. Por eso, se indagó en: 1) la formación de los estudiantes universitarios de Encarnación con relación a la CTI; 2) el índice de universidades de Encarnación que realizan transferencia de conocimiento; 3) la relación entre las MIPYMES y las universidades de Encarnación. Metodológicamente, se trabajó con la metodología cuantitativa-método descriptivo. Se aplicó una encuesta a directivos de 4 universidades privadas de la ciudad. Los resultados dan cuenta de la falta de capital humano calificado en I+D+i dentro de las universidades estudiadas, hecho que dificulta la implementación de las oficinas de transferencia de conocimiento (OTRI) pues la formación relacionada a la investigación e innovación se ven limitadas al no desarrollarse en todos los años de cursada, siendo esto, a nivel de grado y posgrado, además de la escasa actividad de vinculación con el medio. Estos hallazgos resaltan la limitada capacidad para generar nuevos conocimientos contextualizados a la realidad local y a su posterior aplicación eficiente.

ABSTRACT The four missions of the University give it an important role in economic and social development through the formation of human capital. Among the missions are teaching and research. Teaching must be carried out through research to generate the bases of knowledge and its development. It must also generate the use of knowledge, its preservation and dissemination through interaction with users. Therefore, we investigated: 1) the training of university students in Encarnación in relation to STI; 2) the index of universities in Encarnación that carry out knowledge transfer; 3) the relationship between MSMEs and universities in Encarnación. Methodologically, we worked with the quantitative methodology - descriptive method. A sur- vey was applied to managers of 4 private universities in the city. The results show the lack of qualified human capital in R+D+i within the universities studied, a fact that hinders the implementation of knowledge transfer offices (OTRI), since training related to research and innovation is limited because it is not developed in all the years of study, both at the undergraduate and graduate levels, in addition to the limited activity of linking with the environment. These findings highlight the limited capacity to generate new knowledge contextualized to the local reality and its subsequent efficient application.

ABSTRACT: This essay analyzes the film Ratas, Ratones, Rateros (1999), by Ecuadorian director Sebastián Cordero, as a reflection of the social problems that affect contemporary Ecuador. Through a textual analysis of the work, it is examined how the main characters, two cousins who are dedicated to theft and crime, represent the Creole liveliness, social resentment and corruption that are some of the characteristic features of Ecuadorian society. Likewise, the film is contextualized with the political and economic scenario of the country at the end of the nineties, marked by the banking crisis, dollarization and government instability. The conclusion to be reached is that Ecuadorian cinema, more than a nationalist art, functions as a mirror of daily reality; as a reflection of the identity and social problems of Ecuadorians.

RESUMEN: En este trabajo se analiza la película Ratas, Ratones, Rateros (1999), del director ecuatoriano Sebastián Cordero, como un reflejo de las problemáticas sociales que afectan al Ecuador contemporáneo. A través de un análisis textual de la obra, se examina cómo los personajes principales, dos primos que se dedican al robo y la delincuencia, representan la viveza criolla, el resentimiento social y la corrupción, que son algunos de los rasgos característicos de la sociedad ecuatoriana. Asimismo, se contextualiza la película con el escenario político y económico del país a finales de los noventa, marcado por la crisis bancaria, la dolarización y la inestabilidad gubernamental. La conclusión a la se llegará es que el cine ecuatoriano, más que un arte nacionalista, funciona como un espejo de la realidad cotidiana; como un reflejo de la identidad y de los problemas sociales de los ecuatorianos.

RESUMEN ¿Por qué no se soluciona la crisis carcelaria en Ecuador? Esta pregunta lleva a explorar la problemática penitenciaria desde sus orígenes hasta llegar al contexto ecuatoriano actual. El objetivo es reflexionar y demostrar que las prisiones y la privación de libertad han mantenido la misma dinámica desde sus orígenes, causando sufrimiento y dolor a los reclusos, en contraposición a la finalidad resocializadora de la pena; el contexto actual demuestra que la gestión penitenciaria no ha evolucionado, pese al desarrollo científico y normativo de esta rama. El enfoque cualitativo y socio-jurídico son la base de la investigación porque a través del diseño narrativo se describe de forma secuencial la historia del sistema penitenciario, el avance normativo y se compara con la realidad social; es decir, se hace un acercamiento del derecho a la sociedad a través de la revisión documental de fuentes secundarias. En definitiva, se concluye que no existe la voluntad política del Estado para abordar el problema de forma técnica y con el personal especializado, tal como sugiere la doctrina; al contrario, la crisis carcelaria en Ecuador tiene un tinte anacrónico, deshumanizante y alejado de la finalidad de la pena; es decir, no hay rehabilitación ni resocialización.

