RESUMO: O Rio Grande do Sul possui uma grande diversidade de espécies de répteis distribuídos por todo o Estado. Devido às ações antrópicas, como a fragmentação de habitats, estes animais vêm sendo observados com frequência no meio urbano e periurbano. Isso facilita a disseminação de patógenos entre animais e seres humanos, sendo um risco a saúde única, visto que muitas doenças são consideradas zoonoses. A leptospirose está entre as zoonoses mais comuns do mundo e é causada pelas espécies patogênicas da bactéria do gênero Leptospira. Ainda não se sabe o papel dos répteis no ciclo da doença, porém, estudos sorológicos demonstraram positividade para anticorpos contra Leptospira spp. em cágados e serpentes, o que pode indicar que estes animais atuam na manutenção do patógeno no ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi observar a presença de anticorpos anti-Leptospira em répteis oriundos de resgate e levados ao Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre e Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL). As amostras foram coletadas de 55 animais (39 Trachemys dorbigni; 3 Philodryas patagoniensis; 3 Caiman latirostris; 3 Salvator merianae; 2 Acanthochelys spixii; 2 Phrynops hilarii; 2 Hydromedusa tectifera; 1 Philodryas aestiva), durante o período de agosto de 2022 a dezembro de 2023, e testadas para 12 sorovares de referência. Dois animais demonstraram positividade, um deles para o sorovar patogênico Pyrogenes e outro para o sorovar patogênico Canicola. Este resultado demonstra a importância de outras espécies, além dos mamíferos, como potenciais reservatórios e responsáveis pela manutenção da leptospirose no ambiente. RESUMO Estado antrópicas habitats periurbano humanos única doença porém spp serpentes ambiente antiLeptospira anti NURFSCETAS/UFPEL. NURFSCETASUFPEL NURFS CETAS/UFPEL . CETAS UFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL) 5 39 (3 dorbigni patagoniensis latirostris merianae spixii hilarii tectifera aestiva, aestiva , aestiva) 202 2023 referência Canicola mamíferos NURFSCETAS NURFSCETAS/UFPEL CETASUFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL ( 20

ABSTRACT: The state of Rio Grande do Sul has a great diversity of reptile species distributed throughout its territory. Due to human actions, such as habitat fragmentation, these animals have been frequently observed in urban and peri-urban environments. This facilitates the spread of pathogens between animals and humans, posing a unique health risk, as many diseases are considered zoonoses. Leptospirosis is among the most common zoonoses in the world and is caused by pathogenic species of bacteria of the genus Leptospira. The role of reptiles in the cycle of this disease is yet unknown. However, serological studies have demonstrated positivity for antibodies against Leptospira spp. in tortoises and snakes, which may indicate that these animals act in maintaining the pathogen in the environment. This observed the presence of anti-Leptospira antibodies in rescued reptiles taken to the Center for Rehabilitation of Wild Fauna and Screening Center for Wild Animals at the Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL). Samples were collected from 55 animals (39 Trachemys dorbigni; 3 Philodryas patagoniensis; 3 Caiman latirostris; 3 Salvator merianae; 2 Acanthochelys spixii; 2 Phrynops hilarii; 2 Hydromedusa tectifera; 1 Philodryas aestiva) from August 2022 to December 2023 and tested for 12 reference serovars. Two animals demonstrated positivity, one for the pathogenic serovar Pyrogenes and the other for the pathogenic serovar Canicola. This result reflected the importance of different species besides mammals as potential reservoirs and responsible for maintaining leptospirosis in the environment. ABSTRACT territory actions fragmentation periurban peri environments humans risk unknown However spp snakes environment antiLeptospira anti NURFSCETAS/UFPEL. NURFSCETASUFPEL NURFS CETAS/UFPEL . CETAS UFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL) 5 39 (3 dorbigni patagoniensis latirostris merianae spixii hilarii tectifera aestiva 202 serovars Canicola NURFSCETAS NURFSCETAS/UFPEL CETASUFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL ( 20

