Abstract The surging health and financial costs of diseases, disabilities, and disparities support the global acceleration of interests and investments in health AI for better, cheaper, faster, and fairer health solutions globally and locally. Yet there is no consensus on practically operationalizing responsible AI principles across diverse global sectors, states, and belief systems. This proof-of-concept study utilizes the global pluralistic ethical framework (the Personalist Social Contract) to therefore provide the first known Bayesian augmented AI-driven Computational Ethical (AiCE) and policy analysis integrating clinical, cost effectiveness, and healthcare disparity analyses with nationally representative data to estimate the global cost of healthcare disparities in colonoscopy (CS) and the savings from AI-enabled CS to reduce them. It suggests that reversing racial disparities particularly for Hispanics and Asians may save American healthcare systems $17.61 billion annually, with AI-augmented CS potentially contributing savings of $625.40 million for Hispanics and $289.00 million for Asians in particular (with similar cost savings for vulnerable communities in middle and low-income countries also). The above findings support the cost savings imperative for such strategic and capacity-building investment in these AI-driven measures to improve healthcare’s strategic aims of Sustainability, Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Equity (SEEE). Such empirical results inform the larger global bioethical argument from the twin dimensions of human dignity and human security (rooted in the personalist, multicultural, and metaphysical account of the person as a member of the global human family) to highlight the AI ethical imperative to optimize the performance of the global digital health ecosystem. Such an instrumental end is a critical means of advancing toward the ultimate end of the common good, in which the individual good of each person is safeguarded and in which it finds her/his fulfillment working toward.

Resumen El aumento de los costos sanitarios y financieros de las enfermedades, las discapacidades y las disparidades respalda la aceleración mundial de los intereses y las inversiones en IA (inteligencia artificial) sanitaria para lograr soluciones sanitarias mejores, más baratas, más rápidas y justas a escala mundial y local. Sin embargo, no existe un consenso sobre la aplicación práctica de los principios de la IA responsable en diversos sectores, estados y sistemas de creencias de todo el mundo. Este estudio de prueba de concepto utiliza el marco ético pluralista global (el Contrato Social Personalista) para proporcionar, por tanto, el primer análisis conocido de ética computacional (AiCE, por sus siglas en inglés) y política basado en IA aumentada bayesiana que integra análisis clínicos, de rentabilidad y de disparidades en la atención sanitaria con datos representativos a nivel nacional para estimar el costo global de las disparidades en la atención sanitaria en la colonoscopia (CS, por sus siglas en inglés) y el ahorro de la CS habilitada por IA para reducirlas. El estudio sugiere que revertir las disparidades raciales, en particular entre hispanos y asiáticos, puede ahorrar a los sistemas sanitarios estadounidenses 17.610 millones de dólares al año, con un ahorro potencial de 625,40 millones de dólares para los hispanos y 289 millones de dólares para los asiáticos en particular (con un ahorro similar para las comunidades vulnerables en países de ingresos medios y bajos). Los resultados anteriores respaldan el imperativo de ahorro de costos que supone la inversión estratégica y de capacitación en estas medidas impulsadas por la IA para mejorar los objetivos estratégicos de sostenibilidad, eficacia, eficiencia y equidad (SEEE) de la atención sanitaria. Estos resultados empíricos informan el argumento bioético global más amplio de las dimensiones gemelas de la dignidad y la seguridad humanas (arraigadas en el relato personalista, multicultural y metafísico de la persona como miembro de la familia humana global) para destacar el imperativo ético de la IA para optimizar el rendimiento del ecosistema sanitario digital global. Semejante fin instrumental es un medio decisivo para avanzar hacia el fin último del bien común, en el que se salvaguarda el bien individual de cada persona y en el que éste encuentra su realización trabajando hacia él.

Abstract This investigation uses the method of decision analysis to analyze the positioning of the Sergipe Court of Justice, between 2020 and 2022, about the refusal of companies that offer transportation service via app to effect or cancel to remain in their registry with drivers who respond to criminal proceedings without final and unappealable decisions. The analysis of the decisions is based on some strategic theoretical frameworks, as based on the concepts of sacrificial citizenship and the economization of law, neoliberalism as a rationality and a deep process, and capitalism as surveillance. As a result, it was identified that the TJSE prioritized the contractual autonomy, the freedom to guide objective safety criteria, the misalignment of drivers with the Term and Conditions for use over the principles of the presumption of innocence and the social function of the contract. To problematize this scenario, the article also questions about the (un)protection of workers' personal data by app, the lack of transparency in the use of new technologies to collect data regarding ongoing criminal cases as a way to reiterate old social or labor exclusions. Finally, it concludes on the approximation of the grounds handled by the Sergipe Court of Justice with the new economic demands of neoliberal management, such as the reduction of the constitutional pact in favor of corporate autonomy, both on the disposability of subjects and on the irregular capture of their personal data. 202 2022 frameworks law process surveillance result autonomy criteria contract scenario unprotection un protection workers exclusions Finally management 20 2

