Resumen: El artículo se pregunta por los usos de la justicia eclesiástica por parte de las mujeres esclavizadas de origen africano, tomando el caso de la Audiencia episcopal de Santiago entre los siglos XVII y XVIII. A través de una metodología de investigación cualitativa, se realiza primero un análisis general de los doce pleitos vinculados con este tipo de mujeres, que hoy conserva el Archivo Histórico del Arzobispado de Santiago. Luego se examinan en detalle los litigios eclesiásticos de Juana Antonia, Teresa y María Josefa, con el fin de describir trayectorias vitales de distintas mujeres y contrastar sus prácticas de resistencia en el marco de una petición judicial. Este ejercicio comparativo permite visibilizar, por un lado, historias en que estas mujeres lograron articular estrategias de resistencia judicial para enfrentar los discursos de poder u obtener su libertad y, por otro, historias donde aquella resistencia quedó sumida entre conflictos sucesorios, ocultaciones y actos de despojo protagonizados por amos y amas. En definitiva, los datos suministrados demuestran los matices de la resistencia en América Hispana y la necesidad apremiante de realizar estudios de casos que puedan enriquecer la interpretación de esta práctica. Resumen africano XVIII cualitativa Antonia Josefa visibilizar lado otro sucesorios amas definitiva práctica

Abstract: The article asks about the uses of ecclesiastical justice by enslaved women of African origin, taking the case of the episcopal court of Santiago between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Through a qualitative research methodology, first a general analysis is made of the twelve lawsuits related to this type of women, which are preserved today in the Historical Archive of the Archbishopric of Santiago. Then, the ecclesiastical lawsuits of Juana Antonia, Teresa and María Josefa are examined in detail, to describe the life trajectories of different women and to contrast their practices of resistance in the context of a legal petition. This comparative exercise makes it possible to visualize, on the one hand, stories in which these women were able to articulate strategies of judicial resistance to confront the discourses of power or obtain their freedom and, on the other hand, stories in which that resistance was submerged between inheritance conflicts, concealment and acts of dispossession carried out by masters and mistresses. In short, the data provided demonstrate the tones of resistance in Hispanic America and the pressing need for case studies that can enrich the interpretation of this practice. Abstract origin centuries methodology Then Antonia detail petition visualize hand conflicts mistresses short practice

BACKGROUND: Child slavery in global supply chains is a complex problem because it involves various supply chain actors, including corporations, at different tiers, and external organisations and society. Many corporate sustainability on child labour, present a unilateral perspective which renders the development of child labour measures under the leadership of many companies tardy and inefficient. OBJECTIVES: This study conducted a comprehensive investigation into child slavery in supply chains to identify the key actors that can combat child slavery in the supply chain. METHOD: Thematic analysis of peer-reviewed journal articles, containing the keywords; child labour; supply chain, and child slavery; used interchangeably, based on three inclusion criteria; high frequency of relevant keywords; recent publication period; and high number of citations, was conducted. RESULTS: Four main actors and their influence on child slavery were identified namely i.). Corporations - through industrial characteristics, strategy, corporate social responsibility obligations, and internal stakeholders; ii.). Governments - through regulations, policies, and intentions to combat child slavery; iii.). Societies - through the establishment of social benchmarks and social accountability frameworks to address the social crisis; and iv.). External organisations - such as ILO, NGOs and trade unions as the dominant actors in combatting the child slavery phenomena in supply chains. CONCLUSION: The findings provide a nascent conceptual model for empirical work and a foundation for descriptive and normative research on child slavery in supply chains. CONTRIBUTION: The study's contribution is the assessment of the child slavery phenomenon using a multi-stakeholder perspective to gain a better understanding of the dynamics associated with child slavery.

