RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Os mecanismos subjacentes à dor nociplástica, como a fibromialgia (FM), não são totalmente compreendidos, contudo acredita-se que o processamento sensorial e a modulação da dor alterados desempenham papéis proeminentes para a manutenção da dor nociplástica. Com a hipótese de que alterações no córtex somestésico primário (S1) contribuam para o caráter de dor generalizada da FM, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o envolvimento do córtex somestésico primário em humanos com FM, bem como investigar possíveis associações entre alterações de S1 com sinais e sintomas clínicos da FM. CONTEÚDO: Para esta revisão integrativa, foram utilizadas as seguintes bases de dados: Pubmed e Web of Science, incluindo estudos observacionais realizados em humanos com FM. No total, 541 estudos foram identificados e quatro foram incluídos. A maioria dos estudos são do tipo caso-controle, publicados entre 2016 e 2022. Ao todo, dados de 161 indivíduos foram incluídos. Foi identificado que há alterações morfológicas, hiperativação e aumento da conectividade funcional entre S1 e substância cinzenta periaquedutal e entre S1 e córtex cingulado anterior. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com FM apresentam alterações morfológicas e hiperativação em S1, bem como aumento da conectividade funcional entre S1 e substância cinzenta periaquedutal e S1 e sistema límbico. Ademais, diferentes sub-regiões somatotrópicas bilaterais (pernas, tórax, dedos, mãos, face e costas) apresentaram redução da conectividade funcional em pacientes com FM. Essas regiões são frequentemente apresentadas como “tender points” na FM. OBJETIVOS nociplástica , (FM) compreendidos acreditase acredita se S (S1 CONTEÚDO integrativa Science total 54 incluídos casocontrole, casocontrole caso controle, controle caso-controle 201 2022 todo 16 anterior CONCLUSÃO límbico Ademais subregiões sub pernas, pernas (pernas tórax dedos mãos costas tender points (FM (S 5 20 202 1 2

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The mechanisms underlying nociplastic pain, such as fibromyalgia (FM), are not fully understood, however, it is believed that altered sensory processing and pain modulation play prominent roles in the maintenance of nociplastic pain. The hypothesis is that changes in the primary somesthetic cortex (S1) contribute to the generalized pain character of FM. The objective of this study was to evaluate the involvement of the primary somesthetic cortex in humans with fibromyalgia, as well as to investigate possible associations between S1 changes and clinical signs and symptoms of FM. CONTENTS: For this integrative review, the following databases were used: Pubmed and Web of Science, including observational studies carried out in humans with FM. In total, 541 studies were identified and four were included. The majority of studies are case-control studies, published between 2016 and 2022. In total, data from 161 individuals were included in this review. It was identified that there are morphological changes, hyperactivation and increased functional connectivity between S1 and periaqueductal gray matter and between S1 and anterior cingulate cortex. CONCLUSION: Patients with FM present morphological changes and hyperactivation in S1, as well as increased functional connectivity between S1 and periaqueductal gray matter and S1 and limbic system. Furthermore, different bilateral somatotropic subregions (legs, chest, fingers, hands, face and back) showed reduced functional connectivity in patients with FM. These regions are often presented as “tender points” in FM. OBJECTIVES FM, , (FM) understood however S (S1 CONTENTS review used Science total 54 casecontrol case control 201 2022 16 CONCLUSION system Furthermore legs, legs (legs chest fingers hands back tender points (FM (S 5 20 202 1 2

Abstract Background The pathophysiology of cluster headaches (CHs) involves the trigeminovascular system, the parasympathetic nervous system, and the hypothalamus. Because of the affected hypothalamus, there may be limbic system involvement in CH. Objective To investigate the relationship between depression, anxiety, and alexithymia in CH, to demonstrate that the limbic system is affected. Methods A total of 18 patients with CHs who were outside of cluster period and 18 healthy controls were included. Participants were administered the Beck depression inventory (BDI), Beck anxiety inventory (BAI), and Toronto alexithymia scale-20 (TAS-20). Results Patients with CHs had significantly higher rates of alexithymia (p = 0.003) and depression (p = 0.014) than controls. There was no significant difference in anxiety levels (p = 0.297) between groups. Conclusion It was shown that, in addition to previously identified psychiatric disorders, alexithymia can accompany CHs in patients. (CHs hypothalamus CH 1 included BDI, BDI , (BDI) BAI, BAI (BAI) scale20 scale 20 scale-2 TAS20. TAS20 TAS . (TAS-20) p 0.003 0003 0 003 0.014 0014 014 0.297 0297 297 groups disorders (BDI (BAI scale2 2 scale- TAS2 (TAS-20 0.00 000 00 0.01 001 01 0.29 029 29 (TAS-2 0.0 0.2 02 (TAS- 0. (TAS

