ABSTRACT: Moche pictorial art, despite its simplicity of style, reveals to contain multiple mystical meanings. Centuries of cultural heritage and philosophical thought fall on its figures and narrative forms. Thus, once their most basic techniques are understood, the narrative and metaphorical meaning they contain can be studied. One of the most recurrent of these figures and metaphors was the one referring to the snake-jaguar animal hybrid, a mythological creature referring to renewal. Its image of regeneration emphasized, in its deepest interpretation, the inexhaustible circle of life after death; applied with special interest to agriculture and the maintenance of human order. The other vision, the most profane, referred to the necessary renewal of political power; to the death and rebirth of the authority of the Moche rulers. The strategy of the Mochica ruling elite went through various moments of anguish, especially due to the climatological disasters caused by unexpected floods and torrents or received without proper preparation, which put the authorities in charge of dealing with the divinities and praying, for a climate without surprises, directly on the target. Therefore, regeneration, that is, the death and rebirth of the ruling leadership, was necessary. Through it, it was stated that the new authorities had overcome their weaknesses and were returning, this time stronger, to continue occupying their position. The icon with which the Mochicas expressed this phenomenon of exhaustion of authority and its subsequent reinforcement was that of snakes with the heads of jaguars. ABSTRACT art style meanings forms Thus understood studied snakejaguar snake jaguar hybrid emphasized interpretation order vision profane power rulers anguish preparation praying surprises target Therefore is leadership returning stronger position jaguars

RESUMEN: El arte pictórico mochica, pese a su simplicidad de estilo, revela contener múltiples significados místicos. Sobre sus figuras y formas narrativas recaen siglos de herencia cultural y pensamiento filosófico. Así, comprendida sus técnicas más elementales, puede estudiarse el sentido narrativo y metafórico que encierran. Una de las más recurrentes de esas figuras y metáforas fue la referida al híbrido animal serpiente-jaguar, una criatura mitológica referida a la renovación. Su imagen de regeneración hacía hincapié, en su interpretación más profunda, en el círculo inagotable de la vida tras la muerte; aplicado con especial interés a la agricultura y al sostenimiento del orden humano. La otra visión, la más profana, hacía referencia a la renovación necesaria del poder político; a la muerte y renacimiento de la autoridad de los gobernantes Moche. La estrategia de la élite gobernante mochica pasó por momentos diversos de angustia, especialmente debido a los desastres climatológicos provocados por los aluviones y torrentes no esperados o recibidos sin la debida preparación, lo que ponía a las autoridades, encargadas de tratar con las divinidades y rogar por un clima sin sorpresas, directamente en la diana. Por ello, la regeneración, esto es, la muerte y renacimiento de la cúpula gobernante, resultaba necesaria. A través de ella se hacía constar que las nuevas autoridades habían superado sus flaquezas y volvían, esta vez más fuertes, para seguir ocupando su puesto. El icono con que los mochicas expresaban este fenómeno de agotamiento de la autoridad y su ulterior reforzamiento, fue el de las serpientes con cabeza de jaguar. RESUMEN estilo místicos filosófico Así elementales encierran serpientejaguar, serpientejaguar serpiente jaguar, jaguar serpiente-jaguar hincapié profunda humano visión profana político Moche angustia preparación sorpresas diana ello es volvían fuertes puesto reforzamiento