Resumen En el siglo XIX existían en Brasil dos facultades de Derecho, una en São Paulo y otra en Olinda (posteriormente transferida a Recife), ambas fundadas en 1827. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo se incluían a los negros en estas facultades en la época imperial, desde la perspectiva de tres aspectos diferentes pero complementarios: la exclusión, el prejuicio y lo apagamiento. Para hacerlo, utilizaremos fuentes primarias y secundarias, con el objetivo de recuperar la memoria de los negros que integraron estas instituciones o que intentaron ingresar en ellas sin conseguirlo.

Resumo No século XIX, existiram duas faculdades de Direito no Brasil, uma em São Paulo e outra em Olinda (posteriormente transferida para o Recife), ambas fundadas em 1827. O objetivo do presente artigo é analisar como o negro se inseria em tais faculdades no período imperial, sob a ótica de três aspectos diferentes, mas complementares: exclusão, preconceito e apagamento. Para tanto, faremos uso de fontes primárias e secundárias, com o escopo de resgatar a memória de pessoas negras que fizeram parte dessas instituições ou que nelas tentaram ingressar, mas não conseguiram.

Abstract In the 19th century there were two law schools in Brazil, one in São Paulo and another in Olinda (later transferred to Recife), both founded in 1827. The objective of this paper is to analyze how black people were inserted in these institutions in the imperial period from the point of view of three different but complementary aspects: exclusion, prejudice, and erasure. To do so, we will make use of primary and secondary sources, with the purpose of recovering the memory of black people who were part of these institutions or who tried to enter them, but failed.

Dissenter Protestantism, Pietist, and revivalist movements have played a crucial but often overlooked role in the emergence and development of democracy, the abolition of slavery and the struggle for women's rights. The article focuses on the emergence of dissenter Protestantism in 17th century England, its continuation in the USA and similar movements in other parts of Europe. Drawing on theories from sociology, moral psychology and other behavioural sciences, the article argues that the social impact of dissenter Protestantism was the result of a complex combination of theology, practices, institutions and specific historical circumstances. While the theology of these movements was not unique, their emphasis on following Jesus Christ and sanctification was a significant aspect. Other factors contributing to their impact include the role of friendship and strong social networks, a relative egalitarianism, a certain distance and independence from dominant institutions and cultures and the creation of self-organised and relatively autonomous organisations. This combination of theological and social elements created free spaces that facilitated the development of new or different practices. Another crucial aspect was their ability to integrate reasoning and affective powers, uniting theory with metaphor and narrative. Finally, the specific practices and institutions within these movements allowed individuals to grow and enter into communities that shaped their lives. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: This article combines theological and historical analysis with theories from sociology, moral psychology and other behavioural sciences. It shows the fruitfulness of using empirical social science for theology and history.

Many experts have argued in their commentaries on the book of Philemon that Paul courageously used his age and apostolic imprimatur to forge a Christian reconsideration, reconciliation, and restitution of the status and identity of Onesimus with his master, Philemon. Although Paul wanted Onesimus to return to Philemon and be accepted as a brother-in-Christ rather than slave-to-master-in-Christ, it is unclear how Onesimus' and Philemon's new statuses would affect their newly reconciled social, political, and existential relations. If Philemon accepted Onesimus as he would accept Paul, Onesimus would definitely have had a higher status than Philemon, which is logically contradictory to the contract between slaves and their masters at that time and sometimes even in today's Christian world. CONTRIBUTION: The article argued that Paul was not radical enough in the appropriation of his apostolic grace that formed the fulcrum of his appeal to Philemon to receive Onesimus back into an enhanced slave status - this time in Christ. Rather, the article suggests that Paul would have used that leverage to untangle the identity, socio-political, and relational fissures embedded in slavery, which have been used as theological excuse to deal with Africans as slaves, by not returning Onesimus to Philemon in accordance with Deuteronomy 23:15-16.

