São apresentadas reflexões sobre a relevância histórica dos bufões por meio de uma análise sobre a visão artística e social do bufão ao palhaço de hospital. É discutida em quatro tópicos: A máscara, o ator e a plateia; O bufão e a expressão do ridículo; O espetáculo e a indicação do ridículo; e O riso na sociedade do espetáculo. O palhaço de hospital favorece reflexões semelhantes às do bufão, mas é necessário que a interação com o público apresente um espetáculo de comicidade com postura ética. Tem a capacidade de rir de si mesmo perante as adversidades e enfermidades, sempre com o devido respeito ao doente. E não somente isso: o palhaço de hospital consegue, através de posturas muitas vezes caricatas, inverter e questionar a lógica do poder do ambiente de saúde, fazendo disso um profissionalismo e protagonismo dele nesse espaço. tópicos máscara plateia ridículo ética enfermidades doente isso consegue caricatas saúde espaço

Se presentan reflexiones sobre la relevancia histórica de los bufones, por medio de un análisis sobre la visión artística y social del bufón al payaso de hospital. Se discute en 4 tópicos: la máscara, el actor y el público; El Bufón y la expresión del ridículo; El espectáculo y la indicación del ridículo y La risa en la sociedad del espectáculo. El payaso de hospital favorece reflexiones semejantes a las del Bufón, pero es necesario que la interacción con el público presente un espectáculo de comicidad con postura ética. Es posible reírse de uno mismo ante las adversidades; del cuerpo enfermo, pero con respeto al enfermo; de las posturas de superioridad profesional ante la asistencia, como una forma de invertir la lógica del poder y sin poner en tela de juicio su profesionalismo, con el mismo grado de protagonismo. bufones tópicos máscara ética adversidades enfermo asistencia profesionalismo protagonismo

The study presents reflections on the historical relevance of buffoons through an analysis of the artistic and social view from the buffoon to the hospital clown. The subject is discussed in four topics: The mask, the actor, and the audience; The buffoon and the expression of ridicule; The spectacle and the indication of ridicule; and Laughter in the society of the spectacle. The hospital clown promotes a reflection that is similar to that of the buffoon, but the interaction with the audience must present a spectacle of comicality with an ethical stance. It is possible to laugh at oneself in the face of adversity, at the sick body, but respecting the patient, and at postures of professional superiority concerning care, as a way of reversing the logic of power without questioning one’s professionalism, with an equal degree of protagonism. topics mask actor ridicule stance adversity body patient care ones one s professionalism protagonism

Résumé Au cours des dernières décennies, on observe une intense circulation de politiques en faveur des LGBTI+ au Brésil. Étant donné que ces politiques ont été marquées par de faibles capacités d’induction du gouvernement fédéral, comment expliquer leur circulation entre les niveaux et les unités de la fédération ? Pour répondre à cette question, l’article analyse la trajectoire de circulation des centres de référence LGBTI+ et du “tripode de la citoyenneté” dans cinq unités d’observation à partir de données d’entretiens et d’analyses documentaires. Les résultats indiquent que « l’activisme multiniveau » a été central pour la circulation de ces politiques, à travers la construction de réseaux informels d’interaction qui intègrent les niveaux, la formation d’organisations multiniveaux, l’action dans des arènes réunissant des acteurs de multiples niveaux et le déplacement et l’appartenance multiple des acteurs entre les niveaux. Ainsi, l’article défend la fécondité d’un « regard multiniveau » sur les relations entre les mouvements sociaux et les politiques publiques. décennies LGBTI Brésil dinduction d induction fédéral question larticle l article tripode citoyenneté dobservation observation dentretiens entretiens danalyses analyses documentaires lactivisme activisme dinteraction interaction dorganisations organisations multiniveaux laction action lappartenance appartenance Ainsi dun un publiques

