ABSTRACT Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between blood pressure and intraocular pressure in treatmentnaive, non-glaucoma patients with different blood pressure statuses, focusing on the 24-h ocular volume and nocturnal blood pressure decline. Methods: Treatment-naive, non-glaucoma patients undergoing hypertension evaluation were enrolled as study participants. Simultaneous 24-h ambulatory blood pressure measurement and 24-h ocular volume recording with a contact lens sensor. We also compared ocular volume curve parameters between normotensive and hypertensive patients, as well as between those with and without nocturnal blood pressure decline. Results: A total of 21 patients, including 7 normotensive and 14 treatment-naive hypertensive individuals, were included in the study. of them, 11 were dippers and 10 were non-dippers. No significant difference in the 24-h ocular volume slope was observed between the hypertensive and normotensive patients (p=0.284). However, dippers had a significantly higher 24-h ocular volume slope (p=0.004) and nocturnal contact lens sensor output (p=0.041) than non-dippers. Conclusion: Nocturnal blood pressure decline, rather than the blood pressure level, is associated with the increased 24-h ocular volume slope and nocturnal ocular volume. Further studies are required to determine whether the acceleration of glaucoma progression in dippers is primarily due to low blood pressure, high intraocular pressure, or a combination of both. Purpose treatmentnaive nonglaucoma non statuses 24h h 24 decline Methods Treatmentnaive, Treatmentnaive Treatment naive, naive Treatment-naive participants Results 2 1 treatment individuals them nondippers. nondippers dippers. non-dippers p=0.284. p0284 p p=0.284 . 0 284 (p=0.284) However p=0.004 p0004 004 (p=0.004 p=0.041 p0041 041 (p=0.041 Conclusion level both p028 p=0.28 28 (p=0.284 p=0.00 p000 00 (p=0.00 p=0.04 p004 04 (p=0.04 p02 p=0.2 (p=0.28 p=0.0 p00 (p=0.0 p0 p=0. (p=0.2 (p=0. p=0 (p=0 p= (p= (p

RESUMO: A quantificação e avaliação das mudanças espaço-temporais na qualidade do solo são importantes para compreender os mecanismos de degradação do solo e restaurar a produtividade da terra danificada. Contudo, os efeitos da subsidência da mineração de carvão nas características espaciais e temporais da qualidade do solo não são bem compreendidos. Foram investigados os teores de pH, matéria orgânica (MO), nitrogênio total (NT), nitrogênio nitrato (NN), nitrogênio amoniacal (AN), fósforo total (TP), fósforo disponível (FA), potássio disponível (AK), total potássio (TK), capacidade de troca catiônica (CEC), atividade de sacarase (SA), atividade de urease (UA), atividade de fosfatase (PA), atividade de catalase (CA) e atividade de desidrogenase (DA) na área subsidiada de mineração de carvão. Os resultados mostraram que os teores de TN, NN, AN, TP, AK, TK, SA, UA, PA, CA e DA apresentaram diferenças significativas (P < 0,05) entre as quatro estações. Comparada com a camada superior (0-20 cm), a camada inferior (20-40 cm) continha maiores teores de AN, NN, TN, TP e TK, mas menores teores de SA, UA, PA, CA e DA. Os NN, AP, TP, AK e UA foram identificados como indicadores-chave no conjunto mínimo de dados utilizando análise de componentes principais. As mudanças sazonais no índice de qualidade do solo (IQS) ocorreram na seguinte ordem: inverno (0,707), primavera (0,681), verão (0,616) e outono (0,563). O valor do IQF foi mais alto para a posição 3 do declive médio (0,508), seguido pela posição 4 do declive inferior (0,507), posição 1 do declive superior (0,446), posição 2 do declive superior (0,442) e posição 5 do declive inferior (0,437). Com base nestas mudanças espaço-temporais na qualidade do solo, foi sugerido que a aplicação de múltiplos tipos de uso da terra pode ser um método útil para a recuperação de terras e o interesse dos agricultores locais na área subsidiada de mineração de carvão. RESUMO espaçotemporais espaço danificada Contudo compreendidos pH MO, MO , (MO) NT, NT (NT) NN (NN) AN (AN) (TP) FA, FA (FA) (AK) TK (TK) CEC, CEC (CEC) SA (SA) (UA) PA (PA) (CA (DA TN P 0,05 005 0 05 estações 020 20 (0-2 cm, cm 2040 40 (20-4 AP indicadoreschave indicadores chave principais IQS (IQS ordem 0,707, 0707 0,707 707 (0,707) 0,681, 0681 0,681 681 (0,681) 0,616 0616 616 (0,616 0,563. 0563 0,563 . 563 (0,563) 0,508, 0508 0,508 508 (0,508) 0,507, 0507 0,507 507 (0,507) 0,446, 0446 0,446 446 (0,446) 0,442 0442 442 (0,442 0,437. 0437 0,437 437 (0,437) (MO (NT (NN (AN (TP (FA (AK (TK (CEC (SA (UA (PA 0,0 00 02 (0- 204 (20- 070 0,70 70 (0,707 068 0,68 68 (0,681 0,61 061 61 (0,61 056 0,56 56 (0,563 050 0,50 50 (0,508 (0,507 044 0,44 44 (0,446 (0,44 043 0,43 43 (0,437 0, (0 (20 07 0,7 7 (0,70 06 0,6 6 (0,68 (0,6 0,5 (0,56 (0,50 04 0,4 (0,4 (0,43 ( (2 (0,7 (0, (0,5