Abstract Introduction: The pelagic sea snake Hydrophis platurus has the broadest distributional range of all the snakes and is the only sea snake of tropical waters off the west coast of the Americas. Within the variation in the color pattern of this species, completely yellow specimens were considered very rare or occasional. However, a yellow pattern dominates a population established in the interior of the Golfo Dulce in the Southern Pacific of Costa Rica. Objective: We studied the abundance, activity patterns, morphometry, and feeding behavior of the yellow H. platurus within the Golfo Dulce. Methods: Between February 2009 and July 2018, we conducted surveys for sea snakes from a boat within the perimeter of the Golfo Dulce. Results: Adults from the gulf population are smaller than the bicolor oceanic population, with females having larger bodies. Sea snakes within the gulf float and move with surface currents without being linked to drift lines and debris. These snakes are mainly found in clean, calm waters with little turbulence. They feed on a wide diversity of small fish, which they capture using passive stalking predatory behaviors floating on the surface. Prey are quickly captured and swallowed alive. This species has an almost total absence of predation, a pattern that extends to this yellow population. Conclusions: The characteristics of the gulf and the direction and strength of the surface currents at its entrance might restrict the transit of this yellow population to the outside and the entry of the bicolored snakes of the oceanic population. We do not consider making taxonomic changes in this Golfo Dulce population prudent. This yellow population is relatively common within the basin. However, the high tourist traffic and other activities are risk factors for its conservation. Protection policies must be created to preserve and protect this small population of yellow sea snakes unique within this species’ distribution range.

Resumen Introducción: La serpiente marina pelágica Hydrophis platurus tiene el rango de distribución más amplio de todas las serpientes y es la única serpiente marina de aguas tropicales del oeste de América. Dentro de la variación en el patrón de color de esta especie, los ejemplares completamente amarillos se consideraban muy raros u ocasionales. Sin embargo, los patrones amarillos dominan una población establecida en el interior del Golfo Dulce en el Pacífico sur de Costa Rica. Objetivo: Monitoreamos y estudiamos la abundancia, patrones de actividad, morfometría y comportamiento alimentario del H. platurus amarillo dentro del Golfo Dulce. Métodos: Entre febrero 2009 y julio 2018, realizamos búsquedas mensuales de serpientes marinas desde una embarcación dentro del perímetro del Golfo Dulce. Resultados: Los adultos de la población de golfo son más pequeños que la población oceánica bicolor, con las hembras de cuerpos más grandes. Las serpientes del Golfo Dulce flotan y se mueven con las corrientes superficiales sin asociarse con líneas de deriva y escombros. Las serpientes se encuentran principalmente en aguas limpias y tranquilas con poca turbulencia. La dieta se compone de una amplia diversidad de peces pequeños, que capturan con un comportamiento depredador de acecho pasivo, flotando en la superficie. La presa es rápidamente capturada y tragada viva. Esta especie tiene una ausencia casi total de depredación, patrón que se extiende a esta población amarilla. Conclusiones: Las características del golfo y la dirección y fuerza de las corrientes superficiales en su entrada podrían restringir el tránsito de esta población amarilla hacia el exterior y el ingreso de las serpientes bicolores de la población oceánica. No consideramos prudente realizar cambios taxonómicos en esta población. La población amarilla es relativamente abundante dentro de la cuenca. Sin embargo, el alto tráfico turístico y otras actividades son factores de riesgo para su conservación. Políticas de protección deben crearse para preservar y proteger esta pequeña población de serpientes marinas amarillas, única dentro del rango de distribución de esta especie.

Abstract Introduction: Sticholecitha serpentis is a poorly studied parasite of the snakes’ esophagus, with an unclear taxonomy. Currently, there are few records of S. serpentis in snakes in Brazil. Although it has been recorded in snakes of the family Viperidae, it has not yet been reported in Bothrops atrox. Objectives: To present new morphological characters, as well as ecological and parasitic relationships of S. serpentis with B. atrox. Methods: The samples were obtained in a dryland area in the Tapajós National Forest, Pará State, Brazil. Ten specimens of B. atrox were examined manually with the aid of tweezers, and three were positive for trematodes identified as S. serpentis in the oral cavity. Results: We provide scanning electron microscopy images, with detailed images of the S. serpentis tegument and its spines, as well as details of the dorsal keel using light microscopy methods. Moreover, we report the first record of S. serpentis parasitizing an Amazonian viperid, with infection frequency data of 30 %. Conclusion: We emphasize that the new morphological data presented in this manuscript provide additional information to facilitate the identification of this trematode in future studies.