Resumo Nas últimas décadas, observa-se uma intensa circulação de políticas para LGBTI+ no Brasil. Uma vez que tais políticas foram marcadas pela fraca capacidade de indução do Governo Federal, como explicar sua circulação entre níveis e unidades da federação? Para responder essa pergunta, o artigo analisa a trajetória de circulação dos centros de referência LGBTI+ e do “tripé da cidadania” em cinco unidades de observação a partir de dados de entrevistas e de análise documental. Os resultados indicam que o “ativismo multinível” foi fundamental para a circulação dessas políticas por meio: da construção de redes informais de interação que integram níveis; da formação de organizações multinível; da atuação em arenas que reúnem atores oriundos de múltiplos níveis; e do deslocamento e múltiplo pertencimento de atores entre níveis. O artigo defende, assim, a fertilidade de um “olhar multinível” para as relações entre movimentos sociais e políticas públicas. décadas observase observa se LGBTI Brasil Federal federação pergunta tripé cidadania documental ativismo multinível meio defende assim olhar públicas

Resumen En las últimas décadas, ha habido una intensa circulación de políticas LGBTI+ en Brasil. Dado que estas políticas han estado marcadas por la escasa capacidad de inducción del gobierno federal, ¿cómo explicar su circulación entre niveles y unidades de la federación? Para responder a esta pregunta, el artículo analiza la circulación de los centros de referencia LGBTI+ y el “trípode de la ciudadanía” en cinco unidades de observación a partir de datos de entrevistas y análisis documentales. Los resultados indican que el “activismo multinivel” fue fundamental para la circulación de estas políticas, a través de la construcción de redes de interacción informales que integran niveles, la formación de organizaciones multinivel, la acción en arenas que reúnen a actores de múltiples niveles y el desplazamiento y la pertenencia múltiple de actores entre niveles. El artículo defiende así la utilidad de una “visión multinivel” de la relación entre los movimientos sociales y las políticas públicas. décadas LGBTI Brasil federal cómo federación pregunta trípode ciudadanía documentales activismo multinivel visión públicas

Abstract During the past decades, an intense process of policy circulation of LGBTI+ policies has taken place in Brazil. Since those policies had weak induction capacities in the federal level, how to explain their circulation between levels and units of the Brazilian federation? To answer this question, this article analyses the circulation trajectories of the “LGBTI+ reference centers” and the “citizenship triplet” among five observation units using data from official documents and interviews. Results show that “multilevel activism” was crucial for the circulation of those policies, through the construction of informal interaction networks that integrate levels, the foundation of multilevel organizations, the action within arenas that gather actors from multiple levels and the displacement and multiple filiations of actors between levels. The article argues for the fertility of a “multilevel approach” to the relations between social movements and public policies. decades LGBTI Brazil level federation question “LGBTI centers citizenship triplet interviews activism organizations approach

RESUMEN Las cuatro misiones de la Universidad hacen que esta tenga un papel importante en el desarrollo económico y social a través de la formación del capital humano. Entre las misiones, se encuentran la enseñanza y la investigación. La enseñanza debe llevarse a cabo por medio de la investigación para generar las bases del conocimiento y el desarrollo de este. Además, debe generar el uso del conocimiento, su preservación y difusión mediante la interacción con usuarios. Por eso, se indagó en: 1) la formación de los estudiantes universitarios de Encarnación con relación a la CTI; 2) el índice de universidades de Encarnación que realizan transferencia de conocimiento; 3) la relación entre las MIPYMES y las universidades de Encarnación. Metodológicamente, se trabajó con la metodología cuantitativa-método descriptivo. Se aplicó una encuesta a directivos de 4 universidades privadas de la ciudad. Los resultados dan cuenta de la falta de capital humano calificado en I+D+i dentro de las universidades estudiadas, hecho que dificulta la implementación de las oficinas de transferencia de conocimiento (OTRI) pues la formación relacionada a la investigación e innovación se ven limitadas al no desarrollarse en todos los años de cursada, siendo esto, a nivel de grado y posgrado, además de la escasa actividad de vinculación con el medio. Estos hallazgos resaltan la limitada capacidad para generar nuevos conocimientos contextualizados a la realidad local y a su posterior aplicación eficiente.

