Abstract Worker cooperatives in Argentina experienced an important boom at the beginning of the 21st century in response to the economic and social crises that affected the country. This situation entailed a restructuring of social and employment policies that emphasized work as a means of social inclusion. The aim of this article is to describe and characterize the type of labor insertion that worker cooperatives propose to their members in terms of income, formalization, benefits, and labor guarantees and the ways in which they organize production and time. The findings are presented of a descriptive study, based on the application of surveys and semi-structured interviews with members of 27 worker cooperatives in the Greater Santa Fe agglomerate, located in the Argentine pampas. The study, carried out between 2019 and 2020, recognizes the possibility of labor insertion offered by cooperatives to many people who have been excluded from the formal labor market and even of becoming a space for support, meeting, and training for members and associates. However, it describes nearly generalized situations of labor precariousness among people working in cooperatives, shaped by the lack of social protections and adequate economic regulation for associative and self-managed organizations.

Resumen Las cooperativas de trabajo en Argentina tuvieron un importante auge en los inicios del siglo XXI debido a las crisis económicas y sociales que afectaron al país. Esta situación supuso una reestructuración de la política social y de empleo que puso el énfasis en el trabajo como medio de inclusión social. El objetivo del presente artículo es describir y caracterizar el tipo de inserción laboral que las cooperativas de trabajo proponen a sus miembros en términos de ingresos, formalización, beneficios, garantías laborales y modos en que organizan la producción y los tiempos. Se presentan los hallazgos de una investigación descriptiva, basada en la aplicación de encuestas y entrevistas semiestructuradas a miembros de 27 cooperativas de trabajo del aglomerado Gran Santa Fe, ubicado en la pampa argentina. En el estudio, realizado entre los años 2019 y 2020, se reconoce la posibilidad de inserción laboral que ofrecen las cooperativas a muchas personas que han quedado excluidas del mercado de trabajo formal e incluso de convertirse en un espacio de contención, de encuentro y de formación para asociadas y asociados. Sin embargo, muestra situaciones de precariedad laboral de manera casi generalizada entre las personas que trabajan en las cooperativas, enmarcadas en la falta de condiciones de protección social y de regulación económica adecuadas para las organizaciones asociativas y autogestionadas.

Abstract: The shape of cities has historically been the expression of complex processes of material and energy differentiation. Like any open and self-regulating system, it needs to evolve by exchanging flows of information and matter with its environment based on non-linear interactions made up of hierarchies and complementarities necessary for its adaptation. In order to establish causality with the phenomenon of socio-spatial fragmentation, structural inequality has been analyzed as a stratifying factor of spatialities in urban space. The dialectical hermeneutic method has allowed the modeling of concepts from information theory and thermodynamics to explain the interaction logic of the operating subsystems and their consequences in the hybrid structuring of urban space. The identification of cycles and morphogenetic causality in the production of spatialities forms a theoretical-conceptual contribution to the study of urban dynamics when spatial proximity coexists with social distance as a norm.

Resumen: La forma de las ciudades ha sido históricamente la expresión de complejos procesos de diferenciación material y energética. Como todo sistema abierto y autorregulador, necesita evolucionar intercambiando flujos de información y materia con su entorno a partir de interacciones no lineales conformadas por jerarquías y complementariedades necesarias para su adaptación. Con el fin de establecer una causalidad con el fenómeno de la fragmentación socio- espacial, se ha analizado la desigualdad estructural como factor estratificador de las espacialidades en el espacio urbano. El método hermenéutico dialéctico ha permitido modelar conceptos de la teoría de la información y la termodinámica para explicar las lógicas de interacción de los (sub)sistemas operantes y sus consecuencias en la estructuración híbrida del espacio urbano. La identificación de ciclos y patrones morfogenéticos repetidos de manera sistémica en la producción de espacialidades conforma un aporte teórico- conceptual para el estudio de las dinámicas urbanas cuando conviven como una norma, la proximidad espacial con la distancia social.