Resumen Antecedentes La fisiopatología de la cefalea en racimos (CER) incluye el sistema trigeminovascular, el sistema nervioso parasimpático y el hipotálamo. Debido a la afectación del hipotálamo, puede haber una afectación del sistema límbico en la CER. Objetivo Este estudio pretendía investigar la relación entre depresión, ansiedad y alexitimia en CER para demostrar que el sistema límbico está afectado. Métodos Se incluyeron en el estudio 18 pacientes con CER que se encontraban fuera del periodo de cluster y 18 sujetos control sanos. Se administró a los participantes el inventario de depresión de Beck (IDB), el inventario de ansiedad de Beck (IAB) y la escala de alexitimia de Toronto-20 (TAS-20). Resultados Los pacientes con CER presentaban tasas significativamente más altas de alexitimia (p = 0.003) y depresión (p = 0.014) que los controles. No había diferencias significativas en los niveles de ansiedad (p = 0.297) entre los grupos. Conclusión En pacientes diagnosticados de CER, se demostró que además de los trastornos psiquiátricos previamente identificados, la alexitimia también puede acompañar a la enfermedad. (CER trigeminovascular hipotálamo afectado 1 sanos IDB, IDB , (IDB) IAB (IAB Toronto20 Toronto 20 Toronto-2 TAS20. TAS20 TAS . (TAS-20) p 0.003 0003 0 003 0.014 0014 014 controles 0.297 0297 297 grupos identificados enfermedad (IDB Toronto2 2 Toronto- TAS2 (TAS-20 0.00 000 00 0.01 001 01 0.29 029 29 (TAS-2 0.0 0.2 02 (TAS- 0. (TAS

Resumen Globalmente, los fármacos son el tipo de agente más frecuentemente implicado en las intoxicaciones pediátricas y las Ben-zodiacepinas el grupo farmacológico más frecuente. La reacción paradojal, secundaria a la exposición a Benzodiacepinas se caracteriza por la presencia de signosintomatología contraria a los efectos sedativos hipnóticos esperados, pudiendo presentarse con inquietud, ansiedad, hostilidad y alteraciones de la conducta, entre otros. La mayoría de los trabajos hallados acerca de este síndrome en pediatría lo describen secundario a Midazolam endovenoso, en contexto de sedación consciente para la realización de diferentes procedimientos. Las causas por los cuales se puede generar este fenómeno de desinhibición no han sido clarificadas, postulándose tres hipótesis: la desregulación colinérgica central, el aumento del tono gabaérgico en el sistema límbico, tálamo e hipotálamo y el desbalance de serotonina. Se expone una serie de 15 pacientes de entre 1 año y 5 años, expuestos accidentalmente a Benzodiacepinas, principalmente Clonazepam y Lorazepam, a fin de describir las características de esta reacción. En esta serie se observó con latencia breve y duración variable, de hasta 11 horas, la presencia en orden de frecuencia, de: ansiedad, irritabilidad, gritos, hostilidad y conductas agresivas, llanto inconsolable, incapacidad de contención por familiares, conductas irracionales, excitación psicomotriz, desinhibición emocional, alucinaciones y aumento de locuacidad, asociado frecuentemente a ataxia.

Abstract Globally, medicines are the most frequently toxins involved in pediatric poisonings, and Benzodiazepines are the most fre-quent pharmacological group in those poisonings. The paradoxical reaction, secondary to Benzodiazepines exposure, is characterized by the presence of contrary expected sedative-hypnotic effects, and may present with restlessness, increased anxiety, hostility, and behav-ioral alterations, among others. The studies we found about this syndrome in pediatric patients describe it most frequently secondary to endovenous Midazolam, in the context of the conscious sedation to perform different procedures. The reasons why this reaction is generated have not been clarified, three hypotheses are postulated: the central cholinergic dysregulation, the increased Gabaergic tone in the limbic system, thalamus and hypothalamus and the serotonin imbalance. A series of 15 patients, between 1 year and 5 years old, accidentally exposed to Benzodiazepines, mainly Clonazepam and Lorazepam, to describe the characteristics of the paradoxical reaction secondary to Benzodiazepines exposure. In this case series, we observed with short latency and variable duration, up to 11 hours, the presence in order of frequency of: anxiety, irritability, screams, hostility and aggressive behaviors, inconsolable crying, inability to con-tain by their family members, irrational behaviors and psychomotor excitement, emotional disinhibition, hallucinations and increased talkativeness, frequently associated with ataxia.

Resumen Introducción: A nivel neurofisiológico el cerebelo, los ganglios basales y el sistema límbico son importantes en la coordinación y memoria del movimiento. Objetivo: Comprender los procesos que intervienen en la relación sensoperceptiva de la audición y el aprendizaje motor es una motivación permanente de diferentes disciplinas. Método: Se presenta una revisión documental que tuvo por objetivo analizar la relación de la percepción auditiva y el aprendizaje motor utilizando análisis de contenido desde las perspectivas de audiología, medicina y neurorrehabilitación. Las palabras clave y combinaciones que se tuvieron en cuenta fueron: percepción auditiva, aprendizaje, equilibrio, coordinación y las combinaciones audición-aprendizaje, audición-equilibrio, y audición-coordinación. Se utilizaron las bases de datos y metabuscadores Pubmed, Medscape, Trip, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhots, Pedro, Scielo, y Lilacs. Bibliotecas virtuales como SINAB, Cochrane, Universidad de Málaga, UsNational Library of Medicine, y National Institutes of Health. Se seleccionaron 22 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: Se encontró relación entre la percepción auditiva y el aprendizaje motor en la comunicación de la información sensorial auditiva y motora a nivel del procesamiento en el cerebelo y ganglios, que es una parte fundamental en la retención y transferencia motriz. Conclusión: En el proceso del aprendizaje motor que involucra la experiencia del movimiento, proponemos la participación de la audición, mediante integrar las señales percibidas-visuales, auditivas, motrices y vestibulares- que se concretan en mejorar el aprendizaje, haciéndolo más eficaz y generando una memoria más duradera.

