Abstract The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Argentine State have maintained a close and constant relationship since 1957, especially, in times of economic crisis. This article studies the last financial assistance the country received from the international organization in 2018, debt renegotiated between 2022-2023. Using official data, recent bibliography and press releases, the findings suggest from a historical and sociological approach that the economic and social problems that affect the country in a cyclical manner, are not the result of its relationship with the IMF, but rather, of the inability of the business class and political authorities to exercise control over its economic policy. Indebtedness is a mechanism that compensates for the productive backwardness of the economy, hyperinflation and Argentina's seventy-year fiscal deficit.

Resumen El Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) y el Estado argentino mantienen una relación estrecha y constante desde 1957, especialmente en momentos de crisis económica. Este artículo estudia la última asistencia financiera que recibió el país por parte del organismo internacional en 2018, deuda renegociada entre 2022-2023. Empleando datos oficiales, bibliografía reciente y notas de prensa, los hallazgos, desde un enfoque histórico y sociológico, sugieren que los problemas y crisis que afectan a Argentina de manera cíclica no son resultado de su relación con el FMI, sino de la incapacidad de la clase empresarial y las autoridades de gobierno de ejercer control sobre su política económica. El endeudamiento es un mecanismo que compensa el rezago productivo de la economía, la hiperinflación y el déficit fiscal de Argentina desde hace setenta años.

Abstract Over the last four decades, Ecuador has experienced a series of social, economic, and political conflicts that have significantly affected the well-being of its population due to governmental decisions, natural disasters, and structural problems such as unemployment, poverty, and transnational crime. This research analyzes social conflicts in the public sector and the involvement of mediation in the branches of government. The approach applied was descriptive and qualitative to identify trends and emerging conflicts, as well as prospective research to understand the history of conflicts and the evolution of mediation. Finally, statistics on mediation in the public sector were analyzed to assess its effectiveness and scope. The results highlight the need to implement mediation as a state policy to effectively address conflicts and promote social cohesion. Although mediation has been used in the judicial sphere, its application in other branches of government and in society, in general, is limited. However, there is an increase in the use of mediation in the public sector, suggesting a growing recognition of its effectiveness in conflict resolution, promoting a culture of peace and peaceful coexistence.

Resumen Durante las últimas cuatro décadas, Ecuador ha experimentado una serie de conflictos sociales, económicos y políticos que han afectado significativamente el bienestar de su población, debido a decisiones gubernamentales, desastres naturales y problemas estructurales como el desempleo, la pobreza y la delincuencia transnacional. Esta investigación analizó los conflictos sociales en el ámbito público y la participación de la mediación en los poderes del Estado. El enfoque aplicado fue el descriptivo y cualitativo para identificar tendencias y conflictos emergentes, así como el estudio prospectivo para entender la historia de los conflictos y la evolución de la mediación. Finalmente, se analizaron estadísticas de mediación en el sector público para evaluar su efectividad y alcance. Los resultados evidenciaron la necesidad de implementar la mediación como una política estatal para abordar los conflictos de manera efectiva y promover la cohesión social. Aunque la mediación se ha utilizado en el ámbito judicial, su aplicación en otros poderes del Estado y en la sociedad en general es limitada. Sin embargo, se observa un aumento en el uso de la mediación en el sector público, lo que sugiere un reconocimiento creciente de su eficacia en la resolución de conflictos como cultura de paz y la convivencia pacífica.

Abstract Labor precarity is a multidimensional phenomenon that severely affects youth in Latin America. Based on household survey data from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico from 2023, this article analyzes four dimensions of precarity: instability, lack of social protection, insufficient income, and underemployment. The results revealed that the salaried youth in Mexico and Argentina have the most precarious conditions, whereas Brazil showed the lowest levels of precarity. Precarity is most prevalent in Mexico, followed by Colombia and Argentina. In each of these countries, young women were the most affected, and there was an association between labor precarity, sociodemographic characteristics, and labor market structures. The youngest and those with lower levels of education are those who experience worse conditions. By sector of activity, in Mexico more problems are reported in the primary sector, whereas in Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia they occur in personal services. Young women, regardless of their level of education and sector of activity, report higher levels of precariousness, which aggravates gender inequality. The conclusions propose actions to promote the inclusion of young people in formal employment.