ABSTRACT: Quantification and evaluation of the spatiotemporal changes in soil quality is important to understand soil degradation mechanisms and restore the damaged land productivity. However, the effects of coal mining subsidence on the spatial and temporal characteristics of soil quality are not well understood. We investigated the contents of pH, organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (NN), ammonia nitrogen (AN), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), total potassium (TK), cation exchange capacity (CEC), sucrase activity (SA), urease activity (UA), phosphatase activity (PA), catalase activity (CA) and dehydrogenase activity (DA) in the coal mining subsided area. The results showed that the contents of TN, NN, AN, TP, AK, TK, SA, UA, PA, CA and DA exhibited significant (P < 0.05) differences among the four seasons. Compared with the upper layer (0-20 cm), the lower layer (20-40 cm) contained higher contents of AN, NN, TN, TP and TK but lower contents of SA, UA, PA, CA and DA. The NN, AP, TP, AK and UA were identified as key indicators in the minimum dataset using principal component analysis. The seasonal changes of soil quality index (SQI) were in the following order: winter (0.707), spring (0.681), summer (0.616), and autumn (0.563). The spatial changes of SQI were highest for middle slope position 3 (0.508), followed by lower slope position 4 (0.507), top slope position 1 (0.446), upper slope position 2 (0.442), and bottom slope position 5 (0.437). Based on these spatiotemporal changes in soil quality, it was suggested that the application of multiple land use types may be a useful method for land reclamation and the interest of local farmers in the coal mining subsided area. ABSTRACT productivity However understood pH OM, OM , (OM) TN (TN) NN (NN) AN (AN) (TP) AP (AP) (AK) (TK) CEC, CEC (CEC) SA (SA) (UA) PA (PA) (CA (DA area P 0.05 005 0 05 seasons 020 20 (0-2 cm, cm 2040 40 (20-4 analysis (SQI order 0.707, 0707 0.707 707 (0.707) 0.681, 0681 0.681 681 (0.681) 0.616, 0616 0.616 616 (0.616) 0.563. 0563 0.563 . 563 (0.563) 0.508, 0508 0.508 508 (0.508) 0.507, 0507 0.507 507 (0.507) 0.446, 0446 0.446 446 (0.446) 0.442, 0442 0.442 442 (0.442) 0.437. 0437 0.437 437 (0.437) (OM (TN (NN (AN (TP (AP (AK (TK (CEC (SA (UA (PA 0.0 00 02 (0- 204 (20- 070 0.70 70 (0.707 068 0.68 68 (0.681 061 0.61 61 (0.616 056 0.56 56 (0.563 050 0.50 50 (0.508 (0.507 044 0.44 44 (0.446 (0.442 043 0.43 43 (0.437 0. (0 (20 07 0.7 7 (0.70 06 0.6 6 (0.68 (0.61 0.5 (0.56 (0.50 04 0.4 (0.44 (0.43 ( (2 (0.7 (0.6 (0.5 (0.4 (0.

ABSTRACT Maize sowing is crucial for farm production and food security. Technological advancements, such as electric-pneumatic seed metering and integrated software, have been developed to promote economic and environmental sustainability. However, a limited understanding of the physical processes involved in sowing may compromise the effectiveness and reliability of these mechanisms. Besides uneven terrains, slope conditions require scientific investigation to assess their impact on corn-sowing operations. This study aimed to examine corn seed deposition on longitudinal and transverse slopes using a pneumatic seed metering system. The experiment was conducted on a static sowing bench, simulating various inclination angles. Results indicated that longitudinal inclination did not affect seed spacing consistency, while transverse slopes led to a higher incidence of unsatisfactory spacing. The study concluded that longitudinal slopes decrease corn seed deposition precision, which can be mitigated by level cultivation. Conversely, transverse slopes negatively impacted acceptable, double, and missed seed spacing during sowing. security advancements electricpneumatic electric software sustainability However mechanisms terrains cornsowing operations system bench angles consistency precision cultivation Conversely acceptable double