ABSTRACT The four missions of the University give it an important role in economic and social development through the formation of human capital. Among the missions are teaching and research. Teaching must be carried out through research to generate the bases of knowledge and its development. It must also generate the use of knowledge, its preservation and dissemination through interaction with users. Therefore, we investigated: 1) the training of university students in Encarnación in relation to STI; 2) the index of universities in Encarnación that carry out knowledge transfer; 3) the relationship between MSMEs and universities in Encarnación. Methodologically, we worked with the quantitative methodology - descriptive method. A sur- vey was applied to managers of 4 private universities in the city. The results show the lack of qualified human capital in R+D+i within the universities studied, a fact that hinders the implementation of knowledge transfer offices (OTRI), since training related to research and innovation is limited because it is not developed in all the years of study, both at the undergraduate and graduate levels, in addition to the limited activity of linking with the environment. These findings highlight the limited capacity to generate new knowledge contextualized to the local reality and its subsequent efficient application.

Abstract: The shape of cities has historically been the expression of complex processes of material and energy differentiation. Like any open and self-regulating system, it needs to evolve by exchanging flows of information and matter with its environment based on non-linear interactions made up of hierarchies and complementarities necessary for its adaptation. In order to establish causality with the phenomenon of socio-spatial fragmentation, structural inequality has been analyzed as a stratifying factor of spatialities in urban space. The dialectical hermeneutic method has allowed the modeling of concepts from information theory and thermodynamics to explain the interaction logic of the operating subsystems and their consequences in the hybrid structuring of urban space. The identification of cycles and morphogenetic causality in the production of spatialities forms a theoretical-conceptual contribution to the study of urban dynamics when spatial proximity coexists with social distance as a norm.

Resumen: La forma de las ciudades ha sido históricamente la expresión de complejos procesos de diferenciación material y energética. Como todo sistema abierto y autorregulador, necesita evolucionar intercambiando flujos de información y materia con su entorno a partir de interacciones no lineales conformadas por jerarquías y complementariedades necesarias para su adaptación. Con el fin de establecer una causalidad con el fenómeno de la fragmentación socio- espacial, se ha analizado la desigualdad estructural como factor estratificador de las espacialidades en el espacio urbano. El método hermenéutico dialéctico ha permitido modelar conceptos de la teoría de la información y la termodinámica para explicar las lógicas de interacción de los (sub)sistemas operantes y sus consecuencias en la estructuración híbrida del espacio urbano. La identificación de ciclos y patrones morfogenéticos repetidos de manera sistémica en la producción de espacialidades conforma un aporte teórico- conceptual para el estudio de las dinámicas urbanas cuando conviven como una norma, la proximidad espacial con la distancia social.

Abstract Currently, social media (SM) have evolved beyond their initial purpose, reshaping social and political interactions. This study explores the effect of SM on the circulation of political information in Portoviejo, Ecuador. It examines how SM affects the dissemination and reception of this type of content in the region. Specific objectives included identifying the most used SM platforms, evaluating the predominant political content formats, and measuring their impact on users' political opinions. To this end, a mixed-methodological approach was adopted, both cross-sectional and prospective, and an anonymous survey was conducted, whose results were validated using concordance coefficients and Cronbach's Alpha. The findings reveal a preference for platforms like Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube, a diversity in types of multimedia content, exposure to varied political perspectives, and a notable influence on citizens' opinions and electoral decisions. Differences in online interaction levels and in the enrichment of political discourse were also detected, varying according to demographic and generational factors. These results provide a deeper understanding of the political environment in Portoviejo, offering crucial data for making informed political decisions and implementing effective strategies in the current digital context.