Resumen Introducción: Sticholecitha serpentis es un parásito del esófago de serpientes poco estudiado y su sistemática no está clara. Actualmente, existen pocos registros del parásito en serpientes en Brasil. Aunque ha sido registrada en serpientes de la familia Viperidae, aún no ha sido reportada en Bothrops atrox. Objetivos: Presentar novedades en aspectos morfológicos, relaciones ecológicas y parasitarias de S. serpentis, parásito encontrado por primera vez en la cavidad bucal de B. atrox. Métodos: Las muestras provienen de un área seca en la Floresta Nacional de Tapajós, Estado de Pará, Brasil. Diez especímenes de B. atrox fueron examinados manualmente con la ayuda de pinzas. De estos individuos tres fueron positivos para trematodos compatibles con S. serpentis en la cavidad oral. Resultados: Se proporcionan imágenes de microscopía electrónica de barrido, con imágenes del tegumento de S. serpentis y sus espinas, y detalles de la quilla dorsal mediante métodos de microscopía óptica. Además, se reporta el primer registro de parasitismo por S. serpentis en un vipérido amazónico, con datos de frecuencia de infección del 30 %. Conclusión: Los nuevos datos morfológicos presentados en este manuscrito proporcionan información adicional para facilitar la identificación de este tremátodo en futuros estudios.

ABSTRACT: Moche pictorial art, despite its simplicity of style, reveals to contain multiple mystical meanings. Centuries of cultural heritage and philosophical thought fall on its figures and narrative forms. Thus, once their most basic techniques are understood, the narrative and metaphorical meaning they contain can be studied. One of the most recurrent of these figures and metaphors was the one referring to the snake-jaguar animal hybrid, a mythological creature referring to renewal. Its image of regeneration emphasized, in its deepest interpretation, the inexhaustible circle of life after death; applied with special interest to agriculture and the maintenance of human order. The other vision, the most profane, referred to the necessary renewal of political power; to the death and rebirth of the authority of the Moche rulers. The strategy of the Mochica ruling elite went through various moments of anguish, especially due to the climatological disasters caused by unexpected floods and torrents or received without proper preparation, which put the authorities in charge of dealing with the divinities and praying, for a climate without surprises, directly on the target. Therefore, regeneration, that is, the death and rebirth of the ruling leadership, was necessary. Through it, it was stated that the new authorities had overcome their weaknesses and were returning, this time stronger, to continue occupying their position. The icon with which the Mochicas expressed this phenomenon of exhaustion of authority and its subsequent reinforcement was that of snakes with the heads of jaguars. ABSTRACT art style meanings forms Thus understood studied snakejaguar snake jaguar hybrid emphasized interpretation order vision profane power rulers anguish preparation praying surprises target Therefore is leadership returning stronger position jaguars

RESUMEN: El arte pictórico mochica, pese a su simplicidad de estilo, revela contener múltiples significados místicos. Sobre sus figuras y formas narrativas recaen siglos de herencia cultural y pensamiento filosófico. Así, comprendida sus técnicas más elementales, puede estudiarse el sentido narrativo y metafórico que encierran. Una de las más recurrentes de esas figuras y metáforas fue la referida al híbrido animal serpiente-jaguar, una criatura mitológica referida a la renovación. Su imagen de regeneración hacía hincapié, en su interpretación más profunda, en el círculo inagotable de la vida tras la muerte; aplicado con especial interés a la agricultura y al sostenimiento del orden humano. La otra visión, la más profana, hacía referencia a la renovación necesaria del poder político; a la muerte y renacimiento de la autoridad de los gobernantes Moche. La estrategia de la élite gobernante mochica pasó por momentos diversos de angustia, especialmente debido a los desastres climatológicos provocados por los aluviones y torrentes no esperados o recibidos sin la debida preparación, lo que ponía a las autoridades, encargadas de tratar con las divinidades y rogar por un clima sin sorpresas, directamente en la diana. Por ello, la regeneración, esto es, la muerte y renacimiento de la cúpula gobernante, resultaba necesaria. A través de ella se hacía constar que las nuevas autoridades habían superado sus flaquezas y volvían, esta vez más fuertes, para seguir ocupando su puesto. El icono con que los mochicas expresaban este fenómeno de agotamiento de la autoridad y su ulterior reforzamiento, fue el de las serpientes con cabeza de jaguar. RESUMEN estilo místicos filosófico Así elementales encierran serpientejaguar, serpientejaguar serpiente jaguar, jaguar serpiente-jaguar hincapié profunda humano visión profana político Moche angustia preparación sorpresas diana ello es volvían fuertes puesto reforzamiento