Abstract From the second half of the twentieth century onwards, Latin American literature evidences a vast number of texts that are based on a critical reflection on the role imposed on women and, in turn, the multiple consequences of patriarchal discourse in the region. Within this aspect, the production of Rosario Castellanos is interpreted as a discursive space where the satirical humor represents a destabilizing mechanism of the social order to evidence its multiple contradictions. Based on this, “Vals «Capricho»”, from Los convidados de agosto (1964), is analyzed with the aim of reflecting on how satire constructs a cosmos where female characters, prisoners of an oppressive society, are only accepted under an ideal feminine model.

Resumen A partir, sobre todo, de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, la literatura latinoamericana evidencia una cantidad vasta de textos que parten de una reflexión crítica sobre el papel impuesto a la mujer y, a su vez, las múltiples consecuencias del discurso patriarcal en la región. Dentro de este aspecto, la producción de Rosario Castellanos se interpreta como un espacio discursivo donde el humor satírico representa un mecanismo desestabilizador del orden social para evidenciar sus múltiples contradicciones. A partir de esto, se analiza “Vals «Capricho»”, perteneciente a Los convidados de agosto (1964), con el objetivo de reflexionar cómo la sátira construye un cosmos donde los personajes femeninos, prisioneros de una sociedad agobiante, solo son aceptadas bajo un modelo femenino ideal.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this this paper is to analyse the film Intimidades de una cualquiera (1974) by Armando Bó and Isabel Sarli in relation to the social, economic, and cultural modernisation of the 1960s and 1970s. We consider the prison to be the key space-concept of the film in which the complex reformulation of sexual, religious, and economic subjectivities is concentrated. Within the broader theoretical framework of modernity, we establish a dialogue between the history of gender and sexuality, reception studies, critical theories of spectatorship and the recent critical revaluation of exploitation cinemas. From this perspective, we argue that the production, narrative, and reception of the film are grounded in subjective and institutional contradictions that transcend any simple dichotomy between tradition and modernity.

RESUMEN: El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar la película Intimidades de una cualquiera (1974) de Armando Bó e Isabel Sarli en su relación con la modernización social, económica y cultural de las décadas de 1960 y 1970. Consideramos que la cárcel es el espacio-concepto clave de la película, donde la compleja reformulación de subjetividades sexuales, religiosas y económicas se concentra. Dentro del marco teórico más amplio de la modernidad, establecemos un diálogo entre la historia del género y la sexualidad, los estudios sobre la recepción, las teorías críticas del espectador y la reevaluación reciente del cine de explotación. Desde esta perspectiva, argumentaremos que la producción, narrativa y recepción de la película se basan en contradicciones subjetivas e institucionales que trascienden cualquier dicotomía simple entre tradición y modernidad.

O Recife constitui-se como uma das cidades mais violentas e desiguais do Brasil, sobretudo na ocorrência de assassinatos. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os efeitos da produção de uma cidade racialmente cindida na distribuição da ocorrência de homicídios no município do Recife. Trata-se de um estudo transversal e ecológico, cujo local de estudo foi o Recife, capital do estado de Pernambuco. O período de estudo contemplou os anos de 2012 a 2021 e a população de estudo foram as vítimas de homicídios  provocados por disparo por arma de fogo. Para as análises, o período de estudo foi dividido em dois quinquênios. Observou-se a determinação do racismo no perfil das vítimas: pessoas do sexo masculino (95%), negras (86%), jovens (67%) e com baixa escolaridade (78%). A análise espacial realizada demonstrou pontos de maior incidência de assassinatos no Recife, setores censitários estatisticamente significante de maior risco de morte 2012-2016 (RR=5,7; p=0,031) e 2017-2021 (RR=1,8; p=0,032) e proteção 2012-2016 (RR= 0,3; p=0,001; 0,006 p=0,014) e 2017-2021 (RR=0,1; p=0,001; RR=0,1; p=0,001),  e, a maior incidência de homicídios nos territórios com maior Indice de Privação Social (IPS).