Resumen Actualmente, las redes sociales (RS) han evolucionado más allá de su propósito inicial, reconfigurando las interacciones sociales y políticas. Este estudio explora el efecto de las RS en la circulación de información política en Portoviejo, Ecuador. Se investiga cómo las RS afectan la difusión y recepción de este tipo de contenidos en la región. Los objetivos específicos incluyeron la identificación de las plataformas de RS más utilizadas, la evaluación de los formatos de contenido político predominantes y la medición de su impacto en las opiniones políticas de los usuarios. Para ello, se adoptó un enfoque metodológico mixto, tanto transversal como prospectivo, y se llevó a cabo una encuesta anónima cuyos resultados fueron validados mediante coeficientes de concordancia y el Alfa de Cronbach. Los resultados revelan una preferencia por plataformas como Facebook, Instagram, TikTok y YouTube, una diversidad en los tipos de contenidos multimedia, una exposición a variadas perspectivas políticas, y una notable influencia en las opiniones y decisiones electorales de los ciudadanos. También se detectaron diferencias en los niveles de interacción online y en el enriquecimiento del discurso político, variando según factores demográficos y generacionales. Estos resultados aportan una mayor comprensión del entorno político en Portoviejo, ofreciendo datos cruciales para la formulación de decisiones políticas informadas y la implementación de estrategias efectivas en el contexto digital actual.

Los modelos de regresión convencionales tienen entre sus supuestos: 1) que la variable de respuesta es numérica y continua (en la jerga técnica, se dice que tiene una distribución de frecuencia "normal"); y 2) que las observaciones son independientes entre sí. Sin embargo, para la mayoría de los problemas de investigación en las investigaciones sociales este no es el caso. A menudo, la variable de respuesta es cualitativa, por ejemplo, en formato binario, nominal categórico u ordinal. Otra dificultad común se produce en relación con la independencia entre observaciones, ya que el resultado de una observación puede correlacionarse de varias maneras con el resultado de las demás. Los modelos generalizados de efectos mixtos, también llamados modelos jerárquicos generalizados, son una solución a estas limitaciones. Son una técnica apropiada para el estudio de casos en los que se cree que las características y comportamientos de una determinada observación están influenciados por el conglomerado o agrupación a la que pertenece. De esta manera, es posible que el investigador considere, en un mismo modelo, los datos de contexto, los datos de los individuos y la interacción entre los dos niveles. El presente trabajo pretende difundir el uso de la modelación jerárquica como herramienta para el análisis de datos organizados en niveles o agrupaciones cuando la variable de respuesta no es una variable numérica continua (es decir, no tiene una distribución normal). Para ello, se presenta la teoría estadística que subyace a la técnica, acompañada de un análisis aplicado a los resultados de las elecciones nacionales en Brasil.

Modelos de regressão convencionais têm entre seus pressupostos: 1) que a variável resposta é numérica e contínua (em jargão técnico, diz-se que tem distribuição de frequências ‘normal’); e 2) que as observações são independentes entre si. Contudo, para grande parte dos problemas de pesquisa em investigações sociais esse não é o caso. Frequentemente a variável resposta é qualitativa, por exemplo, em formato binário, categórico nominal ou ordinal. Outra dificuldade comum ocorre em relação à independência entre as observações, pois o resultado de uma observação pode estar correlacionado de diversas formas ao resultado das demais. Os modelos generalizados de efeito misto, também chamados de modelos hierárquicos generalizados, constituem uma solução para essas limitações. São uma técnica apropriada para o estudo de casos em que se acredita que as características e os comportamentos de uma determinada observação são influenciados pelo conglomerado ou agrupamento a que ela pertence. Desse modo, possibilita-se que o pesquisador considere, num mesmo modelo, dados de contexto e dados de indivíduos. O presente trabalho pretende difundir o uso da modelagem hierárquica como ferramenta de análise de dados organizados em níveis ou agrupamentos quando a variável resposta não é variável numérica contínua (isto é, não possui uma distribuição normal). Para tanto, apresenta-se a teoria estatística subjacente à técnica, acompanhada de uma análise aplicada aos resultados de eleições nacionais do Brasil. 