Abstract 21. Radio telemetry has become a valuable tool for studying the spatial and reproductive ecology of snakes. Various methodologies have been used to attach radio transmitters to snakes, including external placement with adhesive tape, forced ingestion, and skin glue application. Still, these methods have limitations and negative effects on snakes, such as transmitter loss or alterations in feeding behavior. This study presents the first case of radio transmitter implantation in the species Bothrops alternatus in Argentina. Two large venomous snakes B. alternatus specimens, were captured from the wild. A procedure was followed based on previous work with specific adaptations for venomous snakes. The specimens were anesthetized with isoflurane and provided with oxygen throughout the surgery. A 2 cm incision was made in each specimen, the muscle was divided, and access to the celomic cavity was obtained. The previously sterilized radio transmitter was placed in this cavity, and its antenna was tunneled under the skin towards the upper body. Subsequently, the muscle layers and skin were sutured with sterile material. The surgery was successful in both specimens, lasting approximately 30 minutes, with rapid recovery post-anesthesia. The transmitters emitted signals detected at distances of up to 500 meters in the field, allowing tracking of the snakes’ movements over 10 days. However, it was observed that the transmitter battery life was shorter than expected, limiting long-term monitoring. This work represents a significant contribution to the field of snake radio telemetry in Argentina, providing a detailed and successful protocol for radio transmitter implantation in venomous snakes.

Resumen 17. La radiotelemetría se ha convertido en una herramienta valiosa para estudiar la ecología espacial y reproductiva de las serpientes. Diferentes metodologías han sido utilizadas para colocar radiotransmisores en serpientes, incluida la colocación externa con cinta adhesiva, la ingestión forzada y la aplicación de pegamento en la piel, aunque presentan limitaciones y efectos negativos en las serpientes, como la pérdida de los transmisores o la alteración del comportamiento alimentario. En el presente trabajo se presenta el primer caso de implantación de radiotransmisores en la especie Bothrops alternatus en la Argentina. Se utilizaron dos ejemplares de yarará grande B. alternatus capturados de la naturaleza. Se siguió un procedimiento basado en trabajos anteriores con adaptaciones específicas propias para tratar serpientes venenosas. Los ejemplares fueron anestesiados con isoflurano, con soporte de oxígeno durante toda la cirugía. En cada ejemplar se realizó una incisión de 2 cm de longitud, se dividió el músculo y se accedió a la cavidad celómica. El radiotransmisor, previamente esterilizado, se colocó en esta cavidad y su antena se tunelizó bajo la piel hacia la parte superior del cuerpo. Posteriormente, se suturaron los planos musculares y la piel con material estéril. La cirugía fue exitosa en ambos especímenes, con una duración de aproximadamente 30 minutos y una recuperación rápida después de la anestesia. Los radiotransmisores emitieron señales que se captaron a distancias de hasta 500 metros en el campo, lo que permitió rastrear el movimiento de las serpientes durante un período de 10 días. Sin embargo, se observó que la duración de la batería de los transmisores fue menor de lo esperado, lo que limitó el seguimiento a largo plazo. Este trabajo representa una contribución significativa al campo de la radiotelemetría en serpientes en la Argentina, proporcionando un protocolo detallado y exitoso para la implantación de radiotransmisores en serpientes venenosas.

Abstract Variability in snake venom composition is well-documented and crucial for understanding snake ecology and predicting snakebites. In this study, we characterize the venom composition and biological activities of newborn female and male Bothrops moojeni and their mother. Our results reveal significant differences between the venom of newborn females and males, demonstrating a broad and diverse range of proteins. The venoms of newborn females showed higher serine protease effects, increased hemorrhagic activity, and greater lethality compared to the venom of newborn males. However, no differences were observed in phospholipase A2 and coagulant activity. The differences in protein composition and toxic activities between maternal and neonatal venom, as well as between the venoms of newborn females and males, contribute to understanding the diverse outcomes of snakebites. These results underscore the importance of considering sex and ontogeny in understanding venom composition in snakes. welldocumented documented snakebites study mother males proteins effects activity However A snakes

