Resumen Se estudia el emprendimiento y la reintegración de personas colombianas que migraron a Venezuela hacia el año 2000 y fueron deportadas a Colombia en 2015 por el gobierno venezolano. Se investiga hasta qué punto sus movilidades espaciales transfronterizas y sus redes sociales contribuyen al avance de sus microemprendimientos, y cómo el contexto geopolítico influye en su reintegración socioeconómica. La metodología comprende la observación etnográfica multisituada, las entrevistas biográficas, los mapas mentales y los talleres participativos Minga realizados con 18 individuos. Se concluye que, pese a su notable resiliencia, las personas en retorno y sus emprendimientos se enfrentan a una precariedad constante debido a la falta de apoyo estatal, los conflictos geopolíticos prevalentes, la débil economía local y el trauma de la deportación. Así mismo, buscando mejorar su reintegración socioeconómica, los migrantes que retornan efectúan estrategias de movilidad transfronteriza para aprovechar las oportunidades ofrecidas por diferentes lugares en Colombia y Venezuela.

Abstract This paper explores the entrepreneurship and reintegration of Colombians who migrated to Venezuela around 2000 and were arbitrarily deported to Colombia in 2015 by the Venezuelan government. It asks to what extent their cross-border spatial mobilities and social networks help develop their microenterprises and how the geopolitical context influences their socioeconomic reintegration. The methodology includes multi-sited ethnographic observation, biographical interviews, mental maps, and participatory Minga workshops carried out with 18 individuals. It is concluded that, despite their remarkable resilience, these individuals and their business ventures face constant precarity due to a lack of state support, prevalent geopolitical conflicts, a weak local economy, and the trauma of deportation. At the same time, in an attempt to improve their socioeconomic reintegration, returning migrants deploy cross-border mobility strategies to take advantage of the opportunities offered by different localities in Colombia and Venezuela.

Abstract Over the last few years, a context of poverty and uncertainty has been looming over the future of Brazil, bringing an increase in cost of living and unemployment along with it. In the face of this scenario, it is necessary to look for other opportunities for work and remuneration. As such, entrepreneurship appears as a possibility to generate an income source. Entrepreneurs do not always start businesses following conventional management theories, as they are subjects just looking for an opportunity to help them survive. This study looks for a possible characterization of the social innovator in a crossroads through the theories of three authors: Souza Neto, Sarasvathy and Carrieri, who focus on the entrepreneur performing social innovation, generating income for themselves and, most times, solving issues that have not been yet solved by the State in their territory. This study compares the aforementioned theories through an integrational literature review performed in 2022, with field observations of the researchers with entrepreneurs in peripheral areas as of 15 years ago. The objective is to characterize the social innovator in a crossroads in an attempt to extend the field of view to the small entrepreneur using gaps in the system, without systematic knowledge of management to perform their entrepreneurial activities.

Resumen Un contexto de pobreza e incertidumbre sobre el futuro azota a la población brasileña en los últimos años, trayendo consigo aumento del costo de vida y desempleo. En este escenario, es necesario buscar otras oportunidades de trabajo y remuneración. El emprendimiento por necesidad surge entonces como una opción posible para generar ingresos. Y estos emprendedores no siempre inician sus negocios de acuerdo con las teorías administrativas convencionales, ya que son individuos que buscan oportunidades de supervivencia. Este trabajo busca una posible caracterización del innovador social encrucijada, a través de la teoría de tres autores: Souza Neto, Sarasvathy y Carrieri, quien es el emprendedor que innova socialmente generando ingresos para sí mismo y la mayor parte del tiempo resolviendo problemas que aún no han sido resueltos por el Estado en sus territorios. Buscamos caracterizar al innovador social en la encrucijada en un intento de ampliar la mirada de este pequeño empresario que aprovecha los vacíos del sistema sin un conocimiento sistemático de la administración para llevar a cabo su forma de emprender.