Resumen La precariedad laboral es un fenómeno multidimensional que afecta gravemente a la población joven en América Latina. En el presente artículo, basado en la información proporcionada por encuestas aplicadas a hogares en Argentina, Brasil, Colombia y México en 2023, se analizan cuatro de sus dimensiones: inestabilidad, desprotección social, ingresos insuficientes y subocupación. Los resultados del estudio revelan que en México y Argentina las personas jóvenes asalariadas tienen las condiciones más precarias, mientras que Brasil mostró los menores niveles entre los cuatro países; México presenta la mayor prevalencia, seguido de Colombia y Argentina. En todos los países las mujeres jóvenes son las más afectadas y existe una asociación entre la precariedad laboral, las características sociodemográficas y las estructuras de los mercados laborales. Las personas con menos edad dentro de este grupo etario y aquellas con menor nivel de escolaridad son quienes experimentan condiciones más desfavorables. Por sector de actividad, en México se reportan más problemas en el sector primario, mientras que en Argentina, Brasil y Colombia ocurre en los servicios personales. Las mujeres jóvenes, independientemente del nivel de escolaridad y del sector de actividad, registran mayores niveles de precariedad, lo que agrava la desigualdad de género. En las conclusiones se plantean acciones que promuevan la inclusión de las juventudes en empleos formales.

Abstract — In Ecuador, the electricity sector has undergone significant transformation over the past 15 years, with a marked increase in renewable energy capacity, particularly hydropower, which grew from 1,707 MW in 2000 to 5,100 MW in 2022. This shift, driven by the need to diversify the energy grid and reduce fossil fuel dependence. Despite its importance, the Coca Codo Sinclair project with 1,500 MW has faced several technical, environmental, and social challenges, including erosion and structural issues, raising concerns about its long-term sustainability. This article aims to analyze these challenges, their causes, impacts, and potential solutions, providing insights for future hydropower developments in similar regions. Coca Codo Sinclair is an example of the ambition of a government that did not follow the recommendations of technical studies on the maximum capacity that could be generated by a plant that now has more problems than advantages, analyzing all the associated drawbacks that the largest hydropower plant in Ecuador, it is important to understand that technical criteria must prevail over political decisions. In order to keep the more than 3 billion dollars of investment going, urgent action is required on CCS remediation works, with a combination of investments in repairs and maintenance activities, improvements in management and governance of the project, therefore, currently the largest plant in Ecuador represents a time bomb that can collapse due to any of the various problems.

Resumen — En Ecuador, el sector eléctrico ha experimentado una importante transformación en los últimos 15 años, con un marcado de la capacidad de energía renovable, en particular la hidroeléctrica, que pasó de 1.707 MW en 2000 a 5100 MW en 2022. Cambio, impulsado por diversificar la matriz energética y reducir la dependencia fósil. A pesar de su importancia, el proyecto Coca Codo Sinclair con 1500 MW ha enfrentado varios desafíos técnicos, ambientales y sociales, incluidos problemas de erosión y estructurales, lo que genera preocupaciones sobre su sostenibilidad a largo plazo. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar estos desafíos, causas, impactos y posibles soluciones, brindando perspectivas para futuros desarrollos hidroeléctricos en regiones similares. Coca Codo Sinclair es un ejemplo de la ambición de un gobierno que no siguió las recomendaciones de los estudios técnicos sobre la capacidad máxima que genera una planta que ahora tiene más problemas que ventajas, analizando todos los inconvenientes asociados que tiene la hidroeléctrica más grande de Ecuador, es importante entender que los criterios técnicos deben prevalecer sobre las decisiones políticas. Y, para mantener en marcha los más de 3 mil millones de dólares de inversión, se requiere actuar urgentemente en obras con una combinación de inversiones en actividades de reparación y mantenimiento, y mejoras en la gestión y gobernanza del proyecto, pues actualmente la planta más grande del Ecuador representa una bomba de tiempo que puede colapsar por cualquiera de los diversos problemas.

The profile of Brazilian students has been the focus of various studies in education and teaching. Specifically, it has been shown that social issues during education, as well as access to and dropout from courses, particularly in the exact sciences, are historical problems that remain among the challenges of higher education in Brazil. Physics courses, in particular, stand out due to the difficulty retaining students, with dropout rates exceeding those of other studied courses. In this context, this article aims to present an overview, from 2009 to 2022, of the profile of students who enter, enroll in, and remain in bachelor’s and teaching degree courses at public and private institutions in the country. This study is descriptive in nature, yet it seeks to bring reflections on its results through the sociology of inequalities. The results derived from the microdata of the Inep School Census indicate the confrontation between public and private institutions, as well as the rise of distance learning courses, which have proven fundamental to the ascent of private higher education institutions in the struggles for the monopoly of enrollments, especially in teaching degrees in physics.

O perfil dos estudantes brasileiros têm sido foco de diferentes trabalhos na área da educação e ensino. Em especial, tem-se demonstrado que as questões sociais durante a formação, bem como o acesso e a evasão dos cursos, em especial, nas ciências exatas, são problemas históricos que permanecem entre os desafios do ensino superior brasileiro. Os cursos de física, por sua vez, possuem destaque pela dificuldade de manutenção dos estudantes em seus cursos cujas taxas de evasão se sobressaem em resultados da literatura especializada. Diante disso, busca-se neste artigo apresentar um panorama entre os anos 2009 até 2022 do perfil dos estudantes que adentram, se matriculam e permanecem nos cursos de bacharelado e licenciatura nas instituições públicas e privadas no país. Este estudo possui perfil descritivo, contudo, buscando trazer reflexões de seus resultados através da sociologia das desigualdades. Os resultados encontrados a partir dos microdados do Censo Escolar do Inep indicam o embate entre instituições públicas e privadas, bem como a aumento dos cursos à distância que tem se mostrado fundamental para a ascensão das IES privadas nas lutas travadas pelo monopólio das matrículas, em especial, das licenciaturas em física.