Resumo Introdução: A nível neurofisiológico, o cerebelo, os gânglios basais e o sistema límbico são importantes na coordenação e memória do movimento. Objetivo: Compreender os processos que implicam na relação sensorial-perceptual entre audição e aprendizagem motora como uma motivação permanente para diferentes disciplinas. Método: É apresentada uma revisão documental que visa analisar a relação entre a percepção auditiva e a aprendizagem motora utilizando a análise de conteúdo a partir das perspectivas da audiologia, medicina e neuro reabilitação. As palavras-chave e as combinações consideradas foram: percepção auditiva, aprendizagem, equilíbrio, coordenação e as combinações audição-aprendizagem, audição-equilíbrio e audição-coordenação. Foram utilizadas as bases de dados e os motores de metabusca Pubmed, Medscape, Trip, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhots, Pedro, Scielo, e Lilacs. Bibliotecas virtuais como SINAB, Cochrane, Universidade de Málaga, UsNational Library of Medicine, e National Institutes of Health. Foram selecionados 22 artigos que cumpriam os critérios de inclusão. Resultados: Foi encontrada uma relação entre percepção auditiva e aprendizagem motora na comunicação da informação sensorial auditiva e motora à nível do processamento no cerebelo e nos gânglios, que é uma parte fundamental da retenção e transferência motora. Conclusão: No processo de aprendizagem motora que envolve a experiência do movimento, propomos a participação da audição, integrando os sinais percebidos - visuais, auditivos, motores e vestibulares - que resultam na melhoria da aprendizagem, tornando-a mais eficaz e gerando uma memória mais duradoura.

Abstract Introduction: At the neurophysiological level, the cerebellum, the basal ganglia, and the limbic system are important in the coordination and memory of movement. Objective: Understanding the processes involved in the sensoperceptive relationship of hearing and motor learning is a permanent motivation of different disciplines. Method: A documentary review is presented; it aims to analyze the relationship between auditory perception and motor learning using content analysis from the perspectives of audiology, medicine, and neurorehabilitation. The keywords and combinations taken into account were the following: hearing perception, learning, balance, coordination, and combinations hearing-learning, hearing-balance, and hearing-coordination. The databases and metasearchers Pubmed, Medscape, Trip, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, Pedro, Scielo, and Lilacs were used. Virtual libraries such as SINAB, Cochrane, University of Malaga, UsNational Library of Medicine, and National Institutes of Health were also consulted. We selected 22 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Results: A relationship was found between auditory perception and motor learning in the communication of auditory and motor sensory information at the level of processing in the cerebellum and basal ganglia, being a fundamental part of the retention and motor transfer. Conclusion: In the motor learning process involving the experience of movement, we propose the participation of hearing by integrating the perceived signals -visual, auditory, motor, and vestibular- that are concretized to improve learning, making it more effective, generating a more lasting memory.

Abstract The critical scenario of mental health and factors that alter the typical affective neurodevelopment of the population, during 2020, the Ministry of Education has had curriculum orientations to deal with socio-emotional learning. For this reason, a systematic review of neurodevelopmental research of the limbic system and bibliographic references to the ministerial guidelines for socio-emotional learning was carried out. A total of 140 studies published between 2015 and 2020 were obtained on the neurodevelopment of the limbic system and 167 articles referenced by ministerial guidelines, which were analyzed following an adaptation of the PRISMA model. From the analysis carried out, we conclude that the curricular orientations have a theoretical-empirical sustenance supported mainly by psychology and with a low contribution from neurosciences. This suggests that Mineduc consider contributions from the neurodevelopment of the limbic system for better contextualization of socio-emotional learning.

Resumen: Ante un escenario crítico de salud mental y factores que alteran el neurodesarrollo afectivo típico en la población, durante el 2020 el Ministerio de Educación ha dispuesto de orientaciones curriculares para afrontar el aprendizaje socioemocional. Por tal motivo, se realizó una revisión sistemática de las investigaciones de neurodesarrollo del sistema límbico y de las referencias bibliográficas de las orientaciones ministeriales de aprendizaje socioemocional. Se obtuvieron 140 estudios publicados entre el 2015 y el 2020 de neurodesarrollo del sistema límbico y 167 artículos referenciados por las orientaciones ministeriales, que fueron analizadas siguiendo una adaptación del modelo PRISMA. Del análisis realizado, se concluye que las orientaciones curriculares poseen un sustento teórico-empírico apoyado principalmente por la psicología y con escaso aporte de las neurociencias. Se sugiere que el MINEDUC tome en consideración aportes del neurodesarrollo del sistema límbico para una mejor contextualización del aprendizaje socioemocional.

