Abstract This research analyzes three fundamental aspects of the siege of Cuautla: the reasons that motivated thousands of Cuautla residents to enlist in the insurgent ranks of priest Morelos, the causes that later led them to abandon Cuautla during the siege, as well as the measures that the royalist army set out after the siege. Two hypotheses are proposed here. The first propounds that the expansionism of the sugar estates was the main reason for rural workers to uprise. The second maintains that the motives for fleeing the military siege were hunger, bombing, epidemic, and death that the besieged endured for months. To support such stances, the processes of infidence of the deserters, located in the Infidence fund of the Archivo General de la Nación (Mexico), were analyzed through the methods of prosopography and statistics. Finally, the main findings of the article suggest that hunger was the worst enemy of the rebels in the siege of Cuautla, and that indigenous people were the main deserters while the combatants of African origin kept complete adherence to the priest Morelos.

Resumen Esta investigación analiza tres aspectos fundamentales del sitio de Cuautla: las razones que motivaron a miles de cuautlenses a enlistarse en las filas insurgentes del cura Morelos, las causas que más tarde los orillaron a abandonar Cuautla durante el asedio, así como las medidas que el ejército realista emprendió tras el sitio. Son dos las hipótesis aquí presentadas. La primera argumenta que el expansionismo de las haciendas azucareras fue la razón principal de los trabajadores rurales para rebelarse. La segunda sostiene que los móviles para huir del cerco militar fueron el hambre, el bombardeo, la epidemia y la muerte que los sitiados enfrentaron durante meses. Para sostener tales posicionamientos, los procesos de infidencia de los desertores ubicados en el fondo Infidencia del Archivo General de la Nación (México), fueron analizados desde el método de la prosopografía y la estadística. Finalmente, los principales hallazgos del artículo sugieren que el hambre fue el peor enemigo de los rebeldes en el sitio de Cuautla y que los indígenas fueron los principales desertores, mientras que los combatientes de origen africano mantuvieron una adhesión completa al cura Morelos.

Resumen El uso y abuso del estado de sitio en Colombia fue una constante durante los siglos XIX y XX. Por ello, el Constituyente de 1991 fue tan cuidadoso a la hora de regular los estados de excepción estableciendo un sistema de exigentes límites y controles. El objetivo de este escrito es evidenciar que ahora el Presidente colombiano, en épocas de crisis, preferirá usar competencias de rango legal como lo son la emergencia sanitaria y la asistencia militar para limitar derechos humanos en vez de acudir a competencias constitucionales como los estados de excepción. A las diferentes formas de elusión constitucional propuestas por Manuel Quinche Ramírez en su texto "La elusión constitucional: una política de evasión del control constitucional en Colombia" tendríamos que agregar una nueva y es aquella realizada por el Presidente en épocas de crisis, al usar actos administrativos para enfrentar situaciones que requieren normas con fuerza de ley. Lo anterior, pues los controles para los decretos de estados de excepción son más exigentes y eficaces que los existentes para los actos administrativos. Con esto se configura un presidencialismo elusivo del control idóneo de constitucionalidad.

Abstract The use and abuse of the state of siege in Colombia was a constant during the 19th and 20th centuries. Consequently, the 1991 Constituent Assembly was careful when regulating martial law, establishing a demanding limit and control system. This paper aims to show that in times of crisis, the Colombian president prefers to use legal powers such as health emergency and military assistance to limit human rights instead of resorting to constitutional powers such as martial law. To the various forms of constitutional avoidance proposed by Manuel Quinche Ramírez in his work "Constitutional Avoidance: A Policy of Evasion of Constitutional Control in Colombia", we would have to add the president using administrative actions in times of crisis to tackle situations that require regulations with the power of law because the controls for martial law decrees are more severe and effective than those for administrative actions, thus giving rise to a presidential rule that avoids the ideal control of constitutionality.