Recife is one of the most violent and unequal cities in Brazil, especially when it comes to murders. The objective of this article is to analyze the effects of the production of a racially divided city on the distribution of homicides in the city of Recife. This is a cross-sectional and ecological study, whose study location was Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco. The study period covered the years 2012 to 2021 and the study population were victims of homicides caused by gunshots. For the analyses, the study period was divided into two five-year periods. The determination of racism was observed in the profile of the victims: male (95%), black (86%), young (67%) and with low education (78%). The spatial analysis carried out demonstrated points of highest incidence of murders in Recife, census tracts with statistically significant highest risk in the city 2012-2016 (RR=5.7; p=0.031) and 2017-2021 (RR=1.8; p= 0.032) and protection 2012-2016 (RR= 0.3; p=0.001; 0.006 p=0.014) and 2017-2021 (RR=0.1; p=0.001; RR=0.1; p=0.001), and, the highest incidence of homicides in territories with the highest Social Deprivation Index (IPS).

O campo digital pode ser visto de modo polissêmico, com dinâmicas de controle e vigilância, mas também como espaço criativo para emergência de novas sociabilidades. O presente trabalho enfatiza a segunda dimensão, investigando as contribuições das culturas digitais para o fortalecimento do campo social da Literatura de Cordel (LC) em suas articulações em redes, e na difusão e visibilidade dos seus atores sociais. A Literatura de Cordel  uma forma de poesia popular tradicional do Nordeste do Brasil, tem exibida uma nova vida nas mídias sociais. Muitos cordelistas divulgam seus projetos no Instagram, Facebook e YouTube para compartilhar seus legados e alcançar maior número de pessoas possível. Nessas mídias sociais circulam versos tradicionais de cordel, mas também adaptações para o ambiente digital, como vídeos de cordelistas recitando poemas, e até mesmo interações em tempo real com os seguidores. Isso tem contribuído para a preservação da tradição, da memória e identidade da LC e para a sua divulgação. O artigo investe na abordagem qualitativa da etnografia com observação participante para analisar os fluxos de interações de alguns cordelistas nas mídias sociais. Como resultado parcial, observa-se que as mídias sociais oferecem plataformas potentes para a divulgação e promoção de obras de Literatura de Cordel; bem como ambiente para encontros dos poetas e cordelistas em geral.

The digital field can be seen in a polysemic way, with dynamics of control and surveillance, but also as a creative space for emerging new sociabilities. This paper emphasizes the second dimension, investigating the contributions of digital cultures to strengthening the social field of Cordel Literature (LC) in its articulations in networks, and in the dissemination and visibility of its social actors. LC, a traditional form of popular poetry from the northeast of Brazil, has been given a new lease of life on social media. Many poets publicize their projects on Instagram, Facebook, and YouTube to share their legacies and reach as many people as possible. In these social media, traditional verses of Literatura de Cordel circulate, but also adaptations for the digital environment, such as videos of poets reciting poems, and even real-time interactions with followers. This has contributed to preserving the tradition, memory, and identity of the LC and its dissemination. This is a qualitative study that uses ethnography and participant observation to analyze the flow of interactions between some poets on social media. As a partial result, it was observed that social media offer powerful platforms for the dissemination and promotion of works of Cordel Literature, as well as an environment for meetings between poets and cordelistas in general.

Abstract Cañadón Negro open-air site, La María, Central Plateau of Santa Cruz, is characterized based on identified social practices. Results of the study of the landscape, lithic technology, and the latter’s distributional analysis are presented. In addition, the site’s possible use as a camp by hunter-gatherer societies is evaluated. Spatial analysis indicates that the distribution of the remains presents a non-random clustering pattern. Given that the geomorphological and environmental variables would not have generated large-scale modifications in the artefactual distribution, it is proposed that this distribution could be the product of social practices. Different activities were carried out at the site, such as the production, maintenance, use, and primary discard of artifacts, as well as the lighting of hearths. Furthermore, it is recognized that the raw material used most frequently was flint. Tools were related to primary and secondary resource processing and hunting activities. The evidence thus supports the idea that Cañadón Negro functioned as a camp site where multiple activities were carried out. Such an interpretation is consistent with the patterns recognized in ethnohistorical sources, such as regional ethnographic and archaeological studies.