Resumo Há um contexto de pobreza e incerteza perante o futuro no Brasil dos últimos anos, trazendo consigo o aumento do custo de vida e o desemprego. Nesse cenário faz-se necessária a busca por outras oportunidades de trabalho e remuneração. O empreendedorismo por necessidade surge, então, como uma opção possível para gerar renda. Estes empreendedores nem sempre começam os seus negócios de acordo com as teorias administrativas convencionais, pois são sujeitos que buscam oportunidades de sobrevivência. Este trabalho busca uma possível caracterização do inovador social de encruzilhada, através da teoria de três autores: Souza Neto, Sa-rasvathy e Carrieri, que focam no empreendedor que inova socialmente gerando renda para si e, na maior parte das vezes, resolvendo questões que ainda não foram resolvidas pelo Estado em seus territórios. Este trabalho compara estas teorias por meio de uma revisão integrativa de literatura realizada em 2022, com as observações de campo das pesquisadoras com empreendedores periféricos, há 15 anos. Buscamos caracterizar o inovador social de encruzilhada na tentativa de ampliar o olhar para esse pequeno empreendedor que utiliza as brechas do sistema sem um conhecimento sistemático de administração para realizar a sua forma de empreender.

ABSTRACT Professional orientation and entrepreneurship emerge as a necessary relationship in Cuban Higher Education, taking into account the need to stimulate the training of entrepreneurial students with professional life projects that enable their contribution to the municipality as a space for the common good. By virtue of what has been expressed, the article intends to socialize an educational strategy aimed at gradually promoting entrepreneurship, from the professional orientation process. The proposal was structured into three specific strategic actions: redefinition of entrepreneurship as a process and result, training for the pedagogical group and the design of professional orientation workshops "Youth, entrepreneurship and local development." For this, a qualitative methodology was used that considers the interpretation of the results from a dialectical conception, with the use of historical-logical methods, modeling and the help of documentary analysis and the Iadov technique for the evaluation of the proposal. The results reveal the potential of an educational strategy that contains actions and operations that favor the training of entrepreneurial students with professional life projects that stimulate the use of knowledge for prosperous, sustainable, equitable and inclusive municipal development.

RESUMO A orientação profissional e o empreendedorismo surgem como uma relação necessária no Ensino Superior cubano, tendo em conta a necessidade de estimular a formação de estudantes empreendedores com projetos de vida profissional que possibilitem a sua contribuição para o município como espaço de bem comum. Em virtude do exposto, o artigo pretende socializar uma estratégia educativa que visa promover gradativamente o empreendedorismo, a partir do processo de orientação profissional. A proposta foi estruturada em três ações estratégicas específicas: redefinição do empreendedorismo como processo e resultado, formação do grupo pedagógico e concepção de oficinas de orientação profissional "Juventude, empreendedorismo e desenvolvimento local". Para isso, utilizou-se uma metodologia qualitativa que considera a interpretação dos resultados a partir de uma concepção dialética, com utilização de métodos histórico-lógicos, modelagem e auxílio da análise documental e da técnica de Iadov para a avaliação da proposta. Os resultados revelam o potencial de uma estratégia educacional que contenha ações e operações que favoreçam a formação de estudantes empreendedores com projetos de vida profissional que estimulem o uso do conhecimento para o desenvolvimento municipal próspero, sustentável, equitativo e inclusivo.

RESUMEN Orientación profesional y emprendimiento, emergen como una relación necesaria en la Educación Superior cubana, teniendo en cuenta la necesidad de estimular la formación de estudiantes emprendedores con proyectos de vida profesionales que posibiliten su aporte al municipio como espacio de bien común. En virtud de lo expresado, el articulo tiene la intención de socializar una estrategia educativa orientada a potenciar de modo gradual el emprendimiento, desde el proceso de orientación profesional. La propuesta se estructuró en tres acciones estratégicas específicas: resignificación del emprendimiento como proceso y resultado, la capacitación al colectivo pedagógico y el diseño de talleres de orientación profesional "Juventud, emprendimiento y desarrollo local". Para ello, se utilizó una metodología cualitativa que pondera la interpretación de los resultados desde una concepción dialéctica, con el empleo de los métodos histórico-lógico, la modelación y el auxilio del análisis documental y la técnica de Iadov para la evaluación de la propuesta. Los resultados develan, las potencialidades de una estrategia educativa que contiene acciones y operaciones que favorece la formación de estudiantes emprendedores con proyectos de vida profesionales que estimulan el uso del conocimiento en función un desarrollo municipal prospero, sostenible, equitativo e incluyente.