Resumo Esta investigação utiliza o método de análises de decisões para examinar o posicionamento do Tribunal de Justiça de Sergipe, entre 2020 e 2022, sobre a recusa das empresas que oferecem o serviço de transporte via aplicativo de efetivar ou de permanecer em seu cadastro com motoristas que respondem a processos criminais sem decisões transitadas em julgado. A análise das decisões parte de alguns marcos teóricos estratégicos, como o conceito de cidadania sacrificial e da economicização do direito, do neoliberalismo enquanto uma racionalidade e um processo profundo, do capitalismo como vigilância. Como resultado, identificou-se que o TJSE priorizou a autonomia contratual, a liberdade para pautar critérios objetivos de segurança, o desalinhamento dos motoristas com o Termo e as Condições para uso em detrimento dos princípios da presunção de inocência e da função social do contrato. Para problematizar este cenário o artigo ainda questiona sobre a (des)proteção dos dados pessoais dos trabalhadores por aplicativo, a falta de transparência na utilização de novas tecnologias para coletar dados referentes a processos criminais em andamento como forma de reiterar velhas exclusões sociais ou laborais. Por fim, conclui-se sobre a aproximação dos fundamentos manejados pelo Tribunal de Justiça de Sergipe com as novas exigências econômicas da gestão neoliberal, tal como a redução do pacto constitucional em benefício da autonomia empresarial, tanto sobre a descartabilidade dos sujeitos, como sobre a captação irregular de seus dados pessoais. 202 2022 julgado estratégicos direito profundo vigilância resultado identificouse identificou se contratual segurança contrato desproteção des proteção laborais fim concluise conclui neoliberal empresarial sujeitos 20 2

Resumen El artículo presenta la relación entre la fiebre amarilla y las personas susceptibles de enfermarse en la ciudad de Mérida, Yucatán, según el discurso médico entre 1906 y 1919. Este trabajo se basa en los impresos científicos que se publicaron en el periodo estudiado, cuyos contenidos señalaban que las personas procedentes de otros lugares eran más vulnerables de adquirir el padecimiento. Se revisan los libros de entradas y salidas de personas que ingresaron al hospital O’Horán con el propósito de identificar a los afectados por el llamado “vómito prieto”. El análisis muestra que las personas diagnosticadas eran del extranjero y de otros sitios de México en un escenario caracterizado por el desarrollo económico de las haciendas henequeneras y las corrientes migratorias favorecidas por las autoridades. Esta investigación es un acercamiento hacia un grupo especifico de actores sociales, los migrantes, cuya vulnerabilidad también es evidente en los procesos de la salud y la enfermedad.

Abstract This article shows the relation between yellow fever and those people’s susceptibility to contract it in the city of Mérida, Yucatán, according to medical speech between 1906 and 1919. This text is based on the scientific texts published during the studied period, whose contents indicated that coming people from other places were more vulnerable to contract the disease. Entry and exit logs were reviewed at O’Horan hospital, with the purpose to identify those who were affected by the so-called “black vomit”. The analysis reveals that those who received the diagnosis came from other countries or different places of Mexico, in an epoch when economic development of henequen farms and migratory currents were favored by authorities. This research is an approach to a specific group of social actors, migrants, whose vulnerability is also evidenced by health and decease processes.

Abstract The article deals with the study of cartels as organizations with a variety of activities that include operational protection and contract killings. The objective was to explore the perception of hit men about their activity within the organization and the means they use to reduce the social stigma that their activity entails. The article seeks to make visible the perspective of the hitmen and generate analytical proposals in organizational analysis, including the gender perspective and a masculinity associated with the conditions of the social environment and the criminal orientation of the cartels. We use the qualitative documentary research method, and conducted interviews during 2022. Among the main results, we found that the socio-cultural environment in which the hitman’s activity takes place is one of extreme violence, which is accompanied by characteristics associated with masculinity such as risk aversion, strength, courage, ostentation, and in the case of their activity impunity, cruelty and the despoilability of the body are added. To deal with the stigma, new forms of sacralization are used that connect the activity of the hit man and the protection of new saints.