Resumen Introducción. La erosión acelerada del suelo es una de las principales causas de la degradación del suelo, que se ve reforzada por las actividades humanas que reducen la cobertura del suelo y aumentan su densidad. Metodologia: Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio es cuantificar y comparar las pérdidas de suelo por erosión, entre áreas con agricultura convencional y vegetación natural en el sitio Potós ubicado en la zona rural del municipio de Ubajara, Ceará, Brasil. Resultados. Para monitorear la erosión, se instalan nueve pines de erosión en cada tratamiento, distribuidos en forma triangular, en el sentido de la pendiente, entre las hileras de plantas. El monitoreo se realizará mensualmente durante los años 2020 y 2021. Las pérdidas mensuales varían entre 0 y 948,73 Mg ha-1 mes, siendo las mayores en los meses más lluviosos, registrándose las mayores pérdidas en el año de mayor precipitación total acumulada.

Abstract Introduction. Accelerated soil erosion is one of the major causes of land degradation, which is exacerbated by human activities that reduce soil cover and increase its density. Objective. This study aimed to quantify and compare the levels of soil erosion between areas with conventional agriculture and natural vegetation at the Potós site located in the rural area of the municipality of Ubajara, Ceará, Brazil. Methodology. To monitor erosion, nine erosion pins were installed in each treatment area, arranged in a triangular mesh pattern, in the direction of the slope and between the rows of plants. Monitoring will occur monthly during 2020 and 2021. Results. Monthly losses range from 0 to 948.73 Mg ha-1 month, with the highest losses occurring in the driest months. The greatest losses were recorded in the year with the highest total accumulated precipitation.

Resumo Introdução: A erosão acelerada do solo é uma das principais causas de sua degradação, sendo esta potencializada por atividades antrópicas que reduzem a cobertura do solo e aumentam sua densidade. Objetivo: Ante isso, com o presente estudo objetivou-se quantificar e comparar as perdas de solos por erosão, entre áreas com agricultura convencional e vegetação natural no sítio Potós localizado na zona rural do município de Ubajara, Ceará, Brasil. Metodologia: Para monitorar a erosão foram instalados nove pinos de erosão em cada tratamento, distribuídos em malha triangular, no sentido do declive e entre as fileiras de plantas. O monitoramento ocorreu mensalmente durante os anos de 2020 e 2021. Resultados: As perdas de solos mensais variaram entre 0 e 948,73 Mg ha-1 por mês e foram maiores nos meses mais chuvosos, sendo as maiores perdas registradas no ano com maior precipitação total acumulada.

ABSTRACT Interlaboratory comparison is an instrument for evaluating the laboratory performance in specific tests. In this work, the uncertainty in the quantitative chemical analysis of the nickel concentration was determined in paired solid samples of the materials: lateritic ore (LO), nickel sulfide (NiS) and sintered nickel oxide (NiO), using the simple linear regression. The analytical determinations were made by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) with the participation of three laboratories of the corporative group for the production of nickel in Cuba. The assumptions of the linear regression model were verified using the Durbin-Watson statistic, homoscedasticity and normality test. The uncertainty in the slope (Sm), the uncertainty in the intercept (Sb) and the standard deviation of the measurement (Sy) were determined. As a result, the expected value (x) of the nickel concentration presented a maximum error according to: LO: (0.06 %, NiS: (0.51 % y NiO: (0.33 % at the extreme ends of the measurement range. This method provides information to evaluate the laboratories continuous performance, and in turn the historical database of interlaboratory comparison is analyzed.

RESUMEN La comparación interlaboratorio es un instrumento para evaluar el desempeño del laboratorio en pruebas específicas. En este trabajo, se determinó la incertidumbre en el análisis químico cuantitativo de la concentración de níquel en muestras sólidas pareadas de los materiales: mineral laterítico (ML), sulfuro de níquel (NiS) y óxido de níquel sinterizado (NiO), mediante regresión lineal simple. Las determinaciones analíticas se realizaron por Espectrometría de Absorción Atómica con la participación de tres laboratorios del grupo empresarial para la producción de níquel en Cuba. Los supuestos del modelo de regresión lineal se comprobaron mediante el estadístico de Durbin-Watson, pruebas de homocedasticidad y normalidad. Se determinó la incertidumbre de la pendiente (Sm), la incertidumbre del intercepto (Sb) y la desviación estándar de la medición (Sy). Como resultado, el valor esperado (x) de concentración de níquel presentó un error máximo según: ML: (0.06 %, NiS: (0.51 % y NiO: (0.33 % en los extremos del intervalo de concentración. El método aporta información para evaluar el desempeño continuo de los laboratorios, a la vez que se analiza la base de datos históricos de comparación interlaboratorio.

