Abstract Introduction. Abdominal and neural angiostrongyliasis caused by Angiostrongylus costaricensis and A. cantonensis, respectively, are zoonotic diseases involving snails as intermediate hosts. Colombia has already reported human cases, and the increasing distribution of Lissachatina fulica and Cornu aspersum raises public health concerns due to the potential risk of disease transmission in areas where parasites and hosts coexist. Objective. To identify the presence of Angiostrongylus spp. in snail species L. fulica and C. aspersum in Antioquia, Colombia. Materials and methods. This prospective cross-sectional study had a population of 5,855 L. fulica and C. aspersum snails captured in the ten towns of the Valle de Aburrá (Antioquia, Colombia), 169 samples were collected in 28 sampling points. Lung tissues of the collected snails were dissected and analyzed to detect Angiostrongylus spp. through molecular techniques. Results. Angiostrongylus spp. were identified in both L. fulica and C. aspersum. Angiostrongylus costaricensis was detected in 18 pooled prevalence of 30% (95% CI = 19.2-43.3), and Medellín was the municipality with the highest number of positive samples (33.3%). Seventy-two-point-two percent of the positive places reported the presence of rodents. None of the tests were positive for A. cantonensis. Conclusion. Our findings provide important insights into the epidemiology and distribution of Angiostrongylus spp. in Antioquia, Colombia. The identification of these parasitic nematodes in L. fulica and C. aspersum highlights the potential role of these snails as intermediate hosts in the transmission of Angiostrongylus spp. infections in the Valle de Aburrá, with implications for human and veterinary health.

Resumen Introducción. La angiostrongiliasis abdominal y neura -causadas por Angiostrongylus costaricensis y A. cantonensis, respectivamente- son zoonosis que involucran caracoles como huéspedes intermediarios. Colombia ya ha reportado casos en humanos y la ampliación de la distribución de Lissachatina fulica y Cornu aspersum aumenta la preocupación en salud pública debido al riesgo potencial de transmisión en áreas donde los parásitos y sus huéspedes coexisten. Objetivo. Identificar la presencia de Angiostrongylus spp. en caracoles de las especies L. fulica y C. aspersum en Antioquia (Colombia). Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal prospectivo con una población de 5.855 caracoles de L. fulica o C. aspersum, capturados en diez ciudades del valle de Aburrá; 169 muestras fueron recolectadas en 28 puntos de muestreo. Se disecaron los tejidos pulmonares de los caracoles y se emplearon técnicas moleculares para detectar la presencia de Angiostrongylus spp. Resultados. Angiostrongylus costaricensis fue detectado en 18 muestras agrupadas (30 %; IC95%: 19,2-43,3), tanto en L. fulica como en C. aspersum. Medellín fue el municipio con el mayor número de muestras positivas (33,3 %). El 72,2 % de los lugares positivos reportaron la presencia de roedores. Ninguna de las pruebas fue positiva para A. cantonensis. Conclusión. Estos hallazgos brindan información importante sobre la distribución de Angiostrongylus spp. en Antioquia (Colombia). La identificación de estos nemátodos en L. fulica y C. aspersum resalta el papel potencial de estos caracoles como huéspedes intermediarios en la transmisión de infecciones por Angiostrongylus en el valle de Aburrá, con implicaciones para la salud humana y veterinaria.

ABSTRACT This study describes the process of Pomacea patula catemacensis grow-out in outdoor tanks. Experimental juvenile snails (1.5-2 months old) obtained from wild breeding snails were reared using a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). The present study focused on increasing the surface area of growth tanks to be used by snails without affecting their growth and survival by adding shelters throughout the water column, which also worked to harbor snails. Two treatments were tested; T1: shelters made with curved clay tiles, T2: curved PVC shelters, and control (without shelters) in triplicate. The stocking density was set at 420 ind m-2 in tanks with 1 m3 total volume, and the culture period was 150 days. The final weight of the snails was significantly higher in control and PVC shelter groups (9.14 ± 2.2 and 8.83 ± 2.31 g, respectively), with PVC shelters showing the highest productivity in total biomass (12.03 ± 0.86 kg tank-1, P < 0.05). Final survival (%) was not significantly different among treatments (56.49 ± 1.62 to 58.05 ± 0.62).