Resumen La comida popular al alcance de las personas tiene relevancia social, nutricional e impacta en la salud de forma importante. Este trabajo aborda el uso tanto de la metodología del Design Thinking y de la teoría de la pirámide de la sostenibilidad para mejorar el valor nutritivo y saludable de un alimento popular, buscando al mismo tiempo conservar e incrementar el valor de ese alimento y beneficiar al consumidor. El análisis de la pirámide de sostenibilidad en el diseño de un alimento funcional utilizando la metodología Design Thinking enfatiza el valor nutricional para promover la participación en el diseño de alimentos nutritivos y saludables para la población. Al aplicar este método para el diseño y mejora de alimentos se cubren las expectativas básicas del usuario final de forma empática, permitiendo obtener una mayor certidumbre respecto al emprendimiento en nuevos productos alimentarios con un enfoque sustentable.

Abstract Popular food available to people has social and nutritional relevance and impacts health in an important way. This work addresses the use of both the Design Thinking methodology and the sustainability pyramid theory to improve the nutritional and healthy value of a popular food, seeking at the same time to preserve and increase the value of that food and benefit the consumer. The analysis of the sustainability pyramid in the design of a functional food using the Design Thinking methodology emphasizes nutritional value to promote participation in the design of nutritious and healthy foods for the population. By applying this method to the design and improvement of food, the basic expectations of the end user are met in an empathetic way, allowing greater certainty to be obtained regarding entrepreneurship in new food products with a sustainable approach.

Abstract This research analyzes the relationship between the economic and social dimensions that converge in the empowerment. The sample consist of sixteen businessmen and businesswomen owners of a MSMEs, of eight Mexican states, based on Gender and Development (GAD) theory. The context of the analysis is the economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The study involved semi-structured interviews, which were processed with Atlas Ti. The research applied an axial coding, linking the empowerment with the economic and social dimensions. It shows that the main motivation in the economic dimension of business owners is economic autonomy and the management of their time. At the beginning of the entrepreneurship, the main challenges were fear and lack of resources. Nowadays, the hardships they face are the pandemic effects, the payment of taxes, and insecurity. In the social dimension, business owners agree that family is a fundamental aspect of their life. The research concludes that social dimension divergence occurs in gender disparities like care of children and household activities done almost exclusively by women, which impacts their business activity (economic dimension). It is recommended to strengthen public policies focused on GAD and its multidimensional link to empowerment.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las relaciones entre las dimensiones económicas y sociales que convergen en el empoderamiento, de una muestra de dieciséis empresarias y empresarios propietarios de una mipyme, pertenecientes a ocho entidades federativas de México, con base en la teoría del género en el desarrollo (GED). El contexto de estudio se ubica en los retos derivados de la crisis económica producida por la pandemia de COVID-19. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, analizándose mediante Atlas Ti. Se aplicó la codificación axial, para relacionar la categoría de empoderamiento con las dimensiones económicas y sociales. Los hallazgos demostraron que en la dimensión económica la principal motivación de las y los empresarios es la autonomía económica y el manejo del tiempo propio. Los principales retos al iniciar fueron el miedo y la falta de recursos. Actualmente, los desafíos que afrontan son los efectos de la pandemia, el pago de impuestos y la inseguridad. En la dimensión social, concuerdan que la familia es un pilar fundamental. Se concluye que la divergencia de la dimensión social se presenta en las disparidades de género, en el cuidado casi exclusivo de los hijos y las actividades del hogar por parte de las mujeres, lo cual impacta en su actividad empresarial (dimensión económica). Se recomienda fortalecer la implementación de políticas públicas desde el GED y su vínculo multidimensional en el empoderamiento.