ABSTRACT Why is the prison crisis in Ecuador not solved? is the question that leads us to explore the penitentiary problem from its origins to the current Ecuadorian context. The objective is to reflect and demonstrate that prisons and deprivation of liberty have maintained the same dynamic since their origins, causing suffering and pain to inmates, in contrast to the resocializing purpose of punishment; The current context shows that prison management has not evolved, despite the scientific and regulatory development of this branch. The qualitative and socio-legal approach is the basis of the research because through the narrative design the history of the penitentiary system, the regulatory advance, and are compared with social reality are sequentially described; That is, an approach to the right to society is made through the documentary review of secondary sources. In short, it is concluded that there is no political will of the State to address the problem technically and with specialized personnel as suggested by the doctrine; on the contrary, the prison crisis in Ecuador has an anachronistic, dehumanizing tone and is far from the purpose of the sorrow; That is, there is no rehabilitation or resocialization.

RESUMEN En el contexto actual, la transformación digital se ha convertido en un factor fundamental para el cambio de la matriz productiva en Ecuador. Esto se debe a que el mundo está siendo cada vez más digital y las empresas necesitan adaptarse a esta nueva realidad para seguir siendo competitivas en el mercado nacional e internacional. Sin embargo, a pesar de los esfuerzos del gobierno ecuatoriano por impulsar la transformación digital, todavía existen obstáculos que limitan su implementación de manera eficiente y efectiva. Uno de ellos es el insuficiente conocimiento sobre el tema y sobre sus beneficios para la práctica social. Muchas empresas todavía no han adoptado las tecnologías digitales en sus procesos y actividades. Por otro lado, existen barreras como la falta de acceso a internet en algunas zonas rurales y la falta de capacitación y formación en habilidades digitales. El objetivo de este estudio es ofrecer un análisis de los niveles de interdependencia intersectorial en el contexto de la matriz productiva de Ecuador, identificando los principales desafíos, fortalezas y oportunidades. De esta manera se podrán proponer recomendaciones para la integración efectiva con la transformación digital. La metodología consistió en revisar la literatura sobre la transformación digital y su integración a la matriz productiva de Ecuador. También se recopiló información de estudios y datos estadísticos sobre la adopción de tecnologías digitales en el país.

ABSTRACT In the current context, digital transformation has become a key factor for changing the productive matrix in Ecuador. This is because the world is becoming increasingly digital and companies need to adapt to this new reality to remain competitive in the domestic and international markets. However, despite the Ecuadorian government's efforts to promote digital transformation, there are still obstacles that limit its efficient and effective implementation. One of those obstacles is the insufficient knowledge about the subject and about its benefits for social practice. Many companies have not yet adopted digital technologies in their processes and activities. On the other hand, there are barriers such as the lack of access to the internet in some rural areas and the lack of training and skills in digital skills. The objective of this study is to offer an analysis of the levels of intersectoral interdependence in the context of Ecuador's productive matrix, identifying the main challenges, strengths and opportunities. In this way, recommendations can be proposed for effective integration with digital transformation. The methodology consisted of reviewing the literature on digital transformation and its integration into Ecuador's productive matrix. Information was also collected from studies and statistical data on the adoption of digital technologies in the country.

Abstract. This paper examines Nietzsche’s theory of language, which has an essential connection with other epistemological, aesthetic, and social claims present in his work. It is argued that language is the result of perspectival and relative constructions of human beings. For this reason, one cannot speak of absolute or universally valid truths within language, but only of conventional forms and interpretations: accounts of reality, but not objective facts. It is shown that this Nietzschean claim takes important elements from the philosophy of Friedrich Lange, a famous 19th-century philosopher of science and founder of neo-Kantianism in Germany. Nietzsche takes Lange’s concepts of Organisation and Dichtung for some central developments of his own theory of language in the early stages of his thought.

Resumen. Este artículo examina la teoría del lenguaje de Nietzsche, la cual tiene una conexión esencial con postulados epistemológicos, estéticos y sociales de su pensamiento. Se argumenta que el lenguaje es el resultado de construcciones perspectivísticas y relativas de los seres humanos. Por esta razón, no se puede hablar de verdades absolutas o válidas universalmente dentro del lenguaje, sino únicamente de formas convencionales e interpretaciones: relatos de la realidad, mas no hechos objetivos. Se muestra que esta tesis de Nietzsche toma elementos importantes de la filosofía de Friedrich Albert Lange, reconocido filósofo de la ciencia del siglo XIX y fundador del neokantismo en Alemania. En particular, Nietzsche toma los conceptos de Organisation y Dichtung de Lange para algunos desarrollos centrales de su propia teoría del lenguaje en la etapa juvenil de su pensamiento.