Resumo La edificación del conocido como aljibe del conde de Tendilla es uno de los primeros proyectos que se acometen en la Alhambra de Granada como parte del proceso relacionado con su habitabilidad. De este modo, desde 1492 a 1495 se operaron en la Alhambra construcciones para que la población cristiana pudiese resistir un largo asedio. Las obras de adecuación se desarrollaron en dos líneas, por un lado, la instalación de una artillería en todo el conjunto de murallas, en torres y puertas, y, por otro, la adopción de medidas ante un hipotético sitio, destacando la refortificación de la Alcazaba, y la construcción del aljibe al que nos venimos refiriendo. En el recinto de la fortaleza se va a aspirar a la configuración de una auténtica ciudad con obras de un elevado contenido simbólico, detrás de las cuales se encuentran figuras claves como Íñigo López de Mendoza, el conde de Tendilla. Este noble se va a convertir en uno de los ideólogos del importante cambio que sufrió la zona palatina nazarí en relación con el papel que desempeñó en el marco de la nueva monarquía.

Abstract The construction of the cistern of the Count of Tendilla, as it is known, was one of the first projects undertaken in the Alhambra of Granada as part of the process related to its habitability. From 1492 to 1495, constructions were carried out in the Alhambra to enable the Christian population to withstand a long siege. The adaptation works were developed in two lines, on one hand, the installation of artillery throughout the walls, towers and gates, and on the other, the adoption of measures against a hypothetical siege, highlighting the refortification of the Alcazaba and the construction of the aforementioned cistern. In the fortress complex, the aim was to create a genuine city with works of high symbolic content, behind which key figures such as Íñigo López de Mendoza, the Count of Tendilla, were involved. This nobleman became one of the ideologists of the significant change that the Nasrid palatine area underwent in relation to the role it played in the framework of the new monarchy.

Abstract Why did the PIDE/DGS (the Portuguese political police) make it possible for the military coup to move forward on April 25, 1974? What reasons account for why the headquarters of this political police were not one of the first targets of the Armed Forces Movement on the date that marked the end of the Portuguese dictatorial regime? This article aims to answer these questions, addressing one of the least known episodes associated with that moment of liberation, revealing that, as is usual with an event of rupture, there were several objectives in play underlying the military coup of April 25th. And yet, the takeover of the DGS headquarters, occurring only on the morning of April 26, 1974, would mark the beginning of a revolutionary process in Portugal.

Resumo Porque possibilitou a Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado/Direcção-Geral de Segurança (PIDE/DGS) a eclosão do golpe militar, em 25 de Abril de 1974? Quais foram os motivos para que a sede dessa polícia política não tivesse sido um dos primeiros alvos do Movimento das Forças Armadas nessa data que marcou o fim do regime ditatorial português? Este texto propõe-se responder a estas perguntas, abordando esse episódio menos conhecido da tomada da sede da polícia política nessa data libertadora, revelador de que, como sempre acontece num acontecimento de ruptura, terá havido diversos objectivos no golpe militar de 25 de Abril. E, no entanto, a tomada da sede da PIDE/DGS, só na manhã de 26 de Abril de 1974, marcaria o início de um processo revolucionário em Portugal.

Résumé Pourquoi la PIDE/DGS [police politique portugaise] a-t-elle permis l’éclosion du coup militaire du 25 avril 1974 ? Quelles ont été les raisons pour que le siège de cette police politique n’ait pas été l’une des premières cibles du Mouvement des forces armées lors de la date qui a marqué la fin du régime dictatorial portugais ? Ce texte vise à répondre à ces questions, en abordant cet épisode moins connu de la prise du siège de la police politique à cette date libératrice, révélant que, comme cela arrive toujours en cas d’évènement de rupture, le coup d’État militaire du 25 avril avait plusieurs objectifs. Et pourtant, la prise du siège de la PIDE/DGS, seulement dans la matinée du 26 avril 1974, marquerait le début d’un processus révolutionnaire au Portugal.