Resumen Se caracteriza el sitio a cielo abierto Cañadón Negro –La María, Meseta Central de Santa Cruz– a partir de las prácticas sociales identificadas. Se presentan los resultados del estudio del paisaje, de la tecnología lítica y su análisis distribucional. Asimismo, se evalúa el posible uso como campamento por sociedades cazadoras-recolectoras. El análisis espacial señala que la distribución de los restos presenta un patrón agrupado no azaroso. Dado que las variables geomorfológicas y ambientales no habrían generado modificaciones de gran escala en la distribución artefactual, se propone que esta sería el producto de las prácticas sociales. En el sitio se realizaron distintas actividades como elaboración, mantenimiento, empleo y descarte primario de artefactos; y el encendido de hogares. Además, se reconoce que la materia prima mayormente usada fue el sílex y que los artefactos formatizados se relacionaban con actividades de procesamiento primario y secundario de recursos, también con actividades cinegéticas. Esto permite postular que Cañadón Negro funcionó como un sitio campamento donde se efectuaron actividades múltiples. Lo cual es consistente con los patrones reconocidos en fuentes etnohistóricas, como en estudios etnográficos y arqueológicos regionales.

RESUMO Este artigo objetivou discutir o potencial analítico e operacional do conceito de território para formulação de propostas que visam promover a criação de territórios sustentáveis e saudáveis. O debate acerca desse conceito tem relação com o processo de globalização e suas redes de relações socioeconômicas que vêm produzindo ao longo das últimas décadas novos espaços de conflitos e de ressurgimento de identidades. A globalização desses espaços tem intensificado as desigualdades sociais e de saúde promovendo fluxos, mas, ao mesmo tempo, barreiras para as relações humanas. Território-rede se configura como a criação de uma forma espacial que reúne diversos territórios simultaneamente e está associado a poder, propriedades micro e macropolíticas das relações sociais que se manifestam a partir da territorialização dos atores sociais. Formas de conceber território surgem relacionadas à escala do corpo ampliando a sua compreensão como sinônimo de espaço de vida, humano e não humano, em uma perspectiva relacional e indissociável. O conceito de território contribui para abordagem dos territórios sustentáveis e saudáveis como base de análise e de atuação para interação e cooperação solidária entre o corpo do indivíduo, a sociedade, os seres vivos e o planeta, fundamentos para práticas emancipatórias e produtoras de autonomia e de saúde. identidades fluxos mas tempo humanas Territóriorede Território rede poder vida indissociável indivíduo sociedade planeta

ABSTRACT This article aims to discuss the analytical and operational potential of the concept of territory to formulate proposals and promoting the creation of healthy and sustainable territories. The debate about the territory concept is related to the globalization process and the networks of socioeconomic relations that have been shaping new spaces, producing conflicts and raising local identities. Globalization and these spaces have been aggravating social and health inequalities, promoting flows but also building barriers for human relations. The relationship territory-network is a process of production of a new spatial form that brings together several territories simultaneously and is associated with power, the micro and macropolitical properties of social relations that manifest themselves from the territorialization of social actors. Ways of conceiving territory arise from the body, expanding the scale and its understanding as a synonym of living space, human and non-human, in a relational and integrate perspective. The concept of territory contributes to the approach of healthy and sustainable territories as a basis for analysis, action, interaction, solidarity and cooperation among the individual’s body, society, living beings and the planet, which are the foundations for emancipatory practices and producers of autonomy and health. identities inequalities territorynetwork network power actors body space nonhuman, nonhuman non human, non-human perspective analysis action interaction individuals individual s society planet

Abstract: The struggle for a dignified life is an extensive path that includes different dimensions of living, inhabiting and building, of disputing space and property. Frequently, it begins with the search for access to housing, but it is fed by struggles for access to health, education, work. In response to these demands, in the last decade, in Ecuador, the production of social interest housing has increased while the sense of struggle of the population has been limited. Through an ethnographic approach to the beneficiaries of the “Casa para Todos” project in the Ecuadorian Amazon, and a detailed analysis of the form of government and housing policies, the question is answered, in what ways has the Ecuadorian State generated oppression, and subordination to, through the production of social interest housing and its parallel public policies? The results show that the way of acting of the State and its strategy, consciously or unconsciously to create a subordination of the poor, is successful. The action of the State through agreements with the beneficiaries is aimed at generating powerless people, who remain in a constant state of uncertainty and arbitrariness.