Resumo Objetivo Averiguar a ocorrência e o tipo de hipersensibilidade auditiva em crianças com sinais clínicos de Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo por meio do relato dos pais no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19. Método Trata-se de um estudo transversal e descritivo, composto por pais de 11 crianças com sinais clínicos de risco para Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo. As crianças eram de ambos os sexos, com média de 44,8 meses de idade. Os pais responderam, por meio de contato telefônico, a um questionário, previamente validado, sobre comportamentos de hipersensibilidade auditiva de seus filhos. Foi considerado como sinalizador de hipersensibilidade a pontuação igual ou superior a oito pontos no escore geral. Resultados 63,6% das crianças apresentaram resultado indicativo de hipersensibilidade e 54,5% obtiveram pontuação máxima nas questões relacionadas à irritabilidade a sons específicos. Os sons citados como geradores de irritabilidade foram: palmas, fogos, gritos, ferramentas de construção, canto e toque de celular. Conclusão Constatou-se ocorrência de hipersensibilidade auditiva, especialmente relacionada à irritabilidade, o que sugere relação com o sistema límbico e, portanto, pode remeter à misofonia. Assim, torna-se importante a equipe multidisciplinar atentar-se à ocorrência e a características de hipersensibilidade dessa população, a fim de maximizar condições favoráveis à reabilitação.

Abstract Objective To investigate the occurrence and type of auditory hypersensitivity in children with clinical signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder through parents' reports in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study, composed of parents of 11 children with clinical signs of risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder. The children were of both sexes, with a mean age of 44.8 months. Parents answered a previously validated questionnaire about their children's auditory hypersensitivity behaviors by telephone. A score equal to or greater than eight points in the general score was considered as a sign of hypersensitivity. Results 63.6% of the children presented results indicative of hypersensitivity and 54.5% obtained maximum scores on questions related to irritability to specific sounds. The sounds cited as generating irritability were: clapping, fireworks, shouting, construction tools, singing and cell phone ringtones. Conclusion Auditory hypersensitivity was observed, especially related to irritability, which suggests a relationship with the limbic system and, therefore, may refer to misophonia. Thus, it is important for the multidisciplinary team to pay attention to the occurrence and characteristics of hypersensitivity in this population, in order to maximize favorable conditions for rehabilitation.

ABSTRACT Background: Persistence of cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) and cavum vergae (CV) into adulthood and their association with mood disorders is unknown. Objective: We aimed to assess persistence of these cava in Atahualpa cohort individuals, and their association with clinical depression (as a surrogate of limbic system dysfunction). Methods: Cases were defined as Atahualpa residents aged ≥20 years with CSP and/or CV and paired 1:1 to age- and sex-matched randomly-selected controls. A board-certified psychiatrist (blinded to case-control status) interviewed individuals with the aid of the Patient Health Questionnaire depression module (PHQ-9) to establish a diagnosis of clinical depression. The McNemar’s test and conditional logistic regression models were fitted to assess the independent association between persistence of CSP and/or CV and clinical depression (as the dependent variable). Results: Of 1,298 individuals undergoing a head CT, 51 (3.9%) had a CSP and/or CV. The selection process for the nested case-control study on the Atahualpa cohort (after excluding eight missing individuals with midline cava) generated 43 pairs. Nine of 43 case-patients (20.9%) and only two control subjects (4.7%) had moderate-to-severe scores on the PHQ-9 (cutoff ≥10 points). Clinical depression was significantly more frequent among case-patients than controls by the McNemar’s test (OR: 8; 95% C.I.: 1.1 - 354.9) and the conditional logistic regression model (OR: 8; 95% C.I.: 1.00 - 63.96). Conclusions: This study provides epidemiological evidence favoring the association between midline cava and clinical depression, supporting their relationship with limbic system dysfunction.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: La persistencia de cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) y cavum Vergae (CV) en adultos y su asociación con trastornos del estado de ánimo es desconocida. Objetivo: Evaluar la persistencia de estas cavidades y su asociación con depresión clínica (como marcador de disfunción del sistema límbico). Métodos: Los casos se definieron como residentes de Atahualpa con edades ≥20 años con CSP y/o CV y se emparejaron 1:1 con controles aleatoriamente seleccionados de acuerdo con edad y sexo. Un psiquiatra (ciego al estado caso/control) entrevistó a los individuos con el módulo de depresión del cuestionario de salud del paciente (PHQ-9) para establecer diagnóstico de depresión clínica. La prueba de McNemar y modelos de regresión logística condicional se utilizaron para evaluar la asociación independiente entre persistencia de CSP y/o CV y depresión clínica (como variable dependiente). Resultados: De 1.298 individuos sometidos a TC de cerebro, 51 (3.9%) tenían un CSP y/o CV. El proceso de selección para el estudio de casos y controles generó 43 pares. Nueve de 43 casos (20.9%) y solo dos controles (4.7%) tuvieron puntajes de moderados a severos en el PHQ-9 (punto de corte ≥10 puntos). La depresión clínica fue significativamente más frecuente entre los pacientes que en los controles mediante la prueba de McNemar (OR: 8; 95% C.I.: 1.1 - 354.9) y la regresión logística condicional (OR: 8; 95% C.I.: 1.00 - 63.96). Conclusiones: Este estudio proporciona evidencia epidemiológica que favorece la asociación entre persistencia de CSP y/o CV y depresión clínica, lo que favorece su relación con disfunción del sistema límbico.