ABSTRACT This article investigates small traders in the outskirts of southern São Paulo in a time of increasing diffusion of entrepreneurship, making use of the concept of “moral economy”. The text employs an ethnographic approach to the theoretical debate about the historical transformations that have occurred in urban peripheries in recent. On the one hand, they are relationships that express sociability under “life under siege” or to “fortified enclaves”; on the other hand, to monetization in these territories. So that this “rescue” of the community by the utopia of autonomy is reborn degenerated by modified structural conditions. entrepreneurship moral economy. economy . economy” recent hand life siege fortified enclaves enclaves” territories rescue “rescue conditions

RESUMO Este artigo investiga pequenos comerciantes da periferia da zona sul de São Paulo em uma época de crescente difusão do empreendedorismo fazendo uso do conceito de “economia moral”. O texto emprega uma abordagem etnográfica para o debate teórico acerca das transformações históricas ocorridas nas periferias urbanas nas últimas décadas. Por um lado, são relações que exprimem a sociabilidade na “vida sob cerco” ou nos “enclaves fortificados”; por outro, essas relações demonstram a monetarização nesses territórios. De modo que esse “resgate” da comunidade pela utopia da autonomia renasce degenerado por condições estruturais modificadas. economia moral. moral . moral” décadas lado vida cerco enclaves fortificados fortificados” outro territórios resgate “resgate modificadas

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é fazer uma análise acerca dos movimentos realizados pelos diferentes atores do mundo do crime em um bairro da Zona Oeste na busca por identificar as múltiplas formas de organização dos grupos criminosos em função do controle territorial e da gestão dos ilegalismos que caracteriza a guerra nos territórios em disputa no Rio de Janeiro. Seguimos pistas oferecidas pelo trabalho de campo realizado na Praça Seca e tentamos estabelecer relações entre as disputas pelo controle territorial, ora pela milícia, ora pelo tráfico, nas favelas do bairro com o seu entorno e identificar estratégias acionadas pelos moradores que experimentam o “cerco pelo terror” para manter suas rotinas mesmo nas constantes situações de violência a que estão submetidos. Janeiro milícia tráfico cerco terror submetidos

Abstract The objective of this article is to analyze the movements made by different actors in the world of crime in a neighborhood of the West Zone to identify the multiple organization forms of criminal groups based on territorial control and management of illegal activities, which characterize the war in the disputed territories in Rio de Janeiro. We follow leads offered by fieldwork conducted in Praça Seca and attempt to establish relations between the disputes for territorial control, sometimes by militias, sometimes by drug trafficking, in the neighborhood's favelas and their surroundings, and identify strategies activated by residents who experience the "siege by terror" to maintain their routines despite the constant situations of violence to which they are subjected. activities Janeiro militias trafficking neighborhoods s surroundings siege terror subjected

This article examined wisdom, a godly attribute, as a gift God gives. The gift takes at least three forms: skill in wise words, skill in subsequent actions, and skill with one's hands. Bystanders and readers easily spot wisdom. This article found that wisdom grew and was refined through use. Employing a canonical approach and a literary methodology, this article presented selected Hebrew Bible characters who broadly illustrated God's gift of wisdom in words and actions; it then considered two men and a group of women who were skilled - wise - with their hands. Four biblical characters noted for wise speech and actions include Joseph, the dream-interpreter and second to Pharaoh as Egypt's ruler (Gn 41:37-41); the Wise Woman of Abel Beth Maacah, a city's arbitrator during a siege (2 Sm 20:14-22); Solomon, David's successor, who asked God for an understanding mind and received wisdom (1 Ki 3:9-12); and Daniel, a Judean exile in Babylon who sought God's wisdom in a life-and-death situation (Dn 2:19-23). A fifth character, Lady Wisdom (a most interesting persona), teaches that wisdom is not only a gift but also a learned skill. In an 'Elevator Pitch' proclaimed loudly in a city's streets, she invites passers-by to come to her banquet, learn from her, and become wise (Pr 8-9). God's wisdom also abounded in practical, tactile ways. God gave Bezalel and Oholiab wisdom in crafting furnishings for the Tabernacle in the Wilderness (Ex 31:1-11); wise-hearted women participated as spinners (Ex 35:25-26). This article concluded that whether given as word, action, or skill or learned via study or practiced manually, all wisdom's forms come from the bountiful Giver, and require a recipient's maintenance, namely the lifelong pattern of seeking God and walking in his ways (Pr 2). Wise choices in friends, words, and actions result in blessing the learner and subsequently promoting a society's well-being. Wisdom ripples. CONTRIBUTION: Through the lens of Old Testament character studies, this article illustrated aspects of God's gift of wisdom. Stories showed how individuals sought, practiced, and developed wisdom. While wisdom initially met a need, saved a life, or led a nation, it overflowed from the one singularly known as wise to others. However, a condition applied. Wisdom is not inherited; all seekers must learn that wisdom's objective, like all God's gifts, is God's glory.

