Abstract Introduction: More and more studies include functional diversity to understand biodiversity patterns. However, in Tolima department, little research has been conducted on this aspect in bird communities, creating a knowledge gap to this important facet of biodiversity. Objective: To determine changes or patterns in the taxonomic and functional diversity of bird communities at the Centro Universitario Regional del Norte (CURDN) for eight years. Methods: The data were organized to identify changes in the bird community over time and during different climatic periods (high and low precipitation). Several indices of taxonomic and functional diversity (alpha and beta) were used. Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and Non-Parametric Analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM) were applied to evaluate the impact of climatic periods and temporal variation. Results: During the sampling, 2 691 individuals were recorded. We found that there was no difference in the taxonomic and functional alpha diversity. However, the results of these two facets of biodiversity revealed opposing patterns that are structuring bird communities. The partitioning analysis of taxonomic beta diversity revealed a process of species turnover, while functional beta diversity revealed functional nestedness. Conclusions: Functional diversity suggested that anthropogenic activities in the CURDN act as filters that structure bird communities. These findings highlight the importance of considering these two facets of biodiversity to determine changes or patterns in bird communities over a long period.

Resumen Introducción: Cada vez son más los estudios que incluyen la diversidad funcional para comprender los patrones de la biodiversidad. Sin embargo, en el departamento del Tolima, se ha investigado poco este aspecto en las comunidades de aves, lo que crea un vacío de conocimiento acerca de esta faceta de la diversidad biológica. Objetivo: Determinar cambios o patrones en la diversidad taxonómica y funcional de la avifauna del Centro Universitario Regional del Norte del Tolima (CURDN) durante un periodo de ocho años. Métodos: Los datos fueron organizados de manera que permitieran determinar cambios en la comunidad de aves a lo largo del tiempo y en diferentes épocas climáticas (alta y baja precipitación). Se emplearon diferentes índices de diversidad taxonómica y funcional (alfa y beta). Para evaluar el efecto de las temporadas climáticas y establecer diferencias entre los años, se utilizó el Escalamiento Multidimensional No Métrico (NMDS) y el Análisis de Similitud no paramétrico (ANOSIM). Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio, se registraron 2 691 individuos. No se encontraron diferencias en la diversidad alfa, tanto taxonómica como funcional. Sin embargo, los resultados de estas dos facetas de la biodiversidad revelaron patrones opuestos que están estructurando la comunidad de aves. El análisis de partición de la diversidad taxonómica beta reveló un proceso de recambio de especies, mientras que la diversidad beta funcional determinó un anidamiento funcional. Conclusión: La diversidad funcional señaló la posibilidad de que las actividades antropogénicas llevadas a cabo en el CURDN actúan como filtros que estructuran la comunidad de aves. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia de considerar estas dos facetas de la biodiversidad para determinar cambios o patrones de las comunidades de aves durante un amplio periodo de estudio.

Abstract Introduction: The River Tambo basin is one of the main hydrographic systems of the Peruvian western watershed, being a source of development for agriculture, agroindustry, livestock, and domestic use in the Tambo Valley and Arequipa City. Objective: To analyze the structure of macroinvertebrates in River Tambo, Perú and assess the water quality through this community. Methods: Five sampling events were conducted between December 2018 and November 2019 in 12 stations, using a Surber net (500 μm). Macroinvertebrates were identified at a family level. To assess community structure, richness, Simpson’s dominance index (D), Pielou’s evenness (J’), and true diversity of order 1 were determined. A nMDS based on the Bray-Curtis index was used to evaluate dissimilarity. To check for differences in community structure, ANOSIM and two-way MANOVA were used. SIMPER was used to establish family contribution to sample similarity. Relations between physicochemical and biological variables were determined by CCA. ABI index was applied to assess ecological quality. Results: 32 families were recognized, being the most abundant: Baetidae, Chironomidae, Leptohyphidae, Simuliidae, Hydroptilidae, and Elmidae. The middle and low zones of the basin showed the highest and lowest diversity respectively. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the community structure indices among the 12 stations differed. There was a higher similarity among the 12 stations in December. ABI scores increased from the low to the middle part of the river, which showed the highest ecological quality. Conclusion: Macroinvertebrate communities from River Tambo reflect ecosystem conditions. Environments impacted by human activities show lower diversity and ecological quality, due to the structure, habitat, and water quality of the river being altered.

Resumen Introducción: La cuenca del rio Tambo es uno de los principales sistemas hidrográficos de la vertiente occidental del Perú y fuente de desarrollo para la agricultura, agroindustria, ganadería y consumo doméstico en el valle de Tambo y la ciudad de Arequipa. Objetivo: Analizar la estructura de macroinvertebrados en el río Tambo, Perú y evaluar la calidad del agua a través de esta comunidad. Métodos: Entre diciembre del 2018 y noviembre del 2019 se realizaron cinco muestreos en 12 estaciones, empleando una red Surber (500 μm). Los macroinvertebrados se identificaron a nivel de familia. Se registró la riqueza, dominancia de Simpson, equidad de Pielou, y diversidad verdadera de orden 1, para evaluar la estructura de la comunidad. Para estimar la similitud, se utilizó nMDS (índice de Bray-Curtis). Para verificar si existen diferencias en la estructura comunitaria, se empleó MANOVA de dos vías y ANOSIM. Para establecer la contribución de las familias a la similitud entre muestras, se utilizó SIMPER. La relación entre variables fisicoquímicas y biológicas se determinó con ACC. Se aplicó el índice ABI para evaluar la calidad ecológica. Resultados: se reconocieron 32 familias, siendo las más abundantes: Baetidae, Chironomidae, Leptohyphidae, Simuliidae, Hydroptilidae y Elmidae. La mayor y menor diversidad se presentó en la parte media y baja de la cuenca respectivamente. Existieron diferencias significativas (P < 0.05) de los índices de estructura comunitaria entre las 12 estaciones. Se evidenció mayor similitud entre las 12 estaciones en diciembre. Los puntajes del índice ABI se incrementan de la parte baja del río a la media, que se presentó la mejor calidad ecológica. Conclusión: Las comunidades de macroinvertebrados del río Tambo reflejan el estado del ecosistema. Los ambientes con impacto por actividad humana registran menor diversidad y calidad ecológica, ya que se altera la estructura, hábitat y calidad de agua del río.