One of the consequences of large-scale opencast mining for coal is the disposal of an enormous volume of overburden material that needs to be removed. With the enlargement of opencast mines and associated high stripping ratios, the volume of overburden extraction is rising. Overburden from the initial mine cut has to be necessarily dumped outside the mining area until enough void is created inside the mine for back-filling operations. The quantity of overburden placed outside the mining area normally varies from 10% to 30% of the total overburden removal. The stability of these dumps placed outside the mining area is of prime importance from the point of view of smooth operations of the mines and safety of persons in and around the dumping area. Owing to increasing pressure on land use, mine operators do not have any other option other than to place the waste dumps very near to the surface edge of the pit, which may lead to failure of the topsoil benches of the working pit. This study identified major controlling parameters that influence a stable but economic combination of height and slope angle of external dumps located close to the edge of an open coal pit.

Abstract The orthodox view of the effect of trade on GDP per capita assumes greater growth and equity, the heterodox theory refutes the argument and predicts inequitable and divergent results between countries. We resume the discussion using information from 1980 to 2022 in 102 countries, applying a panel data methodology and slope disaggregation. The goal is to test whether trade has adverse effects in lower-income countries and how the effect has changed over time. The results show that trade negatively affects GDP per capita growth mainly through imports, this tends to worsen over time and the impact is greater in poor countries. The main implication is the growing income divergence between nations; the recommendation is that governments and multilateral organizations continue to explore ways to balance and socialize trade. It is concluded that heterodox postulates, such as the vision of Thirlwall on trade, continue to be valid. The originality of the document lies in the disaggregation of results by countries and time blocks, as well as exports and imports.

Resumen La visión ortodoxa del efecto del comercio sobre el PIB per cápita supone mayor crecimiento y equidad, la teoría heterodoxa refuta el argumento y predice resultados inequitativos y divergentes entre países. Reanudamos la discusión utilizando información de 1980 a 2022 en 102 países, aplicando una metodología de datos panel y desagregación de pendientes. El objetivo es probar si el comercio tiene efectos adversos en países de menores ingresos y como el efecto ha cambiado en el tiempo. Los resultados muestran que el comercio afecta negativamente el crecimiento del PIB per cápita principalmente a través de las importaciones, esto tiende a empeorar con el tiempo y el impacto es mayor en países pobres. La principal implicación es la creciente divergencia de ingresos entre las naciones, la recomendación es que gobiernos y organismos multilaterales continúen buscando formas de equilibrar y socializar el comercio. Se concluye que postulados heterodoxos, como la visión de Thirlwall sobre el comercio, continúan teniendo vigencia. La originalidad del documento radica en la desagregación de resultados por países y bloques de tiempo, así como exportaciones e importaciones.

ABSTRACT. Using geotechnologies has become fundamental for planning the sustainable expansion of agricultural activities, especially fish farming. The objective of this work was to map and carry out the morphological characterization of the hydrographic micro-basins and their physical aspects, such as slope, altimetry, and land use and occupation, and also to quantify and locate the existing excavated ponds in the municipality of Pato Bragado, in Paraná State. Geotechnology tools and images generated by the free software QGIS and Google Earth were used to create maps of the excavated ponds' physical aspects, quantification, classification, and location. The predominant slope in the municipality is gently undulating, and soy plantation uses 42.99% of the municipality's entire area. The mapping located 190 excavated ponds. Depth measurement was not carried out, but rather mapping concerning water depths representing a total area of 47.86 ha of water blade and nine micro-basins within the municipality of Pato Bragado, with only the Arroio Fundo micro-basin covering 47.37% of all existing excavated ponds. The morphometric indicators concluded that the micro-basins present a minimum risk of flooding, which is ideal for use in fish farming. Making the results of this work available to public managers and fish farmers aims to demonstrate the importance of using geotechnologies for sustainable planning to expand aquaculture activities, which, in this case, are focused on fish farming.