This study is an exploration of the Hagar narrative from the perspective of African Womanist Theology. The article focuses on the spirituality of Hagar before and after her captivity (Gn 16). The research takes an Afrocentric perspective and uses a postcolonial lens to comment on the preceding text as well as consider how this story is captured in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. At the core of the article is an attempt at reclaiming the African in Hagar who is largely portrayed in the stories of Sarah and Abraham within a Hebrew perspective which itself is arguably imperial. The aim is to inspire modern African women (and in the diaspora) to reclaim their African spirituality within their stories and experiences. Summarily, the article is a critique of the colonial project, slavery and its legacies in dehumanising and disenfranchising people and African knowledge systems. The article is structured as follows: firstly, it introduces the Hagar and/or Hajar traditions from the perspectives of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Secondly, it takes a step back to consider Hagar's identity as an Egyptian princess before she encountered Sarah and Abraham. The article also discusses how Hagar's past in Egypt had a bearing on her spiritual encounters when she and her son Ishmael and/or Ismail were exiled. Finally, the article concludes with a recommendation for continued reflection on an African spirituality narrative of the Hagar traditions alongside the predominant narratives from Abrahamic religions. CONTRIBUTION: This article demonstrates that the religious scriptures must be read from liberation perspectives such as the postcolonial paradigm to inspire the recovery of authentic experiences of the oppressed and displaced, and it is an inspiration to African women to reclaim their true identity and spirituality

A literatura de cordel é um gênero literário popular com raízes no Nordeste brasileiro. Com o propósito de desenvolver metodologias participativas, no contexto de uma disciplina na Pós-Graduação stricto sensu em Saúde Coletiva, elaborou-se um folheto inspirado na obra “A Elite do Atraso: da escravidão à lava-jato” do sociólogo brasileiro Jessé Souza. O objetivo foi apresentar os capítulos do livro em forma de recital, utilizando a literatura de cordel, para discussão do tema de forma dinâmica em espaços de produção de conhecimento nos campos da Educação e da Saúde. A obra construída retrata, de forma crítica, a construção histórica do Brasil mediante seu berço, pautada nas injustiças sociais trazidas com os colonizadores, formuladas pela escravidão que hoje reverbera de forma atualizada nas crises política, econômica e de classes.

La literatura de cordel es un género literario popular con raíces en el nordeste brasileño. Con el propósito de desarrollar metodologías participativas, en el contexto de una asignatura en el postgrado stricto sensu en Salud Colectiva, se elaboró un folleto inspirado en la obra “A Elite do Atraso: da escravidão a lava-jato” del sociólogo brasileño Jessé Souza. El objetivo fue presentar los capítulos del libro en forma de recital, utilizando la literatura de cordel, para discusión del tema de forma dinámica en espacios de producción de conocimiento en los campos de la educación y de la salud. La obra construida retrata, de forma crítica, la construcción histórica de Brasil por medio de su cuna, con base en las injusticias sociales traídas por los colonizadores, formulada por la esclavitud que hoy día reverbera de forma actualizada en la crisis política, económica y de clases.

Cordel literature is a popular literary genre with roots in the northeast of Brazil. With the aim of developing participatory methodologies for a subject on a Master’s degree in Public Health, we produced a pamphlet inspired by the book “A Elite do Atraso: da escravidão a lava-jato” (The Elite of Backwardness: from slavery to the car wash scandal), by Brazilian sociologist Jessé Souza. The aim of the pamphlet was to present each of the chapters of the book in the form of a recital using cordel literature to promote dynamic discussion of the theme in spaces of knowledge production in the fields of health and education. The pamphlet critically depicts the historic construction of Brazil from the cradle, grounded on social injustice brought by the colonizers and shaped by slavery, which continues to reverberate today, reframed through the political, economic and class crisis.