The standardisation process of a language is always a polemic undertaking, and Tshivenda is no exception. This article explores the Tshivenda dialects and the standardisation process that this language went through. The importance of language as a primary resource for an individual, social identification, and also as a means of learning and communication, cannot be overemphasised. Moreover, when different language varieties come into contact, acculturation is inevitable, i.e., linguistic and cultural elements from both sides will diffuse and "contaminate" each other's languages and culture. However, this phenomenon is not fully researched, especially among the Tshivenda dialects. The lexicographers and terminographers, who are tasked with the development and maintenance of the Tshivenda language, seem to be "trapped" in the colonial and apartheid era, i.e., of selecting and elevating one dialect over others to represent a language. Since 1994, the year of the dawn of a democratic dispensation in South Africa, this process has proceeded at a snail's pace. In this study, a qualitative, ethnographic approach was adopted, and data were collected through telephonic interviews, where six participants were purposefully and conveniently sampled. The findings of this study may benefit speakers of Tshivenda, lexicographers, terminographers, and all language practitioners, teachers, and learners. When people value their language and heritage, use it often without prejudice or hesitancy, and practice their culture and traditions, their identity, history, dignity, and heritage become preserved. Tshivenda, at the official level, may have many lexical items in its endeavour to carry out its function as an official language in different domains.

Abstract Weed control is one of the major challenges in rice production, being the most important agronomic constraint. The apple snail (Pomacea maculata) is the main gastropod pest in rice fields predating rice seedlings in juvenile stages. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the biological use of the apple snail to control weeds in rice. Field trials were carried out to evaluate new techniques of capture and management of the mollusc for optimal weeding of rice fields with different rice cultivation techniques, such as dry seeding, wet seeding and transplanting. Combinations of these techniques are evaluated for their effect on snail control, weed control and effects on rice production, using plots treated with the molluscicide saponin (Camelia sp. seed extract) as a control. In dry sowing, good crop development and a good contribution of apple snails were obtained both when using snail traps (77.4% weed reduction) and when not using them (96.77% reduction). In wet seeding and transplanting, a solid contribution of the apple snail was obtained in the reduction of weeds of 100%; although in transplanting it is necessary to eliminate the snail captured with traps to avoid affecting the rice. The apple snail management is an agroecological alternative for the control of weeds plants, especially in the case of rice.

Resumen El control de malas hierbas es uno de los mayores desafíos en la producción de arroz, siendo la limitación agronómica más importante. El caracol manzana (Pomacea maculata) es la principal plaga de gasterópodos en arrozales depredando las plántulas de arroz en estadios juveniles. El propósito del estudio es evaluar la utilidad del uso del caracol manzana para controlar las malas hierbas en el cultivo del arroz, para ello se realizaron ensayos en los que se evaluó nuevas técnicas de captura y gestión del molusco para el óptimo desherbado de los campos de arroz con distintas técnicas de cultivo, como son la siembra en seco, la siembra en inundación y el trasplante. Las combinaciones de dichas técnicas son evaluadas en cuanto a su efecto tanto en el control del caracol, como en el control de malas hierbas y los efectos sobre la producción del propio arroz, usando como control parcelas tratadas con extracto de saponinas de Camelia sp.. En siembra en seco se obtiene un buen desarrollo del cultivo y una buena aportación de caracol manzana tanto cuando se usan trampas para regular las poblaciones del caracol (reducción de malas hierbas del 77,4%), como cuando no (reducción de 96,77%). Mientras que, en siembra en inundación y trasplante, se obtiene un valor cercano de eliminación del 100% de las malas hierbas. El caracol manzana resulta ser una alternativa agroecológica adecuada para el control de malas hierbas, en especial en siembra en seco y trasplante.

Abstract Land snails are a destructive agricultural pest in economic crops, but the populations for that pest are highly influenced by temperature and humidity, therefore climatic changes affected their behavior, distribution and population dynamics, for these reasons researchers should follow up on the changes in their behavior, distribution, and population dynamics. In this study, a survey study was conducted to define land snail species existing at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, from January 2019 to March 2022 in horticultural, vegetable, and field crops and study the population dynamics for the dominant land snail species. Results showed that there are six species of land snails, these species were, Monacha cartusiana, Succinea putris, Eobania vermiculata, Theba pisana, Helicella vestalis, and Cochlicella acuta. The population dynamics of two prevalent land snail species (M. cartusiana and S. putris), were conducted during two successive growing seasons, the Egyptian clover harbored the highest number of M. cartusiana followed by wheat, while the onion was the lowest one during the study period. In the same trends, the land snail S. putris recorded the highest numbers during the growing season of the Egyptian clover crop. Finally, it is concluded that the land snail M. cartusiana considered the first grade of infestation existed everywhere at Sharkia Governorate, and the population density of the land snail is increase gradually after winter till reach the maximum density in spring. humidity behavior Governorate Egypt 201 202 horticultural vegetable vermiculata pisana vestalis acuta M (M S , putris) seasons wheat period trends crop Finally spring 20 2