ORIENTATION: Truly, organisations face the challenge of implementing sustainability in their daily activities RESEARCH PURPOSE: This article examines the ways in which sustainability has been implemented in human resource management (HRM MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Sustainability has become increasingly important in organisations, particularly regarding HRM RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: This study used qualitative methodology and collected data by means of an integrative literature review that retrieved appropriate and relevant journal articles from the Business Source Ultimate database, as one of the EBSCOhost databases MAIN FINDINGS: The findings suggest that green human resource management (GHRM) was the most frequently implemented concept and was combined with rare cases of corporate social responsibility (CSR) implementation. Sustainable human resource management (SHRM) was seldom implemented PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Interestingly, contemporary studies revealed the circular economy (CE) as an economic sustainability dimension in HRM, and likewise, the ascendance of sustainable development goals (SDGs) in HRM. Regarding the process of sustainability implementation in HRM, some links have been established between sustainability dimensions and HRM, but the incorporation of sustainability into HRM was not evident from the reviewed literature CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: This article ends with a discussion of some insights for future research. Moreover, the selection of sustainability and HRM in this article was significant given that sustainability can contribute towards a way of addressing and solving environmental, social and economic problems associated with organisations' activities that could be fixed by HR. This demonstrates the existing strong compatibility between sustainability and HRM because HRM could fit in each sustainability dimension

Over the centuries, history has shown that peasant members of society are drenched with various forms of marginalisation. These often come from the more privileged members of society and even the government. Studies have also shown that the religious sphere that ought to be the hope of the neglected poor has turned out to be like the political milieu in the secular world. Isaiah 10:1-4 spelt out punishment meted out for the violators of the rights of the peasant poor. The text indicates that the poor have been neglected in the past millennium. There have likely been no studies that took into cognisance the neglect of the poor from Isaiah 10:1-4 in the context of Nkanuland. Isaiah 10:1-4 examines the height at which the Jewish rulers exploit the poor at their various dispensations. However, such wicked acts by such leaders would not go unpunished. The poor are highly marginalised using different means by both religious and political leaders. The insufficient welfare provision for the poor has consequently led to ill health, death, vulnerability to danger, psychological stress, social alienation, poor education, poor diet and other related problems in Nigeria in general and Nkanuland in particular. The researcher, therefore, seeks to take a critical look at Isaiah 10:1-4 and applies its exegetical result(s) in Nkanu. It is argued that if the text is practically applied by religious and political leaders in Nkanuland, there would be improved welfare provision for the poor. Rhetoric and sociological approaches common to Old Testament exegesis are employed. CONTRIBUTION: The researcher posits that Isaiah 10:1-4 would be a feasible solution to curb the incessant marginalisation of the peasant poor in Igboland in general and Nkanuland in particular. This would enhance both human and other aspects of development in Nkanuland