Abstract 21. Radio telemetry has become a valuable tool for studying the spatial and reproductive ecology of snakes. Various methodologies have been used to attach radio transmitters to snakes, including external placement with adhesive tape, forced ingestion, and skin glue application. Still, these methods have limitations and negative effects on snakes, such as transmitter loss or alterations in feeding behavior. This study presents the first case of radio transmitter implantation in the species Bothrops alternatus in Argentina. Two large venomous snakes B. alternatus specimens, were captured from the wild. A procedure was followed based on previous work with specific adaptations for venomous snakes. The specimens were anesthetized with isoflurane and provided with oxygen throughout the surgery. A 2 cm incision was made in each specimen, the muscle was divided, and access to the celomic cavity was obtained. The previously sterilized radio transmitter was placed in this cavity, and its antenna was tunneled under the skin towards the upper body. Subsequently, the muscle layers and skin were sutured with sterile material. The surgery was successful in both specimens, lasting approximately 30 minutes, with rapid recovery post-anesthesia. The transmitters emitted signals detected at distances of up to 500 meters in the field, allowing tracking of the snakes’ movements over 10 days. However, it was observed that the transmitter battery life was shorter than expected, limiting long-term monitoring. This work represents a significant contribution to the field of snake radio telemetry in Argentina, providing a detailed and successful protocol for radio transmitter implantation in venomous snakes.

Resumen 17. La radiotelemetría se ha convertido en una herramienta valiosa para estudiar la ecología espacial y reproductiva de las serpientes. Diferentes metodologías han sido utilizadas para colocar radiotransmisores en serpientes, incluida la colocación externa con cinta adhesiva, la ingestión forzada y la aplicación de pegamento en la piel, aunque presentan limitaciones y efectos negativos en las serpientes, como la pérdida de los transmisores o la alteración del comportamiento alimentario. En el presente trabajo se presenta el primer caso de implantación de radiotransmisores en la especie Bothrops alternatus en la Argentina. Se utilizaron dos ejemplares de yarará grande B. alternatus capturados de la naturaleza. Se siguió un procedimiento basado en trabajos anteriores con adaptaciones específicas propias para tratar serpientes venenosas. Los ejemplares fueron anestesiados con isoflurano, con soporte de oxígeno durante toda la cirugía. En cada ejemplar se realizó una incisión de 2 cm de longitud, se dividió el músculo y se accedió a la cavidad celómica. El radiotransmisor, previamente esterilizado, se colocó en esta cavidad y su antena se tunelizó bajo la piel hacia la parte superior del cuerpo. Posteriormente, se suturaron los planos musculares y la piel con material estéril. La cirugía fue exitosa en ambos especímenes, con una duración de aproximadamente 30 minutos y una recuperación rápida después de la anestesia. Los radiotransmisores emitieron señales que se captaron a distancias de hasta 500 metros en el campo, lo que permitió rastrear el movimiento de las serpientes durante un período de 10 días. Sin embargo, se observó que la duración de la batería de los transmisores fue menor de lo esperado, lo que limitó el seguimiento a largo plazo. Este trabajo representa una contribución significativa al campo de la radiotelemetría en serpientes en la Argentina, proporcionando un protocolo detallado y exitoso para la implantación de radiotransmisores en serpientes venenosas.

ABSTRACT Background: Ophidic accident is a neglected disease that affects tropical countries. Latin America is the second region after Africa, with the most cases worldwide. Local lesions accompany its clinical course up to systemic affectations such as renal, hematological, and neurological lesions. Cardiac complications are rare, especially in patients who do not have cardiovascular risk factors. There are reports of acute myocardial infarction, but there is little information about heart failure due to Bothrops spp. Case report: We present the case of a 25-year-old man without cardiovascular risk factors who was admitted to the intensive care unit and developed heart failure with cardiogenic shock and multi-organ failure secondary to a snake bite. Conclusions: Although the characteristic clinical course of a bothropic ophidian accident and its systemic manifestations are mainly related to coagulation abnormalities, there are cardiovascular complications within its clinical presentation that, although rare, if not detected promptly and not adequately managed, are associated with high morbidity and mortality.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: El accidente ofídico es una enfermedad desatendida que afecta a los países tropicales. América Latina es la segunda región después de África, con mayor número de casos a nivel mundial. Su curso clínico incluye lesiones locales hasta afectaciones sistémicas como lesiones renales, hematológicas y neurológicas. Las complicaciones cardiacas son raras, especialmente en pacientes que no tienen factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Hay reportes de infarto agudo de miocardio, pero existe poca información sobre la insuficiencia cardíaca debida a Bothrops spp. Reporte de caso: Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 25 años sin factores de riesgo cardiovascular que fue admitido en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y desarrolló insuficiencia cardíaca con choque cardiogénico y fallo multiorgánico secundario a una mordedura de serpiente. Conclusiones: Aunque el curso clínico característico de un accidente ofídico bothrópico y sus manifestaciones sistémicas están principalmente relacionadas con anomalías de la coagulación, hay complicaciones cardiovasculares dentro de su presentación clínica que, aunque raras, si no se detectan prontamente y no se manejan adecuadamente, están asociadas con alta morbilidad y mortalidad.