Traditional regression models typically rest on two key assumptions: 1) that the response variable is numerical and continuous (commonly assumed to follow a normal distribution), and 2) that the observations are independent of one another. However, in many social science research contexts, these assumptions often do not hold. Frequently, the response variable is qualitative—such as binary, nominal, or ordinal—and the independence of observations is often violated, as outcomes from one observation may be correlated with others. Generalized mixed-effects models, also known as hierarchical generalized models, address these limitations. These models are particularly well-suited for cases where the characteristics and behaviors of an observation are thought to be influenced by the cluster or group to which it belongs. This allows researchers to account for both individual-level and contextual-level data within a single model, as well as the interaction between these levels. This paper aims to promote the use of hierarchical modeling as a valuable tool for analyzing data that is structured in levels or clusters, particularly when the response variable is not continuous or normally distributed. To illustrate the technique, we present supporting statistical theory and apply it to analyze results of Brazilian national elections.  

The widespread effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 led to the suspension of various activities, including education. Institutions responded by shifting to online learning, albeit facing challenges. Student perceptions on online learning are valuable for academic leadership in shaping pedagogies and policies. This study examines Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology students' perceptions (n=43) of online classes during the pandemic. Findings from a descriptive online survey with convenience sampling show that students favoured advantages such as recorded lectures, access to online materials, and self-paced study. However, they highlighted drawbacks like technical issues, limited patient interaction, and reduced engagement with lecturers. Online learning was regarded as effective for enhancing knowledge than for developing clinical skills or social competencies, whilst face-to-face teaching was seen as more effective for fostering clinical skills and social competence compared to online learning. While online learning was initially seen as a response to the pandemic, its formalization as part of a blended education approach in South African universities should align with global trends.

The National Development Plan (NDP) advocates for the elimination of poverty, and the reduction of inequality by 2030. These goals can only be achieved if we harness the energies of the people, build an inclusive economy, develop skills, improve the capacity of the state and promote leadership and partnerships across society. This is to be achieved through transforming society more equitably and at the same time making the country more competitive in the global economic system. The article seeks to explore how institutions of higher learning can be transformed through the production of future professors with a developmental agenda. Therefore, the NDP advocates continuous professional development, lifelong learning and knowledge production, and innovation as a focus for building the capacity of individuals and society. The article employed the modernisation theory as a vehicle to drive social change and transformation in higher education. The article employed a systematic review of the literature on transformation and social change in higher education as advocated in the NDP. The findings of the article show that universal human development can be achieved by respecting human rights, promoting equality and empowering people to exercise the opportunities and choices they value in higher education. The article recommends that a structured interaction between lecturers and students within the context of transformative change and social justice should be prioritised in higher education. This can only be achieved through preparing the future professor with a developmental agenda to assist in shaping higher education by designing a curriculum that responds to the needs of the current cohort of students.

Abstract: Hospitals, as the main entities providing medical services, face the crucial question of how to ensure the fairness and accessibility of medical services in strengthening the construction of integrity ethics. Patient-centered care is the code of conduct for medical services, requiring hospitals to provide high-quality and efficient medical services. This study delves into patients’ experiences, needs, and expectations regarding the construction of integrity ethics in hospitals, aiming to offer guidance and practical pathways for protecting patient rights, promoting reforms in the medical service system, and building trust-based doctor-patient relationships. In the context of an aging population and the goal of achieving universal health coverage, it is essential to allocate medical resources reasonably, ensuring the quality and credibility of medical services. Based on the stance of protecting patient rights, this study analyzes the current state of China’s medical service system and proposes specific measures to improve the quality of medical services and patient satisfaction, striving to provide valuable references for fostering positive interaction between patients and hospitals.

Resumen: Los hospitales, como principales entidades proveedoras de servicios médicos, se enfrentan a un punto crucial: cómo garantizar la equidad y la accesibilidad de los servicios médicos en el fortalecimiento de la construcción de la ética de la integridad. La atención centrada en el paciente es el código de conducta de los servicios médicos, que exige a los hospitales la prestación de servicios médicos eficientes y de alta calidad. Este estudio profundiza en las experiencias, necesidades y expectativas de los pacientes en relación con la construcción de una ética de la integridad en los hospitales, con el objetivo de ofrecer orientación y vías prácticas para proteger sus derechos, promover reformas en el sistema de servicios médicos y construir relaciones médico-paciente basadas en la confianza. En el contexto del envejecimiento de la población y el objetivo de lograr una cobertura sanitaria universal, es esencial asignar los recursos médicos de manera razonable, garantizando la calidad y la credibilidad de los servicios médicos. Partiendo de la postura de proteger los derechos del paciente, este estudio analiza el estado actual del sistema de servicios médicos en China y propone medidas concretas para mejorar su calidad y la satisfacción del paciente, esforzándose por ofrecer referencias para promover una interacción positiva entre pacientes y hospitales.