Abstract: Contemporary migrations reveal displacements of populations between territories, with greater prominence for the contexts of war, political conflicts or mitigation of fundamental rights, or that calls for international concern for the promotion of the effectiveness of global citizenship and corresponding rights. The present article aims to promote an analysis of the current migratory panorama, with emphasis on the forced displacement of black women in Brazil, in order to assess their relationship with racial necropolitics. It is proposed to identify the normative categories of the two migratory rights and to analyze the national and international regulations related to the central theme. It was used in the literature review, from a research with a qualitative approach, of an explanatory and applied nature, with a view to the production of knowledge that could offer support to the implementation of public policies that reduce the deleterious effects of necropolitics and racial misogyny. Foram used as databases by the platforms SCieLo, Google Scholar and Scopus, being inclusion criteria scientific articles published in the Portuguese, English and Spanish languages, the last thirty years, involving topics necropolitics, migration, racism, black women, from the combinations two descriptors and boolean and/or operators. From the research, it was possible to observe that contemporary migratory flows encounter various causal factors, which can be considered a phenomenon from an intersectional perspective, due to the perpetuation of racism, recalling the effects of colonization and slavery of African peoples, and of machismo, in virtue of the consideration of the body of the black woman as an object, resulting from the historical misogenic racial necropolitics.

Resumo As migrações contemporâneas revelam deslocamentos de populações entre territórios, com maior destaque para os contextos de guerra, conflitos políticos ou mitigação de direitos fundamentais, o que reclama a preocupação internacional para a promoção da efetividade da cidadania global e de direitos decorrentes. O presente artigo objetiva promover uma análise do panorama migratório hodierno, com ênfase nos deslocamentos forçados de mulheres negras no Brasil, a fim avaliar sua relação com a necropolítica racial. Propõe-se a identificação das categorias normativas dos direitos migratórios e a análise das normativas pátria e internacional atinentes à temática central. Utilizou-se da revisão de literatura, a partir de uma pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa, de natureza explicativa e aplicada, tendo em vista a produção de conhecimento que poderá oferecer suporte à implantação de políticas públicas que minorem efeitos deletérios da necropolítica e da misoginia racial. Foram utilizadas como base de dados as plataformas SCieLo, Google Acadêmico e Scopus, sendo critérios de inclusão artigos científicos publicados nas línguas portuguesa, inglesa e espanhola, nos últimos trinta anos, envolvendo temas necropolítica, migração, racismo, mulheres negras, a partir das combinações dos descritores e operadores booleanos and/or. A partir da pesquisa, foi possível obervar que os fluxos migratórios contemporâneos encontravam diversos fatores causais, podendo ser considerado um fenônemo a partir de uma perspectiva interseccional, em razão da perpetuação do racismo, rememorando os efeitos da colonização e da escravização de povos africanos, e do machismo, em virtude da consideração do corpo da mulher negra como objeto, resultante da necropolítica racial misógena histórica.

Abstract: Through the recruitment of slaves under the promise of immediate freedom by the autonomous government to the Ingenuos de la Patria battalion, one of the few forces formed by freedmen in the Chilean Army, this article rebuilds the transit of these men between 1814 and 1817. In it they discuss the characteristics of the freedom offered to the slaves for their military service, the difficulties that many had to validate it, which included the re-enslavement of some and the capability of agency of said men which, despite the context and circumstances they had to live through, became active agents of their own freedom, even though it implied to keep on serving under the flags of the patriot armies. With them they came back to Chile in 1817 after suffering the exile in Cuyo for three years, although only to keep fighting, even when the war moved to Peru in the year 1820.

Resumen: A través del reclutamiento de esclavos bajo promesa de libertad inmediata por el gobierno autónomo con destino al Batallón de Ingenuos de la Patria, una de las pocas fuerzas formadas por libertos en el Ejército chileno, este artículo reconstruye el tránsito de estos hombres entre 1814 y 1817. En él se discuten las características de la libertad ofrecida a los esclavos por su servicio militar, las dificultades que muchos tuvieron para validarla, que incluyó la re-esclavización de algunos y la capacidad de agencia de los mismos que, a pesar del contexto y las circunstancias que vivieron, se convirtieron en agentes activos de su propia libertad, aunque ella implicaba seguir sirviendo bajo las banderas de los ejércitos patriotas. Con ellas volvieron a Chile en 1817 tras sufrir el exilio en Cuyo por tres años, aunque sólo para seguir combatiendo, incluso cuando la guerra se trasladó al Perú en 1820.