RESUMO Objetivo. Identificar barreiras e facilitadores de acesso a serviços de saúde mental perinatal entre adolescentes grávidas e mães jovens em Belize. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo descritivo exploratório conduzido por meio de discussões em grupos focais realizadas em agosto de 2023. A amostra do estudo foi selecionada por meio de amostragem intencional. As participantes incluíram adolescentes grávidas, mães adolescentes e mães jovens de áreas rurais e urbanas de três regiões do país (sul, norte e oeste). Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise temática, e os resultados foram organizados em temas. Resultados: As barreiras e os facilitadores identificados foram divididos em quatro temas. O primeiro tema abordado foram fatores individuais; determinou-se que as entrevistadas tinham bom conhecimento sobre problemas de saúde mental e expressavam o desejo de buscar serviços de saúde mental; no entanto, o conhecimento sobre sua disponibilidade era limitado. O segundo tema referia-se aos sistemas de saúde e revelou a falta de confiança nos prestadores de serviços de saúde, bem como o acesso limitado aos serviços de saúde mental devido à escassez de recursos humanos, aos longos tempos de espera e aos custos de transporte. O terceiro tema foi o estigma associado à gravidez na adolescência e aos problemas de saúde mental. O quarto tema foi apoio social; tanto o apoio da família quanto o de um grupo de apoio entre pares foram identificados como facilitadores da busca de ajuda entre as entrevistadas. Conclusão: Este estudo destaca importantes barreiras ao uso de serviços de saúde mental por adolescentes grávidas e mães jovens em Belize. Entre essas barreiras estão o estigma, a falta de conhecimento sobre os serviços de saúde mental e o acesso limitado a esses serviços. Recomenda-se a implementação de estratégias específicas para abordar as barreiras a fim de melhorar a oferta e a aceitação dos serviços de saúde mental na população do estudo.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar los factores que obstaculizan o facilitan el acceso a los servicios de salud mental perinatal en las adolescentes embarazadas y las madres jóvenes en Belice. Método. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo descriptivo y exploratorio mediante grupos de opinión que tuvieron lugar en agosto del 2023. La población del estudio se seleccionó mediante muestreo intencional. Participaron adolescentes embarazadas, madres adolescentes y madres jóvenes de zonas rurales y urbanas de tres regiones del país (sur, norte y oeste). Se realizó un análisis temático de los datos y se organizaron los resultados en temas. Resultados. Los obstáculos y los factores facilitadores señalados se organizaron en torno a cuatro temas. El primer tema fueron los factores individuales y mostró que las participantes tenían buenos conocimientos sobre los problemas de salud mental y deseaban buscar servicios de salud mental. Sin embargo, lo que sabían sobre los servicios disponibles era limitado. El segundo tema fueron los sistemas de salud y puso de relieve la falta de confianza en los prestadores de atención de salud, así como el acceso limitado a los servicios de salud mental debido a los recursos humanos insuficientes, los largos tiempos de espera y los costos de transporte. El tercer tema fue la estigmatización en torno al embarazo adolescente y los problemas de salud mental. El cuarto tema fue el apoyo social, y las participantes señalaron que tanto el apoyo de la familia como el del grupo de pares facilitaban la búsqueda de ayuda. Conclusiones. Este estudio pone de relieve los obstáculos importantes que dificultan el uso de los servicios de salud mental para las adolescentes embarazadas y las madres jóvenes en Belice. Entre ellos se encuentran la estigmatización, la falta de conocimiento sobre los servicios de salud mental y el acceso limitado a ellos. Se recomienda aplicar estrategias específicas para abordar los obstáculos a fin de mejorar la prestación y la aceptación de los servicios de salud mental en la población de estudio.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify barriers to and facilitators of access to perinatal mental health services among pregnant adolescents and young mothers in Belize. Methods: This was an exploratory descriptive qualitative study using focus group discussions conducted in August 2023. The study sample was selected through purposeful sampling. Participants included pregnant adolescents, adolescent mothers and young mothers from rural and urban areas in three regions of the country (Southern, Northern, and Western). The data were analyzed using thematic analysis and the results were organized into themes. Results: The barriers and facilitators identified fell into four themes. The first theme was individual factors and showed that respondents had good knowledge about mental health problems and a desire to seek mental health services. However, awareness about their availability was limited. The second theme was health systems and highlighted a lack of trust and confidence in health care providers, as well as limited access to mental health services due to insufficient human resources, long waiting times, and transportation costs. The third theme was stigma about teenage pregnancy and mental health issues. The fourth theme was social support, with both family and peer group support identified as facilitators for help-seeking among the respondents. Conclusion: This study highlights important barriers to using mental health services for pregnant adolescents and young mothers in Belize. These include stigma, lack of awareness of mental health services, and limited access to them. Implementing targeted strategies to address the barriers are recommended to improve provision and uptake of mental health services among the study population.

Este ensaio tem como objetivo discutir a caminhada e o uso da bicicleta como deslocamento na população brasileira. Evidências científicas oriundas principalmente de países de alta renda mostram tanto contribuições para a saúde das pessoas, apontando que essas atividades físicas podem compor parte importante do cotidiano e contribuem na prevenção de doenças, como para a saúde das cidades, com a diminuição da poluição do ar e sonora e dos problemas provocados pelo excesso de veículos automotores. Discutimos as formas de mensuração em inquéritos nacionais e as novas tecnologias que vêm sendo utilizadas. Análises de tendência mostram uma queda nesse tipo de atividade física entre adultos que vivem nas capitais brasileiras, mas como a caminhada e o uso da bicicleta são analisadas conjuntamente, as interpretações ficam prejudicadas, limitando também o estudo de fatores associados aos diferentes tipos de deslocamentos. Mostramos que algumas capitais brasileiras estão evoluindo no aumento de estruturas ambientais, mas indicadores populacionais mostram que grupos de menor nível socioeconômico têm menos acessos. Discutimos o quanto essas atividades ainda são praticadas por necessidade e sem possibilidades de escolhas no Brasil, onde os custos do transporte ainda são altos e os ambientes, iníquos. No entanto, como a maioria dos estudos no Brasil são transversais, a avaliação dos possíveis efeitos na saúde e a influência de variáveis sociais e de mudanças ambientais nesse comportamento fica prejudicada. Novos inquéritos populacionais e estudos longitudinais que embasem políticas são essenciais para a promoção da caminhada e do uso da bicicleta como deslocamento.