Resumo: Hospitais, como principais entidades fornecedoras de serviços médicos, enfrentam a questão crucial de como garantir equidade e acessibilidade dos serviços médicos no fortalecimento da construção de integridade ética. Cuidados centrados no paciente é o código de conduta para serviços médicos, requerendo que hospitais forneçam serviços médicos de alta qualidade e eficientes.Esse estudo investiga as experiências, necessidades e expectativas dos pacientes a respeito da construção de integridade ética nos hospitais, visando oferecer diretrizes e caminhos práticos para a proteção dos direitos dos pacientes, promovendo reformas no sistema de serviços médicos e construindo relações médico-paciente baseadas na confiança. No contexto do envelhecimento da população e do objetivo de alcançar cobertura universal da saúde, é essencial alocar recursos médicos de forma satisfatória, garantindo a qualidade e credibilidade dos serviços médicos. Baseado na orientação de proteger os direitos dos pacientes, esse estudo analisa o estado atual do sistema de serviços médicos da China e propõe medidas específicas para melhorar a qualidade dos serviços médicos e a satisfação dos pacientes, aspirando fornecer referências valiosas para promover uma interação positiva entre pacientes e hospitais.

RESUMO Este artigo objetivou discutir o potencial analítico e operacional do conceito de território para formulação de propostas que visam promover a criação de territórios sustentáveis e saudáveis. O debate acerca desse conceito tem relação com o processo de globalização e suas redes de relações socioeconômicas que vêm produzindo ao longo das últimas décadas novos espaços de conflitos e de ressurgimento de identidades. A globalização desses espaços tem intensificado as desigualdades sociais e de saúde promovendo fluxos, mas, ao mesmo tempo, barreiras para as relações humanas. Território-rede se configura como a criação de uma forma espacial que reúne diversos territórios simultaneamente e está associado a poder, propriedades micro e macropolíticas das relações sociais que se manifestam a partir da territorialização dos atores sociais. Formas de conceber território surgem relacionadas à escala do corpo ampliando a sua compreensão como sinônimo de espaço de vida, humano e não humano, em uma perspectiva relacional e indissociável. O conceito de território contribui para abordagem dos territórios sustentáveis e saudáveis como base de análise e de atuação para interação e cooperação solidária entre o corpo do indivíduo, a sociedade, os seres vivos e o planeta, fundamentos para práticas emancipatórias e produtoras de autonomia e de saúde. identidades fluxos mas tempo humanas Territóriorede Território rede poder vida indissociável indivíduo sociedade planeta

ABSTRACT This article aims to discuss the analytical and operational potential of the concept of territory to formulate proposals and promoting the creation of healthy and sustainable territories. The debate about the territory concept is related to the globalization process and the networks of socioeconomic relations that have been shaping new spaces, producing conflicts and raising local identities. Globalization and these spaces have been aggravating social and health inequalities, promoting flows but also building barriers for human relations. The relationship territory-network is a process of production of a new spatial form that brings together several territories simultaneously and is associated with power, the micro and macropolitical properties of social relations that manifest themselves from the territorialization of social actors. Ways of conceiving territory arise from the body, expanding the scale and its understanding as a synonym of living space, human and non-human, in a relational and integrate perspective. The concept of territory contributes to the approach of healthy and sustainable territories as a basis for analysis, action, interaction, solidarity and cooperation among the individual’s body, society, living beings and the planet, which are the foundations for emancipatory practices and producers of autonomy and health. identities inequalities territorynetwork network power actors body space nonhuman, nonhuman non human, non-human perspective analysis action interaction individuals individual s society planet