Resumen En este artículo se hará una exposición de las bases teóricas sobre la postura adorniana del Después de Auschwitz, cuyo análisis se centra en lo que esta establece sobre la modernidad, la racionalidad occidental y la Ilustración, así como la interpretación sobre las implicaciones de Auschwitz. Con base en estos planteamientos, se propone una contraposición de ideas a través de una exposición de la perspectiva crítica a la modernidad y la racionalidad occidental que elaboraron dos importantes autores afrocaribeños en la década de los cincuenta: Aimé Césaire y C. R. L. James. Ambos autores, en sus respectivas críticas, tratan el problema del nazismo. Sin embargo, a diferencia de la postura adorniana del Después de Auschwitz, el punto de partida de los pensadores afrocaribeños no es el nazismo, ni Auschwitz, sino la esclavitud y el colonialismo que las naciones europeas emprendieron en todo el mundo y que, de acuerdo con ellos, implicaron el inicio del despliegue de la violencia moderna.

Abstract In this paper, there will be an exposition of the theoretical bases on the Adornian position of After Auschwitz, whose analysis focuses on what it establishes about modernity, Western rationality and the Enlightenment, as well as the interpretation of the implications of Auschwitz. Based on these approaches, a contrast of ideas is proposed through an exposition of the critical perspective of modernity and Western rationality produced by two important Afro-Caribbean authors in the 1950s: Aimé Césaire and C. R. L. James. Both authors, in their respective critiques, address the problem of Nazism. However, unlike the Adornian position of After Auschwitz, the starting point of Afro-Caribbean thinkers is not Nazism, nor Auschwitz, but slavery and colonialism that European nations undertook throughout the world, and which, according to them, implied the beginning of the deployment of modern violence.

Resumo Neste artigo haverá uma exposição das bases teóricas sobre a posição adorniana sobre o Depois de Auschwitz, cuja análise se concentra no que ela estabelece sobre a modernidade, a racionalidade ocidental e o Iluminismo, bem como a interpretação das implicações de Auschwitz. Com base nessas abordagens, propõe-se um contraste de ideias por meio de uma exposição da perspectiva crítica da modernidade e da racionalidade ocidental produzida por dois importantes autores afro-caribenhos na década de 1950: Aimé Césaire e CRL James. Ambos os autores, em suas respectivas críticas, abordam o problema do nazismo. No entanto, ao contrário da posição adorniana do Depois de Auschwitz, o ponto de partida dos pensadores afro-caribenhos não é o nazismo, nem Auschwitz, mas a escravidão e o colonialismo que as nações europeias empreenderam em todo o mundo e que, segundo eles, implicaram o início do desdobramento da violência moderna.

Abstract: The article analyzes slave criminality in the Minas Gerais city of Juiz de Fora during the second half of the 19th century. Twenty four criminal cases were analyzed in which enslaved people are victims, defendants and/or witnesses. From the analysis of this documentation, it was possible to point out the motivations for carrying out certain crimes, such as robbery and theft, and the treatment given by justice to criminal slaves. In addition to this aspect, the analysis of criminal cases made it possible to demonstrate the intervention of the State in the relations between masters and slaves that occurred from 1850 onwards and to reconstruct part of the daily life of enslaved people involved in criminal actions.

Resumo: O artigo analisa a criminalidade escrava na cidade mineira de Juiz de Fora durante a segunda metade do século XIX. Foram analisados 24 processos criminais nos quais os escravizados encontram-se como vítimas, réus e/ou testemunhas. A partir da análise dessa documentação foi possível apontar as motivações das realizações de determinados crimes, como, por exemplo, o roubo e o furto, e o tratamento dado pela justiça a escravos e escravas criminosos. Além desse aspecto, a análise dos processos criminais permitiu demonstrar a intervenção do Estado nas relações entre senhores e escravos ocorrida a partir de 1850 e reconstruir parte do cotidiano dos escravizados envolvidos nas ações criminais.