Resumen La carretera Puyo-Tena es propensa a deslizamientos de tierra debido a la geodinámica, geomorfología y materiales geológicos de la zona (afloramientos y estratos inestables). En los últimos años, este problema ha provocado de forma persistente la inutilización parcial o total de la carretera en numerosas ocasiones. El objetivo de la investigación fue generar un modelo cartográfico de susceptibilidad a deslizamientos a partir de variables como la pendiente, las formaciones geológicas, la cobertura y uso de la tierra, así como las distancias a fallas, carretera y ríos. El grado de incidencia de deslizamientos se estimó como la combinación lineal de las variables ponderadas mediante el proceso de jerarquía analítica. La importancia de este método semicuantitativo radica en su capacidad para desagregar un problema de decisión complejo en un modelo de decisión más simple y coherente. El modelo cartográfico resultante se reclasificó en cinco categorías de susceptibilidad: muy baja, baja, moderada, alta y muy alta. Los resultados mostraron que 17 km de los 80 km de la carretera Puyo-Tena tienen una alta probabilidad a deslizamientos, lo que equivale a 21,25% de la carretera. Además, dentro de este porcentaje, se determinó que existen quince regiones con alta probabilidad de deslizamientos debido a su ubicación en zonas con fuertes pendientes, litología porosa y permeable, gran cantidad de ríos y suelos agrícolas. Para la verificación del modelo se utilizó el área bajo la curva (en inglés AUC) de la característica operativa del receptor (en inglés ROC). Los resultados de la verificación mostraron que el modelo cartográfico para el área de estudio tiene un valor de precisión de 83,7%. El modelo cartográfico de susceptibilidad a deslizamientos permitirá tomar las decisiones pertinentes para mitigar eventos potenciales que puedan poner en peligro a transportistas, bienes materiales y residentes de la zona.

Abstract The Puyo-Tena roadway is prone to landslides due to the geodynamics, geomorphology, and geological materials of the area (unstable outcrops and strata). In recent years, this problem has persistently caused the road to be partially or completely disabled on numerous occasions. The objective of the research was to generate a cartographic model of landslides susceptibility based on variables such as slope, geological formations, land cover and land use, as well as distances to faults, road, and rivers. The degree of landslides incidence was estimated as the linear combination of the weighted variables using the analytic hierarchy process. The importance of this semi-quantitative method lies in its ability to break down a complex decision problem into a simpler and more coherent decision model. The resulting cartographic model was classified into five susceptibility categories: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. The results showed that 17 km out of the 80 km of the Puyo-Tena roadway have a high probability of landslides, which is equivalent to 21.25% of the road. Furthermore, within this percentage, it was determined that there are fifteen regions with a high probability of landslides due to their location in areas with steep slopes, porous and permeable lithology, a large number of rivers, and agricultural soils. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was used for model verification. The verification results showed that the cartographic model for the study area has an accuracy value of 83.7%. The cartographic model of landslide susceptibility will enable relevant decisions to be made to mitigate potential hazards that may endanger transporters, material goods, and residents of the area.

Abstract Climate change and the lack of fuel management in oak forests promote favorable conditions for the occurrence of forest fires. The objective of the present research was to know the relationship of dasometric variables, terrain slope (Pe), depth of leaf litter (Ph) and depth of mulch (Pm) on the fuel load in oak forests in the Mountain region of Guerrero. The dasometric variables mean diameter (Dm), mean height (Am), number of trees ha-1 (Na) and basal área ha-1 (Ab) were evaluated according to the sampling design of the 2015 National Forest and Soil Inventory; At each sampling site, three planar intersection lines were established for sampling woody material (Ml), leaf litter (Ho) and mulch (Ma) were collected in 0.09 m2. The total fuel load ranged from 23.2 to 46.5 t ha-1 (p < 0.05), the Ma presented the highest load with 43%, followed by woody material (Ml) and leaf litter (Ho) with 31 and 26%. The total charge (Ct) showed a relationship with Ma, Ho and Ml (r = 0.81 to 0.41), Ho with Ph and Pe (r = 0.71 and -0.72). The c1h showed a relationship with Na, Ma, Pe and Dm (r = 0.72 to -0.41), the c10h showed a correlation with Ab, Pe and Na (r = 0.51 to 0.42). The dasometric variables only explain the fuel load with a diameter less than or equal to 2.5 cm.