Resumen El artículo aborda el estudio de los cárteles como organizaciones con una variedad de actividades incluyendo las de protección operativa y el sicariato. El objetivo fue explorar la percepción de los sicarios sobre su actividad dentro de la organización y los medios que utilizan para reducir el estigma que conlleva la actividad. El artículo busca visibilizar la perspectiva de los sicarios y generar propuestas analíticas en el análisis organizacional, incluyendo la perspectiva de género y una masculinidad asociada con las condiciones del entorno social y con la orientación delictiva de los cárteles. Utilizamos el método cualitativo de investigación documental y la realización de entrevistas durante 2022. Entre los principales resultados encontramos de una violencia extrema el entorno sociocultural en el cual se desenvuelve la actividad del sicario, acompañado, además, de características asociadas con la masculinidad como la aversión al riesgo, la fuerza, el arrojo, la ostentación, sumando, en el caso de su actividad, la impunidad, la crueldad y la despojabilidad del cuerpo. Para enfrentar el estigma se recurre a nuevas formas de sacralización, las cuales conectan la actividad del sicario con la protección de nuevos santos.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to compare the quality of life of precarious quarry and brick-kiln workers in the municipality of San Luis Potosí and artisanal mercury mining in Camargo, Querétaro. Field work and non-participatory observation were carried out. During the field research period in 2019-2020, a questionnaire was applied to a total of 118 workers. The data were organized and processed with the Excel program (Microsoft Office 365) and analyzed within the framework of environmental anthropology and everyday-life approaches. In both contexts, it was found that the workers present a high level of marginalization, chronic diseases, physical inactivity, alcohol and tobacco consumption, in addition to the lack of protective equipment. According to the activity performed, they suffer from different occupational hazards. Furthermore, they are not employed under a labor contract, and their families also participate in the work. The identified situations of occupational precariousness presented various diagnosed chronic degenerative comorbidities, lack of protective equipment to perform their activities, occupational hazards and little access to health services. Therefore, multidisciplinary efforts and approaches are required to assess, address and draw attention to their conditions, in order to prevent, intervene and transform labor precariousness into decent work. Rev Arg Antrop Biol 26 (1), 2024. https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e072

RESUMEN Este objetivo de este trabajo es comparar la calidad de vida de los trabajos precarios de cantera y ladrillo del municipio de San Luis Potosí y minería artesanal de mercurio en Camargo, Querétaro. Se realizó trabajo de campo y observación no participativa. Durante el periodo de investigación de campo en 2019-2020 se aplicó un cuestionario a un total de 118 trabajadores. Los datos fueron organizados y tratados con el programa Excel (versión Microsoft Office 365) y analizados dentro del marco de los enfoques de la antropología ambiental y de la vida cotidiana. En ambos contextos, se encontró que los trabajadores presentan un nivel alto de marginación, enfermedades crónicas, inactividad física, consumo de alcohol y tabaco, además de que no cuentan con equipo de protección, de acuerdo con la ocupación, tienen diferentes riesgos laborales. Además, no cuentan con contrato laboral. Aunado a ello, la familia participa en las labores. Los escenarios de precariedad laboral identificados presentaron algunas comorbilidades crónico-degenerativas diagnosticadas, nulo equipo de protección para realizar sus actividades, riesgos laborales y poco acceso a servicios de salud. Por lo tanto, requieren de esfuerzos y abordajes multidisciplinarios que permitan evaluar, atender y visibilizar sus condiciones con la finalidad de prevenir, intervenir y transformar la precariedad laboral en trabajo decente. Rev Arg Antrop Biol 26 (1), 2024. https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e072

RESUMEN Experimentar ansiedad frente a exámenes desencadena una respuesta emocional acompañada de cambios fisiológicos que el estudiante siente ante una situación percibida como amenazante, específicamente ante una evaluación, examen escrito u oral; actualmente, se la cataloga dentro de las fobias específicas. El individuo que busca evitar o eludir dicho escenario cae en la conducta de procrastinación. Esto afecta su rendimiento académico y acarrea consecuencias graves de salud mental, el estudiante comienza a percibirse afectado en su autovalia, autoestima y en su ambiente social, que muchas veces lo lleva a contraer trastorno depresivo e ideación suicida. El presente artículo es un estudio de revisión bibliográfica y su objetivo fue describir la experiencia de la. ansiedad frente a exámenes como fobia específica situacional, las consecuencias de dicho padecimiento, su comorbilidad con otros trastornos psicológicos y los tratamientos disponibles. Fueron analizados y comparados unos 26 artículos científicos, basados en ensayos controlados de manera aleatoria, otros son estudios controlados de caso único, publicados en importantes revistas electrónicas de impacto. La búsqueda se realizó utilizando las palabras clave. Como conclusión, se destacó la importancia del conocimiento de esta patología, a fin de realizar un diagnóstico precoz y prevención en psicoterapia, evitando así un mayor deterioro en la salud mental de los estudiantes. No obstante, es necesaria la realización de más investigación controlada al respecto.