Abstract For centuries, there has been gender inequality in Mexico, particularly in indigenous communities, where women depend economically on men. We report forms of participation and expectations of the founding members and later joiners of a women’s cooperative formed by splitting off from a social and solidarity economy entrepreneurship of male and female members. We analyze the case of the Junpajal O'tanil cooperative integrated by 96 Tseltal women, comparing differences in the perception of the founding members and those who joined later. Our hypothesis is that entrepreneurship exclusively formed by women, where they actively participate in decision-making, is a field that allows their empowerment and leadership, as well as the balance between caretaking tasks and income-related activities. During a field visit, we gathered information on the last five years from the splitting process to date. We find the women's cooperative makes the elements mentioned in the hypothesis possible. We identified that the decision to split off is related to the need to participate in strategic decision-making. We conclude that in this case, a women-only space can lower inhibiting factors for female empowerment and leadership, leading later to substantive inclusion and equality. This quasi-experimental research contributes to the empowerment of women from similar contexts, as well as to set grounds of participation for their full integration later. We contribute to filling a gap in studies on gender equality in the context of entrepreneurship in indigenous communities.

Resumen Durante siglos ha habido desigualdad de género en México, particularmente en comunidades indígenas, donde existe dependencia económica de las mujeres. Reportamos las formas de participación y expectativas de las socias fundadoras y de incorporación posterior en una cooperativa de mujeres formada por escisión de un emprendimiento mixto de economía social y solidaria. Analizamos el caso de Junpajal O’tanil, integrada por 96 mujeres tseltales, comparando diferencias en la percepción de las socias fundadoras y de incorporación posterior. Como hipótesis planteamos que este emprendimiento exclusivo de mujeres, donde participan activamente en la toma de decisiones, es un espacio que permite su empoderamiento y liderazgo, así como el equilibrio entre los trabajos de cuidado y las actividades generadoras de ingresos. Realizamos una visita de campo para obtener información de los cinco años desde el proceso de escisión hasta la fecha. Encontramos que la cooperativa de mujeres posibilita los elementos planteados en la hipótesis. Identificamos que la decisión de escisión está relacionada con la necesidad de participar en la toma de decisiones estratégicas. Concluimos que, en este caso, un espacio exclusivo de mujeres reduce los factores inhibidores del empoderamiento y liderazgo femeninos y puede ir llevando a la inclusión e igualdad sustantivas. Esta investigación cuasiexperimental puede contribuir al empoderamiento de mujeres de contextos similares, abriendo caminos de participación para su plena integración posterior. Contribuimos a llenar un vacío en cuanto a estudios sobre la igualdad de género en el contexto de los emprendimientos en comunidades indígenas.

ABSTRACT To contribute to knowledge development on global South sustainable entrepreneurship, this work describes how these entrepreneurs seek to sensitize and educate the local community about sustainable living through their business model. Three sustainable companies from the gastronomic sector in northwestern Mexico were studied, focusing attention on the experiences of entrepreneurs and their interactions in the social space. ATLAS.ti qualitative analysis tool was used to encode the text of the in-depth interviews. The results indicate that there are various ways that these entrepreneurs use to sensitize and educate the local community; for example, they raise awareness among their workers and clients about recycling, environmental care, adaptation to local conditions, the importance of changing habits of consumption, and especially of the diverse ways in which the ecosystem can be respected. For these entrepreneurs, sustainable development is a way of life that they share with their community through diverse actions of social interaction.

RESUMEN El artículo tiene como objetivo contribuir al desarrollo de conocimiento sobre emprendimiento sustentable de la región del sur global, describiendo las diversas formas en las que los emprendedores interactúan en el espacio social. Se estudiaron tres empresas sustentables del sector gastronómico del noroeste de México, centrando la atención en las diversas acciones de interacción social en la que estos emprendedores sensibilizan y educan a la comunidad local sobre vida sustentable a través de su modelo de negocio. Se utilizó la herramienta para análisis cualitativo ATLAS.ti para codificar el texto de las entrevistas. Los resultados indican que estos emprendedores concientizan a sus colaboradores y clientes sobre reciclaje, cuidado del medio ambiente, adaptación a las condiciones locales y modificar hábitos de consumo. Para estos emprendedores el desarrollo sustentable es un estilo de vida que comparten con su comunidad mediante diversas acciones de interacción social.