Resumo A variabilidade na composição dos venenos de serpentes é bem documentada e crucial para a compreensão da ecologia das serpentes ou do prognóstico dos envenenamentos ofídicos. Nesse estudo, caracterizamos a composição e a atividade biológica do veneno de fêmeas e machos recém-nascidos e sua mãe. Nossos resultados revelaram diferenças significativas entre o veneno de fêmeas e machos recém-nascidos, demonstrando uma ampla e diversificada gama de proteínas. Os venenos de fêmeas recém-nascidas apresentaram mais efeitos de serina protease, aumento da atividade hemorrágica e maior letalidade em comparação ao veneno dos machos recém-nascidos. No entanto, nenhuma diferença foi observada na fosfolipase A2 e na atividade coagulante. As diferenças na composição proteica e nas atividades tóxicas entre o veneno materno e neonatal, bem como entre os venenos de fêmeas e machos recém-nascidos contribuem para a compreensão dos diversos resultados dos acidentes ofídicos. Esses resultados ressaltam a importância de considerar o sexo e a ontogenia na compreensão da composição do veneno desses animais. ofídicos estudo recémnascidos recém nascidos mãe recémnascidos, nascidos, proteínas recémnascidas nascidas protease recémnascidos. nascidos. entanto coagulante neonatal animais

Abstract The aim of this study was to record Centrorhynchus sp. associated with the exotic species Aquarana catesbeiana (bullfrog) in southern Brazil and to present a checklist of vertebrate hosts in South America. Twenty-nine adults and juveniles of A. catesbeiana were collected in Capão do Leão, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between October 2019 and December 2020. We found 275 specimens of Centrorhynchus sp. cystacanths in the stomach musculature and coelomic cavity of 55.1% of hosts (16). There was no significant differences in the prevalence and mean intensity of infection with cystacanths when compared males and females of A. catesbeiana. The prevalence was significantly higher in adults than in juveniles. The checklist presents 106 species of vertebrate hosts and 14 taxa of Centrorhynchus recorded in nine South American countries. Avian were the main definitive hosts of Centrorhynchus spp. and snakes Dipsadidae, anurans Hylidae and Leptodactylidae the main paratenic hosts in South America. This is the first record of Centrorhynchus cystacanths in A. catesbeiana in the South America. The study provides tools to help understand the parasitic relationships between species of Centrorhynchus and A. catesbeiana and other hosts in areas where bullfrog have been introduced. sp (bullfrog America Twentynine Twenty A Leão Sul 201 2020 27 551 55 1 55.1 16. 16 . (16) 10 countries spp Dipsadidae introduced 20 202 2 5 55. (16 (1 (

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi registrar Centrorhynchus sp. associado à exótica A. catesbeiana, no extremo sul do Brasil, e apresentar uma checklist de hospedeiros vertebrados na América do Sul. Vinte e nove adultos e juvenis de A. catesbeiana foram coletados em Capão do Leão, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, entre outubro de 2019 e dezembro de 2020. Foram encontrados 275 cistacantos de Centrorhynchus sp. na musculatura do estômago e na cavidade celômica de 55,1% dos hospedeiros (16). Não houve diferença significativa na prevalência e intensidade média de infecção de cistacantos entre machos e fêmeas de A. catesbeiana. A prevalência foi significativamente maior em anuros adultos que em juvenis. O checklist apresentou 106 espécies de hospedeiros vertebrados e 14 taxa de Centrorhynchus registrados em nove países da América do Sul. Aves são os principais hospedeiros definitivos de Centrorhynchus spp., e serpentes Dipsadidae, anuros Hylidae e Leptodactylidae principais hospedeiros paratênicos no continente sul-americano. Este é o primeiro registro de cistacantos de Centrorhynchus em A. catesbeiana na América do Sul. O estudo fornece ferramentas para auxiliar na compreensão das interações parasitárias entre espécies de Centrorhynchus e A. catesbeiana e outros hospedeiros em áreas onde a rã-touro foi introduzida. sp Brasil Sul Leão 201 2020 27 551 55 1 55,1 16. 16 . (16) 10 spp spp. Dipsadidae sulamericano. sulamericano americano. americano sul-americano rãtouro rã touro introduzida 20 202 2 5 55, (16 (1 (