ABSTRACT Experiencing test anxiety triggers an emotional response accompanied by physiological changes that the student feels in a situation perceived as threatening, specifically in the face of an evaluation, written or oral exam; Currently, it is classified as a specific phobia. The individual who seeks to avoid or avoid this scenario falls into procrastination behavior. This affects their academic performance and has serious mental health consequences. The student begins to feel affected in his or her self-worth, self-esteem, and social environment, which often leads him or her to contract a depressive disorder and suicidal ideation. This article is a bibliographic review study regarding experiencing test anxiety as a situational specific phobia, the consequences of said condition, its comorbidity with other psychological disorders and the available treatments. Some 26 scientific articles were analyzed and compared, based on randomized controlled trials, others are controlled single case studies, published in important impact electronic journals. The search was carried out using keywords. In conclusion, the importance of knowledge of this pathology was highlighted, in order to make an early diagnosis and prevention in psychotherapy, thus avoiding further deterioration in the mental health of students. However, more controlled research is needed in this regard.

resumen Objetivo: Caracterizar determinantes sociales en salud, problemas y síntomas mentales potencialmente problemáticos en adultos desplazados por conflicto armado interno en Colombia, asentados en Soacha. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con tamaño muestral de 98 adultos desplazados por conflicto armado. Se aplicó el SelfReport Questionnaire para detección de problemas y síntomas mentales potencialmente problemáticos y un cuestionario estructurado sobre determinantes sociales en salud. Resultados: La mediana de edad fue 38 [intervalo intercuartílico, 28-46] años y predominaron las mujeres (69,39%). La mediana de tiempo desde que fueron desplazados fue 36 [16-48] meses y asentados en Soacha, 24 [5-48] meses. El 86,32% sobrevivía con menos de un salario mínimo mensual y el 93,87% no tenía contrato laboral. Un 42,86% y un 7,14% manifestaron ser propietarios de las viviendas que habitaban antes y después del desplazamiento respectivamente. Al llegar a Soacha, el 79,60% acudió a redes primarias y el 3%, a instituciones. El 16,33% carecían de aseguramiento en salud antes del desplazamiento y el 27,55%, después. Resultaron positivos en problemas mentales por posible trastorno depresivo o ansioso el 57,29%; en posible psicosis, el 36,73% y en síntomas potencialmente problemáticos, el 91,66%, más prevalentes y graves en mujeres (p = 0,0025). Conclusiones: Se identificaron en la población adulta desplazada y asentada en Soacha deterioro en condiciones de vida y una prevalencia de problemas y síntomas mentales potencialmente problemáticos mayor que la reportada en desplazados ubicados en otras regiones del país. Se requiere análisis con perspectivas complementarias para evaluar estas diferencias.

abstract Objective: To characterise social determinants of health, mental health problems and potentially problematic symptoms in the adult population displaced by internal armed conflict in Colombia. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study with a random sample of 98 adults forcefully displaced to Soacha, Colombia, due to internal armed conflict. The Self Report Questionnaire to detect potentially problematic mental health problems and symptoms, and a structured questionnaire on social determinants of health were applied. Results: The median age was 38 [interquartile range, 28-46] years, and women predominated (69.39%). The median time since displacement was 36 [16-48] months, and time since settlement in Soacha, 48 [5-48] months. 86.32% survived on less than the minimum wage per month and 93.87% did not have an employment contract. 42.86% and 7.14% reported being owners of their homes before and after displacement, respectively. Upon arriving in Soacha, 79.60% went to primary support networks and 3% to institutions. Before displacement, 16.33% lacked health insurance and 27.55% afterwards. Regarding mental health problems; there were possible depressive or anxious disorders in 57.29%; possible psycho-sis in 36.73%; and potentially problematic symptoms in 91.66%, being more prevalent and serious in women (P =0.0025). Conclusions: A deterioration in living conditions and a higher prevalence of potentially problematic mental health problems and symptoms was reported in displaced adult populations settled in Soacha compared to other regions of the country. Analyses with complementary perspectives are required to evaluate these differences.