Resumo Neste texto, apresenta-se o arquiteto uruguaio Horacio Terra Arocena (Montevidéu, 1894-1985) através das frentes de ação que determinaram sua trajetória. Foi um renomado profissional que presidiu a Sociedade de Arquitetos e o Instituto Nacional de Viviendas Económicas. Participou dos Congressos Pan-Americanos de Arquitetos e foi professor da Faculdade de Arquitetura. Escreveu ensaios sobre teoria da arte e estética e também um texto de ficção científica. Foi político, parlamentar representante da União Cívica e autor de diversas leis. Como agente do espaço social católico, dirigiu o jornal El Bien Público, assumiu a revista Tribuna Católica e foi o arquiteto assessor da Cúria de Montevidéu, aconselhando Monsenhor Antonio María Barbieri. O neotomismo de Jacques Maritain e a interpretação do tempo do jesuíta Teilhard de Chardin tiveram uma importante influência em seu pensamento, no contexto de um renovado interesse dos católicos pelo espiritualismo de Henry Bergson. Este artigo descreve e analisa a atividade que Terra Arocena desenvolveu como arquiteto católico. O argumento baseia-se numa metodologia que se refere a um estudo qualitativo de diversas fontes escritas. Baseia-se num estudo detalhado do catolicismo, do qual emerge uma persistente valorização da ruralidade que se insurgiu contra a cidade e coincidiu com uma corrente de pensamento arquitetónico que discutia os valores das grandes cidades. Neste contexto, a função pública permitiu-lhe realizar ações concretas para tornar realidade a instalação de uma cultura agrária no Uruguai, confiando que a solução agrícola poderia resolver os problemas habitacionais, tanto no campo como nos suburbios das cidades.

Resumen En este texto se presenta al arquitecto uruguayo Horacio Terra Arocena (Montevideo, 1894-1985) a través de los frentes de acción que determinaron su trayectoria. Fue un reconocido profesional que presidió la Sociedad de Arquitectos y el Instituto Nacional de Viviendas Económicas. Participó de los Congresos Panamericanos de Arquitectos y fue docente en la Facultad de Arquitectura. Escribió ensayos sobre teoría del arte y estética y también una novela de ciencia ficción. Fue político, parlamentario en representación de la Unión Cívica y autor de diversas leyes. Como agente del espacio social católico dirigió el diario El Bien Público, se hizo cargo de la revista Tribuna Católica y fue el arquitecto asesor de la Curia de Montevideo, aconsejando a Monseñor Antonio María Barbieri. El neotomismo de Jacques Maritain y la interpretación del tiempo del jesuita Teilhard de Chardin tuvieron una importante incidencia en su pensamiento, en el marco de un renovado interés de los católicos por el espiritualismo de Henry Bergson. En este artículo se describe y analiza la actividad que Terra Arocena desarrolló como arquitecto católico. El argumento está basado en una metodología que remite a un estudio cualitativo de diversas fuentes escritas. Se sustenta en un pormenorizado estudio del catolicismo, del que emerge una persistente valoración de la ruralidad que se alzó contra la ciudad y coincidió con una corriente de pensamiento arquitectónico que discutía los valores de las grandes urbes. En este marco, la función pública le permitió llevar adelante acciones concretas para hacer realidad la instalación de una cultura agraria en Uruguay, confiando en que la solución granjera podría resolver los problemas de vivienda, tanto en el campo como en los suburbios de las ciudades.

Summary This text presents the uruguayan architect Horacio Terra Arocena (Montevideo, 1894-1985) through the key areas of action that defined his career. He was a renowned professional who presided over the Society of Architects and the Instituto Nacional de Viviendas Económicas. He participated in the Pan American Congresses of Architects and was a teacher at the Faculty of Architecture. He wrote essays on art theory and aesthetics and also a science fiction novel. He was a politician, parliamentarian representing the Civic Union and author of various laws. As an agent of the catholic social space, he directed the newspaper El Bien Público, took charge of the magazine Tribuna Católica, and was the architectural advisor to the Curia of Montevideo, advising Monsignor Antonio María Barbieri. The neo-thomism of Jacques Maritain and the interpretation of time by the jesuit Teilhard de Chardin had a significant influence on his thinking, within the context of a renewed catholic interest in the spiritualism of Henry Bergson. This article describes and analyzes the activity that Terra Arocena developed as a catholic architect. The argument is based on a methodology that refers to a qualitative study of various written sources. It is based on a detailed study of catholicism, from which emerges a persistent appreciation of rurality that rose up against the city and coincided with a current of architectural thought that discussed the values of large cities. In this context, the public function allowed him to carry out concrete actions to make the installation of an agrarian culture a reality in Uruguay, trusting that the farming solution could solve housing problems, both in the countryside and in the cities suburbs.