Abstract: This paper examines the circumstances under which slavery was discussed in Portugal, upon Dom João VI’s return on April 26, 1821. By drawing on the trajectory of the enslaved Marianna, Mina, owned by Jacinto de Araujo, Dom João VI’s servant, who returned with the monarch to Portugal, I seek to understand the paths taken by captives who landed there with their masters. From Marianna’s experience I ponder why the king granted permission to masters returned from Brazil to remain with their enslaved in Portugal in contempt of the Decrees of September 19, 1761 and March 10, 1800. Furthermore, I reflect upon what the royal authorities understood about slavery and freedom in a kingdom that had just become a constitutional monarchy with an anti-slavery legislation dating back to the late 1760s.

Resumo Este artigo analisa as circunstâncias em que a escravidão foi discutido em Portugal, após o regresso de D. João VI em 26 de abril de 1821. A partir da trajetória de Marianna, mina, escrava de Jacinto de Araujo, criado de D. João VI que regressou com o monarca para Portugal, procuro compreender os caminhos percorridos por cativos que ali desembarcaram em companhia de seus senhores. A experiência de Marianna é utilizada para refletir sobre o porquê de o rei ter agraciado com indultos senhores retornados do Brasil para permanecerem com seus escravizados em Portugal, à revelia dos alvarás de 19 de setembro de 1761 e de 10 de março de 1800. Ademais, reflito sobre o que as autoridades régias compreendiam a respeito da escravidão e liberdade em um reino que acabara de se tornar uma monarquia constitucional e que possuía uma legislação antiescravista desde fins da década de 1760.

Abstract This article proposes to analyze the formulation of mental health politics during the transition of chattel slavery to agrarian capitalism in Jamaica, from the end of the XVIII century to 1861 so, to formulate a chronology that ables to oversee their particularities in the colonial context. Thus, it reveals how the management of lunacy was part of a more general process of socialization and disciple of the black majorities in racialize society that established specifics social mechanisms and dispositifs for the emergent necessities in a conflictive socio-political context. In order to accomplish that, we’ve analyzed primary sources –state documents, texts and productions by medical and political personalities, press articles–, as well as specialized bibliography from the global, regional and Jamaican context. The purpose was to deepen the study of the role of medicine and psychiatry in the origin of specific policies and discourses for the emergence of the Imperial citizen.

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a construção de políticas de saúde mental durante a transição da escravidão ao capitalismo agrário na Jamaica, do final do século 18 a 1861, a fim de fazer uma cronologia que nos permita vislumbrar suas particularidades no contexto colonial. Assim, desvela-se como a gerenciamento de "demência" formou um papel mais geral no processo de disciplinamento e socialização das maiorias negras, em uma sociedade racialmente diferenciada, que constituiu mecanismos e dispositivos específicos para necessidades emergentes em um contexto de grande conflito. Para isso, analisamos fontes primárias da época –documentação estatal, textos e produções de figuras médicas e políticas relevantes, artigos de imprensa– bem como bibliografia especializada, para o contexto jamaicano, regional e global, com o objetivo de aprofundar o estudo do papel da medicina e da psiquiatria na emergência de discursos e políticas específicas para a construção do cidadão imperial.

Resumen El presente artículo se propone analizar la construcción de las políticas de salud mental durante la transición de la esclavitud al régimen asalariado en Jamaica, desde finales del siglo XVIII hasta 1861, con la finalidad de elaborar una cronología que permita entrever sus particularidades en el contexto colonial. Así, se revela cómo la gestión de la “demencia” formó parte del proceso de elaboración de políticas y dispositivos específicos para el disciplinamiento y socialización de las mayorías negras en una sociedad racialmente diferenciada, en un contexto de gran conflictividad social. Para ello, analizamos fuentes primarias de la época –documentación estatal, textos y producciones de personalidades médicas y políticas pertinentes, artículos de prensa–, como también bibliografía especializada, para el contexto jamaiquino, regional y global, con el objetivo de profundizar en el estudio del papel de la medicina y la psiquiatría en la emergencia de discursos y políticas específicas para la construcción del ciudadano imperial.