Resumo O objetivo do presente artigo é contribuir com o estudo a respeito da trajetória intelectual de James M. Buchanan. O artigo argumenta que a tradição italiana de finanças públicas foi um importante canal de transmissão das ideias da economia política clássica e da filosofia do contrato social para Buchanan, temas que ele considera essenciais para a formação da economia constitucional. Isso é relevante para a melhor compreensão da trajetória de Buchanan na medida em que a importância da tradição italiana para a formação da economia constitucional é frequentemente subestimada pela literatura. M literatura

Abstract The objective of this article is to contribute to the study of the intellectual trajectory of James M. Buchanan. The article argues that the Italian tradition of public finance was an important channel for the transmission of ideas from classical political economy and the philosophy of the social contract to Buchanan, themes he considers essential for the formation of constitutional economics. This is relevant for a deeper understanding of Buchanan’s trajectory as the importance of the Italian tradition for the formation of constitutional economics is often underestimated in the literature. M Buchanan Buchanans s literature

Abstract Purpose: This article analyzes the influence of switching costs and resource dependence on interorganizational cooperation between contractors (buyers) and transport companies (sellers). Originality/value: The management accounting literature has traditionally focused on intraorganizational controls. However, researchers have a growing interest in applying management accounting elements in the interorganizational scope. This study contributes to the literature on interorganizational relationships by presenting possible evidence of the relationship between resource dependence, switching costs, and interorganizational cooperation between contractors and transport companies. Design/methodology/approach: This quantitative study surveyed the perception of professionals from food and beverage sector companies about the transport companies they contract. A total of 120 professionals participated in the study, and the Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) technique was used to analyze the structural model. Findings: The relational and procedural dimensions of switching costs and resource dependence influence interorganizational cooperation positively. A total mediation of resource dependence was found in the relationship between procedural switching costs and interorganiza-tional cooperation. The results showed that switching costs and resource dependence are antecedents of interorganizational cooperation between the firms surveyed and the transport companies they contract. As for social and managerial implications, this study offers managers a deeper understanding of the importance of switching costs and resource dependence and the impacts of these factors on interorganizational cooperation. Purpose buyers (buyers sellers. sellers . (sellers) Originality/value Originalityvalue Originality value controls However scope Design/methodology/approach Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology approach contract 12 SEM (SEM model Findings positively interorganiza tional implications (sellers 1

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a influência dos custos de troca e da dependência de recursos na cooperação interorganizacional entre compradores e seus fornecedores de serviços de transporte. Originalidade/valor: A literatura de contabilidade gerencial tradicionalmente tem focado no uso de controles intraorganizacionais, porém é crescente o interesse de pesquisadores em aplicar elementos da contabilidade gerencial no âmbito interorganizacional. Nesse contexto, este estudo acrescenta à literatura de relações interorganizacionais possíveis evidências da relação entre dependência de recursos, custos de troca e cooperação interorganizacional entre compradores e seus fornecedores de serviços de transporte. Design/metodologia/abordagem: A investigação, com abordagem quantitativa e por survey, avaliou a percepção de profissionais de empresas do setor de alimentos e bebidas acerca de seus fornecedores de serviços de transporte. Participaram do estudo 120 profissionais, e, para a análise do modelo estrutural, utilizou-se a técnica de Modelagem de Equações Estruturais (MEE). Resultados: Os resultados demonstram que as dimensões relacional e processual dos custos de troca e a dependência de recursos influenciam positivamente a cooperação interorganizacional. Encontrou-se, ainda, mediação total da dependência de recursos na relação entre custos de troca processual e cooperação interorganizacional. Os resultados evidenciam que custos de troca e dependência de recursos são antecedentes da cooperação interorganizacional entre as empresas pesquisadas e seus fornecedores de serviços de transporte. Como implicações sociais e gerenciais, os resultados desta investigação proporcionam a gestores de logística e transportes, tanto das empresas compradoras quanto das fornecedoras, melhor entendimento da importância dos custos de troca e da dependência de recursos e seus impactos na cooperação interorganizacional. Objetivo transporte Originalidade/valor Originalidadevalor Originalidade valor intraorganizacionais contexto Design/metodologia/abordagem Designmetodologiaabordagem Design metodologia survey 12 estrutural utilizouse utilizou se MEE. MEE . (MEE) Resultados Encontrouse, Encontrouse Encontrou se, Encontrou-se ainda gerenciais transportes fornecedoras 1 (MEE