O estudo concentrou-se no fenômeno da identidade racial, uma questão complexa, polêmica, dialética, histórico-concreta, sociocultural, multifatorial, subjetiva-objetiva, individual-coletiva, que faz parte da identidade cultural, independentemente de algumas dúvidas quanto à sua existência, e que, no atual contexto cubano, está relacionada a práticas culturais racializadas. Sua relevância reside no fato de introduzir uma proposta de indicadores por meio dos quais ela pode ser investigada de forma concreta. Seu impacto se revela na precisão dos dados que permitiriam a avaliação dessa questão. A pesquisa foi baseada no paradigma misto, com o objetivo de determinar os indicadores que podem ser usados para investigar o fenômeno da identidade racial de forma concreta na sociedade cubana atual. O ponto de partida foi o diagnóstico da situação sócio-racial na província de Santiago de Cuba, por meio da aplicação de técnicas como pesquisas, entrevistas, observação e análise de conteúdo. A amostra foi ampla e diversificada (17.911 indivíduos entre 2021-2023), selecionada com base em uma abordagem não probabilística e intencional. Como resultado, foi elaborada uma proposta de indicadores gerais e específicos para o estudo da identidade racial no atual contexto cubano.

The present study focused on the racial identity phenomenon, a complex, controversial, dialectical, historical-concrete, sociocultural, multifactorial, subjective-objective, and individual-collective topic. Regardless of whether there are doubts regarding its existence, it is argued that it is part of cultural identity and that, in the current Cuban context, it is related to racialized cultural practices. Its relevance lies in the fact that it introduces a proposal of indicators through which it can be investigated concretely. Its impact is revealed in the precision of data that would allow the evaluation of this topic. This investigation has not been based on a single scientific paradigm; however, the dialectical-materialist paradigm served as the primary reference for diagnosing the socio-racial situation in Santiago de Cuba Province. The qualitative-quantitative (mixed) method has characterized this study by applying techniques such as surveys, interviews, observation, and content analysis. The sample has been significant (17,911 individuals between 2021 and 2023), selected using a non-probabilistic, intentional procedure. The objective pursued has been to determine the indicators that can be used to investigate the phenomenon of racial identity in a concrete way in current Cuban society.

El estudio se centró en el fenómeno de la identidad racial, un tema complejo, polémico, dialéctico, histórico-concreto, sociocultural, multifactorial, subjetivo-objetivo, individual-colectivo, que forma parte de la identidad cultural, independientemente de algunas dudas respecto a su existencia, y que en el contexto cubano actual se relaciona con prácticas culturales racializadas. Su pertinencia radica en que introduce una propuesta de indicadores a través de los que puede investigarse de manera concreta. Su impacto se revela en la precisión de datos que permitirían la evaluación de este tema. La investigación se sustentó en el paradigma mixto, con el objetivo de determinar los indicadores que pueden utilizarse para la investigación del fenómeno de la identidad racial de manera concreta en la sociedad cubana actual. Se partió del diagnóstico de la situación socio-racial en la provincia Santiago de Cuba, a través de la aplicación de técnicas como la encuesta, entrevista, observación y análisis de contenidos. La muestra fue amplia y diversa (17.911 individuos entre 2021-2023), seleccionada a partir de un proceder no probabilístico de tipo intencional. Como resultado, se elaboró una propuesta de indicadores generales y específicos para el estudio de la identidad racial en el contexto cubano actual.

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as disputas nas narrativas em redes sociais virtuais relacionadas às operações policiais Escudo/Verão da Polícia Militar de São Paulo e Exceptis da DPCA do Rio de Janeiro. O foco está na representação, debate e contestação dessas operações nas plataformas digitais, considerando múltiplas perspectivas. Além disso, o estudo investiga como as narrativas foram construídas e disseminadas, os atores envolvidos e o impacto dessas interações na percepção pública das ações policiais. A pesquisa também busca identificar os mecanismos de poder e resistência nas redes sociais, avaliando como as tecnologias digitais facilitam a articulação de discursos hegemônicos e contra-hegemônicos. O método adotado incluiu a análise de discursos em plataformas como Facebook e X (Twitter), com foco em publicações oficiais e não oficiais, além de influenciadores digitais como Delegado Da Cunha e Gabriel Monteiro. A coleta de dados ocorreu a partir das datas de início das respectivas operações, e a análise qualitativa foi guiada pelos conceitos teóricos de Berger e Luckmann sobre a construção social da realidade. Até o momento, os resultados preliminares indicam que, apesar das preocupações com a violência policial, as narrativas digitais têm favorecido grupos políticos de direita, promovendo uma ideologia conservadora. O engajamento dos seguidores nas redes sociais, centrado na figura da polícia, tem reforçado uma sensação de proteção e rejeitado opiniões contrárias. A pesquisa continua em andamento, buscando aprofundar a compreensão das dinâmicas comunicativas contemporâneas e dos impactos das mídias digitais na formação da opinião pública sobre segurança e políticas públicas.