Resumen El cambio climático y la falta de manejo a los combustibles en los bosques de encino propicia condiciones favorables para la ocurrencia de incendios forestales. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue conocer la relación de variables dasométricas, pendiente del terreno (Pe), profundidad de la hojarasca (Ph) y profundidad del mantillo (Pm) sobre la carga de combustible en bosques de encino en la región Montaña de Guerrero. Las variables dasométricas diámetro medio (Dm), altura media (Am), número de árboles ha-1 (Na) y Área basal ha-1 (Ab) se evaluaron de acuerdo al diseño de muestreo del Inventario Nacional Forestal y de Suelos 2015; en cada sitio de muestreo se establecieron tres líneas de intersección planar para el muestreo de material leñoso (Ml), se recogió la hojarasca (Ho) y mantillo (Ma) en 0.09 m2. La carga total de combustibles osciló de 23.2 a 46.5 t ha-1 (p < 0.05), el Ma presentó mayor carga con el 43 %, seguido el material leñoso (Ml) y hojarasca (Ho) con el 31 y 26 %. La carga total (Ct) mostró relación con el Ma, Ho y Ml (r = 0.81 a 0.41), la Ho con Ph y Pe (r = 0.71 y -0.72). El c1h mostró relación con el Na, Ma, Pe y Dm (r = 0.72 a -0.41), el c10h evidenció correlación con el Ab, Pe y Na (r = 0.51 a 0.42). Las variables dasométricas solo explican la carga de combustible con diámetro menor o igual a 2.5 cm.

Resumen: Podemos conceptualizar un programa educativo de gran escala (como una escuela o universidad) como una pequeña ciudad, pero ¿cuál es la impronta urbana de una institución educativa? Los proyectos en esta sección ofrecen respuestas basadas en estrategias y contextos urbanos distintos. El Centro Cívico de la Universidad de Los Andes representa la primera fase de un ambicioso proyecto para abrir una manzana en el denso distrito histórico de La Candelaria en Bogotá, Colombia. Para llevarlo a cabo, los arquitectos proponen multiplicar y conectar niveles: pasajes y patios articulan el programa universitario con nuevos itinerarios y vistas a lo largo de la manzana. Esta porosidad se evidencia en la sección, revelando la densa y pensada capa de conexiones dentro y alrededor del nuevo edificio. En contraste, Chamisero, un enclave suburbano de estratos socioeconómicos altos en Santiago, Chile, se caracteriza por su clima seco y vegetación árida. Los arquitectos del colegio Alianza Francesa Antoine de Saint-Exupéry internalizaron ingeniosamente este paisaje y la ubicación del sitio en una ladera. Una serie de patios, algunos excavados y otros rellenados, forman terrazas a lo largo de la pendiente que permiten organizar las aulas en “barrios” de diferentes tamaños y programas. La imponente fachada de dos pisos hacia la avenida principal es testimonio de la demanda de una imagen institucional memorable, característica de la educación privada en Chile (y más allá). Sin embargo, la imagen más perdurable es la operación topográfica, especialmente vista desde la fachada trasera. Casi completamente incrustado en la ladera, el edificio ofrece a sus vecinos vistas despejadas hacia las colinas, cercanas y lejanas, que conforman el paisaje de este suburbio.

Abstract: We can conceptualize a large educational program like a school or university as a small city, but what is the urban imprint of an educational institution? Both projects in this section offer answers rooted in distinct urban strategies and contexts. The Universidad de Los Andes Civic Center is the first phase of an ambitious project to open up a block in Bogotá’s dense historic district of La Candelaria in Colombia. To achieve this, the architects propose multiplying and connecting floors: passageways and patios articulate the university program with new itineraries and vistas across the block. This porosity is perhaps more evident in section, revealing the thoughtful and dense layering of spaces within and around the new building. In contrast, Chamisero, a wealthy suburban enclave in Santiago de Chile, is defined by its dry climate and arid vegetation. The architects of the Alianza Francesa Antoine de Saint-Exupéry school ingeniously internalized this landscape and the plot’s foothill location. They crafted a series of patios, some excavated and others filled-in, creating terraces along the slope that organize classrooms into “neighborhoods” of varying sizes and programs. The building’s imposing two-floor facade towards the main avenue stands as a testimony of the demand for a memorable institutional image that is a trait of private education in Chile (and beyond). Yet, the image that endures is the overall topographic operation. Almost fully embedded in the hillside, the building offers its neighbors unobstructed views of the hills, near and far, that define the landscape of this suburb.