Resumo A efetivação do desenvolvimento sustentável abre espaço para discussões éticas, econômicas, sociais e ambientais. Diante da significativa degeneração ambiental e dos graves problemas de exclusão social, faz-se necessário reconfigurar a relação entre o ser humano e a natureza. A partir dos estudos de Lévinas sobre a ética, a pesquisa aborda o reconhecimento do outro humano e do outro natureza como premissa para a construção de um contrato natural em que o Eu homem se reconheça como parte do meio ambiente, e não apenas seu dominador. O estudo busca demonstrar que é possível responder à necessidade de reconfiguração da relação entre indivíduo e meio ambiente. As condutas em prol do desenvolvimento sustentável não têm atendido ao reconhecimento e à consideração da biota em sua integralidade e importância. Utilizaram-se o método dedutivo crítico e a pesquisa bibliográfica. Concluiu-se que será possível atender às premissas da sustentabilidade, com o reconhecimento do meio ambiente como um Outro relevante sob a ótica da alteridade. éticas econômicas ambientais social fazse faz ética dominador importância Utilizaramse Utilizaram bibliográfica Concluiuse Concluiu sustentabilidade alteridade

Abstract The realization of sustainable development opens space for ethical, economic, social, and environmental discussions. Significant environmental degeneration and serious problems of social exclusion require the reconfiguration of the relation between State, market, and nature. Based on Lévinas’ studies on ethics, this research addresses the recognition of the human Other and the nature Other as a premise for constructing a natural contract that deems the human Ego as part of the environment, rather than just its dominator. This study aims to show that it is possible to respond to the need to reconfigure the relationship between the State, society, nature, and the market. Conduct for sustainable development are yet to recognize and consider the biota in its entirety and importance. The critical deductive method and bibliographic research were used. It was concluded that it will be possible to meet the premises of sustainability and recognize the environment as a relevant Other from the perspective of alterity. ethical economic discussions State market Lévinas ethics dominator society importance used alterity

Resumen La implementación del desarrollo sostenible propicia el debate para discusiones éticas, económicas, sociales y ambientales. Ante la significativa degradación ambiental y los graves problemas de exclusión social, es necesario reconfigurar la relación entre el ser humano y la naturaleza. Basándose en los estudios de Lévinas sobre la ética, la investigación aborda el reconocimiento del otro humano y del otro naturaleza como premisa para la construcción de un contrato natural en el que el Yo hombre se reconozca como parte del medio ambiente, y no solo su dominador. El estudio busca demostrar que es posible responder a la necesidad de reconfiguración de la relación entre el individuo y el medio ambiente. Las conductas a favor del desarrollo sostenible no han atendido al reconocimiento y consideración de la biota en su integridad e importancia. Se utilizaron el método deductivo crítico y la investigación bibliográfica. Se concluyó que será posible cumplir con las premisas de la sostenibilidad, con el reconocimiento del medio ambiente como un Otro relevante desde la perspectiva de la alteridad. éticas económicas ambientales social ética dominador importancia bibliográfica sostenibilidad alteridad

Purpose This paper aims to investigate delegation decisions in supply chains, exploring the metaphor that consumers who make environmentally and socially responsible choices are equivalent to voters in an election. Design/methodology/approach This theoretical paper relies on the principles of agency theory to shed light on fundamental challenges that shape our ability to transform supply chains. Findings This paper unravels two puzzles linked to delegation decisions within sustainable supply chains. It shows that as firms adopt sustainable production systems, their ability to convey relevant information that convinces consumers to enter in a delegation relationship diminishes, ceteris paribus; and once a delegation relationship is established, complementarity within the dimensions of the contract is necessary to guarantee the delivery of sustainability attributes. Research limitations/implications The findings of this paper offer insights that can inspire empirical research on sustainable supply chain management. Practical implications Policymakers and entrepreneurs willing to incentivize the transformation of supply chains must think about the nature of the relationship between firms and consumers. This paper provides a metaphor that can help practitioners to reinterpret their role as providers or consumers of products and services with sustainability attributes. Social implications This paper provides insights that may enhance the understanding of how individual consumption decisions may contribute to transforming supply chains. Originality/value This paper expands the repertoire of theoretical tools that can be applied to study the emergence and resilience of sustainable supply chains. election Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology approach systems diminishes paribus established attributes limitationsimplications limitations management Originalityvalue Originality value