Abstract Background: Neurosurgical treatment, although controversial, is considered a useful resource in the treatment of chronic psychiatric diseases such as refractory aggressiveness. Objective: To evaluate the clinical results and side effects of posteromedial hypothalamotomy associated with amygdalotomy in patients with refractory aggressiveness. Method: A clinical trial was conducted in patients with chronic aggressiveness and refractory to pharmacological treatment. A central amygdalotomy associated with posteromedial hypothalamotomy was performed using thermo-coagulation by radiofrequency. The degree of aggressiveness was quantified by the Yudofsky’s global scale of aggression. Postoperative changes in aggressive behavior continued to be evaluated every 6 months for at least 36 months. Results: A statistically significant change in aggressive behavior was observed during 36 months of follow-up. The collateral effects of the association of both procedures are described, the most frequent being drowsiness and some cases of reduction in sexual behavior. Conclusion: Symmetric and simultaneous unilateral lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala and the posteromedial hypothalamus contralateral to motor dominance give the same clinical effect in the reduction of the pathological aggression that the bilateral lesions.

Resumen Antecedentes: El tratamiento neuroquirúrgico, aunque polémico, se considera un recurso útil en el tratamiento de enfermedades psiquiátricas crónicas como la agresividad refractaria. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados clínicos y los efectos colaterales de la hipotalamotomía posteromedial (HPM) asociada a amigdalotomía en pacientes con agresividad refractaria. Método: Se realizó un ensayo clínico en pacientes con agresividad crónica y refractaria a tratamiento farmacológico. Se les realizó amigdalotomía central asociada a HPM mediante termocoagulación por radiofrecuencia. El grado de agresividad se cuantificó mediante la escala global de agresividad de Yudofsky. Los cambios postoperatorios en la conducta agresiva continuaron siendo evaluados cada 6 meses durante al menos 36 meses. Resultados: Se observó un cambio estadísticamente significativo de la conducta agresiva, a lo largo de 36 meses de seguimiento. Se describen los efectos colaterales de la asociación de ambos procedimientos, siendo el de mayor frecuencia la somnolencia y algunos casos de reducción en la conducta sexual. Conclusión: Las lesiones unilaterales simétricas y simultáneas del núcleo central de la amígdala y del hipotálamo posteromedial contralaterales a la dominancia motora dan el mismo efecto clínico en la reducción de la agresividad patológica que las lesiones bilaterales.

Abstract There is an inconsistency of the philosophical analytic perspective in front of the brain structure; this is more than regression towards the atoms of knowledge, which for the classical analytic is on the outside. The cerebral cognitive architecture can be seen as a synthetic whole that combines the internal dimensions of human nature with the external, that is to say that takes into account both the exteriority and the naturalness and part of both; The intelligent ordering knows how to embroider the instinctive and limbic with the data that gives the sensoriality and in turn the instinctive-limbic in the linguistic-logical and the sensorial in the linguistic-logic for the planning and the decision, very own elements and Simultaneously simultaneous in the brain structure. Therefore, to absolutize the analytic is really a reduction of knowledge, moreover, the reduction of the meaning of content to facts and matter, is a contradictory brain, by the very nature of its structure that does not partialize or reduce anything As if it is the case of the analytic. The classic empiricism and that of the last century in front of the studies of the structure and functioning of the brain, turns out to be partial, because they possess a reductionist structure that is assimilated totalitarian. It is not that it is totally invalid, but it is partially valid, that is to say, if the contents are analyzed from the cerebral sensoriality, it is more or less coherent, but at present, to remain only in that field and interpretation, and cognitive impertinence.

Resumen Hay una inconsistencia de la perspectiva analítica filosófica de frente a la estructura cerebral; ésta es más que regresión hacia los átomos del conocimiento, que para los analíticos clásicos está en el exterior. A la arquitectura cognitiva cerebral se la puede vislumbrar como un todo sintético que conjunta las dimensiones internas de la naturaleza humana con la externa, es decir que toma en cuenta tanto la exterioridad como la naturalidad y parte de ambas; en efecto el ordenamiento inteligente sabe bordar lo instintivo y límbico con los datos que le da la sensorialidad y a su vez lo instintivo-límbico en lo lingüístico-lógico y lo sensorial en lo lingüístico-lógico para la planificación y la decisión, elementos muy propios y al mismo tiempo simultáneos en la estructura cerebral. Por lo tanto, el absolutizar la analítica es realmente una reducción del conocimiento, más aún, la reducción del significado de los contenidos a los hechos y a la materia, es un contradictorio cerebral, por la naturaleza misma de su estructura que no parcializa ni reduce nada como si es el caso de lo analítico. El empirismo clásico y el del siglo pasado delante de los estudios de la estructura y funcionamiento del cerebro, resulta ser parcial, pues poseen una estructura reduccionista que se asimila totalitaria. No es que sea inválido totalmente, sino que es parcialmente válido, es decir que, si se analizan los contenidos desde la sensorialidad cerebral, es más o menos coherente, pero actualmente, quedarse sólo en ese campo e interpretación, e impertinencia cognitiva.