The objective of this study is to analyze disputes in narratives on virtual social networks related to the police operations Escudo/Verão of the Military Police of São Paulo and Exceptis of the DPCA of Rio de Janeiro. The focus is on the representation, debate and contestation of these operations on digital platforms, considering multiple perspectives. Furthermore, the study investigates how the narratives were constructed and disseminated, the actors involved and the impact of these interactions on the public perception of police actions. The research also seeks to identify the mechanisms of power and resistance in social networks, evaluating how digital technologies facilitate the articulation of hegemonic and counter-hegemonic discourses. The method adopted included the analysis of speeches on platforms such as Facebook and X (Twitter), focusing on official and unofficial publications, as well as digital influencers such as Delegado Da Cunha and Gabriel Monteiro. Data collection occurred from the start dates of the respective operations, and the qualitative analysis was guided by Berger and Luckmann's theoretical concepts on the social construction of reality. So far, preliminary results indicate that, despite concerns about police violence, digital narratives have favored right-wing political groups, promoting a conservative ideology. The engagement of followers on social media, centered on the police, has reinforced a sense of protection and rejected contrary opinions. The research remains ongoing, seeking to deepen the understanding of contemporary communicative dynamics and the impacts of digital media on the formation of public opinion on security and public policies.

Abstract Published in 1973 and set in the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship (1964-1985), the novel The girl in the photograph, by Lygia Fagundes Telles, accompanies three young women living in a boarding house who build, in alternate voices, a complex narrative capable of covering both everyday life and the socio-political reality of the period. Through an analysis of law in the literature, the present research focused on the positions of the protagonists of the novel to investigate the many ways that Law can take on in its relationship with people, especially women - or, better, how its presence (or absence) can result in oppression and violence. It was concluded, in the end, not only the revolutionary potential of testimony literature for the revival of collective memory and the denunciation of social injustices but also - and mainly - the permanence of the criticisms extracted from the novel to the sexist, indifferent, and conniving structures of the Brazilian law. 197 civilmilitary civil military 19641985, 19641985 1964 1985 , (1964-1985) photograph Telles build voices sociopolitical socio political period people or better absence violence concluded end sexist indifferent 19 1964198 196 198 (1964-1985 1 196419 (1964-198 19641 (1964-19 (1964-1 (1964- (1964 (196 (19 (1 (

Resumo Publicado em 1973 e ambientado na ditadura civil-militar brasileira (1964-1985), o romance As meninas, de Lygia Fagundes Telles, acompanha três jovens mulheres moradoras de um pensionato que constroem, a vozes alternadas, uma narrativa complexa capaz de abranger tanto o jogo do cotidiano quanto a realidade sociopolítica do período. Por meio de uma análise do direito na literatura, a presente pesquisa se debruçou sobre as posições das protagonistas do romance para investigar as muitas formas de que pode se revestir o Direito em sua relação com as pessoas, especialmente as mulheres - ou, de maneira mais específica, como sua presença (ou ausência) pode resultar em opressão e violência. Concluiu-se, ao fim, não só pelo potencial revolucionário da literatura de testemunho para o avivamento da memória coletiva e a denúncia das injustiças sociais, mas também - e principalmente - pela permanência das críticas extraídas do romance às estruturas sexistas, indiferentes e coniventes do Direito brasileiro. 197 civilmilitar civil militar 19641985, 19641985 1964 1985 , (1964-1985) meninas Telles constroem alternadas período pessoas ou específica ausência violência Concluiuse, Concluiuse Concluiu se, Concluiu-se fim sociais sexistas brasileiro 19 1964198 196 198 (1964-1985 1 196419 (1964-198 19641 (1964-19 (1964-1 (1964- (1964 (196 (19 (1 (