ABSTRACT The social contract tradition’s promise of facilitating just interaction among large groups of strangers remains as salient as ever. Kant in particular recognised that economic activity imposes costs on large and unspecifiable groups of people who cannot be asked in advance for their consent; he concluded that in order to engage in economic activity while dealing ethically with everyone, we require the state and the rule of law to set out the norms under which we can engage in other-affecting activity like commerce. In response to the challenge of coordinating the welter of anonymous interactions that modern economic life consists in, contract theory offers the social conventions of money and law. However imperfectly these conventions operate in practice, people rely on them to orient themselves in the world. Carbon taxes have been touted by economists for decades as the most efficient way to send appropriate signals to people about their emissions behavior. The widely underappreciated fact that most fuel for international air travel remains untaxed—and is thus effectively subsidized relative to the rest of the economy—provides an especially vivid illustration of the necessity for appropriate social conventions to provide the conditions under which economic activity can be undertaken with less injustice. In this paper, I explain why people seeking to flourish together fairly in the imperfect world we share today ought to support a universal carbon tax with no exception for international aviation. The argument proceeds in four steps. First, I provide a free-standing analysis of emissions behavior at the individual moral level. Second, I offer a picture of ideal and non-ideal coordination based mostly on Kantian social contract theory. Third, I argue that in a non-ideal context, moral signals about right relation offer a coordinating fulcrum around which meaningful if only partly coordinated action is possible. Fourth, I apply these conclusions to the case of aviation exceptionalism, focusing especially on instances of incomplete, overlapping, partly coordinated climate actions. I conclude that these arguments together amount to a case for reversing the Chicago Convention and applying a universal carbon tax that does not exclude international flights, ending aviation exceptionalism.

RESUMEN La promesa de la tradición del contrato social de facilitar una interacción justa entre grandes grupos de desconocidos sigue siendo tan relevante como siempre. Kant, en particular, reconoció que la actividad económica impone costos a grandes y no especificables grupos de personas a quienes no se les puede pedir su consentimiento por adelantado; concluyó que para participar en la actividad económica de manera ética con todos, necesitamos el estado y el estado de derecho para establecer las normas bajo las cuales podemos participar en actividades que afectan a otros, como el comercio. En respuesta al desafío de coordinar el conjunto de interacciones anónimas que constituye la vida económica moderna, la teoría del contrato ofrece las convenciones sociales del dinero y la ley. Por más imperfectamente que estas convenciones operen en la práctica, la gente confía en ellas para orientarse en el mundo. Los economistas han promovido durante décadas los impuestos al carbono como la forma más eficiente de enviar señales apropiadas a las personas sobre su comportamiento de emisiones. El hecho ampliamente subestimado de que la mayor parte del combustible para los viajes aéreos internacionales permanece sin gravar—y, por lo tanto, efectivamente subsidiado en relación con el resto de la economía—proporciona una ilustración especialmente vívida de la necesidad de convenciones sociales apropiadas para proporcionar las condiciones bajo las cuales la actividad económica puede llevarse a cabo con menos injusticia.En este artículo, explico por qué las personas que buscan prosperar juntas de manera justa en el mundo imperfecto que compartimos hoy deberían apoyar un impuesto al carbono universal sin excepción para la aviación internacional. El argumento procede en cuatro pasos. Primero, proporciono un análisis independiente del comportamiento de las emisiones a nivel moral individual. Segundo, ofrezco una imagen de coordinación ideal y no ideal basada principalmente en la teoría del contrato social kantiana. Tercero, argumento que en un contexto no ideal, las señales morales sobre la relación correcta ofrecen un punto de apoyo de coordinación alrededor del cual es posible una acción significativa, aunque solo parcialmente coordinada. Cuarto, aplico estas conclusiones al caso del excepcionalismo de la aviación, centrándome especialmente en los casos de acciones climáticas incompletas, superpuestas y parcialmente coordinadas. Concluyo que estos argumentos juntos constituyen un caso para revertir la Convención de Chicago y aplicar un impuesto al carbono universal que no excluya los vuelos internacionales, poniendo fin al excepcionalismo de la aviación.

Resumo Este artigo analisa a aplicabilidade da ação de dissolução por decisão judicial, originalmente prevista para a figura da sociedade anônima fechada, à figura da sociedad por acciones chilena. Explora-se se deve ser admitida uma solução desenhada para proteger o acionista minoritário contra conflitos imprevistos, quando foi escolhida um tipo de empresa que tem o objetivo de incentivar o investimento em capital de risco e, portanto, que tem em mente partes sofisticadas e previdentes. Usa-se o método dogmático, fazendo referência à literatura sobre contratação incompleta, em busca de um critério que determine se a escolha desse tipo de empresa restringe a sua dissolução judicial, e como; ademais, usa-se para aplicar esse critério às disputas em torno ao único administrador da sociedad por acciones. Conclui-se que, entre partes sofisticadas, a dissolução judicial deve ser limitada a situações excepcionais, enquanto que, entre partes não sofisticadas, ela está disponível nos mesmos casos em que estaria para uma sociedade anônima, desde que sejam demonstradas razões que justifiquem a escolha da sociedad por acciones por contratantes inexperientes. fechada chilena Explorase Explora imprevistos portanto previdentes Usase Usa dogmático incompleta como ademais usase usa Concluise Conclui excepcionais inexperientes