Resumo Os caracóis terrestres são pragas agrícolas destrutivas em cultivos econômicos, todavia, as populações dessa praga são altamente influenciadas pela temperatura e umidade, portanto as mudanças climáticas afetam seu comportamento, distribuição e dinâmica populacional, e, por essas razões, os pesquisadores devem acompanhar as mudanças em seu comportamento, distribuição e dinâmica populacional. O presente trabalho foi realizado para definir as espécies de caracóis terrestres existentes na província de Sharkia, no Egito, de janeiro de 2019 a março de 2022 em culturas hortícolas, vegetais e de campo, e estudar a dinâmica populacional das espécies dominantes de caracóis terrestres. Os resultados mostraram que existem seis espécies de caracóis terrestres, essas espécies foram Monacha cartusiana, Succinea putris, Eobania vermiculata, Theba pisana, Helicella vestalis e Cochlicella acuta. A dinâmica populacional de duas espécies predominantes de caracóis terrestres (M. cartusiana e S. putris), foi conduzida durante duas safras sucessivas, o trevo egípcio abrigou o maior número de M. cartusiana seguido pelo trigo, enquanto a cebola foi o menor durante o período de estudo. Seguindo as mesmas tendências, o caracol terrestre S. putris registrou os números mais altos durante a estação de crescimento da cultura do trevo egípcio. Finalmente, conclui-se que o caracol terrestre M. cartusiana, considerado o primeiro grau de infestação, está presente em toda a província de Sharkia, e a densidade populacional do caracol terrestre aumenta gradualmente após o inverno até atingir a densidade máxima na primavera. econômicos todavia umidade comportamento razões Sharkia Egito 201 202 hortícolas campo vermiculata pisana acuta M (M S , putris) sucessivas trigo estudo tendências Finalmente concluise conclui se infestação primavera 20 2

Resumo A estivação e a hibernação representam formas distintas de quiescência animal, caracterizadas por alterações fisiológicas, incluindo a composição de íons. Os fluxos de íons intracelulares desempenham papel fundamental na provocação de alterações no potencial de membrana e na facilitação da comunicação celular, enquanto as correntes de K+ de saída ajudam na restituição e manutenção do potencial de membrana em repouso. Este estudo explora a relação entre as correntes de entrada e de saída durante a estivação em caracóis Achatina fulica. Os espécimes foram coletados perto da Universidade MSUBIT, em Shenzhen, e divididos em dois grupos. O primeiro grupo foi mantido em uma dieta de treliça, enquanto o segundo consistia em indivíduos estivados, que foram privados de alimento e água até que uma estrutura semelhante a uma rolha selasse suas conchas. O registro da corrente de neurônios isolados foi realizado usando o modo de grampo de tensão de eletrodo único com amplificador AxoPatch 200B. Os registros eletrofisiológicos nos neurônios dos gânglios pedais revelaram diferenças significativas nos processos de inativação dos componentes Ia e Ikdr. As alterações no componente Ikdr podem inibir a atividade do marcapasso nos neurônios do gânglio pedal, contribuindo potencialmente para a interrupção da locomoção em animais estivados. A corrente KS não é afetada durante a estivação. As alterações nos componentes da corrente lenta de K+ podem perturbar o potencial de membrana em repouso, possivelmente levando à despolarização celular e ao influxo de íons Ca2+ e Na+, afetando a homeostase celular. Portanto, manter a constância da corrente de K+ de saída é essencial para a estabilidade celular. animal fisiológicas K repouso fulica MSUBIT Shenzhen grupos treliça estivados conchas 200B B pedal Ca2 Ca Na Na+ Portanto

Abstract Aestivation and hibernation represent distinct forms of animal quiescence, characterized by physiological changes, including ion composition. Intracellular ion flows play a pivotal role in eliciting alterations in membrane potential and facilitating cellular communication, while outward K+ currents aid in the restitution and upkeep of the resting membrane potential. This study explores the relationship between inward and outward currents during aestivation in Achatina fulica snails. Specimens were collected near MSUBIT University in Shenzhen and divided into two groups. The first group was kept on a lattice diet, while the second one consisted of aestivating individuals, that were deprived of food and water until a cork-like structure sealed their shells. Recording of current from isolated neurons were conducted using the single-electrode voltage clamp mode with an AxoPatch 200B amplifier. Electrophysiological recordings on pedal ganglia neurons revealed significant differences in the inactivation processes of the Ia and Ikdr components. Alterations in the Ikdr component may inhibit pacemaker activity in pedal ganglion neurons, potentially contributing to locomotion cessation in aestivated animals. The KS current remains unaffected during aestivation. Changes in slow K+ current components could disrupt the resting membrane potential, possibly leading to cell depolarization and influx of Ca2+ and Na+ ions, impacting cell homeostasis. Thus, maintaining the constancy of outward K+ current is essential for cell stability. quiescence changes composition communication K snails groups diet individuals corklike cork like shells singleelectrode single electrode B amplifier animals Ca2 Ca Na ions homeostasis Thus stability