RESUMEN El desarrollo que alcance un infante con repercusión en el resto de su vida adulta, será resultado tanto, de la interacción de sus características biológicas y psicológicas, como de las experiencias que le ofrezca su medio social. De ahí que se afirme el carácter biopsicosocial de los seres humanos y que se valore la socialización desde las primeras edades, por lo positivo y estimulante en su desarrollo. Sin embargo, en ocasiones, esa interacción es limitada por disímiles factores, que pueden partir desde el propio individuo, poseedor de determinadas características que condicionan su interacción con el medio y la particularizan; de la familia como ente propiciador o represor de la misma; de la propia sociedad o comunidad que la favorezca, promueva o estimule. Tal es el caso de los niños con necesidades educativas especiales, neurodivergentes y en situación de discapacidad. En coherencia, se diseñó un proyecto comunitario contentivo de acciones que contribuyen a la socialización y la estimulación del desarrollo de niños neurodivergentes, con énfasis en aquellos diagnosticados con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA). Prevalecen en el estudio los métodos: revisión bibliográfica, análisis-síntesis, entrevistas y observación. Los resultados proyectan la satisfacción de necesidades educativas básicas para la inclusión socioeducativa.

ABSTRACT The development that an infant achieves with repercussions on the rest of his or her adult life will be the result of both the interaction of her biological and psychological characteristics and the experiences that her social environment offers her. Hence, the biopsychosocial character of human beings is affirmed and socialization is valued from the earliest ages, due to its positive and stimulating development. However, sometimes, this interaction is limited by dissimilar factors, which can come from the individual himself, who possesses certain characteristics that condition his interaction with the environment and make it particular; of the family as an entity that promotes or represses it; of the society or community itself that favors, promotes or stimulates it. This is the case of children with special educational needs, neurodivergents and those with disabilities. In coherence, a community project was designed containing actions that contribute to the socialization and stimulation of the development of neurodivergent children, with emphasis on those diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The methods prevail in the study: bibliographic review, analysis- synthesis, interviews and observation. The results project the satisfaction of basic educational needs for socio-educational inclusion.

Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) strategies benefit learners with complex communication needs (CCN) by allowing them to participate, interact and learn. AAC is realised in the South African Education policy; however, research indicates that many teachers still have limited AAC knowledge. With this study we aimed to describe the effect of a newly developed evidence-based AAC training programme on special school teachers' perceptions of their own abilities related to teaching learners with CCN as well as their perceptions of the general academic, communication, and classroom interaction skills of learners with CCN and finally the teachers' perceptions of the inclusion of learners with CCN. A quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test group design with a non-randomised control group was used, employing a standardised measuring instrument, with 5 subscales, namely the modified teachers attitude scale (MTAS). The sample size included 58 teachers who participated: 6 in the pilot, 34 in the experimental and 18 in the control group. The brief AAC training session of 4 hours had a positive, statistically significant effect on several items on the subscales measuring teachers' perceptions of their abilities related to teaching learners with CCN, as well as their perceptions of the communication of learners with CCN, classroom interaction skills, and teachers' perceptions on the inclusion of learners with CCN. AAC training is recommended for special school teachers to enhance their own knowledge and to enhance the academic and social skills of learners with CCN. Furthermore, future studies are recommended to determine the prevalence of learners with CCN to influence the planning of services for this population in this context.

Abstract A minor murdered his parents and siblings in Elche (Spain) in February 2022. This case has offered the possibility of analysing this type of crime, which is so rarely studied in Spain. In a novel way the paper research analyses the social reaction to a case of parricide. For this purpose, a total of 7200 messages published in the days following the event were analysed using NVIVO 12. The measures of central tendency indicate the influence of the traditional media in defining the framing of the treatment of the case, but also the capacity of new actors to incorporate new perspectives and question the media discourse. Alongside this analysis, a qualitative analysis of the discourse conveyed in the messages has been developed. This research contributes to productively using media information to analyse various social phenomena. It also aids in understanding processes of the social construction of violence and its effects within the framework of current communication.