ABSTRACT The study of the structure and diversity of forest ecosystems is essential to understand the functioning and dynamics of forests. The structure and diversity of woody species in different types of watercourses along the Santa Catarina river in Nuevo Leon, Mexico were described. Three conditions were identified: permanent (I), semi-permanent (II) and temporary (III). In each condition, 14 rectangular sites of 1 000 m2 were established. All species were identified. The crown diameter of each individual was measured. The Importance Value Index (IVI) was determined for each condition. Species richness and diversity was calculated with the Margalef (D Mg ) and Shannon-Wiener (H') indices. In addition, the similarity between conditions was determined using the Sorensen index (Is). 32 species, 29 genus and 16 families were identified. Condition I recorded greater specific richness and greater diversity with 28 species and a diversity value H' = 2.41 ± 0.710, where Salix nigra presented the highest IVI. Condition II presented the highest Margalef richness with a D Mg value = 1.77 ± 0.22. In condition III Leucaena leucocephala turned out to be the most important species. The similarity between conditions was greater than 50%. The results demonstrate the structural variation of the vegetation in different hydrological regimes, which constitutes a solid base for future investigations on the development of the vegetation associated with the Santa Catarina river, and other riparian areas of north of Mexico.

RESUMEN El estudio de la estructura y diversidad de los ecosistemas forestales es fundamental para comprender el funcionamiento y dinámica de los bosques. Se describió la estructura y diversidad de especies leñosas en diferentes tipos de curso de agua a lo largo del río Santa Catarina en Nuevo León, México. Se identificaron tres condiciones hidrológicas: permanente (I), semipermanente (II) y temporal (III). En cada condición se establecieron 14 sitios rectangulares de 1 000 m2, todas las especies de cada sitio fueron identificadas. Se midió el diámetro de la copa de cada individuo, el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) de condición. La riqueza y diversidad de especies fue calculada con los índices de Margalef (D Mg ) y Shannon-Wiener (H'). Además, se determinó la similitud entre condiciones con el índice de Sorensen (Is). Se identificaron 32 especies, 29 géneros y 16 familias. La condición I registró mayor riqueza específica y diversidad con 28 especies y un valor de diversidad H' = 2.41 ± 0.710, en donde Salix nigra presentó el mayor IVI. La condición II presentó la mayor riqueza de Margalef con un valor D Mg de 1.77 ± 0.22. En la condición III Leucaena leucocephala fue la especie más importante. La similitud entre condiciones fue mayor al 50%. Los resultados demuestran la variación estructural de la vegetación en diferentes regímenes hidrológicos, lo cual constituye una base sólida para futuras investigaciones sobre el desarrollo de la vegetación asociada al río Santa Catarina, y otras áreas riparias del norte de México.