Resumo Os poluentes ambientais podem frequentemente alterar os componentes genéticos das populações naturais. Neste estudo, metais pesados e diversidade genética em caramujos terrestres (Achatina achatina) de três populações do sudoeste da Nigéria foram investigados, usando a tecnologia de espectrometria de absorção atômica e sequenciamento de DNA, respectivamente. A análise dos metais revelou que os caramujos acumularam chumbo (Pb) e níquel (Ni) em altas concentrações em dois dos três estados, enquanto o cádmio (Cd) foi o menos detectado. A edição e o alinhamento das sequências de todos os acessos de caramujos geraram uma faixa de 384pb a 419pb. A análise de variância molecular (AMOVA) em todos os 18 acessos foi baixa em apenas 16%. A cobertura da consulta (QC) variou entre 96% e 100%, com 14 (77,8%) dos 18 acessos apresentando 100% de identidade. A comparação pareada dos acessos estudados também mostrou alta similaridade genética. O método de grupo de pares não ponderados com média aritmética (UPGMA) gerou dois clusters principais. O cluster I era único e contém uma amostra (AaOy06), enquanto o outro cluster está intimamente relacionado e pode ser subdividido em subclusters. O índice de similaridade entre os clusters é 0,5357. A grande semelhança entre os acessos pode ser devido à proximidade geográfica dos três estados. A singularidade do acesso AaOy06 em comparação com outros acessos pode ser devido à influência negativa de metais pesados, particularmente chumbo. A determinação das relações evolutivas entre as populações de caramujos pode ser útil para os esforços de reprodução da espécie na Nigéria.

Abstract Environmental pollutants may often alter the genetic components of natural populations. In this study, heavy metals and genetic diversity in land snail (Achatina achatina) from three populations of south-western Nigeria were investigated, using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and DNA Sequencing technology respectively. Metal analysis revealed that the snails accumulated lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) in high concentrations in two of the three states, while cadmium (Cd) was the least detected. Editing and alignment of the sequences of all snail accessions generated a range of 384bp to 419 bp. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) in all 18 accessions was low at only 16%. The query coverage (QC) ranged between 96% and 100%, with 14 (77.8%) of the 18 accessions showing 100% identity. Pairwise comparison of the accessions studied also showed a high genetic similarity. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) generated two main clusters. Cluster I was unique and contain one sample (AaOy06) while the other cluster are very closely related and can be further sub-divided into sub-clusters. The similarity index of between the clusters is 0.5357. The close similarity among the accessions may be due to the geographical proximity of the three states. The uniqueness of accession AaOy06 in comparison to other accessions might be due to the negative influence of heavy metal, particularly lead. The determination of evolutionary relationships among snail populations may be useful towards the breeding efforts of the species in Nigeria.