Resumo Em fevereiro de 2022, um menor assassinou seus pais e irmãos em Elche (Espanha). Esse caso ofereceu a possibilidade de analisar esse tipo de crime, que é tão raramente estudado na Espanha. Nesta pesquisa, é analisada, de forma inovadora, a reação social a um caso de parricídio. Para isso, usando o NVIVO 12, foi analisado um total de 7 200 mensagens publicadas nos dias seguintes ao ocorrido. As medidas de tendência central indicam a influência da mídia tradicional na definição do enquadramento do tratamento do caso, além da capacidade dos novos atores de incorporar novas perspectivas e questionar o discurso da mídia. Juntamente com essa análise, foi desenvolvida uma análise qualitativa do discurso veiculado nas mensagens. Esta pesquisa contribui para aproveitar as informações provenientes da mídia para analisar diferentes fenômenos sociais e compreender os processos de construção social da violência e seus efeitos no âmbito da comunicação atual.

Resumen En febrero de 2022, un menor asesinó a sus padres y hermanos en Elche (España). Este caso ha ofrecido la posibilidad de analizar este tipo de delitos, tan escasamente estudiados en España. La presente investigación analiza, de una forma novedosa, la reacción social ante un caso de parricidio. Para ello, mediante el uso de NVIVO 12, han sido analizados un total de 7200 mensajes publicados en los días posteriores al hecho. Las medidas de tendencia central señalan la influencia de los medios de comunicación tradicionales para definir el encuadre del tratamiento del caso, pero también la capacidad de nuevos actores para incorporar nuevas perspectivas y cuestionar el discurso de los medios. Junto con este análisis se ha desarrollado un análisis cualitativo del discurso emitido en los mensajes. Esta investigación contribuye a aprovechar la información procedente de los medios de comunicación para analizar diversos fenómenos sociales y comprender los procesos de construcción social de la violencia y sus efectos en el marco de la comunicación actual.

Abstract This article examines the contributions of so-called historical or processual sociology to the analysis of racism in Brazil, based on four central concepts: revolution, reproduction, formation and event. The central argument is that the processual analysis of events, in the different approaches selected, offers some alternatives for tackling the main obstacle faced in the field of the sociology of racism: jointly explaining the formation of racial inequalities and their social production in the interaction and sociability between agents. It is suggested that the specific objective of historical sociology in this field of research is the racialization of the social experience of time, that is, the constitution of racialized temporalities. socalled so called Brazil concepts revolution reproduction event events selected agents time temporalities

Resumo Este artigo examina as contribuições da chamada sociologia histórica ou processual para análise do racismo no Brasil a partir de quatro conceitos centrais: revolução, reprodução, formação e evento. O argumento central é que a análise processual dos acontecimentos, nas diferentes abordagens selecionadas, oferece algumas alternativas para enfrentar o principal obstáculo enfrentado no campo da sociologia do racismo: explicar conjuntamente a formação das desigualdades raciais e sua produção social na interação e sociabilidade entre os agentes. Sugere-se que o objetivo específico da sociologia histórica neste campo de pesquisa é a racialização da experiência social do tempo, isto é, a constituição de temporalidades racializadas. centrais revolução reprodução evento acontecimentos selecionadas agentes Sugerese Sugere se tempo racializadas

International students are susceptible to threats to their well-being, as their immigrant status in host societies exposes them to unique challenges such as language difficulties, cultural differences, social isolation, and discrimination (to list a few). Relationships are an important component of individuals' well-being that can mitigate these challenges. Hence, this study aimed to explore the experiences of relational well-being of African international students at a South African university. The study adopted a qualitative design wherein semi-structured interviews were employed to collect data from 16 participants (mean age = 24; females = 5; males = 11). Using thematic analysis, we found that African international students have reciprocal positive relationships with local and other immigrant students, and these contribute to well-being outcomes in the social, psychological, and educational domains of life. In addition, the prevailing institutional culture and the availability of spaces that provide opportunities for interaction are important determinants of relational experiences in the university campus space. It is recommended that student affairs departments create spaces in which African international students could further engage and interact with a diverse group of students to enhance their relational well-being.