Abstract The role of women is particularly relevant for the economic and social development in rural areas. The purpose of this study was to identify the situation of eleven women entrepreneurs living in rural areas in the Southern part of the state of Jalisco, with the hope of promoting the entrepreneurship in these regions. For this purpose, two case studies were carried out using different qualitative techniques for data collection: documentary analysis, in-depth interviews and participant observation. The socio-demographic profile, the family situation, the level of education, the strategies for reconciling family and work, the characteristics of the production and/or business, the needs they had as women entrepreneurs, and the skills they had for such work, were the main variables analyzed by a data triangulation. The results show that, despite their poor educational level and low involvement in the labor market, rural women in Southern Jalisco acquired entrepreneurial abilities through observation and family experience. However, they lack other factors necessary to engage in the labor market. They themselves gave the keys to fostering rural women’s entrepreneurship in the community.

Resumen El papel de la mujer es especialmente relevante para el desarrollo económico y social del medio rural. El propósito de este estudio fue caracterizar la situación de las mujeres emprendedoras de dos comunidades rurales de la zona sur del estado de Jalisco con la esperanza de fomentar el emprendimiento en el medio rural. Para ello, se llevaron a cabo dos estudios de caso a través del uso de diferentes técnicas de naturaleza cualitativa para la recogida de los datos: análisis documental, entrevistas en profundidad y observación participante. Mediante la triangulación de los datos obtenidos, las variables analizadas fueron principalmente el perfil sociodemográfico, la situación familiar, el nivel educativo, las estrategias de conciliación familiar y laboral, las características de la producción y/o empresa, las necesidades que tenían como mujeres emprendedoras y las habilidades que presentaban para tal labor. Los datos obtenidos muestran que, a pesar de su bajo nivel educativo y su baja participación en el mercado laboral, las mujeres rurales del sur de Jalisco presentan habilidades emprendedoras adquiridas a través de la observación y la experiencia familiar, pero carecen de otros factores necesarios para emprender. Ellas mismas dieron las claves para fomentar el emprendimiento de las mujeres rurales de la comunidad.

Resumen: La orientación emprendedora es crucial para que los agricultores desempeñen su actividad económica con mayor crecimiento. El entorno institucional y la colaboración juegan un papel importante para desarrollar habilidades de emprendimiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto mediador de las redes de colaboración en la relación de los pilares institucionales y la orientación emprendedora de los campesinos. Se tomó como base la teoría neoinstitucional, la teoría del capital social y la teoría de los recursos y capacidades. Se hizo un estudio empírico con base en un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Se realizó un levantamiento de información con 192 productores agrícolas localizados en el estado de Aguascalientes. En la postura emprendedora, la proactividad fue más importante que arriesgarse o ser más innovador para abarcar con mayor profundidad el mercado. La mediación de las redes de colaboración entre los agricultores ayuda con los costos de las regulaciones, el desconocimiento del entorno institucional y la administración de la actividad agrícola.

Abstract: Entrepreneurial orientation is crucial for farmers to carry out their economic activity with greater growth. The institutional environment and collaboration play an important role in de veloping entrepreneurial skills. The objective of this study was to determine the mediating effect of collaboration networks in the relationship between institutional pillars and the entrepreneurial orientation of peasants. The neoinstitutional theory, the theory of social capital and the theory of resources and capabilities are taken as a theoretical basis. It is an empirical study based on a structural equation model. An information survey was carried out with 192 agricultural producers located in the state of Aguascalientes. Relevant results were obtained on the involvement of the entrepreneurial stance, taking into account that the dimension of proactivity is more important than taking risks or being more innovative to cover the market in greater depth. An important finding was that the mediation of collaborative networks between farmers helps lower the costs of regulations and overcome the lack of knowledge about the institutional context and agricultural activity management.

Resumo Com esta pesquisa, buscou-se identificar as estratégias que os empreendedores sociais utilizam para criar e fazer crescer seus negócios a partir da análise da dimensão cognitiva e dos facilitadores do entorno. Recorreu-se ao estudo de caso múltiplo para explorar empresas sociais representativas do Peru. Os resultados mostraram que a desejabilidade do negócio define a gestão dos primeiros anos dele e é impulsionada pela empatia e pelos princípios morais, enquanto a factibilidade, guiada pela autoeficácia, permite um crescimento mais sustentado. As quatro estratégias, 1) manter a coerência, 2) balancear a paixão e a razão, 3) o autoaprendizado e 4) a colaboração ativa, permitem o crescimento das empresas sociais.