Abstract In general snakes show differentiate anatomical, biological and behavioral particularities compared to other species. Basic information about the snakes anatomy, physiology and reproductive biology is scarce in several species, making the reproduction a challenge. Thus, the present work aims to evaluate morphological aspects of the Corallus hortulanus testes, correlating these findings with environmental factors and reproductive aspects. The testes of three specimens of Corallus hortulanus were cut to a thickness of 3μm in microtome, stained with 1% toluidine blue, photo documented and described. Seasonality was observed in the sperm production of Corallus hortulanus, with the presence of mature spermatozoa in the wettest and hottest periods of the year, as well as the largest testicular volume in these periods. anatomical species anatomy challenge Thus μm microtome 1 blue described year

RESUMO Acidentes ofídicos causados por serpentes do gênero Bothrops são responsáveis por 70% das notificações no país. O soro antiofídico é o antídoto específico contra o envenenamento causado por essas serpentes. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o estado de saúde de equinos produtores de soro antibotrópico, pelo monitoramento dos parâmetros hematológicos e do ferro sérico, durante a realização do protocolo de três imunizações. Os animais foram avaliados em 17 momentos experimentais: controle (antes da aplicação do imunógeno), quatro horas, 24h, 48h, 72h e sete dias após as inoculações, para cada imunização. Houve diminuição significativa nos valores dos eritrócitos, da hemoglobina e do hematócrito após a segunda imunização. Verificaram-se diminuições significativas nos valores do ferro durante as três imunizações. Foram verificadas diminuições significativas nos valores dos linfócitos, nas duas primeiras imunizações, e aumento significativo dos valores dos neutrófilos nas três imunizações. Os eosinófilos, monócitos e basófilos não apresentaram diferença significativa ao longo das três imunizações. O protocolo de imunização descrito neste trabalho causou reação inflamatória no local da aplicação do imunógeno e reações transitórias dos parâmetros hematológicos e do ferro, pois, no final do protocolo de imunização, os valores das variáveis retornaram aos intervalos de referência. 70 país antibotrópico sérico imunizações 1 experimentais antes imunógeno, , imunógeno) horas 24h h 48h inoculações eritrócitos Verificaramse Verificaram se linfócitos eosinófilos pois referência 7

ABSTRACT Ophidic accidents caused by snakes of the genus Bothrops are responsible for 70% of notifications in the country. The antiophidic serum is the specific antidote against envenomation caused by these snakes. Aiming to evaluate the health status of horses producing antibotropic serum, the hematological variables and serum iron were delineated along the protocol of three immunizations. The animals were evaluated at 17 experimental moments, being: control (before the immunogen application), four hours, 24h, 48h, 72h and seven days after inoculations, for each immunization. There was a significant decrease in erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values after the second immunization. Serum iron values showed significant decreases during the three immunizations. Significant decreases in lymphocyte values were noted in the first two immunizations, while there was a significant increase in neutrophil values during all three immunizations. Eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils did not show significant difference throughout the three immunizations. The immunization protocol described in this study caused an inflammatory reaction at the site of immunogen application and transient changes in hematological parameters and iron levels, as by the end of the immunization protocol, the variable values returned the reference levels. 70 country immunizations 1 moments being before application, , application) hours 24h h 48h inoculations erythrocyte hemoglobin Eosinophils monocytes levels 7

resumo A matança de serpentes é uma prática disseminada nos limites das regiões norte e noroeste de Minas Gerais. Um dos motivos que justificam os abates remete à associação estabelecida entre o animal e o mal. Neste artigo, pretendo entender o sentido dessa relação, descrever as matanças e discutir possíveis formas pacíficas de convivência entre pessoas e bichos. Gerais mal artigo relação bichos

abstract The killing of snakes is a widespread practice in the north and northwest regions of Minas Gerais. One of the reasons used to justify the slaughtering refers to the association established between the animal and bad/evil. In this article, I intend to understand the meaning of this association, describe the ways snakes are killed and discuss possible ways of peaceful coexistence between people and animals. Gerais badevil bad evil bad/evil article animals