Abstract Information regarding species occurrence is fundamental to understanding biodiversity distribution. However, the biodiversity from the west of the state of Paraná has been historically less studied, especially amphibians and reptiles. For this reason, we present the first reptile list of species from the west of the state of Paraná and extend the current list of anurans for the municipality of Foz do Iguaçu. The species list was based on a systematic field study conducted at Refúgio Biológico Bela Vista (RBV) a conservation area within the Hydroelectric Power Itaipu Binacional. We integrated the species list with previous species observations available in the literature for the same place where our sampling was conducted. A total of 41 species of amphibians and reptiles are presented. All amphibians species found were recorded in the field; however, from the 22 species of reptiles recorded, three were historical records obtained before this study. Species were all classified as Least Concern and/or had stable populational status according to the IUCN. Sampling sufficiency was achieved for anurans but not for reptiles, probably due to low abundance of several snake species. The most abundant species of anuran was Dendropsophus nanus, from the Hylidae family, whereas Leptodactylus plaumanni and Scinax squalirostris were represented by only one individual each. The lizard Salvator merianae was the most abundant reptile, and seven species were represented by only one individual each. The most successful sampling method for adult anurans was active search in water bodies whereas most of reptile species were observed by accidental encounters and not through a systematic sampling method. We found that herpetofauna composition from RBV was similar to other communities from Paraná state that also occur within the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest. Finally, as additional information to the species list, we offer species identification keys and discuss the importance of Refúgio Biológico Bela Vista to harbor the anuran and reptile diversity of the region. distribution However studied reason Iguaçu (RBV Binacional 4 presented however 2 andor or IUCN nanus family each Forest Finally region

Resumo Informações sobre a ocorrência de espécies são fundamentais para a compreensão da distribuição da biodiversidade. Porém, a biodiversidade do oeste do Estado do Paraná tem sido historicamente menos estudada, especialmente a de anfíbios e répteis. Por esse motivo, apresentamos a primeira lista de espécies de répteis do oeste do Estado do Paraná e ampliamos a lista atual de anuros para o município de Foz do Iguaçu. A lista de espécies foi baseada em um estudo sistemático de campo realizado em uma área de conservação dentro da Usina Hidrelétrica Itaipu Binacional. Integramos a lista de espécies com observações de espécies anteriores disponíveis na literatura para o mesmo local onde nossa amostragem foi realizada. Um total de 41 espécies são apresentadas. Todas as espécies de anuros encontradas foram registradas em campo; entretanto, das 22 espécies de répteis registradas, três foram registros obtidos antes deste estudo. Todas as espécies foram classificadas como “Pouco Preocupante” e/ou tinham status de “População Estável” de acordo com a IUCN. A suficiência amostral foi alcançada para anuros, mas não para répteis, provavelmente devido à baixa abundância de diversas espécies de serpentes. A espécie de anuro mais abundante foi Dendropsophus nanus, da família Hylidae, enquanto Leptodactylus plaumanni e Scinax squalirostris foram representados por apenas um indivíduo cada. O lagarto Salvator merianae foi o réptil mais abundante, e sete espécies foram representadas por um indivíduo cada. O método de amostragem mais bem sucedido para anuros adultos foi a busca ativa em corpos d’água, enquanto a maioria das espécies de répteis foi observada por encontros acidentais e não através de um método de amostragem sistematizado. Descobrimos que a composição da herpetofauna do Refúgio Biológico Bela Vista foi semelhante à de outras comunidades do estado do Paraná que também ocorrem dentro da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual. Por fim, como informações adicionais à lista de espécies, oferecemos chaves de identificação das espécies e discutimos sobre a importância da área de Itaipu para abrigar a diversidade de anuros e répteis da região. Porém estudada motivo Iguaçu Binacional realizada 4 apresentadas entretanto 2 Pouco Preocupante eou ou População Estável IUCN serpentes nanus Hylidae cada dágua, dágua d água, água d’água sistematizado Semidecidual fim região