Heelwat navorsing is al gedoen in 'n poging om 'n greep op aspekte van goeie en slegte plaaslike regering te kry. 'n Kernvraag wat steeds onbeantwoord bly is die volgende: Wat is "plaaslike regering", en hoe kan die werklikheid waarna die begrip verwys, verstaan en herken word? 'n Begripsraamwerk van "plaaslike regering" is onlangs ontwikkel bestaande uit die herkenbare eienskappe van die begrip om dit te identifiseer. Gepaardgaande daarmee is 'n sosiale ontologie van sorg vir "plaaslike regering" ontwikkel. Die veronderstelling is dat plaaslike regerings in Suid-Afrika en ander lande aan die hand van daardie eienskappe herken sal word. Binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks is daar egter 'n moontlike nietipiese voorbeeld van plaaslike regering, naamlik Orania, 'n bestaande dorp binne die geografiese gebied van die Thembelihle Plaaslike Munisipaliteit in die Noord-Kaapprovinsie. Orania is nie 'n muni-sipaliteit ingevolge die Suid-Afrikaanse grondwet en wetlike raamwerk nie. Die vraag is gevolglik of Orania wel as 'n "plaaslike regering" beskou kan word. In antwoord op die vraag gee hierdie artikel 'n ontiese¹ beskrywing van Orania aan die hand van die gekose begripsraamwerk en sosiale ontologie van sorg. Dit blyk uit die beskrywing en ontleding daarvan dat Orania wel aan die institusionele, funksionele en territoriale eienskappe van die begrip "plaaslike regering" voldoen en op 'n outentieke wyse as plaaslike regering funksioneer. Die gevallestudie wys dat 'n outentieke plaaslike regering een is wat 'n integrerende deel uitmaak van sy plaaslike gemeenskap en omsluitende wêrelde, wat voortdurende ongemak met die hede beleef en met sorg, besorgdheid en sorgsaamheid daarop reageer.

Much research has been conducted to grasp aspects of good and bad local governance. A central question that remains unanswered is: What constitutes "local government" and how can the reality to which this concept refers be understood and recognised? Recently, a conceptual framework was developed by identifying recognisable characteristics of this concept's reference. The assumption is that local governments in South Africa and other countries will be recognised based on these characteristics. Alongside this, a social ontology of care for "local government" was established. However, within the South African context, a potentially atypical example of local government is found, namely Orania, an existing town situated within the geographical area of the Thembelihle Local Municipality in the Northern Cape province. Orania is not a municipality in terms of the South African constitution and legal framework. The question thus arises whether Orania can indeed be considered a "local government". In response to this query, this article provides a description of Orania using the chosen conceptual framework and social ontology of care as part of a case study design. The analysis and ontological description ofOrania, by means of the conceptual framework, reveal that the phenomenon of Orania does indeed possess a territorial jurisdictional sphere (the Orania Overlay Zone), a democratically elected representative council (the OVR), and a Town Council and its administration that performs a range of local functions and responsibilities. While the territory of a municipality is generally determined by authorising measures or decisions by other jurisdictions (such as province, state, and national government), the territorial area known as the Orania Overlay Zone results from the purchase and cultivation of land by members of a homogeneous cultural community. Therefore, the territory is not only a demarcation of jurisdiction, but the place to which this community is connected. The institutional aspect of local government is likely a universal feature. The nature and scope of the institutional structure of local governments are often also the result of standardised external authorising measures or decisions by other jurisdictions. Consequently, the structures may not necessarily resonate with the needs and resources of the sometimes diverse society that constitutes the inhabitants of such an area. In the case of Orania, the institutional structure of local government (the OVR and the Town Council) is directly determined by the community, as represented by various land entities, based on the community's specific needs and available resources. The performance of a limited range of local functions can also be considered a universal feature of local government. In this particular case, the functions of the relevant local government are determined by its decision-making bodies, such as the Town Council, in consultation with the community as represented by the various land entities. Consequently, typical local government functions are performed according to the community's needs and available resources. Non-typical local government functions, such as residence rights, are performed within the general scope of the 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and other national legislation. The analysis confirmed that Orania meets the characteristics consistent with the concept of "local government" as outlined in the conceptual framework. Additionally, viewing Orania through the theoretical lens of social ontology of care highlights that it is a human construct, making objective observation and description challenging. Orania is a network of interconnected individuals and social institutions situated within overlapping human, spiritual, natural, territorial, and political worlds. The authenticity of this existence lies in its concern for the affairs of the world in which it is situated and the conscientiousness with which it carries out its functions in conjunction with others. The case study shows that an authentic local government is one that forms an integral part of its local community and surrounding worlds, continually experiencing discomfort (anxiety) with the present, and responding to that anxiety with care, concern, and nurturing for society and its things.