Abstract Background: Research on weeds in rainfed maize crops in the state of Aguascalientes is scarce. Questions: What weed species are found in rainfed maize crops by biogeographic province? How are they controlled and managed? Study site and periods: One site in each of the three biogeographic provinces of the state of Aguascalientes: Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO), Altiplano Sur (AS) and Pacific Coast (CP), 2020 and 2021. Methods: Thirty semi-structured interviews were applied to describe the control and management of weeds. Forty-eight floristic inventories were carried out and the same number of sampling sites to obtain the richness and Shannon-Whiener and Simpson diversity indexes. Floristic similarity was evaluated with the Jaccard Index (I j). Results: Weed control is carried out mainly with tractor, animals and to a lesser extent herbicide. A total of 128 species were identified, 21 of which were introduced. SMO reported higher richness and diversity. There were not significant differences in average richness between the three provinces (P > 0.05) but there is a significant difference in diversity (H’) between SMO with AS and CP as well as (D Si) between CP and SMO (P < 0.05). Floristic similarity was less than 50 %. Conclusions: There is a great richness of weeds in rainfed maize crops. The floristic composition is differentiated by biogeographic province in the state of Aguascalientes. This work increases records and knowledge of weeds at local and national level.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las investigaciones sobre arvenses en cultivo de maíz de temporal en el estado de Aguascalientes son escasas. Preguntas: ¿Qué especies arvenses se encuentran en cultivos de maíz de temporal por provincia biogeográfica en el estado de Aguascalientes? ¿Cómo es su control y manejo? Sitio y años de estudio: Un sitio en cada una de las tres provincias biogeográficas del estado de Aguascalientes: Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO), Altiplano Sur (AS) y Costa del Pacífico (CP); durante los ciclos agrícolas 2020 y 2021. Métodos: Se aplicaron 30 entrevistas semiestructuradas para describir el control y manejo de arvenses. Se realizaron 48 inventarios florísticos y mismo número de muestreos para estimar riqueza e índices de diversidad de Shannon-Whiener (H’) y Simpson (D Si). La similitud florística se evaluó con el Índice de Jaccard (Ij). Resultados: El control de arvenses se realiza principalmente con tractor, yunta y en menor proporción herbicida. Se identificaron 128 especies, 21 introducidas. Aunque en SMO se registró mayor riqueza y diversidad, no existe diferencia significativa en la riqueza promedio entre las tres provincias (P > 0.05), pero sí en diversidad (H’) entre SMO con AS y CP y (D Si) entre CP y SMO (P < 0.05). La similitud florística fue menor al 50 %. Conclusiones: En el estado de Aguascalientes existe gran riqueza de arvenses en cultivos de maíz de temporal y la composición florística está diferenciada por provincia biogeográfica. Los resultados de la investigación suman al registro y conocimiento de las arvenses a nivel local y nacional.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to determine the alpha and beta diversity of mangrove trees in the Tumbes mangrove forest. The mangrove forest area was divided into three zones: A, B and C, in which 41 sampling points (PM) were taken. Mangrove trees were counted and measured, and the alpha diversity indices were determined: Shannon-Wiener (H'), Simpson (DS) and Pielou (J’), as well as the similarity of the PM. Beta diversity is determined with the indices: Jackard (IJ) and quantitative Sorensen (S). It is considered that the alpha diversity of the mangrove forest was low (H'=1.0260, SD =0.6158 and J’=0.9339), with zone A being the one with the lowest diversity (H'=0.3048, SD=0.8531 and J’=0.2774), due to its less anthropic impact and due to the dominance of Rhizophora mangle over the other species, it was observed that the PM were very similar within each zone, with lower diversity in zone A. The beta diversity evaluated using IJ was 1, indicating that the diversity of species does not change between the zones, while the S index showed that there is a greater change in diversity between zone A and the remaining zones. These results can allow local and regional authorities to make decisions to protect said mangrove forest. On the other hand, it would also be advisable to carry out research to determine the impact that alterations in mangrove species biodiversity may have on the organisms that inhabit this mangrove forest.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la diversidad alfa y beta de los árboles de mangle en el manglar de Tumbes. El área del manglar se dividió en tres zonas: A, B y C, en ellas se tomaron 41 puntos de muestreo (PM). Se contaron y midieron los árboles de mangle y se determinaron los índices de diversidad alfa: Shannon-Wiener (H’), Simpson (DS) y Pielou (J’), así como la similitud de los PM. La diversidad beta se determinó con los índices: de Jackard (IJ) y cuantitativo de Sorensen (S). Se determinó que la diversidad alfa del manglar fue baja (H’=1,0260, DS=0,6158 y J’=0,9339), siendo la zona A la de menor diversidad (H’=0,3048, DS=0,8531 y J’=0,2774), por su menor impacto antrópico y por el dominio de Rhizophora mangle sobre las otras especies, se observó que los PM fueron muy similares dentro de cada zona, con menor diversidad en la zona A. La diversidad beta evaluada mediante IJ fue de 1, indicando que la diversidad de especies no cambia entre las zonas, en tanto que el índice S mostró que hay un mayor cambio en diversidad entre la zona A y las restantes zonas. Estos resultados pueden permitir a las autoridades locales y regionales tomar decisiones a fin de poder proteger a dicho manglar. Por otro lado, también sería conveniente realizar investigación para determinar el impacto que la alteración de la biodiversidad de las especies de mangles pueda tener en los organismos que habitan en este manglar.

Abstract Topological indices are a vital class of structural descriptors that are extensively adopted in the innovation of structure-property models, virtual synthesis, drug design, and the assessment of similarity and diversity. Hex-derived networks have numerous applications in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as in hardware and system administration. In this paper, we first lay out the graph of subdivided poly Hex-derived networks of third type of dimension n (SPHDN3[n]) and the estimate the values of the degree-based topological indices using their precise formulas, which are related to their structure size. Additionally, with the help of the M-polynomials of SPHDN3[n] networks, we also compute and analyse their topological indices. Furthermore, we carry out a comparative graphical analysis between each of the calculated degree-based topological indices of the poly Hex-derived network of third type (PHDN3[n]) and SPHDN3[n] networks for better understanding and prediction of their physicochemical properties.

Abstract This research is particularly interested in identifying the motivation and strategic resources that support the expansion project of a credit union located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul to the state of Minas Gerais. Data collection was carried out with Directors and Managers who led the expansion process, who answered the questionnaire elaborated in the light of the literature, and the data analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The data showed that the motivation for expansion was supported by the possibility of increasing the area of operation, brand expansion, diversification and increased operational safety; location factors included the use of municipal economic and demographic indices, similarity of areas of operation. Strategic resources, for the most part, denote competitive parity, standing out as sustainable the level of trust, fundraising and computerized systems, considering that intangible resources are more difficult to be imitated by competitors than tangible ones. In terms of location in Minas Gerais, the cooperative prioritized the expansion of members, area of operation and differentiated strategies from competitors. In this way, the research raises expansion, especially when considering the role played by credit unions and their prominence in the growth and economic development of Brazil. Gerais process literature qualitatively safety indices part parity trust systems ones members way Brazil

Resumo Esta pesquisa tem interesse particular de identificar a motivação e os recursos estratégicos que suportam o projeto de expansão de uma cooperativa de crédito localizada no estado do Rio Grande do Sul para o estado de Minas Gerais. Foi realizada coleta de dados com Diretores e Gerentes que lideraram o processo de expansão, os quais responderam ao questionário elaborado à luz da literatura, e os dados analisados quantitativa e qualitativamente. Os dados apontaram que a motivação para expansão respaldou-se na possibilidade de aumentar a área de atuação, expansão da marca, diversificação e aumento da segurança de operação; os fatores de localização incluíram a utilização de índices econômicos e demográficos municipais, similaridade das áreas de atuação. Os recursos estratégicos, em sua maioria, denotam paridade competitiva, destacando-se com sustentáveis o nível de confiança, captação de recursos e sistemas informatizados, considerando os recursos intangíveis são mais difíceis de serem imitados pelos concorrentes do que os tangíveis. Em termos de localização em Minas Gerais, a cooperativa priorizou a expansão de associados, área de atuação e estratégias diferenciadas dos concorrentes. Dessa forma, a pesquisa suscita ampliação, especialmente quando considerado o protagonismo exercido pelas cooperativas de crédito e sua proeminência no crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico do Brasil. Gerais literatura qualitativamente respaldouse respaldou se marca operação municipais maioria competitiva destacandose destacando confiança informatizados tangíveis associados forma ampliação Brasil