Abstract Hemostasis is a complex set of biological processes responsible for blood fluidity within normal vessels and for the physiological interruption of bleeding in cases of vascular injury. Bothrops moojeni snake venom is rich in bioactive compounds of pharmacological and clinical interest since its protein components are capable of interfering with many points of the hemostatic process. Here, we present the B. moojeni venom proteins that affect hemostasis and discuss their pharmacological and clinical potential. This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. Data were obtained from the CAPES Journal Portal database, using the terms “Bothrops” AND “hemostasis”, in a search for scientific articles made available in the last 20 years. Many components isolated from B. moojeni snake venom are characterized for their effect on hemostasis and possible application in the diagnosis and treatment of hemostatic disorders. injury process Here B potential MetaAnalyses Meta Analyses PRISMA (PRISMA protocol database “Bothrops hemostasis, , “hemostasis” 2 years disorders “hemostasis

Abstract In general snakes show differentiate anatomical, biological and behavioral particularities compared to other species. Basic information about the snakes anatomy, physiology and reproductive biology is scarce in several species, making the reproduction a challenge. Thus, the present work aims to evaluate morphological aspects of the Corallus hortulanus testes, correlating these findings with environmental factors and reproductive aspects. The testes of three specimens of Corallus hortulanus were cut to a thickness of 3μm in microtome, stained with 1% toluidine blue, photo documented and described. Seasonality was observed in the sperm production of Corallus hortulanus, with the presence of mature spermatozoa in the wettest and hottest periods of the year, as well as the largest testicular volume in these periods. anatomical species anatomy challenge Thus μm microtome 1 blue described year

Abstract There are few studies related to the biological and ecological aspects of the glass snake, a limbless lizard and with a wide geographic distribution. The aim of this study was to analyze the locomotion mode of specimens of Ophiodes cf. fragilis in different substrates and to investigate the morphological adaptations associated with this type of behavior. We observed that the analyzed specimens presented slide-push locomotion modes and lateral undulation in different substrates, using their hind limbs to aid locomotion in three of the four substrates analyzed. The bones of the hind limbs (proximal - femur - and distal - tibia and fibula) were present and highly reduced and the femur is connected to a thin pelvic girdle. Our data support that hind limbs observed in species of this genus are reduced rather than vestigial. The costocutaneous musculature was macroscopically absent. This is the first study of locomotor behavior and morphology associated with locomotion in Ophiodes, providing important information for studies on morphological evolution in the genus. snake distribution cf slidepush slide push proximal fibula girdle vestigial absent

ABSTRACT A 22-year-old female researcher was bitten by a Leptodeira annulata on the index finger of the left hand during a contention activity. After removing the snake, a little bleeding and redness was observed in the bite region, accompanied by fang marks. Thirty minutes later, edema had progressed to the dorsum of the hand. After four hours, edema persisted, but the bitten area was slightly whitened. Treatment consisted of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. The edema resolved completely and disappeared after 48 hours. Overall, this report presents the first case of envenomation in humans caused by Leptodeira annulata in Brazil. 22yearold yearold 22 year old activity snake region marks later hours persisted whitened antiinflammatory anti inflammatory drugs 4 Overall Brazil 2