No se puede analizar la configuración del saber enfermero sin conocer la realidad contextual y el reconocimiento social por el que atraviesa a la enfermería en cada momento de la historia. Siendo así, ese conocimiento societal –también llamado discurso– es fundamental para identificar el protagonismo que tiene la comunidad de enfermería en la producción y reproducción de dicho saber. En ese contexto, se presenta la siguiente reflexión sobre la importancia de estudiar los discursos que configuran la formación profesional en enfermería, para comprender el desarrollo que como profesión y disciplina ha tenido esta profesión en los diferentes contextos donde se practica.

The configuration of nursing knowledge cannot be analyzed without knowing the contextual reality and the social recognition that nursing goes through at each moment in history. Thus, this societal knowledge – also called discourse – is fundamental to identify the role that the nursing community has in the production and reproduction of this knowledge. In this context, the following reflection is presented on the importance of studying the discourses that shape professional training in nursing, in order to understand the development that this profession has had as a profession and discipline in the different contexts where it is practiced.

Resumen Las desigualdades estructurales sociales y de distinto tipo, intrínsecas al capitalismo, se profundizaron con la pandemia de Covid-19 hasta límites insostenibles para los sectores subalternos, entre los cuales se ubican los conjuntos de migrantes en situación administrativa irregular de los distintos países. A través de un enfoque antropológico transnacional, auxiliado por la etnografía virtual, se aborda el impacto sociosanitario que tuvo la crisis pandémica para estos grupos en Barcelona, São Paulo y Buenos Aires durante 2022-2023, así como sus respuestas grupales-comunitarias para contener y sobrellevar sus necesidades inmediatas y urgentes, más allá de las políticas públicas implementadas en cada país/región/ciudad, con desigual cobertura y eficacia. La realidad abordada, entonces, conjuga esas carencias estructurales que no fueron resueltas como consecuencia de la crisis desatada a partir de la pandemia, con nuevas problemáticas sociosanitarias derivadas de las necesidades de supervivencia de los migrantes en cada contexto, destacándose el protagonismo de las mujeres. tipo capitalismo Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 subalternos países transnacional virtual Barcelona 20222023, 20222023 2022 2023, 2023 2022-2023 grupalescomunitarias grupales comunitarias urgentes paísregiónciudad país región ciudad país/región/ciudad eficacia abordada entonces contexto mujeres Covid1 1 Covid- 2022202 202 2022-202 202220 20 2022-20 20222 2 2022-2 2022-

Abstract Social and other structural inequalities, intrinsic to capitalism, deepened with the Covid-19 pandemic up to unsustainable limits for the subaltern sectors, among which are located the groups of migrants in irregular administrative situations from the different countries. Through an anthropological transnational approach, aided by virtual ethnography, is addressed the socio-sanitary impact that the pandemic crisis had for these groups in Barcelona, São Paulo y Buenos Aires for the period 2022-2023, as well as their group-community responses to contain and cope with their immediate and urgent needs, beyond the public policies implemented in each country/region/city, with unequal coverage and effectiveness. The reality addressed, then, combines those structural deficiencies that were not resolved as a result of the crisis unleashed by the pandemic, with new social and health problems arising from the survival needs of migrants in each context, highlighting the leading role played by women. inequalities capitalism Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 sectors countries approach ethnography sociosanitary socio sanitary Barcelona 20222023, 20222023 2022 2023, 2023 2022-2023 groupcommunity group community countryregioncity country region city country/region/city effectiveness then context women Covid1 1 Covid- 2022202 202 2022-202 202220 20 2022-20 20222 2 2022-2 2022-

ABSTRACT The studies carried out demonstrate the potential and shortcomings in the development of capabilities in this sense. The work is part of the project Professional training for educational and sociocultural actors and agencies in regional and local historical studies for sustainable development in the central region of Cuba. The actions are carried out from an innovative, interdisciplinary and professional approach that allows the analysis of the natural, social and historical reality in relation to good practices of employment, conservation and protection of heritage resources for the enhancement. Links are produced between the results of regional and local historical studies with local development, based on the interrelation between university and society. It includes the development of social innovation products resulting from the theoretical, methodological, didactic and practical contributions on regional and local historical studies produced by the Department of History of the University of Cienfuegos that favor management in the sustainable development of localities and communities of the central region of Cuba.

RESUMEN Los estudios realizados demuestran las potencialidades y carencias en el desarrollo de capacidades en este sentido. El trabajo forma parte del proyecto Formación profesional a los actores y agencias educativas y socioculturales en estudios históricos regionales y locales para el desarrollo sostenible en la región central de Cuba. Las acciones se realizan desde un enfoque innovador, interdisciplinario y profesionalizadoque permite el análisis de la realidad natural, social e históricaen relación a las buenas prácticas de empleo, conservación y protección de los recursos patrimonialespara la puesta en valor. Se producen articulaciones entre los resultados de los estudios históricos regionales y locales con el desarrollo local, a partir de la interrelación entre universidad y sociedad. Se incluye la elaboración de productos de innovación social resultantes de los aportes teóricos, metodológicos, didácticos y prácticos sobre los estudios históricos regionales y locales producidos por el departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Cienfuegos que favorecen la gestión en el desarrollo sostenible de las localidades y comunidades de la región central de Cuba.