La encefalitis límbica asociada con malignidad fue descrita porprimera vez en 1968. Posteriormente se han reportado casos en asociación con virus del Herpes Simplex, encefalopatía de Hashimoto, Lupus, Sjögren y paraneoplasias. En el año 2005 fue descrito un síndrome con prominentes síntomas psiquiátricos: pérdida de memoria, disminución del nivel de conciencia e hipoventilación central en cuatro mujeres jóvenes con teratoma de ovario y anticuerpos contra un antígeno altamente expresado en el hipocampo. Poco después se determinó que estos pacientes tenían auto anticuerpos dirigidos contra la subunidad NR1 (GluN1) del Receptor NMDA. Este descubrimiento ha sido de gran importancia en la práctica clínica puesto que identifica un trastorno neurológico devastador, potencialmente fatal y tratable. En el 2007 se reconoció como entidad nosológica y hoy es la causa más común de encefalitis autoinmune después de la encefalomielitis diseminada subaguda. Se reporta un caso que agrupa casi la totalidad de los síntomas clínicos descritos en el síndrome que caracteriza la encefalitis por receptores NMDA, se encontró además correlación neuroradiológica por compromiso de estructuras del sistema límbico en la resonancia cerebral. Se excluye de manera razonable la presencia de neoplasia y neuroinfección y se encuentran criterios clínicos e inmunológicos de Lupus eritematoso sistémico que permiten catalogarlo como una encefalitis Limbica asociada a LES. La encefalitis límbica tiene una mortalidad del 25% y un 75% de pacientes pueden tener secuelas permanentes. Como hay adecuada respuesta a la terapia inmunosupresora, su temprano y acertado reconocimiento es de suma importancia.

Malignancy-associated limbic encephalitis was first described in 1968. Since then, cases have been reported in association with the Herpes Simplex virus, Hashimoto's encephalopathy, lupus, Sjögren's syndrome and paraneoplasias. A syndrome with prominent psychiatric symptoms was described in 2005: consisting of memory loss, reduced level of consciousness and central hypoventilation in four young women with ovarian teratoma and antibodies against an antigen highly expressed in the hippocampus. Shortly afterwards, these patients were found to have autoantibodies against NMDA receptor NR1 (GluN1) subunit. This discovery has been of the greatest importance in clinical practice since it identifies a devastating, life-threatening neurological disorder that is treatable. In 2007, it was recognised as a nosologic entity and today it is the most common cause of autoimmune encephalitis after disseminated subacute encephalomyelitis. Case report presentation of a patient exhibiting almost all the clinical symptoms described in the syndrome characterised by NMDA receptor-associated encephalitis. Moreover, a neu-roradiological correlation was found, with involvement of limbic structures seen on brain magnetic resonance imaging. Reasonable exclusion was made of the presence of neoplasia and neuroinfection, and clinical and immunological criteria of systemic lupus erythemathosus were found, helping with the categorisation of lupus-associated limbic encephalitis. Mortality due to limbic encephalitis is 25%, and 75% of patients may have permanent sequelae. Given adequate response to immunosuppressive therapy, early and correct recognition are critically important.

Resumen En el presente artículo se exponen los resultados del análisis comparativo de tres estudios: The Science of Art: A Neurological Theory of Aesthetic Experience (1999), Neural Correlates of Beauty (2004) y Neurocinematics: the Neuroscience of Film (2008). Cada una de las investigaciones señaladas examina la actividad neuronal de un grupo participantes que observa fotografías, pinturas o filmes. Se consideró que las experiencias expuestas permiten comprender el alcance y objeto del neurocinema. El método de la investigación fue revisión documental y el enfoque analítico. Se diseñaron tablas para sistematizar la revisión de los textos y se elaboraron tablas descriptivas basadas en resúmenes analíticos RAE. Se concluye que dos de los estudios tuvieron en común que los participantes presentaron actividad neuronal en el área del sistema límbico, la región del cerebro que procesa las emociones.

Resumo Neste artigo, os resultados da análise comparativa dos três estudos sâo discutidos: The Science of Art: Uma Teoria Neurológica de Aesthetic Experience (1999) correlatos neurais da Beleza (2004) e Neurocinematics: a Neuroscience of Film (2008). Cada parte da pesquisa mencionada examina a atividade neuronal de um grupo participantes observaram fotografias, pinturas ou filmes. Considerou-se que as experiências expostas permitem compreender o alcance e propósito de neurocinema. O método de investigaçâo foi revisar e abordagem analítica. Mesas foram projetados para sistematizar a revisâo dos textos e tabelas descritivas baseados em abstrair RAE foram desenvolvidos. Concluiu- se que dois dos estudos tinham em comum que os participantes apresentaram actividade neuronal na área do sistema límbico, a regiâo do cérebro que processa as emoções.

Abstract In this article the results of the comparative analysis of three studies are discussed: The Science of Art: A Neurological Theory of Aesthetic Experience (1999) Neural Correlates of Beauty (2004) and Neurocinematics: the Neuroscience of Film (2008). Each of the aforementioned research examines the neuronal activity of a group participants observed photographs, paintings or films. It was considered that the exposed experiences allow understanding the scope and purpose of neurocinema. The method of investigation was to review and analytical approach. Tables were designed to systematize the revision of the texts and descriptive tables based on abstracting RAE were developed. It is concluded that two of the studies had in common that participants showed neuronal activity in the area of the limbic system, the brain region that processes emotions.