ABSTRACT This case study examines the clinical course of a Bothrops snakebite poisoning that occurred in Jarinu, São Paulo, Brazil, in 2021. The patient required a fasciotomy in the upper limb due to acute compartment syndrome, followed by a second surgical procedure involving dermo-epidermal grafting. In the late postoperative period, the patient experienced retraction, leading to a subsequent surgical intervention to correct the retraction in the left upper limb. The severity of the snakebite accident, the effects of venom on tissues, complications, acute compartment syndrome, as well as the indications and techniques for decompressive fasciotomy, are discussed based on the available literature. Jarinu Paulo Brazil 2021 syndrome dermoepidermal dermo epidermal grafting period accident tissues complications literature 202 20 2

RESUMO Este relato de caso aborda o curso clínico de um envenenamento botrópico ocorrido no município de Jarinu, SP, no ano de 2021. O paciente necessitou de fasciotomia em membro superior após síndrome compartimental aguda com enxertia dermoepidérmica em um segundo momento cirúrgico. No pós-operatório tardio, o paciente evoluiu com retração, necessitando de reabordagem cirúrgica com correção de retração de membro superior esquerdo. Discute-se a gravidade do acidente ofídico, efeitos do veneno nos tecidos, complicações, síndrome compartimental aguda, indicação e técnica da fasciotomia descompressiva com base na literatura. Jarinu SP 2021 cirúrgico pósoperatório pós operatório tardio esquerdo Discutese Discute se ofídico tecidos complicações literatura 202 20 2

Abstract Background: Mammary gland tumors are the most prevalent neoplasm in intact female dogs, and they are good natural models to study comparative oncology. Most canine mammary malignancies, as in women, are commonly refractory to conventional therapies and demand continuous new therapeutic approaches. Crotalus durissus terrificus, also called rattlesnake, has more than 60 different proteins in its venom with multiple pharmaceutical uses, such as antitumor, antiviral, and antimicrobial action. Crotoxin, a potent β-neurotoxin formed by the junction of two subunits, a basic subunit (CB-PLA2) and an acidic subunit (crotapotin), has already been reported to have anticancer properties in different types of cancers. Methods: In this work, we describe the cytotoxic potential of crotoxin and its subunits compared to doxorubicin (drug of choice) in two canine mammary carcinoma cell lines. Results: Crotoxin, CB-PLA2, crotalic venom, and doxorubicin decreased cell viability and the ability to migrate in a dose-dependent manner, and crotapotin did not present an antitumoral effect. For all compounds, the predominant cell death mechanism was apoptosis. In addition, crotoxin did not show toxicity in normal canine mammary gland cells. Conclusion: Therefore, this work showed that crotoxin and CB-PLA2 had cytotoxic activity, migration inhibition, and pro-apoptotic potential in canine mammary gland carcinoma cell lines, making their possible use in cancer research. Background dogs oncology malignancies women approaches terrificus rattlesnake 6 uses antitumor antiviral action Crotoxin βneurotoxin β neurotoxin CBPLA2 CBPLA CB PLA2 PLA (CB-PLA2 crotapotin, , (crotapotin) cancers Methods drug choice lines Results CBPLA2, PLA2, dosedependent dose dependent manner effect compounds apoptosis addition cells Conclusion Therefore CB-PLA activity inhibition proapoptotic pro apoptotic research (CB-PLA (crotapotin