Resumen Con esta investigación se buscó identificar las estrategias que los emprendedores sociales utilizan para crear y hacer crecer sus negocios a partir del análisis de la dimensión cognitiva y de los facilitadores del entorno. Se recurrió al estudio de caso múltiple para explorar empresas sociales representativas del Perú. Los resultados mostraron que la deseabilidad del negocio define la gestión de los primeros años del negocio y es impulsada por la empatía y los principios morales, mientras que la factibilidad, guiada por la autoeficacia, permite un crecimiento más sostenido. Las cuatro estrategias, 1) mantener la coherencia, 2) balancear la pasión y la razón, 3) el autoaprendizaje y 4) la colaboración activa, permiten el crecimiento de las empresas sociales. Clasificación JEL: M10; M13; M14.

Abstract This research aimed to identify the strategies that social entrepreneurs use to create and grow their businesses through the analysis of cognitive dimensions and environmental facilitators. Multiple case studies were conducted to explore representative social enterprises in Peru. The results showed that business desirability defines the management of the initial years of the business, driven by empathy and moral principles, while feasibility, guided by self-efficacy, enables more sustainable growth. Four strategies, 1) maintaining coherence, 2) balancing passion and reason, 3) self-learning, and 4) active collaboration, facilitate the growth of social enterprises.

ABSTRACT This article evaluates the impact of a training project, the Business Accelerator for Women-Led Artisanal Enterprises, driven Universidad Tecnológica Empresarial de Guayaquil with support from the French Embassy in Ecuador. The study focuses on how mentorship and support in business and marketing skills influence creativity, economic empowerment, and success in the commercialization of non-perishable goods in women's enterprises. Using a mixed-methodological approach, the perception of 50 participants was assessed through surveys and focus groups. The workshops, conducted online, covered topics such as women's artisanal entrepreneurship, leadership, empowerment, and digital marketing. The results showed a improvement in knowledge and skills, highlighting empowerment in pricing definition and effective use of social networks. The participants also reflected a strengthening in leadership and self-confidence. The study suggests the effectiveness of these workshops and highlights the importance of integrating technical and social aspects in women's entrepreneurship.

RESUMEN Este artículo evalúa el impacto de un proyecto de capacitación, la Aceleradora de Negocios para Emprendimientos Artesanales Liderados por Mujeres, impulsado por la Universidad Tecnológica Empresarial de Guayaquil con apoyo de la Embajada de Francia en Ecuador. El estudio se enfoca en cómo las mentorías y el acompañamiento en habilidades empresariales y de marketing influyen en la creatividad, el empoderamiento económico y el éxito en la comercialización de bienes no perecederos en emprendimientos femeninos. Utilizando un enfoque metodológico mixto, se evaluó la percepción de 50 participantes a través de encuestas y focus groups. Los talleres, impartidos online, abarcaron temas como emprendimiento artesanal femenino, liderazgo, empoderamiento y marketing digital. Los resultados mostraron una mejora en conocimientos y habilidades, destacando el empoderamiento en la definición de precios y uso efectivo de redes sociales. Las participantes también reflejaron un fortalecimiento en liderazgo y autoconfianza. El estudio sugiere la efectividad de estos talleres y resalta la importancia de integrar aspectos técnicos y sociales en el emprendimiento femenino.

Abstract Throughout this work we address the concept of Sustainable Entrepreneurship that arises from Social Entrepreneurship and the Sustainable Development Goals in a context of major global crises and emergencies such as Climate Change and COVID-19, and relates as well with the change in the paradigm of consumption in which millennials and centennials seek to buy products made in a responsible way and that have the least possible impact on the ecosystem. We will provide examples of successful stories of sustainable entrepreneurs at a global level and the opportunities that this new form of business offers. We’ll also make reference to the importance of teaching this new business model in universities, particularly in business schools, a model that is conscious and responsible with the environment and that responds to the need for an urban economy that provides concrete development solutions for the community in which it is inserted and the city we need.