Resumen: La lucha por la vida digna es un extenso camino que incluye distintas dimensiones de vivir, de habitar, de construir y de disputar el espacio y la propiedad. Frecuentemente inicia con la búsqueda del acceso a la vivienda, pero se alimenta de luchas por acceso a la salud, la educación, el trabajo. En atención a esas demandas, en la última década, en el Ecuador se ha incrementado la producción de vivienda de interés social, a la vez que se ha limitado el sentido de lucha de la población. Mediante un acercamiento etnográfico a los beneficiarios del proyecto Casa para Todos en la Amazonía ecuatoriana y un análisis detallado de la forma de gobierno y las políticas de vivienda se responde a la pregunta: ¿de qué manera el Estado ecuatoriano ha generado opresión y subordinación a través de la producción de vivienda de interés social y sus políticas públicas paralelas? Los resultados muestran que la forma de actuar del Estado y su estrategia, consciente o inconsciente, de crear una subordinación de los pobres, es exitosa. El accionar del Estado mediante acuerdos con los beneficiarios se orienta a generar personas impotentes, que permanezcan en un constante estado de incertidumbre y arbitrariedad.

Abstract Territory is a legal institute central to Modern Law. In modernity it has been reduced to land, a neutral and universal physical unit, a good that can be traded on the market. Human Geography - especially with Milton Santos - has added complexity to space, showing that it is a social production, where life takes place. Territory has acquired a prominent epistemological status not only for Geography, but also for Law, becoming a central legal institute in the defense of different subjects and dignities. The objective of this article is to delve into the complex interdependence between subjects and territories, making an epistemological dive into this relationship, using the Cultural-Historical theory of subjectivity as a framework. Thus, the problem faced is: what epistemic deepening can the Cultural-Historical theory of subjectivity and human geography provide for the understanding of the legal institute of territory? It is hoped that the conclusions of this article might contribute to the effort to analyze territory as a complex legal institute, inseparable from its subjects and the defense of multiple dignities. Law land unit market space production place dignities territories relationship CulturalHistorical Cultural Historical framework Thus

Resumo O território é um instituto jurídico central para o Direito Moderno. Na modernidade foi reduzido à terra, unidade física neutra e universal, um bem capaz de ser comercializado no mercado. A Geografia Humana - em especial com Milton Santos - tem agregado complexidade ao espaço, mostrando que ele é uma produção social, onde a vida se realiza. O território tem adquirido um status epistemológico de destaque não apenas para a Geografia, mas também para o Direito, sendo redescoberto como um instituto jurídico - objeto de diversas reformulações quanto ao seu conteúdo. O objetivo do artigo é fazer uma releitura da noção jurídica de território por meio de um mergulho epistemológico, com base nas contribuições da geografia humana e da teoria Histórico-Cultural da subjetividade como referenciais teóricos. Assim, o problema enfrentado é: quais aprofundamentos epistêmicos a teoria Histórico-Cultural da subjetividade e a geografia humana podem proporcionar para a compreensão do instituto jurídico do território? Espera-se, com este artigo, contribuir com as reflexões do território como um instituto jurídico complexo, indissociável de seus sujeitos e da defesa de múltiplas dignidades. Moderno terra universal mercado espaço social realiza conteúdo HistóricoCultural Histórico Cultural teóricos Assim Esperase, Esperase Espera se, Espera-se complexo dignidades

The digitisation of education that has deliberately reformed the pedagogical practices of tertiary education in the 21st century, rapidly transformed all aspects of academia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Academic conferences, as traditional sites of embodied knowledge production, were also impacted and virtual conferences were quickly adopted as socially responsible alternatives. As a component of contemporary academic work, conferencing is meant to foster networks of community and support deep learning but are most often criticised as sites that reproduce prevalent discriminatory academic hierarchies. The most common observations in gender analysis of conferencing report on inequalities of representation and the absence of women in key roles. As organisers of the Southern African Student Psychology Conference (SASPC), we explore our experiences organising our first online conference in the context of the pandemic. Unfortunately, very few researchers have considered the representative space of online forms of conferencing, and to date none reflect the experiences of women academics from South Africa. This article aims to extend these examinations of the gendered nature of academic conferencing by utilising Empowerment Theory (ET) to understand narrative reflections from three women academics and organisers of an online Southern African conference. Collaborative Autoethnography (CAE) served as a critical emancipatory tool for collectively gathering counter stories of our internalised oppression as marginalised women academics. Consequently, this article explicates the gendered dynamics of academia, as well as sustainable pedagogical possibilities for change that is engendered by technology through online spaces as important sites of agency and resistance.