Abstract The effect of peptide toxins on voltage-gated ion channels can be reliably assessed using electrophysiological assays, such as the patch-clamp technique. However, much of the toxinological research done in Central and South America aims at purifying and characterizing biochemical properties of the toxins of vegetal or animal origin, lacking electrophysiological approaches. This may happen due to technical and infrastructure limitations or because researchers are unfamiliar with the techniques and cellular models that can be used to gain information about the effect of a molecule on ion channels. Given the potential interest of many research groups in the highly biodiverse region of Central and South America, we reviewed the most relevant conceptual and methodological developments required to implement the evaluation of the effect of peptide toxins on mammalian voltage-gated ion channels using patch-clamp. For that, we searched MEDLINE/PubMed and SciELO databases with different combinations of these descriptors: “electrophysiology”, “patch-clamp techniques”, “Ca2+ channels”, “K+ channels”, “cnidarian venoms”, “cone snail venoms”, “scorpion venoms”, “spider venoms”, “snake venoms”, “cardiac myocytes”, “dorsal root ganglia”, and summarized the literature as a scoping review. First, we present the basics and recent advances in mammalian voltage-gated ion channel’s structure and function and update the most important animal sources of channel-modulating toxins (e.g. cnidarian and cone snails, scorpions, spiders, and snakes), highlighting the properties of toxins electrophysiologically characterized in Central and South America. Finally, we describe the local experience in implementing the patch-clamp technique using two models of excitable cells, as well as the participation in characterizing new modulators of ion channels derived from the venom of a local spider, a toxins’ source less studied with electrophysiological techniques. Fostering the implementation of electrophysiological methods in more laboratories in the region will strengthen our capabilities in many fields, such as toxinology, toxicology, pharmacology, natural products, biophysics, biomedicine, and bioengineering. voltagegated voltage gated assays patchclamp patch clamp However origin approaches patchclamp. clamp. MEDLINEPubMed MEDLINE PubMed descriptors electrophysiology, electrophysiology , “electrophysiology” techniques, techniques” Ca2+ Ca2 Ca “Ca2 channels, channels” K+ K “K venoms, venoms venoms” scorpion spider snake cardiac myocytes, myocytes myocytes” dorsal ganglia, ganglia ganglia” review First channel s channelmodulating modulating e.g. eg e g (e.g snails scorpions spiders snakes, snakes snakes) Finally cells fields toxinology toxicology pharmacology products biophysics biomedicine bioengineering “electrophysiology “Ca e.g

Abstract Land cover changes resulting from agricultural expansion and cattle ranching are the primary factors influencing the diversity of amphibian and reptile communities. In this study, we assessed the variation in the diversity of amphibians and reptiles across four land-cover types (ponds, grasslands, temporary crops, and secondary vegetation) in a rural landscape in the Colombian Caribbean region. Amphibians and reptiles were sampled through visual encounter surveys between April and August 2018. A total of 19 species of amphibians (frogs and toads) and 23 species of reptiles (14 lizards, 7 snakes, 1 turtle, and 1 alligator) were recorded. Species diversity differed among land covers, for both amphibians and reptiles. Amphibian diversity was higher in ponds and lower in grasslands, whereas reptile diversity was higher in secondary vegetation and lower in temporary crops. Our results suggest that the maintenance of ponds and secondary vegetation could be important for the conservation of herpetofauna in rural landscapes where anthropogenic activities such as agriculture and cattle ranching predominate.

Resumen Los cambios en la cobertura del suelo debido a la expansión agrícola y ganadera son las principales causas que influyen en la diversidad de las comunidades de anfibios y reptiles. En este estudio, evaluamos la variación de la diversidad de anfibios y reptiles en cuatro tipos de cobertura del suelo (jagüeyes, pastizales, cultivos transitorios y vegetación secundaria) en un paisaje rural de la región Caribe colombiana. Los anfibios y reptiles fueron muestreados a través del método de relevamiento por encuentros visuales entre abril y agosto de 2018. Se registró un total de 19 especies de anfibios (ranas y sapos) y 23 especies de reptiles (14 lagartos, 7 serpientes, 1 tortuga y 1 caimán). La diversidad de especies difirió entre las coberturas del suelo, tanto para anfibios como para reptiles. La diversidad de anfibios fue mayor en los jagüeyes y menor en los pastizales, mientras que la de reptiles fue mayor en la vegetación secundaria y menor en los cultivos transitorios. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el mantenimiento de jagüeyes y vegetación secundaria podría ser importante para la conservación de la herpetofauna en paisajes rurales donde predominan actividades antropogénicas como la agricultura y la ganadería.