Abstract The forest ecosystems of the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) play a very important role in providing wood to the region and its communities, as well as serving as significant providers of environmental services. With the goal understanding the structure and diversity of forest ecosystems in northeastern Mexico, 30 plots, each of 250 m2, were established in three vegetation communities (10 per community), where recorded variables included normal diameter (Dn; cm), height (H; m), and crown area (m2) for all individuals with Dn > 5 cm. The Importance Value Index (IVI), diversity, and species richness were estimated using the Shannon-Weiner ( 𝐻 ´ ) and Margalef ( 𝐷𝑀 𝑔 ) indices, and the similarity between ecosystems was assessed with the Bray-Curtis index. The highest IVI for the Pine ecosystem was found in Pinus pseudostrobus (25.59%) and P. arizonica (25.43%), in the Oak-Pine ecosystem for Quercus laceyi (37.47%) and Pinus pseudostrobus (19.14%), and in the altered Forest for the species Ceanothus fendleri (24.08%) and Juniperus pinchotii (16.84%). In general, for the three studied ecosystems, the Margalef ( 𝐷𝑀 𝑔 ) and Shannon-Weiner ( 𝐻 ´ ) indices indicated low diversity (1.13 and 1.14, respectively), while the similarity results showed that the Pine ecosystem and the altered Forest shared 51%. The Pine ecosystems along with Oak-Pine and Oak-Pine with the altered Forest exhibited lower similarities (20% and 21%, respectively). The studied vegetation communities provide insights into the current state of the forest ecosystems in the SMO.

Resumen Los ecosistemas forestales de la Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) juegan un papel muy importante al proveer a la región y comunidades de madera y como importantes proveedores de servicios ambientales. Con el objetivo de conocer la estructura y diversidad de ecosistemas forestales del noreste de México, se ubicaron 30 parcelas, cada una de 250 m2, en tres comunidades vegetales (10 por comunidad), en donde las variables registradas fueron diámetro normal (Dn; cm), altura (H; m) y área de copa (m2) para todos los individuos con Dn > 5 cm. Se estimó el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI), diversidad y riqueza de especies mediante los índices de Shannon-Weiner ( H ´ ) y Margalef ( 𝐷𝑀 𝑔 ) y la similitud entre ecosistemas con el índice de Bray-Curtis. El mayor IVI para el ecosistema de Pino fue para el Pinus pseudostrobus (25.59%) y P. arizonica (25.43%), en el ecosistema de Encino-Pino para Quercus laceyi (37.47%) y Pinus pseudostrobus (19.14%) y en el Bosque alterado fue para las especies de Ceanothus fendleri (24.08%) y Juniperus pinchotii (16.84%). En general, para los tres ecosistemas estudiados, los índices de Margalef ( 𝐷𝑀 𝑔 ) y Shannon-Weiner ( 𝐻 ´ ) consideraron la diversidad como baja (1.13 y 1.14, respectivamente), mientras que los resultados de similitud mostraron que el ecosistema de Pino y el Bosque alterado tienen 51% en común. Los ecosistemas de Pino con Encino-Pino y Encino-Pino con el Bosque alterado mostraron una similitud inferior (20% y 21%, respectivamente). Las comunidades vegetales estudiadas contribuyen al conocimiento acerca del estado actual de los ecosistemas forestales de la SMO.

ABSTRACT The soil is a natural resource of biotic and abiotic combinations affected by management and may significantly change their functionality. This study evaluates the impact of agricultural practices adopted under ecologically based management on corn cultivation compared with an adjacent native forest area. The study was developed in the experimental areas and laboratories of the Cascata Experimental Station - Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas/ RS. The diversity of edaphic fauna was obtained by the PROVID method, which resulted in similarity in both environments. It was observed that the Shannon diversity index and Pielou equitability index were significantly higher in corn cultivation. Compared to Renyi's diversity profile, the edaphic fauna in corn presented a higher index of species than in the native forest (α<2), attributed to a greater source of food for some communities. The bait-lamina methodology was used for the feeding activity of the soil biota, evidencing an average activity in corn approximately 60% higher compared to the forest (48.14%). These indexes must be associated with the average content of OM present in the soil, being 6.04% in the forest and 2.39% in the corn, because when analyzed by the T-test, they present significant levels for the feeding activity. It is concluded that the assessment of the impact of agricultural practices adopted under ecologically based management in corn cultivation resulted in no significant difference when compared with the adjacent native forest area since levels of similarity between the environments were identified concerning biological parameters of the soil. functionality Temperado Pelotas RS method Renyis Renyi s profile α<2, α2 α α<2 , 2 (α<2) communities baitlamina bait lamina biota 60 48.14%. 4814 48.14% . 48 14 (48.14%) 604 6 04 6.04 239 39 2.39 Ttest, Ttest T test, test T-test α< (α<2 481 48.14 4 1 (48.14% 0 6.0 23 3 2.3 (α< 48.1 (48.14 6. 2. (α 48. (48.1 (48. (48 (4 (