Abstract This is an article prepared with the aim of verifying, based on constitutional and infraconstitutional legislation, the insufficiency, or even the non-existence, of the emergency constitutional prescriptions presents in the Constitution to face the problem from arising modern terrorism. The question that motivated the research is the doubt about the sufficiency of the existing mechanisms to face terrorist attacks, mainly the concomitant or successive ones. The hypothesis is that the current mechanisms, ordinary and constitutional, are insuficiente. To develop the work, approaches, at first, the state of siege and the state of defense, which are inscribed in Part V of the Constitucion. Next, a brief analysis of federal law aimed at repressing terrorism is presented, with emphasis on Law 13.260/2016. Finally, a comparison is made between the law and the constitutional emergency model proposed by Bruce Ackerman. Initially this comparison develops through the verification of terrorism as a phenomenon that transcends common criminality, to check, in a second moment, existing emergency constitutional prescription lend themselves, or not, to confront that problem. The legal research methodology adopted for article was dogmatic, through documentary and bibliographical research.

Resumo Trata-se de artigo elaborado com o objetivo de verificar, com base na legislação constitucional e infraconstitucional, a insuficiência, ou até mesmo a inexistência, dos mecanismos de emergência constitucional presentes na Constituição para o trato do problema advindo do terrorismo moderno. A problematização que motivou a pesquisa é o questionamento acerca da suficiência dos mecanismos existentes para enfrentar os atentados terroristas, principalmente os concomitantes ou sucessivos. A hipótese é de que os atuais mecanismos, ordinários e constitucionais, são insuficientes. Para desenvolver o trabalho, abordam-se, de início, o estado de sítio e o estado de defesa, os quais se encontram inscritos no título V da Carta Política. Em seguida, apresenta-se uma breve análise da legislação ordinária voltada para a repressão ao terrorismo, com destaque para a Lei n° 13.260/2016. Por fim, realiza-se um cotejo entre as normas apreciadas e modelo de emergência constitucional proposto por Bruce Ackerman. Tal cotejo se desenvolve, inicialmente, pela constatação do terrorismo como fenômeno que transcende a criminalidade comum, para, em um segundo momento, apreciar se os mecanismos constitucionais existentes se prestam, ou não, para defrontar o problema. A metodologia de pesquisa jurídica adotada para o trabalho foi a dogmática, por meio de pesquisa documental e bibliográfica.

Abstract The article aims at a comparative analysis of the Russian military operations in Kyiv, during the current war in Ukraine, and those carried out in Grozny, during the 1st Chechen War, namely from a discursive and operational standpoint, in order to highlight similarities and differences between both cases and clarify the comparisons used during the attempted siege of Kyiv. The analysis shows the existence of several similarities between the Russian invasion of Kyiv and that of Grozny, notwithstanding the end result, namely from the discursive, the Russian armed force’s preparation and planning, the adversary’s response and the invader’s moral standpoints, as well as in the use of heavy artillery, namely against civilian populations. These similarities raise addi- tional questions about the Russian armed force’s loss of quality during the Putin era, following several military successes. Lastly, the use of this comparison served essentially to raise awareness in the public and in international institutions about what could happen in Kyiv (and in the rest of Ukraine) and to emphasise the need for support to Ukraine on the West’s behalf. Grozny st War standpoint result forces force s planning adversarys adversary invaders invader standpoints artillery populations addi era successes Lastly Wests West behalf