Abstract Background: The bioactive peptides derived from snake venoms of the Viperidae family species have been promising as therapeutic candidates for neuroprotection due to their ability to prevent neuronal cell loss, injury, and death. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the cytoprotective effects of a synthetic proline-rich oligopeptide 7a (PRO-7a; <EDGPIPP) from Bothrops jararaca snake, on oxidative stress-induced toxicity in neuronal PC12 cells and astrocyte-like C6 cells. Methods: Both cells were pre-treated for four hours with different concentrations of PRO-7a, submitted to H2O2-induced damage for 20 h, and then the oxidative stress markers were analyzed. Also, two independent neuroprotective mechanisms were investigated: a) L-arginine metabolite generation via argininosuccinate synthetase (AsS) activity regulation to produce agmatine or polyamines with neuroprotective properties; b) M1 mAChR receptor subtype activation pathway to reduce oxidative stress and neuron injury. Results: PRO-7a was not cytoprotective in C6 cells, but potentiated the H2O2-induced damage to cell integrity at a concentration lower than 0.38 μM. However, PRO-7a at 1.56 µM, on the other hand, modified H2O2-induced toxicity in PC12 cells by restoring cell integrity, mitochondrial metabolism, ROS generation, and arginase indirect activity. The α-Methyl-DL-aspartic acid (MDLA) and L-NΩ-Nitroarginine methyl ester (L-Name), specific inhibitors of AsS and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which catalyzes the synthesis of polyamines and NO from L-arginine, did not suppress PRO-7a-mediated cytoprotection against oxidative stress. It suggested that its mechanism is independent of the production of L-arginine metabolites with neuroprotective properties by increased AsS activity. On the other hand, the neuroprotective effect of PRO-7a was blocked in the presence of dicyclomine hydrochloride (DCH), an M1 mAChR antagonist. Conclusions: For the first time, this work provides evidence that PRO-7a-induced neuroprotection seems to be mediated through M1 mAChR activation in PC12 cells, which reduces oxidative stress independently of AsS activity and L-arginine bioavailability. Background loss injury death Therefore prolinerich proline rich PRO7a PROa PRO (PRO-7a <EDGPIPP EDGPIPP stressinduced induced PC PC1 astrocytelike astrocyte like C Methods pretreated pre treated PRO7a, 7a, H2O2induced HOinduced H2O2 H O 2 h analyzed Also investigated Larginine L arginine (AsS b M Results 038 0 38 0.3 μM However 156 1 56 1.5 µM hand metabolism αMethylDLaspartic α Methyl DL aspartic MDLA (MDLA LNΩNitroarginine NΩ Nitroarginine LName, LName Name , (L-Name) NOS, NOS (NOS) Larginine, arginine, PRO7amediated PROamediated DCH, DCH (DCH) antagonist Conclusions time PRO7ainduced PROainduced bioavailability HO H2O 03 3 0. 15 5 1. (L-Name (NOS amediated (DCH ainduced

Abstract Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. There is no effective treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Snake venoms are a cocktail of proteins and peptides with great therapeutic potential and might be useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Crotapotin is the acid chain of crotoxin, the major component of Crotalus durissus collilineatus venom. PD is characterized by low levels of neurotrophins, and synaptic and axonal degeneration; therefore, neurotrophic compounds might delay the progression of PD. The neurotrophic potential of crotapotin has not been studied yet. Methods: We evaluated the neurotrophic potential of crotapotin in untreated PC12 cells, by assessing the induction of neurite outgrowth. The activation of the NGF signaling pathway was investigated through pharmacological inhibition of its main modulators. Additionally, its neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects were evaluated by assessing neurite outgrowth and cell viability in PC12 cells treated with the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium), known to induce Parkinsonism in humans and animal models. Results: Crotapotin induced neuritogenesis in PC12 cells through the NGF-signaling pathway, more specifically, by activating the NGF-selective receptor trkA, and the PI3K/Akt and the MAPK/ERK cascades, which are involved in neuronal survival and differentiation. In addition, crotapotin had no cytotoxic effect and protected PC12 cells against the inhibitory effects of MPP+ on cell viability and differentiation. Conclusion: These findings show, for the first time, that crotapotin has neurotrophic/neuroprotective/neurorestorative potential and might be beneficial in Parkinson's disease. Additional studies are necessary to evaluate the toxicity of crotapotin in other cell models. Background Parkinsons Parkinson s (PD diseases crotoxin venom neurotrophins degeneration therefore yet Methods PC PC1 modulators Additionally MPP 1methyl4phenylpyridinium, 1methyl4phenylpyridinium methylphenylpyridinium 1 methyl 4 phenylpyridinium , (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium) models Results NGFsignaling specifically NGFselective selective trkA PI3KAkt PIKAkt PI3K Akt PI K MAPKERK MAPK ERK cascades differentiation addition Conclusion show time neurotrophicneuroprotectiveneurorestorative (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium KAkt PIK