Resumen: Podemos conceptualizar un programa educativo de gran escala (como una escuela o universidad) como una pequeña ciudad, pero ¿cuál es la impronta urbana de una institución educativa? Los proyectos en esta sección ofrecen respuestas basadas en estrategias y contextos urbanos distintos. El Centro Cívico de la Universidad de Los Andes representa la primera fase de un ambicioso proyecto para abrir una manzana en el denso distrito histórico de La Candelaria en Bogotá, Colombia. Para llevarlo a cabo, los arquitectos proponen multiplicar y conectar niveles: pasajes y patios articulan el programa universitario con nuevos itinerarios y vistas a lo largo de la manzana. Esta porosidad se evidencia en la sección, revelando la densa y pensada capa de conexiones dentro y alrededor del nuevo edificio. En contraste, Chamisero, un enclave suburbano de estratos socioeconómicos altos en Santiago, Chile, se caracteriza por su clima seco y vegetación árida. Los arquitectos del colegio Alianza Francesa Antoine de Saint-Exupéry internalizaron ingeniosamente este paisaje y la ubicación del sitio en una ladera. Una serie de patios, algunos excavados y otros rellenados, forman terrazas a lo largo de la pendiente que permiten organizar las aulas en “barrios” de diferentes tamaños y programas. La imponente fachada de dos pisos hacia la avenida principal es testimonio de la demanda de una imagen institucional memorable, característica de la educación privada en Chile (y más allá). Sin embargo, la imagen más perdurable es la operación topográfica, especialmente vista desde la fachada trasera. Casi completamente incrustado en la ladera, el edificio ofrece a sus vecinos vistas despejadas hacia las colinas, cercanas y lejanas, que conforman el paisaje de este suburbio.

Abstract: We can conceptualize a large educational program like a school or university as a small city, but what is the urban imprint of an educational institution? Both projects in this section offer answers rooted in distinct urban strategies and contexts. The Universidad de Los Andes Civic Center is the first phase of an ambitious project to open up a block in Bogotá’s dense historic district of La Candelaria in Colombia. To achieve this, the architects propose multiplying and connecting floors: passageways and patios articulate the university program with new itineraries and vistas across the block. This porosity is perhaps more evident in section, revealing the thoughtful and dense layering of spaces within and around the new building. In contrast, Chamisero, a wealthy suburban enclave in Santiago de Chile, is defined by its dry climate and arid vegetation. The architects of the Alianza Francesa Antoine de Saint-Exupéry school ingeniously internalized this landscape and the plot’s foothill location. They crafted a series of patios, some excavated and others filled-in, creating terraces along the slope that organize classrooms into “neighborhoods” of varying sizes and programs. The building’s imposing two-floor facade towards the main avenue stands as a testimony of the demand for a memorable institutional image that is a trait of private education in Chile (and beyond). Yet, the image that endures is the overall topographic operation. Almost fully embedded in the hillside, the building offers its neighbors unobstructed views of the hills, near and far, that define the landscape of this suburb.

The selection of open-pit slope angles involves high-value decisions with small changes in slope angle, often representing significant changes in net present value. The existing methods used to define design acceptance criteria have evolved from factor of safety to probability of failure (P[F]) to risk consequence to risk frontiers, which represents current state of the art. Current design acceptance measures are based on references to published tables representing the experience and judgement of their authors, who did not specify the purpose of the measures contained therein. As the purpose of the published design acceptance criteria is not specified (i.e., definite stability, marginal stability, optimization, etc.), such tables cannot be used to achieve optimum slope angles that maximize profitability. This paper develops a design acceptance criterion that maximizes profitability by defining a formulation for optimum risk that balances expected risk and reward. The model developed is titled the Mining Risk Model (MRM), and is applied to open-pit slope angle selection through an equation for optimum probability of downside (P[£)]O) that balances the upside or opportunity, the P[F], and the downside impact. This formulation for optimum risk is unique, as many authors have presented objective functions for their risk models that can be optimized, but none of the sources reviewed contained a formulation for optimum risk. The MRM is sufficiently flexible to allow the design performance measure that drives P[F], and hence P[D] O, to be selected based on the intended goal. Furthermore, the essential information that must be known to quantify optimum risk is defined. This allows users to determine what information to collect for optimum risk decisions. A further benefit of the MRM is that slope angle decisions and pit shells can be ranked to select the best option, and a threshold is provided that separates acceptable from unacceptable decisions. Finally, the workflow and information required to determine optimum risk are presented.