Resumo Diversos ecossistemas aquáticos apresentam condições propícias para o estabelecimento de populações de gastrópodes de água doce no Maranhão (Brasil). Entretanto, as pesquisas acerca desses moluscos, nesse estado brasileiro, estão mais direcionadas para a Baixada Maranhense, área endêmica da esquistossomose no Maranhão. Considerando a necessidade de ampliar informações sobre a ocorrência de gastrópodes límnicos no Maranhão, realizou-se um estudo qualitativo na Microrregião dos Lençóis Maranhenses. As coletas ocorreram entre junho de 2016 e novembro de 2019. Foram obtidos 3.244 espécimes de gastrópodes de água doce: 2.372 exemplares de Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848); 17 exemplares de Biomphalaria schrammi (Crosse, 1864); 19 exemplares de Drepanotrema lucidum (Pfeiffer, 1939); 115 exemplares de (Hydrobiidae; Rissooidea); 24 exemplares de Physa marmorata Guilding, 1828; 73 exemplares de Pomacea maculata (Perry, 1810); 613 exemplares de Pomacea sp. (Perry, 1810). Foram encontradas também 11 conchas de Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818). A maior riqueza de moluscos foi observada em Tutóia. A espécies mais abundante durante o estudo foi B. straminea (73,45%). Pomacea sp. foi a espécie mais representativa e com frequência constante (57, 15%) na Microrregião dos Lençóis Maranhenses, presente em ecossistemas lênticos e lóticos. Os mapas de previsão sinalizam a possibilidade de ocorrência e estabelecimento de espécies de gastrópodes de água doce em toda a região investigada. A presença de gastrópodes hospedeiros de parasitos representa um risco para a saúde humana, principalmente na área dos Lençóis Maranhenses que é um dos destinos turísticos do Brasil. Estudos sobre a ocorrência e distribuição de gastópodes límnicos possuem grande relevância para a compreensão do estado de conservação das espécies existentes. Além disso, são necessários para monitorar moluscos que atuam como hospedeiros de parasitos. Brasil . (Brasil) Entretanto brasileiro Maranhense realizouse realizou se 201 2019 3244 3 244 3.24 2372 2 372 2.37 Dunker, Dunker (Dunker 1848 1848) 1 Crosse, Crosse (Crosse 1864 1864) Pfeiffer, Pfeiffer (Pfeiffer 1939 1939) Hydrobiidae (Hydrobiidae Rissooidea Rissooidea) Guilding 1828 7 Perry, Perry (Perry 1810 1810) 61 sp 1810. Say, Say (Say 1818. 1818 1818) Tutóia B 73,45%. 7345 73,45% 45 (73,45%) 57, 57 (57 15% 15 lóticos investigada humana existentes disso (Brasil 20 324 3.2 237 37 2.3 184 186 193 182 181 6 734 73,45 4 (73,45% 5 (5 32 3. 23 2. 18 73,4 (73,45 ( 73, (73,4 (73, (73 (7

Abstract Several aquatic ecosystems present favorable conditions for the establishment of freshwater gastropod populations in Maranhão (Brazil). However, research on these snails in this Brazilian state is more focused on Baixada Maranhense, an endemic area for schistosomiasis in Maranhão. Considering the need to expand information on the occurrence of limnic gastropods in Maranhão, a qualitative study was carried out in the Microregion of Lençóis Maranhenses. The capture of freshwater snails was carried out between June 2016 and November 2019. Were obtained 3,244 specimens of freshwater gastropods: 2,372 specimens of Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848); 17 specimens of Biomphalaria schrammi (Crosse, 1864); 19 specimens of Drepanotrema lucidum (Pfeiffer, 1939); 115 specimens of (Hydrobiidae; Rissooidea); 24 specimens of Physa marmorata Guilding, 1828; 73 specimens of Pomacea maculata (Perry, 1810); 613 specimens of Pomacea sp. (Perry, 1810). Were also found 11 shells of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818). The greatest richness of snails was observed in Tutóia. The most abundant species during the study was B. straminea (73,45%). Pomacea sp. was the most representative species with constant frequency (57,15%) in the Lençóis Maranhenses Microregion, present in lentic and lotic ecosystems. The forecast maps indicate the possibility of occurrence and establishment of freshwater gastropods species throughout the investigated region. The presence of gastropods that are hosts of parasites represents a risk to human health, especially in the Lençóis Maranhenses area, which is one of Brazil's tourist destinations. Studies on the occurrence and distribution of limnic gastropods are of great relevance for understanding the conservation status of existing species. Furthermore, they are necessary to monitor snails that act as parasite hosts. Brazil. Brazil . (Brazil) However Maranhense 201 2019 3244 3 244 3,24 2372 2 372 2,37 Dunker, Dunker (Dunker 1848 1848) 1 Crosse, Crosse (Crosse 1864 1864) Pfeiffer, Pfeiffer (Pfeiffer 1939 1939) Hydrobiidae (Hydrobiidae Rissooidea Rissooidea) Guilding 1828 7 Perry, Perry (Perry 1810 1810) 61 sp 1810. Say, Say (Say 1818. 1818 1818) Tutóia B 73,45%. 7345 73,45% 45 (73,45%) 57,15% 5715 57 15 (57,15% region health Brazils s destinations Furthermore (Brazil 20 324 3,2 237 37 2,3 184 186 193 182 181 6 734 73,45 4 (73,45% 57,15 571 5 (57,15 32 3, 23 2, 18 73,4 (73,45 57,1 (57,1 73, (73,4 57, (57, (73, (57 (73 (5 (7 (