RESUMEN El turismo se ha convertido en una fuente primordial de recursos por las posibilidades que brinda de esparcimiento a las personas de todas las edades y condiciones personales. En ese contexto, ante el acceso de turistas en diversas situaciones de discapacidad, se advierten carencias en la requerida atención, en las que persisten barreras para el disfrute de las actividades en espacios y contextos socializadores. Tal proyección exige la capacitación del personal que labora en las instituciones turísticas, en función de un desempeño profesional que devele conocimientos, habilidades y aptitudes, en correspondencia con las exigencias del entorno y las características de los clientes. De ahí que, el presente artículo reflexione en torno a la necesidad de la capacitación de los recursos humanos, orientada a promover la accesibilidad e inclusión de las personas en situación de discapacidad, desde un enfoque pedagógico, condición básica para un turismo accesible e inclusivo, como expresión de equidad y justicia social para todos en Cuba. Desde la sistematización de estudios precedentes se develan las particularidades que distinguen esta realidad y se orienta la transformación coherente en otras etapas investigativas.

ABSTRACT Tourism has become a primary source of resources due to the recreational opportunities it offers to people of all ages and personal conditions. In this context, given the access of tourists in various situations of disability, deficiencies are noted in the required attention, in which barriers persist to the enjoyment of activities in socializing spaces and contexts. Such projection requires the training of personnel who work in tourism institutions, based on professional performance that reveals knowledge, skills and aptitudes, in correspondence with the demands of the environment and the characteristics of the clients. Hence, this article reflects on the need for human resource training, aimed at promoting the accessibility and inclusion of people with disabilities, from a pedagogical approach, a basic condition for accessible and inclusive tourism. as an expression of equity and social justice for everyone in Cuba. From the systematization of previous studies, the particularities that distinguish this reality are revealed and the coherent transformation is guided in other investigative stages.

RESUMO A garantia de uma alimentação adequada e saudável está no rol de direitos humanos necessários para promoção da saúde. As desigualdades na distribuição de recursos e dificuldades de acesso a políticas públicas resultam em piores condições de vida das populações do campo, onde a insegurança alimentar e nutricional está mais presente que nos centros urbanos. Assim, as equipes de saúde da família do campo enfrentam diferentes desafios no processo de trabalho, sendo os Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS) profissionais-chave para a garantia do acesso ao serviço. Este trabalho apresenta o caminho teórico-metodológico dos Círculos de Cultura com quatro ACS do campo no Distrito Federal e as percepções desses profissionais sobre alimentação adequada e saudável pela lente da análise do discurso. Ao longo de dois encontros, foi possível refletir sobre todas as dimensões abordadas pelo referencial teórico, com exceção da etnia/raça, além da conscientização acerca das relações de poder no território. Por meio da educação popular, vislumbra-se a transformação da realidade com ações coletivas para melhoria do acesso a alimentos saudáveis no território. Os Círculos de Cultura se mostraram um caminho potente para construção do conhecimento aliada a um olhar crítico sobre a determinação social no território. urbanos Assim (ACS profissionaischave chave serviço teóricometodológico teórico metodológico discurso encontros etniaraça etnia raça etnia/raça território popular vislumbrase vislumbra

ABSTRACT Ensuring adequate and healthy food is one of the human rights necessary to promote health. Inequalities in the distribution of resources and difficulties in accessing public policies result in worse living conditions for rural populations, where food and nutritional insecurity is more prevalent than in urban centers. Thus, rural family health teams face different challenges in the work process, with Community Health Workers (CHWs) being key professionals in ensuring access to the service. This paper presents the theoretical-methodological path of Culture Circles with four CHWs from the countryside in the Federal District and the perceptions of these professionals about adequate and healthy eating through the lens of discourse analysis. Over the course of two meetings, it was possible to reflect on all dimensions covered by the theoretical framework, except ethnicity/race, in addition to raising awareness about power relations in the territory. Through popular education, the transformation of reality is envisioned with collective actions to improve access to healthy food in the territory. The Culture Circles proved to be a powerful way for building knowledge combined with a critical look at social determination in the territory. populations centers Thus process (CHWs service theoreticalmethodological methodological analysis meetings framework ethnicityrace ethnicity race ethnicity/race territory education