Abstract Intermediate cities, both in Argentina and globally, hold significant weight in quantitative terms and in relation to the population they concentrate (CGLU, 2017; MPFIPS, 2011). However, this doesn’t necessarily find a counterpart in the academic sphere, although there is a recently growing body of research and perspectives addressing this type of cities. This work aims to contribute to discussions on the study of intermediate cities in the Argentine case, particularly in relation to urban expansion processes. Within the interdisciplinary intersection of geography and urban studies, a theoretical-methodological approach is proposed that incorporates the construction of a periodization, understood as a tool to explain these phenomena in terms of spatial assemblages and through the conceptual framework built upon the ideas of territory and social production logics of urban space.

Resumen Las ciudades intermedias, tanto en Argentina como a nivel global, tienen un peso significativo en términos cuantitativos y en relación con la población que concentran. No obstante, esto no encuentra necesariamente un correlato en el plano académico, aunque recientemente están creciendo los estudios y perspectivas que abordan este tipo de ciudades. El trabajo busca aportar a las discusiones sobre el estudio de las ciudades intermedias en el caso argentino y, en particular, los procesos expansivos urbanos. En el cruce disciplinar entre el campo de la geografía y los estudios urbanos, se propone un abordaje teórico-metodológico que incorpora la construcción de una periodización, entendida como herramienta para explicar este tipo de fenómenos en clave de ensamblajes espaciales y a partir del andamiaje conceptual construido sobre las ideas de territorio y lógicas de producción social del espacio urbano.

ABSTRACT The article analyzes the theoretical and methodological contributions of the approaches of regional productive circuits, clusters and global value chains used alternatively for the spatial understanding of social inequalities and development problems in unbalanced productive structures in Latin America. The study is organized in three dimensions of analysis that make the dialogue between the approaches operational: space, scale and relationship between agents. Then, they are used to address the case of unconventional hydrocarbon production in Vaca Muerta, seeking to demonstrate the analytical contributions and limitations of each approach. Finally, the explanatory potentialities of each analyzed perspective are exposed, and it is concluded that the approach of regional productive circuits allows for a complete understanding to address Latin American regional problems based on the particular way in which space is conceived.

RESUMEN El artículo analiza los aportes teóricos y metodológicos de los enfoques de circuitos productivos regionales, de clústeres y de cadenas globales de valor, empleados alternativamente para la comprensión espacial de las desigualdades sociales y los problemas del desarrollo en estructuras productivas desequilibradas en América Latina. El estudio se organiza en tres dimensiones de análisis que tornan operativo el diálogo entre los enfoques: espacio, escala y relación entre agentes. Luego, se recurre a ellos para abordar el caso de la producción hidrocarburífera no convencional en Vaca Muerta, buscando evidenciar los aportes y limitaciones analíticas de cada enfoque. Finalmente, se exponen las potencialidades explicativas de cada una de las perspectivas analizadas y se concluye que el enfoque de circuitos productivos regionales permite alcanzar una comprensión integral para abordar las problemáticas regionales latinoamericanas en función del modo particular en que concibe el espacio.