ABSTRACT Extreme weather events (e.g., droughts, excessive precipitation) are expected to increase in frequency and severity in the coming decades due to climate change, causing significant impacts on society and ecosystems. Because these events are rare and complex, they have been studied with manipulative experiments. Littorinidae snails inhabit a complex and variable environment in which they must deal with periodic extreme events and are thus considered excellent ecological models for these studies. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the effects of extreme climatic events on the survival and weight of the species Littorina fabalis and Littorina littorea in Spain and Littoraria angulifera and Littoraria flava in Brazil. Higher mortality rates and greater weight loss were observed in the desiccation resistance treatment compared to the control treatment in both countries. The results showed dependence on the species’ body size. The submergence tolerance treatment indicated that the species from Spain are more susceptible to mortality in response to excessive rainfall and/or coastal flooding. Each species tested for the effect of extreme climatic events using an integrated response strategy with clear latitudinal differences. Understanding the organisms’ responses at different latitudes is essential for conservation biology on a global scale. e.g., eg e g (e.g. droughts precipitation change ecosystems experiments studies Therefore Brazil countries size andor or flooding differences organisms scale e.g. (e.g e.g

Abstract Urban parks are not only important for the wellbeing of the human population, but are also widely considered to be potentially important sites for the conservation of biodiversity. However, they may offer risk parasitic infections, such as schistosomiasis and fascioliasis, which are both transmitted by freshwater snails. The present study investigated the occurrence of freshwater gastropods in urban parks of the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro, and their possible infection by helminths of medical-veterinary importance. Gastropods were collected from six parks (2021 - 2022) and examined for the presence of larval helminths. In all, 12 gastropod species from different families were collected: Ampullariidae, Assimineidae, Burnupidae, Lymnaeidae, Physidae, Planorbidae, Succineidae, and Thiaridae. The parasitological examination revealed cercaria of three types in five snail species, with the Pleurolophocerca cercariae type in Melanoides tuberculata (the most abundant species), Echinostoma cercariae in Physella acuta and Pomacea maculata, and Virgulate cercariae, in Pomacea sp. and Pomacea maculata. None of the Biomphalaria tenagophila and Pseudosuccinea columella (the most frequent species) specimens were parasitized by Schistosoma mansoni or Fasciola hepatica, respectively. Even so, some parks may represent a considerable potential risk for transmission of both Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica, given the presence of these gastropod vectors and the frequent contact of visitors with the waterbodies. population biodiversity However infections fascioliasis snails Janeiro medicalveterinary medical veterinary importance 2021 (202 2022 all 1 Ampullariidae Assimineidae Burnupidae Lymnaeidae Physidae Planorbidae Succineidae Thiaridae , maculata sp hepatica respectively so waterbodies 202 (20 20 (2 2 (

ABSTRACT Kora Simone, 2012, currently includes three species known only by shell morphology. They are distributed in the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais in central Brazil, where they occur in association with limestone outcrops. Features used to identify them include micro-ornamentation of the protoconch, color pattern, and morphometric data. This paper expands the characterization of the genus through the description of the internal anatomy of two of its species. These features also distinguish a new species, which is described herein. Material was collected manually during several field expeditions to Parque Nacional Cavernas do Peruaçu in northern Minas Gerais. Total height and maximum width, and height and width of the aperture, were measured; the number of whorls determined; and staining patterns typified. The digestive and reproductive systems and pallial complex were characterized for Kora rupestris Salvador & Simone, 2016 and Kora arnaldoi sp. nov., which are distinguished by the latter possessing a protoconch with a smooth first ½ whorl, a more tapered profile, a jaw with 18 folds, a buccal bulb with a short radular core, and a fertilization complex with only one tubular fold. The two species share a very peculiar pattern of radula teeth compared to other genera of the family, given that they are rupicolous but do not live inside caves. Diagnostic knowledge of the genus was expanded. Simone 2012 morphology Brazil outcrops microornamentation micro ornamentation data herein aperture measured determined typified 201 sp nov nov. whorl profile 1 folds core fold family caves expanded 20 2

ABSTRACT The uptake of nanoparticles (NPs) by aquatic invertebrates can lead to adverse health effects. The aims of the present study were: 1) to investigate the bioconcentration potential of ZnO NPs or its bulk analogous in Biomphalaria glabrata gastropods by measuring the soft tissue Zn content, and 2) to determine the responses elicited by the exposed snails through the analysis of recognized biomarkers of effect at the subcellular level. Snails exposed to 5 mg/L ZnO NPs or bulk ZnO for 48 h showed a significant higher soft tissue Zn content than control animals, with no significant differences between NPs- and bulk-treated snails. No significant differences were observed in the levels of lipid peroxidation and in the activities of acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase and catalase by 48 h-exposure to ZnO NPs or bulk ZnO with respect to control organisms. However, ZnO exposure induced a significant decrease in glutathione tissue content, without a nano-specific effect. The results as a whole encourage further studies to better understand the impact that engineered NPs may have on freshwater invertebrate species.