RESUMO O solo é um recurso natural constituído por combinações bióticas e abióticas das quais são afetadas pelo manejo, podendo alterar sua funcionalidade. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o impacto de práticas agrícolas adotadas sob manejo de base ecológica no cultivo de milho em comparação com uma área de mata adjacente. O trabalho foi desenvolvido nas áreas experimentais e laboratórios da Estação Experimental Cascata -Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas/RS. A diversidade da fauna edáfica foi obtida pelo método PROVID que resultou em similaridade em ambos os ambientes, sendo observado que a diversidade de Shannon e a equitabilidade de Pielou foram significativamente maiores no cultivo com milho. Quando comparado ao perfil da diversidade de Rényi, a fauna edáfica no milho apresentou maior índice de espécies que na mata (α<2), atribuindo a uma maior fonte de alimentação para algumas comunidades. Para a atividade alimentar da biota do solo utilizou-se de bait-laminas, que constatou uma atividade média no milho cerca de 60% maior, quando comparada a mata (48,14%). Esses índices devem ser associados ao teor médio de MO presente no solo, sendo 6,04% na mata e 2,39% no milho, pois quando analisadas pelo teste T apresentam níveis significativos para a atividade alimentar. Conclui-se que a avaliação do impacto de práticas agrícolas adotadas sob manejo de base ecológica no cultivo de milho resultou sem diferença significativa, quando comparado com a área de mata adjacente, uma vez que se identificou níveis de semelhança entre os ambientes quanto aos parâmetros biológicos do solo. funcionalidade sentido adjacente Embrapa Temperado PelotasRS Pelotas RS Pelotas/RS Rényi α<2, α2 α α<2 , 2 (α<2) comunidades utilizouse utilizou baitlaminas, baitlaminas bait laminas, laminas bait-laminas 60 48,14%. 4814 48,14% . 48 14 (48,14%) 604 6 04 6,04 239 39 2,39 Concluise Conclui significativa α< (α<2 481 48,14 4 1 (48,14% 0 6,0 23 3 2,3 (α< 48,1 (48,14 6, 2, (α 48, (48,1 (48, (48 (4 (

■ ABSTRACT Introduction: Reducing recurrence rates significantly, the use of biomaterials as “reinforcement meshes” in the repair of different abdominal wall defects has become an almost mandatory routine for the success of these repairs. From the 1990s onwards, acellular biological matrices were introduced, thus beginning a new era in the repair of abdominal wall defects. The objective is to evaluate the functionality of the acellularized bovine pericardium in abdominal wall repairs. Method: Thirty patients underwent repair of abdominal wall defects using acellular bovine pericardium bioprostheses, making a total of 40 anatomically individualized implants. The average follow-up was 31 months, with patients being evaluated clinically and radiologically. In three cases, biopsies were taken from the implanted areas, allowing histological analysis of the material. Results: No recurrence of herniations was observed in any of the cases, both clinically and radiologically. There were also no records of bruises, infections or any phenomenon of a local or systemic reaction nature. Radiologically, it was not possible to visualize the matrices at the implantation site in any of the postoperative periods analyzed. Conclusion: The matrices showed similarity to other biological membranes described in the international literature. Representing an important update and conceptual evolution, acellular bovine pericardial membranes can be incorporated into the therapeutic arsenal in abdominal wall repairs. Introduction significantly reinforcement meshes repairs s onwards introduced Method bioprostheses 4 implants followup follow up 3 months radiologically cases areas material Results bruises nature Radiologically analyzed Conclusion literature evolution

■ RESUMO Introdução: Reduzindo os índices de recidiva de forma impactante, o emprego de biomateriais como “telas de reforço” na reparação de diferentes defeitos da parede abdominal tornou-se rotina quase obrigatória para o sucesso dessas reparações. A partir da década de 1990 houve a introdução de matrizes biológicas acelulares, iniciando-se assim uma nova era na reparação dos defeitos da parede abdominal. O objetivo é avaliar a funcionalidade do pericárdio bovino acelularizado em reparações da parede abdominal. Método: Trinta pacientes foram submetidos a reparação de defeitos da parede abdominal, com biopróteses acelulares de pericárdio bovino, perfazendo um total de 40 implantes anatomicamente individualizados. O seguimento médio foi de 31 meses, sendo os pacientes avaliados clinicamente e radiologicamente. Em três casos foram feitas biópsias das áreas implantadas permitindo análise histológica do material. Resultados: Não se observou recidiva das herniações em nenhum dos casos, tanto clinica como radiologicamente. Também não houve registro de hematomas, infecções ou qualquer fenômeno de natureza reacional local ou sistêmica. Radiologicamente, não foi possível visualizar as matrizes no local de implantação em qualquer dos períodos de pós-operatório analisados. Conclusão: As matrizes mostraram similaridade às demais membranas biológicas descritas na literatura internacional. Representando uma importante atualização e evolução conceitual, as membranas acelulares de pericárdio bovino podem ser incorporadas ao arsenal terapêutico nas reparações de parede abdominal. Introdução impactante telas reforço tornouse tornou 199 iniciandose iniciando Método 4 individualizados 3 meses radiologicamente material Resultados hematomas sistêmica Radiologicamente pósoperatório pós operatório analisados Conclusão internacional conceitual 19 1