Resumen: En 2009 se formuló el macroproyecto San José en Manizales (Colombia) para renovar 111 hectáreas de tejido urbano en el área central de la ciudad. Se buscaba entregar, dentro del plazo de una década, más de 3500 viviendas de interés social y a la vez desarrollar una zona de usos mixtos. Catorce años después, solo el 6% del proyecto se ha desarrollado y los recursos públicos comprometidos fueron agotados. Este artículo evalúa dicho proyecto a partir del análisis trialéctico de producción del espacio que sugieren Bourdieu y otros autores, adaptados a las realidades de la política de vivienda social en Colombia. Se definieron tres variables de análisis: normas, espacio y derechos. La integración de ellas permitió develar el habitus de los tomadores de decisiones en la planeación-gestión del proyecto. El análisis hermenéutico de las transformaciones producidas en el espacio-tiempo permite demostrar que la operación urbana se orienta a desmantelar los instrumentos democráticos de financiación de la vivienda social a través de un giro normativo que prioriza las medidas de excepción para eludir el reparto equitativo de cargas y beneficios. Se presenta una tensión entre las actuaciones urbanas integrales previstas en el ordenamiento territorial nacional y el proyecto urbano general rescatado de las prácticas del urbanismo decimonónico.

Abstract: In 2009 the San José macro-project was formulated in Manizales (Colombia) to renew 111 hectares of urban fabric in the central area of the city. In a decade it was intended to provide more than 3,500 social housing units and develop a mixed-use area. Fourteen years later, only 6% of the project has been developed and the public resources committed have been exhausted. This article evaluates this project based on the trialectic analysis of the production of space suggested by Bourdieu and other authors, adapted to the realities of social housing policy in Colombia. Three variables of analysis were defined: Norms, Space and Rights. The integration of these variables made it possible to unveil the habitus of the decision makers in the planning-management of the project. The hermeneutic analysis of the transformations produced in space-time makes it possible to demonstrate that the urban operation is oriented towards dismantling the democratic instruments of social housing financing through a normative turn that prioritizes the measures of exception to avoid the equitable distribution of burdens and benefits. There is a tension between the integral urban actions foreseen in the national territorial planning and the general urban project rescued from the practices of nineteenth-century urbanism.

Resumen: El fenómeno de la okupación urbana comprende experiencias sociales de apropiación y utilización de inmuebles abandonados. A su vez, los Centros Culturales Okupa (CCO) constituyen formas de okupación urbana articuladas en torno a prácticas culturales y artísticas. A partir del análisis de las dimensiones materiales y socio-simbólicas de los CCO, el presente artículo procura interrogar la especificidad de esa modalidad de okupación urbana con respecto a la producción del hábitat. Para ello, estudia dos casos ubicados en ciudades argentinas: el Centro Kultural Independiente (CKI) (Rosario, 1997-1998) y el Centro Kultural Trivenchi (CKT) (Buenos Aires, 2001-actualidad). La investigación emplea un enfoque metodológico cualitativo, que triangula entrevistas en profundidad, materiales audiovisuales y documentos escritos. La arquitectura del texto analiza los casos del CKI y el CKT a través de cuatro nudos comparativos: los contextos de las okupaciones, los procesos de adecuación material de los espacios, las prácticas y significaciones de sus participantes y los conflictos con los gobiernos urbanos. Se concluye que los CCO producen hábitat mediante una apropiación espacial diferencial que, vehiculizada por dimensiones culturales y artísticas, posibilita la apertura y la puesta en circulación social de espacios clausurados por la reestructuración capitalista de las ciudades.

Abstract: The phenomenon of urban squatting entails social experiences of appropriation and use of abandoned buildings. Concurrently, the Centros Culturales Okupa (CCO) constitute specific forms of urban squatting articulated around cultural and artistic practices. Based on the analysis of the material and socio-symbolic dimensions of CCOs, this article aims to interrogate the specificity of this type of urban squatting regarding the production of habitat. In order to do that, the investigation draws on two case studies located in Argentinian cities: Centro Kultural Independiente (CKI) (Rosario, 1997-1998) and Centro Kultural Trivenchi (CKT) (Buenos Aires, 2001-present). The research uses a qualitative methodological approach, which triangulates in-depth interviews, audiovisual materials, and written documents. The architecture of the text analyzes the cases of the CKI and the CKT through four comparative nodes: the contexts of squatting, the processes of material adaptation of space, the practices and significations of the participants, and the conflicts with the urban governments. It is concluded that CCOs produce habitat through a differential spatial appropriation that, driven by cultural and artistic dimensions, enables the opening and putting into social circulation of spaces closed by the capitalist restructuring of cities.