RESUMEN La incorporación de nanopartículas (NP) por parte de los invertebrados acuáticos puede tener efectos adversos para la salud de los mismos. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron: 1) investigar el potencial de bioconcentración de NP de ZnO o de su análogo no nano en gasterópodos Biomphalaria glabrata midiendo el contenido de Zn en los tejidos blandos y 2) evaluar las respuestas generadas en los caracoles expuestos a través del análisis de reconocidos biomarcadores de efecto a nivel subcelular. Aunque los caracoles expuestos por 48 h a 5 mg/L de NP de ZnO o su análogo mostraron un contenido de Zn en los tejidos blandos significativamente más alto que los animales testigo, la acumulación de este metal fue similar entre los grupos tratados con ambas formas de ZnO. No se observaron diferencias significativas en los niveles de peroxidación lipídica y en las actividades de la acetilcolinesterasa, la carboxilesterasa y la catalasa luego de 48 h de exposición a NP de ZnO o su análogo con respecto a los organismos testigo. Sin embargo, la exposición a ZnO produjo una disminución significativa en el contenido de glutatión en los tejidos, sin un efecto nano específico. Los resultados en su conjunto fomentan el desarrollo de estudios con el fin de comprender mejor el impacto que las NP manufacturadas puedan tener en diversas especies de invertebrados de agua dulce.

Abstract The effect of peptide toxins on voltage-gated ion channels can be reliably assessed using electrophysiological assays, such as the patch-clamp technique. However, much of the toxinological research done in Central and South America aims at purifying and characterizing biochemical properties of the toxins of vegetal or animal origin, lacking electrophysiological approaches. This may happen due to technical and infrastructure limitations or because researchers are unfamiliar with the techniques and cellular models that can be used to gain information about the effect of a molecule on ion channels. Given the potential interest of many research groups in the highly biodiverse region of Central and South America, we reviewed the most relevant conceptual and methodological developments required to implement the evaluation of the effect of peptide toxins on mammalian voltage-gated ion channels using patch-clamp. For that, we searched MEDLINE/PubMed and SciELO databases with different combinations of these descriptors: “electrophysiology”, “patch-clamp techniques”, “Ca2+ channels”, “K+ channels”, “cnidarian venoms”, “cone snail venoms”, “scorpion venoms”, “spider venoms”, “snake venoms”, “cardiac myocytes”, “dorsal root ganglia”, and summarized the literature as a scoping review. First, we present the basics and recent advances in mammalian voltage-gated ion channel’s structure and function and update the most important animal sources of channel-modulating toxins (e.g. cnidarian and cone snails, scorpions, spiders, and snakes), highlighting the properties of toxins electrophysiologically characterized in Central and South America. Finally, we describe the local experience in implementing the patch-clamp technique using two models of excitable cells, as well as the participation in characterizing new modulators of ion channels derived from the venom of a local spider, a toxins’ source less studied with electrophysiological techniques. Fostering the implementation of electrophysiological methods in more laboratories in the region will strengthen our capabilities in many fields, such as toxinology, toxicology, pharmacology, natural products, biophysics, biomedicine, and bioengineering. voltagegated voltage gated assays patchclamp patch clamp However origin approaches patchclamp. clamp. MEDLINEPubMed MEDLINE PubMed descriptors electrophysiology, electrophysiology , “electrophysiology” techniques, techniques” Ca2+ Ca2 Ca “Ca2 channels, channels” K+ K “K venoms, venoms venoms” scorpion spider snake cardiac myocytes, myocytes myocytes” dorsal ganglia, ganglia ganglia” review First channel s channelmodulating modulating e.g. eg e g (e.g snails scorpions spiders snakes, snakes snakes) Finally cells fields toxinology toxicology pharmacology products biophysics biomedicine bioengineering “electrophysiology “Ca e.g