Este ensayo tiene como objetivo discutir la caminata y el uso de la bicicleta como medio de desplazamiento en la población brasileña. La evidencia científica de países principalmente de altos ingresos muestra contribuciones tanto a la salud de las personas, señalando que estas actividades físicas pueden ser una parte importante de la vida diaria y ayudar en la prevención de enfermedades, como a la salud de las ciudades, mediante la reducción de la contaminación atmosférica y acústica y los problemas causados por el exceso de vehículos de motor. Se discuten las formas de medición en las encuestas nacionales y las nuevas tecnologías que se han utilizado. Los análisis de tendencias muestran una caída en este tipo de actividad física entre los adultos que viven en las capitales brasileñas, pero a medida que se analizan en conjunto la caminata y el uso de la bicicleta, las interpretaciones se ven afectadas, lo que también limita el estudio de los factores asociados con diferentes tipos de desplazamientos. Algunas capitales brasileñas experimentan una evolución en el aumento de las estructuras ambientales, pero los indicadores de población muestran que los grupos de menor nivel socioeconómico todavía tienen menos acceso. Se discuten cómo estas actividades en Brasil aún se practican por necesidad y sin elección cuyos costos de transporte siguen siendo altos y los entornos son poco equitativos. La mayoría de los estudios en Brasil son transversales, lo que afecta la evaluación de los posibles efectos sobre la salud y la influencia de las variables sociales y los cambios ambientales en este comportamiento. Las nuevas encuestas de población y los estudios longitudinales que apoyan las políticas son esenciales para fomentar la caminata y el uso de la bicicleta como medio de desplazamiento.

This essay aims to discuss walking and cycling as a means of transportation for the Brazilian population. Scientific evidence (mainly from high-income countries) shows their contributions to people’s health, pointing out that these physical activities can constitute an important part of daily life and contribute to preventing diseases and to the health of municipalities by reducing air and noise pollution and the problems due to the excess of motor vehicles. We discuss the forms of measurement in national surveys and the new technologies that have been used. Trend analyses show a decrease in this type of physical activity in adults living in Brazilian capitals. However, analyzing walking and cycling together impairs interpretations and limits the study of factors associated with different types of commuting. We show that some Brazilian capitals are increasing their environmental structures, but population indicators show that groups of lower socioeconomic levels have less access to the. We discuss how much these activities are still practiced out of necessity − rather than out of choice − in Brazil due to transportation costs that remain high and unequal environments. However, most studies in Brazil being cross-sectional impairs the evaluation of possible effects on health and the influence of social variables and environmental changes on this behavior. New population surveys and longitudinal studies that support policies are essential to promote walking and cycling as a means of transportation.

RESUMEN Este estudio analiza la problemática de la quebrada del río Machángara en Quito, evidencia prácticas nocivas generadas por comunidades aledañas y la expansión territorial agresiva en áreas protegidas y zonas de alta vulnerabilidad. En el origen de esto se destaca la inaplicabilidad de normas y la falta de preocupación del Estado en el riesgo de asentamientos, lo que ha llevado a la disminución de la calidad de recursos naturales, de ciudad y a problemas de salud para la población expuesta. La hipótesis plantea que, para mejorar la calidad de ciudad y mitigar los problemas de salud, es necesario implementar medidas en una reestructuración de la normativa, y así corregir errores de política territorial cometidos en el pasado. Los objetivos del estudio son analizar algunas propuestas ejecutadas provenientes de países con características similares, permite reflexionar sobre el proceso de articulación y vinculación de actores en la implementación de herramientas y procesos de planificación exitosos, para posteriormente generar directrices para abordar la recuperación de la quebrada Machángara. Para ello, se propone una metodología combinada que permite obtener un panorama de la problemática, como también un vistazo hacia posibles soluciones a los puntos evidenciados. En conclusión, se destaca la necesidad de implementar medidas y corregir errores de política territorial para reducir los efectos nocivos en la población expuesta y mejorar la calidad urbana de los asentamientos de la quebrada Machángara.

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the issues surrounding the Machángara river stream in Quito, highlighting detrimental practices generated by neighboring communities and aggressive territorial expansion into protected areas and highly vulnerable areas. As the cause of this, is the ineffective application of regulations and the State's neglect regarding settlement risks, resulting in decrease of natural resource quality, urban decay and health problems among the exposed population. The hypothesis suggests that in order to improve urban quality and mitigate health issues, it is necessary to restructure regulations and thus rectify past territorial policy errors. The study aims to analyze some proposals implemented in countries with similar characteristics, to reflection on the process of coordinating and linking actors in the implementation of successful planning tools and processes, and subsequently to develop guidelines to address the recovery of the Machángara stream. To this end, a combined methodology is proposed to comprehensively asses the problem and explore potential solutions. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the need to implement corrective measures and revise territorial policies to mitigate adverse impacts on the exposed population and improve urban quality in the Machángara creek settlements.