Resumen Introducción: El aprovechamiento de materiales aluviales: arena, grava y cantos rodados de los lechos de ríos impacta directamente a la fauna silvestre asociada a ellos. Los más afectados son aquellos grupos de menor talla, ámbito hogareño pequeño y poca vagilidad, como los reptiles. Se seleccionó a este grupo como indicador del efecto de la instalación de graveras por su sensibilidad a la alteración de su hábitat. Objetivo: Determinar el impacto de la extracción de materiales aluviales en la diversidad y estructura de las comunidades de reptiles. Métodos: el estudio se realizó en las llanuras de inundación del río Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México. Se establecieron seis parcelas de 300 x 25 m, tres en área de extracción de materiales aluviales y otras tres en áreas sin extracción. En estas dos condiciones contrastantes se realizó el inventario de reptiles. También se registraron variables relevantes del hábitat para reptiles. Se comparó la diversidad alfa y beta entre ambas condiciones. Resultados: Se registraron 27 especies. En el área con extracción se observó una menor riqueza y abundancia (14 especies y 390 individuos) que en el área sin extracción (26 especies y 1 205 individuos). El efecto negativo fue mayor en las serpientes, ocasionando una diferencia de 75 % en la riqueza, mientras que en los saurios fue del 32 %. La abundancia de reptiles estuvo correlacionada con los cuerpos de agua, la exposición al sol y la vegetación herbácea. Conclusiones: El establecimiento de las graveras tuvo un impacto negativo en la diversidad y abundancia de reptiles. El efecto negativo fue mayor en las serpientes, las cuales, desaparecieron del área de aprovechamiento de materiales aluviales.

Abstract Introduction: The use of alluvial materials (sand, gravel, and boulders from riverbeds) has a direct impact on the associated wildlife. The most affected are those species of smaller size, poor vagility and small home range, such as some reptiles. This group was selected as an indicator of the impact of gravel pit installation due to its sensitivity to habitat disturbance. Objective: To determine the effects of alluvial material extraction on the diversity and structure of the reptile communities in river areas where gravel pits are installed. Methods: The study was carried out in the floodplains of the Tehuantepec River, Oaxaca, Mexico. Six transects of 300 m with a search width of 25 m were established, three at alluvial material extraction areas and three at non-extraction areas. In these two contrasting conditions, an inventory of reptiles was made. Also, relevant variables of the habitat of reptiles were evaluated. The alpha and beta diversity were compared between both conditions. Results: We registered 27 reptile species. In the alluvial material extraction areas, we observe a lower richness and abundance (14 species and 390 individuals) compared to the non-extraction areas (26 species and 1 205 individuals). The negative effect was greater in snakes, causing a 75 % difference in richness, while in lizards it was 32 %. The abundance of reptiles was correlated with bodies of water, sun exposure and herbaceous vegetation. Conclusions: The establishment of gravel pits and removal of alluvial materials has a strong impact on the diversity and structure of reptile communities. The negative effect is greater on snakes, which disappeared from the area from the gravel pits were established.

ABSTRACT The auditory systems and sound dynamics in snakes are frequent objects of debate. The known frequency of sounds produced by snakes ranges from 0.2 to 9.5 kHz. Here we report the first record of a vocalization by the South American snake Dipsas catesbyi. The call was recorded oportunistically in June 2021 upon manipulation, and had a duration of 0.06 seconds, reaching 3036 Hz in its peak frequency with a modulated note, emitted through exhalation of air through the larynx. We hypothesize that structured vocal emissions such as this are a reaction to a predation attempt and may be a feature shared by other species of Dipsadidae and other snakes. debate 02 0 2 0. 95 9 5 9. kHz catesbyi 202 manipulation 006 06 0.0 seconds 303 note larynx 20 00 30 3

RESUMO Os sistemas auditivos e a dinâmica do som em cobras são objetos frequentes de debate. A frequência conhecida dos sons produzidos pelas cobras varia de 0,2 a 9,5 kHz. Aqui relatamos o primeiro registro de vocalização da cobra sul-americana Dipsas catesbyi. O canto foi gravado oportunisticamente em junho de 2021 mediante manuseio, e teve duração de 0,06 segundos, atingindo 3036 Hz em sua frequência de pico com nota modulada, emitida por meio da exalação de ar pela laringe. Nossa hipótese é que emissões vocais estruturadas como esta são uma reação a uma tentativa de predação e podem ser uma característica compartilhada por outras espécies de Dipsadidae e outras serpentes. debate 02 0 2 0, 95 9 5 9, kHz sulamericana sul americana catesbyi 202 manuseio 006 06 0,0 segundos 303 modulada laringe serpentes 20 00 30 3