Resumen A lo largo del presente trabajo abordamos el concepto de Emprendedorismo Sostenible, que surge del Emprendedorismo Social y de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en un contexto de grandes crisis y emergencias mundiales, como el Cambio Climático y COVID-19, sumado al cambio en el paradigma del consumo en el cual los millennials y centennials buscan comprar productos elaborados de forma responsable y que tengan el menor impacto posible en el ecosistema. Se brindarán ejemplos de casos de éxitos de emprendedores sostenibles a nivel global y de las oportunidades que esta nueva forma de negocios brinda, así como de la importancia de que desde los ámbitos universitarios, en particular desde las escuelas de negocios, se enseñe este nuevo modelo de negocios consciente y responsable con el ambiente y que da respuesta a la necesidad de una economía urbana que brinde soluciones concretas de desarrollo para la comunidad en la que está inserta y la ciudad que necesitamos.

Resumo Ao longo deste trabalho abordamos o conceito de Empreendedorismo Sustentável, que surge do Empreendedorismo Social e dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável em um contexto de grandes crises e emergências globais, como Mudanças Climáticas e COVID-19, somadas à mudança de paradigma de consumo em que millennials e centennials procuram comprar produtos feitos de forma responsável e que tenham o menor impacto possível no ecossistema. Exemplos de casos de sucesso de empreendedores sustentáveis a nível global e das oportunidades que esta nova forma de negócio oferece, bem como a importância do ensino deste novo modelo nas universidades, em particular nas escolas de negócios, negócios conscientes e responsáveis com o meio ambiente e que respondam à necessidade de uma economia urbana que ofereça soluções concretas de desenvolvimento para a comunidade em que está inserida e para a cidade de que precisamos.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of private and public initiatives (financial literacy, entrepreneurship, remote work and government aid) on individual job loss and decrease in income during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. Design/methodology/approach: The authors used an unbalanced panel data analysis with the National Household Survey for 2019-2020. The hypotheses are tested with a probit panel data model since the dependent variables are binary. Findings: The study findings indicate that financial preparedness reduced the probability of having a decrease in income, but only to informal workers in metropolitan Lima. Furthermore, entrepreneurship helped mainly female informal workers to reduce their probability of becoming unemployed in metropolitan Lima. Besides, the implementation of remote work as a substitute of face-to-face work was not enough to avoid the decrease in income in the case of informal workers and it was only effective to avoid unemployment in the case of formal workers in metropolitan Lima. Finally, public aid proved to be instrumental in mitigating the decrease in income, but only to informal workers in Metropolitan Lima. Research limitations/implications: The study results only apply for the first year of the pandemic. Practical implications: Policymakers should focus on increasing the financial preparedness of informal workers, especially in provinces. Social implications: Policymakers must expand unemployment benefits, and design public aid programs targeting informal workers in provinces. Originality/value: This is the first study that analyses the impact of private and public initiatives on the decrease in income and unemployment situation of Peruvian individuals during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.

In this article, we characterize the process of construction and deconstruction of a work culture in Brazil, indicating some of its representative elements, based on the actions of different actors: workers, businessmen, the State and institutions that has shaped this culture at different times. The proposal, far from being exhaustive, and without pretending to reconstruct the economic changes in capitalism from the last quarter of the 20th century onwards, is to list situations that marked and still mark the process of construction, deconstruction and reconstruction of the culture of work, highlighting the transition from what would have been a wage culture to an entrepreneurial culture. It is a review article that draws empirically on the experience of decades of research with formal and informal workers in Brazil, as well as institutional references, which have enabled reflection on the internalization and reproduction of social values that go beyond mere ideology. Brazil elements actors businessmen times proposal exhaustive th onwards references ideology