Resumo Centenas de anos de uma história conturbada transformaram a Ucrânia num país profunda- mente dividido. Juntamente com quase todas as nações eslavas, a Ucrânia tem tentado ajustar-se e aproximar-se de um sistema político-económico mais estável e seguro após a dissolução da URSS. Contudo, ao fazê-lo, despertou uma revisitação ao antigo sistema bipolar que muitos jul- gavam moribundo após o fim da Guerra Fria. Mas até que medida ele é antigo? A batalha entre o Ocidente e o Leste voltou a ver a luz. A Ucrânia é vista pela Federação Russa como um dos úl- timos bastiões para travar o avanço do Ocidente. A Rússia tem vindo a demonstrar sinais de um imperialismo revivalista e um antagonismo profundo com relação às incursões ocidentais nas suas antigas repúblicas socialistas soviéticas. A Ucrânia encontra-se no limbo, balanceando os seus desejos com os do seu vizinho. Afirma-se pelo azul e amarelo da sua bandeira, pelo menos para já ou até quando conseguir. profunda dividido eslavas ajustarse ajustar se aproximarse aproximar políticoeconómico político económico URSS Contudo fazêlo, fazêlo fazê lo, lo fazê-lo jul Fria luz úl soviéticas encontrase encontra limbo vizinho Afirmase Afirma bandeira conseguir

Abstract At the end of the 14th century Lisbon experienced days of great anxiety and suffering, due to the wars in which Portugal was involved with Castile, exacerbated by the fact that its already preeminent place in the realm. Convinced that the misfortunes that befell them were divine punishment for the sins committed, the "honourable" citizens of Lisbon listed the most nefarious of those sins, proscribed and punished with pecuniary penalties and a great series of religious ceremonies was planned in their favour. The outcome of the battle of Aljubarrota, proving that God had heard their prayers, led them, as sign of gratitude, to increased the actions of praise previously determined with promises of amendment.

Resumo Nos finais do século XIV Lisboa viveu dias de grande ansiedade e sofrimento, mercê das guerras em que Portugal se encontrou envolvido com Castela, exacerbados pelo facto de se encontrar no lugar proeminente que já então era o seu. Convictos de que as desgraças que lhes aconteciam eram castigo divino pelos pecados cometidos, os cidadãos “honrados” de Lisboa elencaram os mais nefandos desses pecados, proscritos e cominados com penas pecuniárias e programada uma grande série de cerimónias religiosas em seu desagravo. O desfecho da batalha de Aljubarrota, a provar que Deus ouvira as suas preces, levou-os, como sinal do seu agradecimento, a aumentar as acções de louvor anteriormente determinadas com promessas de emenda.

Resumen: Determinamos la calidad de las disposiciones jurídicas normativas procesales para la solución de litigios individuales disciplinarios del trabajo para trabajadores civiles del sector público cubano en los tribunales de justicia y el establecimiento del debido proceso de trabajo. Objetivos: diagnosticar la calidad de las disposiciones jurídicas normativas procesales para solucionar estos litigios identificando las posibles insuficiencias jurisdiccionales que contradicen el debido proceso y formular propuestas de perfeccionamiento para las mismas que consagren las garantías del debido proceso judicial. Métodos: de los generales de la investigación científica teórica: dialéctico, análisis-síntesis, inducción-deducción y exegético-jurídico de las normas. De los generales de la investigación empírica: observación, variante del análisis de documentos; medición, con técnica de entrevista; análisis histórico jurídico y análisis comparado de las normas. Insuficiencias: no se promulgó una legislación procesal de trabajo; denominación en el Código de Procesos del Proceso de Trabajo como Sumario; ausencia de principios generales del proceso de trabajo; dispersión legislativa y lagunas intertemporales. Aportamos: diagnóstico de la calidad de las disposiciones jurídicas normativas procesales de trabajo para sede judicial; una sistematización histórica de las formas de solución de conflictos y litigios disciplinarios del trabajo; propuestas de bases legislativas para el perfeccionamiento en sede judicial del proceso de trabajo y una monografía actualizada sobre el proceso jurisdiccional de trabajo.