RESUMO Entre as criaturas marinhas, incluindo lulas, cefalópodes e polvos, uma das características mais exclusivas é a produção de tinta, que é uma fonte extremamente valiosa de produtos farmacêuticos. O presente estudo investiga quimicamente a tinta produzida a partir do Octopus vulgaris, bem como suas possíveis atividades antioxidantes, anticancerígenas, antimicrobianas e antiesquistossômicas in vitro. Vinte e um compostos diferentes foram identificados pela análise GC-MS da tinta de Octopus vulgaris. Os resultados revelaram que a tinta de O. vulgaris tinha capacidade antioxidante para cobrir o radical livre DPPH quando comparada ao ácido ascórbico. Além disso, a tinta de Octopus vulgaris apresentou atividade antibacteriana contra Bacillus subtilis, seguida por Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeuroginosa, e apresentou atividade moluscicida contra caramujos adultos Biomphalaria alexandrina e teve um efeito mortal distinto nas fases larvais livres de Schistosoma mansoni. Além disso, sua atividade anticancerígena foi confirmada, onde o valor IC50 da linha celular de câncer de mama MCF-7, carcinoma hepatocelular humano (HCT) e linha celular de câncer de fígado humano (HepG2) foi de 29,8, 38,29 e 30,38μg/mL, respectivamente. Em conclusão, a tinta extraída de O. vulgaris pode ser considerada como fonte de compostos valiosos que podem ser usados como agentes moluscicidas, antioxidantes, antimicrobianos, anticancerígenos e antiesquistossômicos. marinhas lulas polvos farmacêuticos antioxidantes anticancerígenas vitro GCMS GC MS ascórbico disso subtilis aeuroginosa mansoni confirmada IC IC5 MCF7, MCF7 MCF 7, 7 MCF-7 HCT (HCT HepG2 HepG (HepG2 298 29 8 29,8 3829 38 38,2 3038μgmL μgmL 30 38μg mL μg 30,38μg/mL respectivamente conclusão moluscicidas antimicrobianos antiesquistossômicos MCF- (HepG 2 29, 382 3 38,

ABSTRACT Among marine creatures including squids, cephalopods and Octopus, one of the most unique features is production of ink which is an extremely valuable source of pharmaceuticals. The current study investigates the ink produced from Octopus vulgaris chemically as well as its potential antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-schistosomal activities in vitro. Twenty-one different compounds were identified by GC-MS analysis of Octopus vulgaris ink. Results revealed that O. vulgaris ink had antioxidant capability to cover DPPH free radical when compared to ascorbic acid. Moreover, Octopus vulgaris ink exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis followed by Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa and exhibited a molluscicidal activity against adult Biomphalaria alexandrina snails and had a distinguished mortal effect on free larval phases of Schistosoma mansoni. Furthermore, its anticancer activity was confirmed, where IC50 value of breast cancer cell line MCF-7, human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCT) and human liver cancer cell line (HepG2) were 29.8, 38.29 and 30.38μg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, ink extracted from O. vulgaris may be considered as source of valuable compounds that can be used as molluscicidal, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer and anti-schistosomal agents. squids pharmaceuticals antimicrobial antischistosomal anti schistosomal vitro Twentyone Twenty GCMS GC MS O acid Moreover mansoni Furthermore confirmed IC IC5 MCF7, MCF7 MCF 7, 7 MCF-7 HCT (HCT HepG2 HepG (HepG2 298 29 8 29.8 3829 38 38.2 3038μgmL μgmL 30 38μg mL μg 30.38μg/mL respectively conclusion agents MCF- (HepG 2 29. 382 3 38.

Abstract Biomphalaria straminea is one of the three snails that act as the intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni and is responsible for maintaining high rates of schistosomiasis in some areas of northeastern Brazil. The principal morphological characteristic of B. straminea is the marked vaginal wrinkling, although it is also present in congeneric species, a group known as the B. straminea complex. Based on the morphological and molecular analyses, we investigated the intraspecific variation of B. straminea. The specimens were obtained from 10 sites in Brazil, and the shells were analyzed, as well as 16 morphological structures of the reproductive system. The COI and ITS2 sequences were used for phylogenetic analysis, genetic divergence, and haplotype network (COI). We observed a large intraspecific variation in the morphological structures examined. The genetic divergence also demonstrated significant intraspecific variability in B. straminea: 0–3% in ITS2 sequences, and 0–6% in COI sequences. Analysis of the distribution of COI haplotypes recovered 16 haplotypes and haplotype diversity of 0.9088. These results indicate phenotypic variability that is not constrained to a locality or strictly controlled genetically by B. straminea, which may have driven a misidentified of these species. Brazil B wrinkling species complex analyses 1 analyzed system ITS analysis COI. . (COI) examined 03 0 3 0–3 06 6 0–6 09088 9088 0.9088 (COI 0– 0908 908 0.908 090 90 0.90 09 9 0.9 0.