Résumé Dans cet article, les résultats de l'analyse comparative de trois études sont discutées: La science de l'art: une théorie neurologique de l'expérience esthétique (1999) Neural corrélats de beauté (2004) et Neurocinematics: Neuroscience du Film (2008). Chaque partie de la recherche mentionnée ci-dessus examine l'activité neuronale d'un groupe participants observédes photographies, des peintures ou des films. Il a été consideré que les expériences exposées permettent de comprendre la portée et le but de neurocinema. La méthode d'enquéte était d'examiner et approche analytique. Les tableaux ont été conçus pour systématiser la révision des textes et des tableaux descriptifs basés sur abstraire RAE ont été développés. Il est conclu que deux des études avaient en commun que les participants ont montré une activité neuronale dans la zone du système limbique, la région du cerveau qui traite les émotions.

ResumoIntrodução:o álcool é uma substância psicotrópica depressora do sistema nervoso central (SNC), que promove alteração simultânea de inúmeras vias neuronais, gerando profundo impacto neurológico e traduzindo-se em diversas alterações biológicas e comportamentais.Objetivos:descrever as ações do álcool sobre o SNC, identificando as vias de sinalização modificadas e os efeitos biológicos gerados pelo seu consumo.Métodos:revisão bibliográfica, priorizando trabalhos multilinguísticos publicados nos últimos 15 anos.Resultados:são descritas ação direta do álcool em inúmeros receptores de neurotransmissores (ácido gama-aminobutírico – GABA, glutamato, endocanabinoides AEA e 2-AG, entre outros), ação indireta do álcool no sistema límbico e opioide, ação sobre canais de cálcio, potássio e proteínas reguladas por GABA no hipocampo, além de ações centrais mediadas pela deficiência de vitamina B1.Conclusão:a ação multifocal do álcool sobre o SNC resulta em efeito geral de depressão psicomotora, dificuldades no armazenamento de informações e no raciocínio lógico, incoordenação motora, além da estimulação do sistema de recompensa, o que pode explicar o desenvolvimento da dependência química. O conhecimento das vias de sinalização neuronais alteradas pelo álcool permite reconhecer a descrição de efetores que possam reduzir sua ação central e, assim, vislumbrar novas perspectivas terapêuticas para a reabilitação de adictos a essa substância.

SummaryIntroduction:alcohol is a psychotropic depressant of the central nervous system (CNS) that promotes simultaneous changes in several neuronal pathways, exerting a profound neurological impact that leads to various behavioral and biological alterations.Objectives:to describe the effects of alcohol on the CNS, identifying the signaling pathways that are modified and the biological effects resulting from its consumption.Methods:a literature review was conducted and articles published in different languages over the last 15 years were retrieved.Results:the studies reviewed describe the direct effect of alcohol on several neurotransmitter receptors (gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], glutamate, endocannabinoids AEA and 2-AG, among others), the indirect effect of alcohol on the limbic and opioid systems, and the effect on calcium and potassium channels and on proteins regulated by GABA in the hippocampus.Discussion and conclusion:the multiple actions of alcohol on the CNS result in a general effect of psychomotor depression, difficulties in information storage and logical reasoning and motor incoordination, in addition to stimulating the reward system, a fact that may explain the development of addiction. Knowledge on the neuronal signaling pathways that are altered by alcohol allows the identification of effectors which could reduce its central action, thus, offering new therapeutic perspectives for the rehabilitation of alcohol addicts.

INTRODUCTION: It is increasingly important to recognize the reward and aversion systems of the brain as a functional unit. A fundamental task of the mammalian brain is to assign an emotional/motivational valence to any stimuli by determining whether they are rewarding and should be approached or are aversive and should be avoided. Internal stimuli are also assigned an emotional/motivational valence in a similar fashion. OBJECTIVE: To understand the basic mechanisms and functions of the reward and aversion system of the brain. METHOD: A bibliographical search was conducted in the Pubmed database using different key words. Documents on relevant aspects of the topic were selected. RESULTS: In the ventral tegmental area, dopaminergic (VTA-DA) neurons play a role in reward-dependent behaviors. It is also known that the inhibition of the VTA-DA neurons by GABAergic neurons contributes to a reward prediction error calculation that promotes behaviors associated with aversion. The ventral dopaminergic mesolimbic system and the nucleus accumbens are activated during reward and inhibited during aversions. The amygdala is activated during aversive behavior. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The reward/aversion system is highly relevant for survival, which is most likely its primary function. It is involved in important pathologies such as addiction, depression and autonomic and endocrine disturbances. Therefore, its knowledge has become of clinical importance. Although great advances have been made in the knowledge of the basic mechanisms of the reward/aversion system, the detailed circuits within the VTA that mediate reward and aversion and the anatomical substrates are not completely clear.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Es muy importante reconocer el sistema de recompensa y aversión del cerebro como una unidad funcional. Una de las funciones fundamentales del cerebro de los mamíferos es la capacidad para designar un valor emocional/motivacional a cualquier estímulo. Esta capacidad permite identificar un estímulo como gratificante y aproximarnos a él, o reconocerlo como aversivo y evitarlo. OBJETIVO: Comprender los mecanismos fisiológicos del sistema de recompensa-aversión. MÉTODO: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en la base de datos Pubmed con las diferentes palabras clave. Se seleccionaron los documentos sobre los aspectos relevantes. RESULTADOS: Las neuronas dopaminérgicas del área tegmental ventral (ATV) cumplen un papel importante en los comportamientos dependientes de la recompensa. Asimismo, la inhibición de las neuronas dopaminérgicas ATV por parte de las neuronas GABAérgicas contribuye a predecir la recompensa y promueve comportamientos aversivos. Este sistema se activa durante actividades de recompensa y se inhibe durante la aversión. La amígdala es la principal estructura relacionada con la aversión. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN: Este sistema se considera de gran importancia para la supervivencia de las especies, la que parece ser su función primordial. Interviene en distintas patologías como adicciones, depresión, trastorno por estrés postraumático, fobias y trastornos endocrinos y autonómicos, por lo que el conocimiento de este sistema es de gran importancia clínica. Aunque se ha avanzado mucho en el estudio y entendimiento de este sistema y de sus circuitos anatómicos ubicados en el ATV mesencefálica y sus conexiones con áreas subcorticales, el conocimiento de este sistema funcional sigue siendo un desafío científico.