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ABSTRACT University social responsibility is a set of actions that helps to promote the active participation of students in their university education, with ethical conduct to create a culture of social commitment based on values and academic quality. The main role of the university is to develop the functions of teaching, research and social responsibility; this allows creating a broader vision of the needs in the community, generating competent professionals and causing a positive impact (Palomino, Vázquez, Vicente, & Tomás, 2019). Objective: To identify the main authors of the subject from the systematic review of the literature, to point out the four axis that RSU has and the four university impacts. Materials and methods: This research is exploratory and documentary with a qualitative approach. The information sources used correspond to consultation pages, among which are: Google academic, and Lens.org. Likewise, inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to collect information and the results obtained were delimited after adding search conditions such as the year interval from 2017 to 2023. Another limitation is that they were only review articles and in any language. Results: The results obtained were 10 definitions of prominent authors which haves an impact on the fact that the University social responsibility has 8 dimensions among which are: Responsible Campus, Citizen Education, Social Knowledge Management, and Mutual Learning Communities for Development, Organizational, Educational, Cognitive and social. The four axis of the RSU are the basis of the organizations to be able to fulfill the mission that each university community pursues. Within the responsible campus, care is taken to ensure that environmental and sustainable care is met and students are taught to participate in it. , responsible citizen and professional training, deontology, which is the duty of people, this helps the university community to do things ethically and with good morals inside and outside universities, knowledge management is a of the main tasks of higher education institutions, social work, the reason for being of various organizations, thanks to which they can disseminate their knowledge and contribute to the development of community and group culture, and finally the need for The society of inclusion and communication between people occur within communities of mutual learning for development. The organizational impacts, within the RSU, impact people, management and sustainability. The educational impacts are related to the training of students (their ethics, their way of interpreting the world and the social role that corresponds to them) and involves all university processes (curriculum, central administration and knowledge management policies). Cognitive impacts are the dissemination of knowledge and social impacts are the relationship within and on the university campus, the treatment and participation of students; Students in the different branches offered. When reviewing and reading the different existing articles, it was observed that there is little information regarding the RSU, focusing on a chronology of the different authors from 2014 to date. Within the articles reviewed, it can be defined that RSU trains, teaches, supports, promotes, guides and organizes; involving the student community, teachers, administrative and managerial staff. The RSU transmits responsible knowledge, ethical principles and helps to train responsible citizen professionals. Conclusion: After studying the literary review, it can be mentioned that all the axis of the RSU must have the participation of the students and all the people who make up the university community in order to have a responsible university, both internally and externally, according to the different concepts that are mentioned of University Social Responsibility; In other words, it is a way to help the professional and civic training of all students, since this is part of what social responsibility seeks. It is mentioned that university students must get involved in real problems within their professional and civic training, since this helps to create links between learning and social responsibility and thus be able to promote human development, both ethically and morally, as that participation in the different projects that the same institution carries out in its activities will grow.Ramírez (2020),Quezada and Rodríguez (2019),Arauco and Apaza (2022),Évora (2017), agree that RSU is reflected in the existence of four axis for the socially responsible management of universities, so that the students are aware that everything that is done within the institution will be reflected outside of it. Complying with Social Responsibility in higher education is a transformation resource that promotes compliance with transparent practices and ethical conduct for sustainable development, generating social well-being on the university campus for the comprehensive and ideal training of its students. Currently, globalization leads to constant changes in organizations and forces them to be able to identify their challenges for the new trends that their environment requires. Therefore, globalization, competition, technology, social responsibility, knowledge and intangible assets demand serious modifications in their structures and strategies from companies.Niebles Nuñez et al. (2018)the universities have the important mission of equitably distributing knowledge and social information. That is why universities must assume the position of University Social Responsibility and analyze whether effective or null knowledge is being provided. The current era is characterized by its constant change, in social demands, in the role of traditional actors, in the situation at the regional and international level, in development approaches (Uribe et al., 2020). Addressing the issue of RSU requires articulating the various parts of the institution in an equitable and sustainable social promotion project, for the production and transmission of responsible knowledge and the training of equally responsible citizen professionals (Mosquera Tayupanta and Alba Granados, 2021; Peña y otros, 2017). There is a proposal for university social responsibility that provides a space for participation in the activities carried out and that are adapted to the new acquisition modalities for students, in addition to the fact that university social responsibility seeks not only to work on the axis of transformation within of the institution, but is also aimed at the entire society that is involved (Pedró, 2019). The university must promote the participation of its students in cultural, social, sports and environmental activities.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprender la emergencia del Consumo Problemático de Sustancias Psicoactivas (CP-SPA) de jóvenes estudiantes de un contexto universitario, como resultante de la interacción significativa entre los sistemas de regulación socioeducativa, sanitaria y normativa de la institución en estudio. Materiales y método: Estudio cualitativo de caso, desarrollado en una institución universitaria de carácter privado. Se realizó con soporte en la teoría bioecológica de Bronfenbrenner (2011), a través de inserción ecológica intervención (Koller et al., 2016). Participaron estudiantes, docentes y administrativos. Se realizaron cuatro entrevistas y seis grupos focales. Muestreo teórico hasta saturación de categorías. Codificación y categorización utilizando Atlas-Ti, a través de método comparativo constante en la recogida, codificación abierta, axial y selectiva de datos y análisis sistemático (Strauss y Corbin, 2002). Resultados: El CP-SPA en este contexto tiene lugar a través de una trilogía de procesos proximales de interinfluencia: 1. De influencia para la ingesta de múltiples SPA, 2. Enfocados en consumo problemático y 3. De transgresión de normas institucionales, que operan como gatilla-dores de la experiencia dentro y fuera de la universidad. Estos procesos, en la dinámica de la comunicación, configuran sistemas sociales de biorregulación: socioeducativa: indirecta (autorregulación), sanitaria: paliativa (ruta de atención) y normativa: punitiva (reglamento estudiantil), que intentan regular el CP-SPA. La regulación es posible gracias a la interacción de factores de riesgo/protección próximos y distantes, que pueden impulsar directa e indirectamente el CP-SPA. Conclusiones: Los sistemas de biorregulación actúan como garantes y dan forma a las simbolizaciones de la vida emocional, social e institucional del estudiante con CP-SPA, con exito en los procesos proximales persona-persona (microsistema), pero con poca efectividad en el mesosistema. Se propone a las instituciones universitarias generar las condiciones de posibilidad para una estructura regulatoria del CP-SPA que promueva un desarrollo favorable del estudiante, coherente con sus expectativas de formación profesional.