Neste artigo, caracterizamos o processo de construção e desconstrução de uma cultura do trabalho no Brasil, indicando alguns de seus elementos representativos a partir da atuação de distintos atores: trabalhadores, empresários, Estado e instituições que conformaram, em momentos distintos, esta cultura. A proposta, longe de ser exaustiva e sem pretender fazer uma reconstrução das mudanças econômicas do capitalismo a partir do último quarto do século XX, é elencar situações que marcaram e marcam o processo de construção, desconstrução e reconstrução da cultura do trabalho, destacando a passagem do que seria uma cultura salarial para uma cultura empreendedora. Trata-se de um artigo de revisão, que se utiliza, empiricamente, além das referências institucionais, da experiência de décadas de pesquisa com trabalhadores formais e informais no Brasil, que possibilitaram a reflexão sobre a interiorização e a reprodução de valores sociais que extrapolam a mera ideologia. Brasil atores empresários conformaram proposta XX empreendedora Tratase Trata revisão utiliza empiricamente institucionais ideologia

Abstract This study contextualizes the processes that instrumentalize the impacts within today’s school curriculum and investigates the meaning of leadership in the face of a range of emotions. Historically, leadership has been part of social movements and has had the school as one of its reference points. However, this leadership appears to have acquired new meanings within specific social-emotional education programs. To develop the argument, critical theoretical references (such as Dardot and Laval; Illouz, Collet, and Grinberg; and Safatle) are used within a documentary analysis (developed using Cellard’s guidelines). Two singular initiatives are examined, in an attempt to understand how leadership has functioned within the school routine, which is understood to be a redirection of its historical meanings from the rearrangements of neoliberalism. In the discussion, the hierarchy of this impact was noted to have no longer been based solely on the motivation of a community to participate in a public agenda (the traditionally attributed meaning) but has been reconfigured, in singular contexts, into a mobilization of itself. Leadership is viewed as a pillar for self-entrepreneurship in the constitution of an engaged conduct of the subject with their personal goals, favoring the refining of their own affections in search of showing oneself to be competitive and flexible, which are demands of capitalism in its current state. From a charismatic leader committed to collective well-being, a selfmotivated leader arises, constructed from a psychological design that finds in the school (dualistic and hierarchical) its space for development. todays today s emotions Historically points However socialemotional emotional programs argument such Laval Illouz Collet Grinberg Safatle developed Cellards Cellard guidelines. guidelines . guidelines) examined routine neoliberalism discussion reconfigured contexts itself selfentrepreneurship self entrepreneurship goals flexible state wellbeing, wellbeing well being, being well-being arises dualistic hierarchical development

Resumo Contextualizar os processos que instrumentalizam os afetos no currículo escolar hodierno, investigando como a liderança tem sido significada diante de um catálogo de emoções, constitui o objetivo deste estudo. Historicamente, a liderança compôs os movimentos sociais e tinha a escola como um de seus espaços de referência, mas essa afecção parece ter adquirido novos sentidos em programas específicos de educação socioemocional. Para desenvolver a argumentação, articulam-se referenciais teóricos críticos (como Dardot e Laval, Illouz, Collet e Grinberg, e Safatle) com uma análise documental (desenvolvida por meio das orientações de Cellard), por meio do exame de duas iniciativas singulares, em busca de compreender como a liderança tem figurado no cotidiano escolar, problematizando o que se entende como um redirecionamento de seus sentidos históricos a partir dos remanejos do neoliberalismo. Na discussão, percebe-se que a hierarquização desse afeto não tem mais se pautado unicamente na motivação de uma comunidade para a participação em uma pauta pública (sentido tradicionalmente atribuído), mas tem se reconfigurado, em contextos singulares, em uma mobilização de si mesmo. A liderança passa a ser concebida como um pilar para o empreendedorismo de si na constituição de uma conduta engajada do sujeito com seus objetivos pessoais, favorecendo a lapidação de seus próprios afetos em busca de se mostrar competitivo e flexível, exigências do capitalismo em sua face atual. De um líder carismático e comprometido com o coletivo erige-se um líder de si conformado a partir de um design psicológico que tem na escola (dualista e hierarquizada) seu espaço de formação. hodierno emoções estudo Historicamente referência socioemocional argumentação articulamse articulam Laval Illouz Grinberg Safatle desenvolvida Cellard, Cellard , Cellard) singulares neoliberalismo discussão percebese percebe sentido atribuído, atribuído atribuído) reconfigurado mesmo pessoais flexível atual erigese erige dualista hierarquizada formação