RESUMO Este artigo tem como objetivo explorar a gênese das arenas como sendo um espaço de relação interorganizacional que pode promover ou abrir caminho para a consecução de crimes corporativos. Tomando como base o cenário brasileiro de erradicação da escravidão, argumentamos que há a criação de arenas e contra-arenas dinâmicas como espaços para ora evitar e ora promover crimes corporativos enquanto o Estado desempenha o papel de facilitador de tais crimes. Essa discussão afirma que a promoção e a prevenção de crimes corporativos são legitimadas tanto pelo Estado em seu regime de permissão quanto pelos atores que atuam nesse campo por intermédio da formação de arenas. Para mapear os elementos-chave dessas arenas, nossa pesquisa se baseia nas técnicas de shadowing, entrevistas em profundidade e observação de campo. Após formado o corpus de pesquisa, analisamos os fenômenos principalmente por meio de codificação aberta, axial e seletiva, com base na abordagem da Grounded Theory. escravidão contraarenas contra elementoschave elementos chave shadowing aberta seletiva Theory

ABSTRACT This article aims to explore the genesis of arenas as an interorganizational relation space that can promote, or at least cleave, the path for corporate crimes. Based the scenario in which Brazil eradicated slavery, we argue there has been the creation of dynamic arenas and counter-arenas as spaces for avoiding or promoting corporate crimes, while the state has played the role of facilitator in such crimes. This paper asserts that promotion and prevention of corporate crimes are both legitimate actions by the state in its regime of permission, and every single actor who play in this field through arenas. In order to map the key elements of these arenas, our investigation is based on the techniques of shadowing, in-depth interviews, and field observation. After building our data pool, we analysed the phenomena mostly through open, axial, and selective coding, based on the Grounded Theory approach as a mean for categorization. promote cleave slavery counterarenas counter permission shadowing indepth depth interviews observation pool open axial coding categorization

Resumen: Al trazar los vínculos intertextuales entre A Lonely Rage, la autobiografía de Bobby Seale, y 2666, la novela de Roberto Bolaño, este artículo propone que la tercera parte de la obra de Bolaño ensaya el acto de escribir la vejez del Pantera Negra como forma de pensar la futuridad de los ideales políticos de los movimientos anticoloniales y tercermundistas de los años 60. Se sostendrá que la representación de Seale a través del personaje de Barry Seaman emplaza en la novela un imaginario oceánico arraigado en la memoria de la violencia de la trata trasatlántica de esclavos. Este artículo indaga en un sitio textual poco estudiado de 2666 para señalar la influencia de la tradición política e intelectual del internacionalismo negro sobre uno de los autores más conocidos de América Latina.

Abstract: By tracing the intertextual links between Bobby Seale’s autobiography A Lonely Rage and Roberto Bolaño’s novel 2666, this article proposes that the third part of Bolaño’s text experiments with the continuation of the act of writing Seale’s life as a means of thinking the futurity of political ideals as well as the temporality of the violence of modernity. I demonstrate that, in 2666, the rhetorical figure of the grain of sand—the most important of the images that Bolaño borrows from Seale—forms part of a system of Afro-Atlantic chronotopes. These chronotopes, in turn, evoke the transatlantic slave trade and its legacy of racial oppression and sketch the structural relation of slavery and racism to femicide on the U.S.-México border. This article delves into an understudied textual site in 2666 to indicate the value of Bolaño’s oeuvre for studies of blackness and the Afro-Atlantic in Latin America.