Animal welfare and the survival of a particular species are threatened by environmental changes; for the reestablishment of homeostasis and adaptation, organisms put on collective stress responses. These responses are mediated by interconnected circuits of the frontal limbic system, hypothalamus and brain, where the final release of glucocorticoids guarantee energy supply through glucose mobilization, thus affecting brain reward and learning processes. Stress becomes detrimental when the animal is not able to neutralize the stressor, real or perceived. Consequences of over exposition to glucocorticoids are characterized by hyperglycemia, hypertension, recurrent infections and memory, as well as behavior modification. Determination of animal stressors can be complicated. While some stressors are easily recognized by human beings (extreme temperatures, lack of food, severe injuries), others are not (territory, social relationships, motivation, odors and sounds). On the other hand, habituation to humans at an early age could be indispensable to reach a good human-animal relationship, as human environment could be perceived as a stressor itself. In the particular case of domestic animals it is considered that habituation must begin as soon as possible to reach a good human animal relationship. People in daily contact with animals, such as veterinarians, are in the best position to recognize suffering and give advice to owners for the environmental modifications that may improve animal welfare for a particular species.

El bienestar y la supervivencia de los individuos se ven amenazados por cambios ambientales; para restablecer la homeostasis y lograr adaptarse, el organismo pone en marcha respuestas colectivas de estrés. Estas respuestas están mediadas por circuitos interconectados del sistema límbico frontal, hipotálamo y cerebro, donde la liberación final de glucocorticoides asegura el aporte de energía mediante movilización de glucosa. El resultado final de la sobreexposición a glucocorticoides se refleja en la alteración de los sistemas corporales con hiperglucemia, hipertensión, infecciones recurrentes, alteración de la memoria y del control del comportamiento. Reconocer los eventos que pueden estresar a los animales domésticos no es sencillo. Mientras que algunos desencadenantes de estrés son fácilmente reconocidos por el hombre (temperaturas extremas, falta de alimentos, lesiones severas) otros pueden pasar desapercibidos (territorio, relaciones sociales, motivaciones, olores y sonidos). Por otra parte, se reconoce que la habituación a la especie humana en edad temprana es indispensable para una buena relación humano-animal, más aún, el ambiente humano puede ser percibido como un factor estresante en sí mismo.

El presente artículo explicita los resultados correspondientes al análisis correlacional de los perfiles de dominancia cerebral o estilos de pensamiento de los estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud y Ciencias Sociales de la UCMC, los cuales forman parte del proyecto conjunto Representaciones, organización conceptual y estilos de pensamiento, en el marco del Convenio de Cooperación Académica IISUE-UNAM (México) y La UCMC, Bogotá-Colombia, liderado por el Dr. Miguel Ángel Campos Hernández. Lo anterior tomando como base el modelo de Cerebro Total de Herrmann y los estudios recientes de Omar Gardié. Los estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud presentan mayor preferencia de los cuadrantes cortical izquierdo y límbico izquierdo A-B; es decir, tienen predilección por el hemisferio izquierdo. Los estudiantes de Ciencias Sociales presentan mayor predisposición en los cuadrantes límbico izquierdo y límbico derecho B-C; es decir, tienen mayor tendencia por el sistema límbico. Con los resultados de esta investigación se verificó la hipótesis en torno de la escasa utilización de las posibilidades creativas y del desarrollo del cerebro total de los grupos sometidos a estudio. De igual modo, se identificó la manera como los perfiles de dominancia de los estudiantes se relacionan con las disciplinas que han seleccionado en su formación.

This article reports the results corresponding to the correlational analysis profiles of cerebral dominance or thinking styles of the students in Health Sciences and Social Sciences of the UCMC, which are part of the joint project Representations, conceptual organization and thinking styles, in the framework of the Convention of Academic Cooperation IISUE-UNAM (Mexico) and the UCMC, Bogotá, Colombia, led by Dr. Miguel Ángel Campos Hernández. The above based on the model of Total Brain of Herrmann and recent studies of La Gardie. The Health Sciences students have a greater preference for the left cortical and limbic quadrants A and B; i.e., they have a preference for the left hemisphere. Social Science students have a higher preference for the left limbic and right limbic quadrants B and C; that is, they have greater preference for the limbic system. The results of this investigation proved the hypothesis about the low use of the creative possibilities and the development of the total brain of the groups subject to study. Similarly, it was found that the profiles of dominance of the students are related to the disciplines that have been selected in their training.