RESUMO O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a composição e diversidade florística do banco de sementes e verificar o grau de similaridade dessa vegetação nas diferentes porções altitudinais (Base, Porção Mediana e Topo) do Inselbergue Espinho Branco no município de Patos-PB. Foram coletadas 47 amostras de serapilheira+solo na profundidade de 0-5 cm, distribuídas em 95 bandejas plásticas perfuradas, para permitir a drenagem do excesso de água de irrigação. Estas foram identificadas e distribuídas nas bancadas do ambiente sombreado do viveiro florestal do CSTR com fator de redução solar de 50%. As plantas emergidas foram classificadas pelo nome popular, agrupadas de acordo com a família, gênero, espécie e a forma de vida. A diversidade e a riqueza foram avaliadas utilizando o Índice de Shannon-Weaver e o Índice de equabilidade de Pielou, enquanto a similadaridade foi determinada pelo Índice de Jaccard. A composição florística das amostras coletadas apresentou 4.616 indivíduos distribuídos em 40 famílias, 96 gêneros e 111 espécies. A família Fabaceae apresentou o maior número de espécies, seguida pela Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae e Poaceae. A forma de vida predominante foi a herbácea. Em número de indivíduos, a família Cyperaceae, Onagraceae e Poaceae foram as mais representativas. Os índices de diversidade de Shannon-Weaver e de equabilidade de Pielou foram 2,92 e 0,62, respectivamente, e o Índice de Jaccard de 0,93, sendo a Base a porção com maior riqueza florística. Assim, este trabalho contribui com os estudos acerca da temática, representando um ganho para a sociedade e para a comunidade científica na promoção de pesquisas futuras. Base, (Base Topo PatosPB. PatosPB Patos PB. PB Patos-PB 4 serapilheirasolo serapilheira solo 05 0 5 0- cm 9 perfuradas irrigação 50 50% popular gênero ShannonWeaver Shannon Weaver 4616 616 4.61 famílias 11 espécies Euphorbiaceae herbácea Cyperaceae representativas 292 2 92 2,9 062 62 0,62 respectivamente 093 93 0,93 Assim temática futuras 461 61 4.6 1 29 2, 06 6 0,6 09 0,9 46 4. 0,

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the seed bank composition and floristic diversity, as well as the degree of vegetation similarity at different altitudes (base, middle, and top layers) of the Espinho Branco Inselberg, Patos, PB, Brazil. Forty-seven litterfall-soil samples (0-5 cm soil layer) were collected and placed on 95 perforated plastic trays to allow drainage of excess irrigation water. The trays were identified and distributed on benches in a shaded environment in the forest nursery at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UAEF/CSTR/UFCG), with a sunlight reduction factor of 50%. The emerged plants were classified by popular names, grouped according to family, genus, species, and plant type (herbaceous, sub-shrub, shrub, tree, and climber). Diversity and richness were evaluated using the Shannon-Weaver diversity and the Pielou equitability indices, and the similarity was determined using the Jaccard Index. The floristic composition of the collected samples showed 4,616 individuals from 40 families, 96 genera, and 111 species. The family Fabaceae had the highest number of species, followed by Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, and Poaceae. The predominant plant type was herbaceous. Cyperaceae, Onagraceae, and Poaceae were the most representative families in number of individuals. The Shannon-Weaver diversity and Pielou equitability indices were 2.92 and 0.62, respectively, and the Jaccard index was 0.93; the base layer had the greatest floristic richness. This work contributes with information to further researches on floristic diversity and richness and improves scientific studies in this field. base, (base middle layers Inselberg Patos PB Brazil Fortyseven Forty seven litterfallsoil litterfall 05 0 5 (0- 9 water UAEF/CSTR/UFCG, UAEFCSTRUFCG UAEF/CSTR/UFCG , UAEF CSTR UFCG (UAEF/CSTR/UFCG) 50 50% names genus species herbaceous, herbaceous (herbaceous subshrub, subshrub sub shrub sub-shrub tree climber. climber . climber) ShannonWeaver Shannon Weaver Index 4616 4 616 4,61 genera 11 Euphorbiaceae Malvaceae Cyperaceae Onagraceae 292 2 92 2.9 062 62 0.62 respectively 0.93 093 93 field (0 (UAEF/CSTR/UFCG 461 61 4,6 1 29 2. 06 6 0.6 0.9 09 ( 46 4, 0.

Abstract We aimed to characterize the adult and regenerating tree components and their relationships with soil characteristics of a native vegetation remnant in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The area of the fragment is stratified into “dry area” (lithic neosoil) and “damp area” (gleisoil). We conducted a forest inventory with a random distribution of 25 parcels. We analyzed the physical and chemical components of the soil. We evaluated the vegetation's horizontal structure, diversity, and sample sufficiency using the Bootstrap richness estimator. We classified the species according to dispersal syndrome and ecological group. Overall, we found 93 species in the adult layer and 70 species in the regenerating layer. The similarity dendrograms based on the two evaluated indices demonstrated the existence of the two initially stratified environments in both strata. The IndVal (%) indicated that the set of indicator species differed between the strata. Thereby, the fragment is in an intermediate stage of successional progression. PCA showed that plots in the wet area had higher pH values and Ca, Zn, and Fe levels, while plots in the dry area did not clearly distinguish, varying in terms of K, B, and organic matter content. In CCA, a set of species that occurred exclusively in the damp area showed a strong relationship with the analyzed variables. The area is a diverse ecosystem that efficiently provides ecosystem services to society and should be the subject of long-term conservation and research. Cuiabá Grosso Brazil lithic neosoil gleisoil. gleisoil . (gleisoil) 2 parcels vegetations s structure diversity estimator group Overall 9 7 strata % (% Thereby progression Ca Zn levels distinguish K B content CCA variables longterm long term research (gleisoil (