Resumen Este artículo analiza la procedencia de la acción de disolución por causa grave, prevista para la sociedad anónima cerrada, en la sociedad por acciones chilena. Se indaga si debe admitirse un medio de tutela previsto para proteger al accionista minoritario frente a la imprevisión del conflicto, cuando se eligió un tipo social como el de la sociedad por acciones, diseñado con el objetivo de fomentar la inversión en capital de riesgo y, por lo tanto, teniendo en mente contratantes sofisticados y previsores. Se utiliza el método dogmático, con referencia a literatura sobre contratación incompleta, en busca de un criterio que determine si acaso, y de qué modo, la elección del tipo restringe la disolución judicial; y para aplicar ese criterio al caso particular de los conflictos suscitados en torno al administrador único de la sociedad por acciones. Se concluye que, entre partes sofisticadas, la disolución judicial debe limitarse a situaciones excepcionales, mientras que, entre partes no sofisticadas, esta se encuentra disponible en los mismos casos en que lo estaría en una sociedad anónima, siempre que se demuestren motivos que justifiquen la elección de la sociedad por acciones por contratantes inexpertos. grave cerrada chilena conflicto tanto previsores dogmático incompleta acaso modo sofisticadas excepcionales inexpertos

Abstract This paper analyzes the availability of the involuntary dissolution remedy, provided for closely held corporations, in the Chilean sociedad por acciones. It explores whether this remedy, devised to protect the minority shareholder against an unpredictable conflict, should be admitted when the legal form chosen was designed with the aim of encouraging investment in venture capital and, therefore, with sophisticated contract parties in mind. The dogmatic method is used, coupled with reference to the literature on incomplete contracting, in search of a criterion to determine whether and how the choice of form restricts judicial dissolution; and to apply that criterion to sole manager dispute cases. It is concluded that, among sophisticated parties, judicial dissolution should be limited to exceptional situations, while, among unsophisticated parties, should be considered available in the same cases as it would be in a corporation, whenever there are reasons that justify the choice of the sociedad por acciones form by inexperienced contract parties. remedy corporations conflict therefore mind used contracting situations while corporation

This article focuses on the social contract within democratic South Africa, as well as the success and failure of the people and the government to adhere to the social contract. The point of departure is the definition and clarification of democracy in general and democracy in Africa, with particular reference to participatory democracy. The responsibilities of the people within the social contract are as follows: after they have delegated their power to the government, they are responsible for their moral, social, economic, and political responsibilities and obligations. This process entails transferring power from participatory democracy to representative democracy. The researcher reflects on the Municipal Structures Act No. 117 of 1998, which aims to deepen participatory democracy within the social contract signed with the Local Council during the local election. The purpose is to deepen the role of the church in educating the people on their responsibilities and obligations within the social contract and to advocate for well-informed voters as actors within the social contract. The goal is for the church to play its prophetic and missional role in guiding and teaching its congregants about their responsibility within the social contract. The primary outcome of this article is to demonstrate that once congregants are equipped and informed about the social contract, they willparticipate effectively within the social contract as voters and active actors in the governance of the country in general and local government in particular.

Many experts have argued in their commentaries on the book of Philemon that Paul courageously used his age and apostolic imprimatur to forge a Christian reconsideration, reconciliation, and restitution of the status and identity of Onesimus with his master, Philemon. Although Paul wanted Onesimus to return to Philemon and be accepted as a brother-in-Christ rather than slave-to-master-in-Christ, it is unclear how Onesimus' and Philemon's new statuses would affect their newly reconciled social, political, and existential relations. If Philemon accepted Onesimus as he would accept Paul, Onesimus would definitely have had a higher status than Philemon, which is logically contradictory to the contract between slaves and their masters at that time and sometimes even in today's Christian world. CONTRIBUTION: The article argued that Paul was not radical enough in the appropriation of his apostolic grace that formed the fulcrum of his appeal to Philemon to receive Onesimus back into an enhanced slave status - this time in Christ. Rather, the article suggests that Paul would have used that leverage to untangle the identity, socio-political, and relational fissures embedded in slavery, which have been used as theological excuse to deal with Africans as slaves, by not returning Onesimus to Philemon in accordance with Deuteronomy 23:15-16.