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the emergence of Problematic Substance Use (FSV) among young students in a university context because of significant interaction between the socio-educational, health, and regulatory systems of the institution under study. Materials and method: A qualitative case study conducted at a private university, utilizing Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory (2011) with ecological intervention (Koller et al., 2016). Participants included students, teachers, and administrative staff. Four interviews and six focus groups were conducted. Theoretical sampling was carried out until category saturation. Coding and categorization were done using Atlas-Ti, employing constant comparative method in data collection, open, axial, and selective coding, and systematic analysis (Strauss and Corbin, 2002). Results: FSU in this context occurs through a trilogy of proximal processes of interinfluence: 1. Influence for the intake of multiple substances, 2. Focused on problematic use, and 3. Transgression of institutional norms, acting as triggers for the experience within and outside the university. These processes, in communication dynamics, shape social systems of bioregulation: socio-educational (indirect self-regulation), health-related (palliative care route), and regulatory (punitive student regulations), attempting to regulate FSU. Regulation is possible through the interaction of proximal and distal risk/protection factors, which can directly and indirectly drive FSU. Conclusions: Bio-regulation systems act as guarantors and shape symbolizations of the emotional, social, and institutional life of students with FSU, succeeding in proximal person-to-person processes (microsystem) but with little effectiveness in the mesosystem. It is proposed that universities create conditions for a regulatory structure of FSU that promotes favorable student development consistent with their professional training expectations.

Resumen. Nuestro objetivo es responder la pregunta: ¿cuáles son, y cómo ocurren, los problemas económicos y ecológicos derivados de la ocupación del territorio palestino por parte del Estado de Israel? Nuestro abordaje metodológico consiste en la lectura crítica de la literatura teórica y empírica disponible, y en la interpretación de algunas estadísticas descriptivas. La principal conclusión es que los graves conflictos sociales y ambientales podrían resolverse con otra lógica económica (no violenta y no egoísta). El principal hallazgo es que existe una especie de maldición del ganador, el cual toma, arbitrariamente, cada vez más terreno y, debido a su afluencia, crecimiento poblacional y tecnología nociva, degrada y hace invivible el territorio tomado (generando una tragedia de los comunes).

Abstract. Our objective is to answer the following question: What are the economic and ecological problems arising from the occupation of the Palestinian territory by the State of Israel? Our methodological approach involves a critical reading of the available theoretical and empirical literature and an interpretation of descriptive statistics. The main conclusion is that serious social and environmental conflicts can be resolved using another economic logic (non-violent and non-egoistic). The main finding is that there is a kind of winner's curse, which arbitrarily takes more and more land and, due to its affluence, population growth, and harmful technology, degrades and makes the taken territory unlivable (generating a tragedy of the commons).

Resumo. Nosso objetivo é responder à pergunta: quais são, e como ocorrem, os problemas econômicos e ecológicos derivados da ocupação do território palestino pelo Estado de Israel? Nossa abordagem metodológica consiste na leitura crítica da literatura teórica e empírica disponível, e na interpretação de algumas estatísticas descritivas. A principal conclusão é que os graves conflitos sociais e ambientais poderiam ser resolvidos com outra lógica econômica (não violenta e não egoísta). A principal descoberta é que existe uma espécie de maldição do vencedor, que toma, arbitrariamente, cada vez mais território e, devido à sua afluência, crescimento populacional e tecnologia nociva, degrada e torna inviável o território tomado (gerando uma tragédia dos comuns).