Abstract Chromosomal patterns are valuable tools in evolutionary approaches. Despite the remarkable expansion of fish cytogenetic data, they are still highly deficient concerning deep oceanic species, including the Gempylidae snake mackerels. The snake mackerels are important commercial species composed by meso- and bento-pelagic predators with very limited information available about their lifestyle and genetics patterns. This study presents the first chromosomal data of two circumglobal species of this family, Ruvettus pretiosus and Promethichthys prometheus, from the São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago. Conventional analyses, chromosomal staining with base-specific fluorochromes, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for mapping of repetitive DNA classes were used. Both species have 2n = 48 chromosomes, but they highly differ regarding the karyotype formula (FN = 50 and FN = 84). The 18S rDNA/Ag-NOR and the 5S rDNA sites have a syntenic bi-telomeric array in R. pretiosus, but an independent distribution in P. prometheus. The transposable elements are dispersed, while the microsatellites are also clustered in the centromeric and terminal regions of some chromosomes. It is noteworthy that despite the 2n conservation, a marked macro and microstructural diversifications, mainly mediated by pericentric inversions, differentiates the karyotypes of the species, pointing to a particular chromosomal trajectory of the gempylids among marine fish. approaches meso bentopelagic bento pelagic family prometheus Archipelago analyses basespecific base specific fluorochromes FISH (FISH used n 4 chromosomes 5 84. 84 . 84) S rDNA/AgNOR rDNAAgNOR rDNA/Ag NOR Ag bitelomeric bi telomeric R P dispersed conservation diversifications inversions 8 AgNOR rDNAAg

Resumo Padrões cromossômicos são ferramentas valiosas em abordagens evolutivas. Apesar da notável expansão dos dados citogenéticos dos peixes, eles ainda são altamente deficientes para as espécies de águas oceânicas profundas, incluindo os membros da família Gempylidae. Espécies desta família são comercialmente importantes, compostas por predadores meso e bentopelágicos, cujas informações disponíveis sobre seu estilo de vida e padrões genéticos são muito limitadas. Este estudo apresenta os primeiros dados cromossômicos de duas espécies circumglobais desta família, Ruvettus pretiosus e Promethichthys prometheus, do Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo. Foram utilizadas análises convencionais, coloração cromossômica com fluorocromos base-específicos e hibridização in situ por fluorescência (FISH) para o mapeamento de diferentes classes de DNA repetitivos. Ambas as espécies possuem 2n = 48 cromossomos, mas diferem significativamente quanto à fórmula cariotípica (FN = 50 e FN = 84). Os sítios 18S DNAr/Ag-RON e 5S DNAr têm um arranjo bi-telomérico sintênico em R. pretiosus, mas uma distribuição independente em P. prometheus. Os elementos transponíveis têm dispersão semelhante em ambas as espécies, enquanto os microssatélites estão agrupados nas regiões centroméricas e terminais de alguns cromossomos. Vale ressaltar que apesar da conservação do 2n basal dos Percomorpha, uma acentuada diversificação macro e microestrutural, mediada principalmente por inversões pericêntricas, diferencia os cariótipos das espécies, apontando para uma trajetória cromossômica particular dos gempilídeos entre os peixes marinhos. evolutivas profundas Gempylidae importantes bentopelágicos limitadas prometheus Paulo convencionais baseespecíficos base específicos FISH (FISH repetitivos n 4 cromossomos 5 84. 84 . 84) S DNAr/AgRON DNArAgRON DNAr/Ag RON Ag bitelomérico bi telomérico R P Percomorpha microestrutural pericêntricas marinhos 8 AgRON DNArAg