RESUMEN: El registro preciso de la biodiversidad tropical ha llevado a la necesidad de inventarios forestales extensos y precisos en zonas montañosas, donde las imágenes satelitales y la modelización de transferencia radiativa de los bosques han adquirido mucha relevancia. Los algoritmos de clasificación de imágenes de última generación (i.e. aprendizaje automático), aplicados con información auxiliar del relieve, se han revelado relativamente exitosos para el mapeo de tipos de bosques, sin embargo, la exactitud de la clasificación se mide solamente en promedio sobre áreas extensas, y poca atención se ha vertido en predecir las configuraciones de iluminación que en realidad causan alta incertidumbre en los resultados de la clasificación. En este artículo, se presenta una metodología basada en el simulador de imágenes Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART), para determinar si los tipos de bosque son distinguibles o no en configuraciones de terreno escarpado. Este trabajo describe la comparación de escenas forestales simuladas y reales en imágenes de alta resolución espacial (4 m). El método se aplicó para la estimación de la separabilidad espectral de tres tipos de bosques (encino, pino y selva alta perennifolia) en terrenos escarpados en México. Para ángulos de incidencia solar extremos (muy pequeños o muy grandes), el bosque de pino y la selva alta resultaron indistinguibles, y en contraste, fueron distinguibles en laderas cercanas al plano perpendicular solar. En consecuencia, para incluir un máximo de configuraciones favorables de laderas, recomendamos incorporar imágenes adquiridas en la mañana y en la tarde en el entrenamiento de los algoritmos de aprendizaje automático.

ABSTRACT: The precise account of biodiversity in the tropics has prompted the need for extended and accurate forest inventories in mountainous landscapes, where satellite imagery and radiative transfer modeling of forests have acquired much relevance. Last-generation classification algorithms (i.e. machine learning) using terrain information have proven useful for mapping forest types, however, the accuracy of classifications is measured on average over a large extent, and little emphasis has been placed on predicting which illumination configurations could in fact cause high uncertainty in the classification results. This paper presents a 3D modeling approach adapted to the Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) image simulator, which indicates whether forest types are distinguishable in a set of steep terrain configurations. The approach also describes a comparison of simulated and real forest scenes on slopes at high (4 m) spatial resolution. This method was applied to estimate the spectral separability of three forest types (oak, pine, and high tropical forests) on steep terrain in Mexico. For extreme (low or high) solar incidence angles, the pine and high tropical forests were indistinguishable, and by contrast, they were distinguishable on slopes near to the solar perpendicular plane. As a consequence, to maximize favourable slope configurations, we recommend to incorporate images acquired in the morning and in the afternoon for machine learning classification algorithms.

Abstract Introduction The lama-bordo systems (LBS) are built in natural watercourses and favor retention of sediment and runoff moisture for the development of agricultural activity. Objective To obtain a model for predicting the volume of soil permanently captured by LBS, based on the morphometric and hydrological characteristics of the micro-watersheds where they have prevailed in the Mixteca Alta of Oaxaca, Mexico Materials and methods The study was carried out in 27 sites where morphometric parameters and hydrological indexes were determined to obtain the volume prediction model by multiple linear regression (backward elimination technique). Results and discussion The systems studied were found in micro-watersheds under conditions that favor sediment transport: elongated shape, areas smaller than 2 km2 with 1st and 2nd order streams, at altitudes above 2 000 m and slopes greater than 10 %. Twelve morphometric parameters and three hydrological indexes characterize these micro-watersheds and explain the physical conditions that allow their establishment, but only four (micro-watershed area, average slope of the mainstream, topographic wetness index and sediment transport index) explain the cumulative sediment volume (R2 = 0.85, P < 0.001). Conclusions The model evaluated for volume estimation is reliable for application at sites under similar conditions.

Resumen Introducción Los sistemas lama-bordo (SLB) se construyen en cauces naturales y favorecen la retención de sedimentos y humedad del escurrimiento para el desarrollo de la actividad agrícola. Objetivo Obtener un modelo de predicción de volumen de suelo captado por los SLB en forma permanente, a partir de las características morfométricas e hidrológicas de las microcuencas donde estos han prevalecido en la Mixteca Alta de Oaxaca, México. Materiales y métodos El estudio se hizo en 27 sitios donde se determinaron parámetros morfométricos e índices hidrológicos que permitieron obtener el modelo de predicción de volumen mediante regresión lineal múltiple tipo backward stepwise. Resultados y discusión Los sistemas estudiados se encontraron en microcuencas bajo condiciones que favorecen el transporte de sedimentos: forma alargada, áreas menores de 2 km2 con corrientes de 1° y 2° orden, en altitudes superiores a los 2 000 m y pendientes mayores de 10 %. Doce parámetros morfométricos y tres índices hidrológicos caracterizan dichas microcuencas y explican las condiciones físicas que permiten su establecimiento, pero solo cuatro (área de la microcuenca, pendiente media de la corriente principal, índice topográfico de humedad e índice de transporte de sedimentos) explican el volumen de sedimento acumulado (R2 = 0.85, P < 0.001). Conclusiones El modelo evaluado para la estimación de volumen es confiable para su aplicación en sitios bajo condiciones similares.