Resumo Nós objetivamos caracterizar os componentes de arbóreos adultos e em regeneração, bem como suas relações com as características do solo de um remanescente de vegetação nativa em Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil. A área do fragmento foi estratificada em “área seca” (neossolo lítico) e “área úmida” (gleissolo). Realizamos um inventário florestal com uma distribuição aleatória de 25 parcelas. Analisamos os componentes físicos e químicos do solo. Avaliamos a estrutura horizontal da vegetação, além da diversidade e suficiência amostral por meio do estimador de riqueza Bootstrap. Classificamos as espécies de acordo com a síndrome de dispersão e o grupo ecológico. No geral, encontramos 93 espécies no extrato adulto e 70 espécies no extrato regenerante. Os dendrogramas de similaridade com base nos dois índices avaliados demonstraram a existência dos dois ambientes inicialmente estratificados em ambos os extratos. O Índice de Valor de Indicação (IndVal %) indicou que o conjunto de espécies indicadoras diferiu entre os extratos. Assim, o fragmento encontra-se em um estágio intermediário de progressão sucessional. A Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) mostrou que as parcelas na área úmida apresentavam valores de pH mais elevados e níveis elevados de cálcio (Ca), zinco (Zn) e ferro (Fe), enquanto as parcelas na área seca não se distinguiram claramente, variando em termos de potássio (K), boro (B) e teor de matéria orgânica. Na Análise de Correspondência Canônica (CCA), um conjunto de espécies que ocorreu exclusivamente na área úmida mostrou uma forte relação com as variáveis analisadas. A área é um ecossistema diversificado que fornece eficientemente serviços ecossistêmicos à sociedade e deve ser objeto de conservação e pesquisa de longo prazo. regeneração Cuiabá Grosso Brasil neossolo lítico gleissolo. gleissolo . (gleissolo) 2 Bootstrap ecológico geral 9 7 regenerante extratos IndVal % Assim encontrase encontra sucessional PCA (PCA Ca, Ca , (Ca) Zn (Zn Fe, Fe (Fe) claramente K, K (K) B (B orgânica CCA, CCA (CCA) analisadas prazo (gleissolo (Ca (Fe (K (CCA

Abstract The Sierra de Guadalupe is the last forest redoubt north of Mexico City. In order to restore its vegetation cover, or at least manage it, it is necessary to understand its development. It is a system with unity through which energy transits in different forms depending on the vegetation, which is the most evident result of lithological, edaphological, climatic, geographical and historical conditions with different types of human intervention. The behaviour of vegetation cover in the Sierra de Guadalupe in recent decades is described by comparing the area and perimeter of the mosaics. Four landscape indices were also applied: a matrix-patch-corridor approach (Puyravaud, 2003), which expresses the change in vegetation cover based on the equation of compound interest (Mikels, 2003), the detection of fragmentation by the proximity between the centres of the mosaics of each vegetation type; the relationship of the dissection of a landscape, based on the similarity of the mosaics, with circles of the same area (Bowen and Burgess, 1981), expressed by the possibility of an organism encountering another of its species at random sites in the landscape (Jaeger, 2000). The Markov transition matrix analysis shows the ecological succession of some mosaics and also the change from forest to urban land use in most of the Sierra. Moran’s autocorrelation index allows us to assess how clustered the patches are, or, in other words, how constant the energy flow across the landscape is. To determine the mosaics, 1994 and 2019 images of the Sierra de Guadalupe were compared and the perimeter of each mosaic was drawn freehand. Field visits were made to the study area to relate the texture and position of each mosaic. The Sierra de Guadalupe was defined as a set of microwatersheds with an extension of 16 813 ha. In 1994, 8698 ha were urbanised, by 2019 concrete had covered a further 1741 ha. 540 ha of forest and plantations have been established, in addition to the 1670 ha that already existed. The oak forest has spread along the ravines over 74 ha. The most important plant community in terms of extent in 1994 was xerophytic scrub, when it represented 16.8% of the Sierra. In 2019, xerophytic scrub with grassland had an extension of 12.7% of the total. Closed or open oak woodland, the most conserved and mature growing ecosystem, covered 334 ha in 1994 and by 2019 it reached 410 ha. As for artificial forest stands, eucalyptus plantations have been the most widespread, accounting for 3.7% in 1994, but 5.2% in 2019. The Puyvaraud index (2003) revealed an increase in forest mass of 1.05% per year. Of course, the forest stand canopy does not actually increase at that rate, rather forest stands became established until they were visible on satellite imagery as established canopy. Jaeger’s (2000) cohesion index indicates zero probability (both in 1994 and 2019) of encountering two organisms of the same species hypothetically randomly arranged in the landscape. The dissection index (Bowen and Burgess, 1981) yields a value of 5.84% in 1994 and 8.42% in 2019, indicating that the landscape has become more sparse by 3.42% with respect to the similarity of a circle of the same area as all patches, i.e. it has become finer grained. The Markov matrix reveals the most representative transitions (discarding transitions to urbanisation). Grasslands became xerophytic scrubland; scrubland became heterogeneous forest and oak woodland; xerophytic scrubland became eucalyptus plantations, scrubland and grassland became stands of pirul, and scrubland and grassland became artificial copses of pine, casuarina and white cedar. A correlation of 0.5 was found for 1994 and 0.06 for 2019. In general, vegetation cover has been almost entirely affected by human causes, either with negative environmental impact, such as the construction of colonies, or positive impact, such as reforestations. Landscape indices indicate that, with the exception of eucalyptus plantations, most forest communities have become small, scattered mosaics with little core area, forming a fine-grained landscape, and the retraction of the forest frontier has promoted further fragmentation.