Resumo Desde a segunda metade do século XX o município de Foz do Iguaçu foi caracterizado por forte ação do Estado como agente produtor do espaço urbano. Obras públicas, com destaque para a usina hidrelétrica de Itaipu, foram erguidas pela ação estatal. Isso contribuiu fortemente para o aumento populacional após a década de 1960. Com base nisso, foi analisada a expansão do tecido urbano desde 1965 até 2020, via imagens de satélite, fotos aéreas e fontes bibliográficas. Com a análise realizada, verificou-se um elevado aumento da mancha urbana, junto ao da população, até os anos 2020. Fato que resultando na incorporação de diferentes bacias hidrográficas na lógica urbana de uso da terra. Além disso, o processo de expansão urbana, associado a ineficaz aplicação da política ambiental brasileira, resultou no confinamento de canais fluviais que serpenteiam a cidade. públicas Itaipu estatal 1960 nisso 196 2020 satélite bibliográficas realizada verificouse verificou se população terra disso brasileira cidade 19 202 1 20 2

Resumen Desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX, el municipio de Foz do Iguaçu se caracterizó por una fuerte acción estatal como agente productor de espacio urbano. Las obras públicas, con énfasis en la central hidroeléctrica de Itaipú, fueron construidas por acción estatal. Esto contribuyó fuertemente al aumento demográfico después de la década de 1960. A partir de esto, se analizó la expansión del tejido urbano de 1965 a 2020, a través de imágenes satelitales, fotografías aéreas y fuentes bibliográficas. Con el análisis realizado, hubo un alto aumento del área urbana, junto con la población, hasta la década de 2020. Este hecho resultó en la incorporación de diferentes cuencas a la lógica urbana de uso del suelo. Además, el proceso de expansión urbana, asociado a la ineficaz aplicación de la política ambiental brasileña, resultó en el confinamiento de los cauces fluviales que serpentean por la ciudad. XX públicas Itaipú 1960 esto 196 2020 satelitales bibliográficas realizado población suelo Además brasileña ciudad 19 202 1 20 2

Abstract Since the second half of the 20th century, the municipality of Foz do Iguaçu has been characterized by strong State action as a producing agent of urban space. Public works, with emphasis on the Itaipu hydroelectric plant, were built by state action. This contributed strongly to the population increase after the 1960s. Based on this, the expansion of the urban fabric was analyzed from 1965 to 2020, via satellite images, aerial photos, and bibliographic sources. With the analysis carried out, there was a high increase in the urban area, along with the population, until the 2020s. This fact resulted in the incorporation of different river basins into the urban logic of land use. Furthermore, the process of urban expansion, associated with the ineffective application of Brazilian environmental policy, resulted in the confinement of river channels that snake through the city. th century space works plant 1960s s this 196 2020 images photos sources out area 2020s use Furthermore policy city 19 202 1 20 2

Abstract The genus Clusia L. is highly diverse in Central and South America, comprising about 300 species, including trees and shrubs, hemiepiphytes, epiphytes, and lianas. This genus deserves attention due to its wide range of biological activities. Clusia belongs to the Clusiaceae family, chemically characterized by the presence of xanthones, benzophenones, flavonoids, coumarins, terpenoids, and other substances with bioactive activity already described. This review aims to highlight the biological activity associated to extracts and isolated substances from species of the Clusia genus, including anti-HIV, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antinociceptive, antitumor, leishmanicidal, modulator of inflammatory processes, neutralization of toxic effects caused by snake bites, and others. This review gathered information on biological activities associated with different types of extracts and isolated substances of the genus Clusia, traditional use, chemical profile, and biological properties of plants of the genus, published in the last 23 years (1998 to 2021) and that can provide support for future research. The paper aims to provide an overview of existing knowledge about the biological properties of the genus Clusia plant species. L America 30 shrubs hemiepiphytes epiphytes lianas family xanthones benzophenones flavonoids coumarins terpenoids described antiHIV, antiHIV anti HIV, HIV anti-HIV antimicrobial antioxidant antinociceptive antitumor leishmanicidal processes bites others use profile 2 1998 (199 2021 research 3 199 (19 202 19 (1 20 1 (