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta las principales características de las metodologías indígenas que vienen incursionado en las instituciones educativas occidentales. Estas metodologías, basadas en el conocimiento y las tradiciones de las comunidades indígenas, se están haciendo cada vez más populares por su enfoque holístico, respeto ambiental y participación comunitaria. El presente texto sugiere que las metodologías son útiles para abordar los problemas de las comunidades y sus contextos, ya que permiten la generación de conocimiento relevante, su participación en la toma de decisiones y el fomento del cambio social desde una perspectiva descolonizadora. Sin embargo, pese a su potencia, se encuentran desafíos como la falta de recursos, el escaso apoyo institucional y el limitado reconocimiento del conocimiento propio. A pesar de estos obstáculos, las metodologías indígenas poseen un potencial significativo para enriquecer la investigación científica y la educación intercultural.

ABSTRACT This article presents the main characteristics of indigenous methodologies that are entering Western educational institutions. These methodologies, based on the knowledge and traditions of Indigenous communities, are becoming increasingly popular and stand out for their holistic approach, environmental respect, and community participation. The findings suggest that these methodologies are a useful tool for addressing the problems of these communities, as they allow the generation of relevant knowledge, participation in decision-making, and the promotion of social change. However they face challenges such as a lack of resources, limited institutional support, and limited recognition of non-Western knowledge. Despite these obstacles, indigenous methodologies have a significant potential to enrich scientific research and intercultural education.

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta as principais características das metodologias indígenas que estão entrando nas instituições educacionais ocidentais. Essas metodologias, baseadas no conhecimento e nas tradições das comunidades indígenas, estão se tornando cada vez mais populares devido à sua abordagem holística, ao respeito ao meio ambiente e à participação da comunidade. Este texto sugere que as metodologias são úteis para abordar os problemas das comunidades e seus contextos, pois permitem a geração de conhecimento relevante, sua participação na tomada de decisões e a promoção de mudanças sociais a partir de uma perspectiva descolonizadora. Entretanto, apesar de seu potencial, elas enfrentam desafios como a falta de recursos, o apoio institucional limitado e o reconhecimento limitado de seu próprio conhecimento. Apesar desses obstáculos, as metodologias indígenas têm um potencial significativo para enriquecer a pesquisa científica e a educação intercultural.

Resumen Introducción: El concepto de salud pública aparece con frecuencia en las prácticas disciplinares de las ciencias de la salud, sociales y humanas. Sin embargo, la salud pública es objeto de debate debido a su naturaleza multifacética e interdisciplinaria. Esta variabilidad se atribuye a las diferencias en cómo cada disciplina interpreta y aplica el concepto, basándose en su propia comprensión de las problemáticas que buscan intervenir. Objetivo: Analizar críticamente el concepto de salud pública y su objeto de estudio a partir de su relación y diferenciación con distintos enfoques en psicología y medicina. Método: Se trató de un estudio de reflexión y análisis crítico de las diferentes conceptualizaciones y aplicaciones de la salud pública. Reflexión: Se abordaron tres debates relevantes: los vínculos de la salud pública con la psicología y la medicina (1), el objeto de estudio de la salud pública (2) y los retos para abordar problemas sociales y de salud actuales (3). Se discute la evolución histórica del concepto de salud pública, su carácter interdisciplinar y su adaptabilidad a los contextos sociopolíticos y a las emergentes problemáticas sociales contemporáneas. Conclusión: Se destaca la interdisciplinariedad para atender los retos emergentes, centrando esfuerzos en mitigar factores multidimensionales asociados con la salud y el bienestar global, así como la relevancia de fortalecer las estructuras organizativas, desarrollar políticas adecuadas y contar con sistemas epidemiológicos robustos para enfrentar desafíos actuales y futuros.

Abstract Introduction: The concept of public health appears frequently in the disciplinary practices of health, social, and human sciences. However, the concept of public health is controversial because of its multifaceted and interdisciplinary nature. This happens because its meaning, theorization, and application vary according to how each discipline understands the issues it seeks to address. Objective: To critically analyze the concept of public health and its object of study, based on its relationship and differentiation with different approaches in psychology and medicine. Methodology: This was a study of reflection and critical analysis of the different conceptualizations and applications of public health. Reflection: Three relevant debates have been addressed: the links of public health with psychology and medicine (1), the object of study of public health (2), and the challenges to address current social and health problems (3). The historical evolution of the concept of public health, its interdisciplinary nature, and its adaptability to sociopolitical contexts and emerging contemporary social issues are discussed. Conclusion: Interdisciplinarity is emphasized to address emerging challenges, focusing efforts on mitigating multidimensional factors associated with global health and well-being, as well as the importance of strengthening organizational structures, developing appropriate policies, and having robust epidemiological systems to face current and future challenges.