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ABSTRACT Gallery Forests are narrow strips of tropical forests that occur along water courses. This vegetation type is common in Central Brazil and is extremely relevant for the biodiversity conservation, maintenance of ecological processes and water regulation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the woody vegetation in two gallery forests in the Federal District, called Ribeirão gallery forest (RGF) and Pitoco gallery forest (PGF). Fifty plots of 10 m x 10 m were sampled in each forest, and all trees with DBH ≥ 5 cm were measured. In each forest, we conducted analysis on phytosociological parameters, diameter and height distributions, and diversity indexes. We registered 1,571 woody individuals, belonging to 150 species, among which, 94 were recorded in the forest of Ribeirão (RGF) and 96 in the forest of Pitoco (PGF). Although only 40 species (26.7%) occurred in both forests, the Chao-Sorensen similarity index was 0.478, showing the high Beta diversity within these formations. The species richness of the two forests is above the average observed in other gallery forests in Brazil, with Shannon diversity index (H’) equal to 3.86 for RGF and 3.96 for PGF, and the Pielou evenness index (J’) equal to 0.85 and 0.87, respectively. The diametric distribution of both forests showed the reverse J-shaped pattern, suggesting communities with satisfactory regeneration. Floristic and structural distinctions both between and within forests, alongside the observed high richness, indicate great biological heterogeneity, in response to the different environmental conditions. This underscores the importance of maintaining ecological corridors to facilitate gene flow and species dispersal among different gallery forests. courses conservation regulation Therefore District (RGF PGF. PGF . (PGF) 1 measured parameters distributions indexes 1571 571 1,57 individuals 15 which 9 4 26.7% 267 26 7 (26.7% ChaoSorensen Chao Sorensen 0478 0 478 0.478 formations H (H’ 386 3 86 3.8 396 3.9 J (J’ 085 85 0.8 087 87 0.87 respectively Jshaped shaped pattern regeneration heterogeneity conditions (PGF 157 57 1,5 26.7 2 (26.7 047 47 0.47 (H 38 8 3. 39 (J 08 0. 1, 26. (26. 04 0.4 (26 (2 (

RESUMO Matas de galeria são faixas estreitas de florestas tropicais que ocorrem ao longo dos cursos d’água na região do Brasil central e são de extrema relevância para a conservação da biodiversidade, manutenção de processos ecológicos e regulação hídrica. Com o objetivo de caracterizar a vegetação lenhosa em dois trechos de matas de galeria no Distrito Federal, foi realizada amostragem em 1,0 ha, sendo 50 parcelas de 10 m x 10 m em cada trecho, onde foram mensuradas todas as árvores com DAP ≥ 5 cm. Para cada mata foram realizadas análises fitossociológicas, investigados os padrões de distribuição diamétrica e hipsométrica e analisados os índices de diversidade. Foram mensurados 1.571 indivíduos lenhosos, pertencentes a 150 espécies, dentre as quais 94 foram registradas na mata do Ribeirão (MR) e 96 na mata do Pitoco (MP). Apenas 40 espécies (26,7%) ocorreram em ambas as matas. O índice de similaridade Chao-Sorensen foi igual a 0,478, evidenciando a elevada diversidade Beta destas formações. A riqueza de espécies das duas matas está acima da média observada em outras matas de galeria no Brasil, com índice de Diversidade de Shannon (H’) igual a 3,86 para a MR e 3,96 para a MP, e a equabilidade de Pielou (J’) igual a 0,85 e 0,87, respectivamente. A distribuição diamétrica de ambas as matas apresentou padrão de J invertido, sugerindo comunidades com regeneração satisfatória. Diferenças florísticas e estruturais entre e dentro das matas, bem como a elevada riqueza encontrada, sugerem grande heterogeneidade biológica, em resposta às distintas condições ambientais dentro de cada trecho, o que reforça a importância da manutenção de corredores ecológicos para facilitar o fluxo gênico e a dispersão de espécies entre as diferentes áreas de matas de galeria. dágua d água biodiversidade hídrica Federal 1 0 1, ha trecho cm fitossociológicas 1571 571 1.57 lenhosos 15 9 (MR MP. MP . (MP) 4 26,7% 267 26 7 (26,7% ChaoSorensen Chao Sorensen 0478 478 0,478 formações H (H’ 386 3 86 3,8 396 3,9 (J’ 085 85 0,8 087 87 0,87 respectivamente invertido satisfatória encontrada biológica 157 57 1.5 (MP 26,7 2 (26,7 047 47 0,47 (H 38 8 3, 39 (J 08 0, 1. 26, (26, 04 0,4 (26 (2 (

Abstract To understand the ecoepidemiology of fleas and their interactions with domestic and wild animals, it is necessary to decode the cycles of flea abundance in relation to host species and environmental factors. The province of Misiones, known for its biodiversity and land use changes, provides an excellent study location. We assessed the diversity, prevalence, abundance, and parasitic intensity of fleas collected from 1153 rodents and opossums in various environments in the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest of Argentina, considering phytogeography and land use. Our findings were consistent with previous studies conducted in humid regions of Argentina and the Atlantic Forest in Brazil. Hosts with high population density exhibited greater flea prevalence and abundance, and widely distributed hosts showed higher flea species richness and diversity. Significant similarities in flea similarity indices among phytogeographic areas, especially in forest. Environments with an anthropogenic gradient exhibited marked dissimilarities, with higher species richness and diversity in less disturbed sites. These parameters may be influenced by the presence of polyxenous Ctenocephalides, Polygenis, and Adoratopsylla fleas co-infesting opossum in urban areas. These findings provide valuable insights into the ecoepidemiology of fleas, their relationships with host species, and the impact of environmental factors in a strategic Atlantic forest ecoregion. animals Misiones changes location 115 Brazil areas dissimilarities sites Ctenocephalides Polygenis coinfesting co infesting ecoregion 11 1