Abstract: We determine the quality of the procedural normative legal provisions for the solution of individual labor disciplinary litigation for civil workers of the Cuban public sector in the courts of justice and the establishment of due labor process. Objectives: to diagnose the quality of the procedural normative legal provisions to solve these litigations, identifying the possible jurisdictional insufficiencies that contradict due process and formulate improvement proposals for them that consecrate the guarantees of due judicial process. Methods: of the generals of theoretical scientific research: method of dialectical analysis, method of analysis - synthesis, induction - deduction and method of exegetical - legal analysis of norms. Of the generals of empirical research: observation, a variant of document analysis; measurement, with interview technique; legal historical analysis and comparative analysis of the rules. Insufficiencies: procedural labor legislation was not enacted; denomination in the Code of Processes of the work process as summary; absence of general principles of the work process; Legislative dispersion and intertemporal gaps. We provide: diagnosis of the quality of legal regulations and procedural work provisions for judicial headquarters; a historical systematization of the forms of conflict resolution and disciplinary litigation at work; proposals for legislative bases for the improvement of the work process in court and an updated monograph on the jurisdictional work process.

Résumé: Nous déterminons la qualité des dispositions légales normatives procédurales pour la solution des litiges disciplinaires individuels du travail pour les travailleurs civils du secteur public cubain devant les tribunaux de justice et l’établissement d’un procès de travail régulier. Objectifs: diagnostiquer la qualité des dispositions légales normatives procédurales pour résoudre ces litiges, en identifiant les éventuelles insuffisances juridictionnelles contraires à la légalité et formuler des propositions de perfectionnement qui consacrent les garanties d’une procédure judiciaire régulière. Méthodes: des généralistes de la recherche scientifique théorique: méthode d’analyse dialectique, méthode d’analyse - synthèse, induction - déduction et méthode d’analyse exégétique - juridique des normes. Parmi les généralistes de la recherche empirique: l’observation, variante de l’analyse documentaire; mesure, avec technique d’entretien; analyse historique du droit et analyse comparative des règles. Insuffisances: la législation procédurale du travail n’a pas été promulguée; dénomination dans le Code des Procédures du processus de travail comme sommaire; absence de principes généraux du processus de travail; Dispersion législative et écarts intertemporels. Nous fournissons: diagnostic de la qualité des réglementations légales et des dispositions procédurales de travail pour le siège de la justice; une systématisation historique des formes de règlement des conflits et du contentieux disciplinaire au travail; des propositions de bases législatives pour de perfectionnement du processus de travail dans les tribunaux et une monographie actualisée sur le processus de travail juridictionnel.

ABSTRACT Andrés Avelino Cáceres (1836-1923) was a prominent Peruvian politician and military man who held the presidency for two terms and led the Peruvian army during the Pacific War, for which he is considered a national hero. At the beginning of his military career, during the siege of the city of Arequipa in 1856, he suffered an eye injury whose scar can be seen in the photographs that were taken of him later throughout his life, which led to him being nicknamed “El Tuerto”. We will describe the circumstances in which the ophthalmic injury of Andrés Avelino Cáceres occurred, the consequences that this ophthalmic trauma could have had and the treatment he could have received, based on the hero’s own story and the images of him that are preserved.

RESUMEN Andrés Avelino Cáceres (1836-1923) fue un destacado político y militar peruano que ocupó la presidencia en dos periodos y lideró al ejército peruano durante la Guerra del Pacífico, por lo que es considerado un héroe nacional. Al inicio de su carrera militar, durante el sitio a la ciudad de Arequipa en 1858, sufrió una lesión ocular cuya cicatriz se observa en las fotografías que se le tomaron posteriormente a lo largo de su vida, lo que hizo que fuera apodado “El Tuerto” aunque al parecer su agudeza visual estuvo indemne. En este trabajo describiremos las circunstancias en las que se produjo la lesión oftálmica de Andrés Avelino Cáceres, las secuelas que pudo tener este traumatismo oftálmico y el tratamiento médico que pudo haber recibido, en base al propio relato del héroe y a las imágenes suyas que se conservan.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta um panorama histórico e arqueológico dos castelos e outras fortificações, construídos e ocupados pela Ordem do Hospital de São João no Reino de Jerusalém, entre 1136, quando a ordem adquiriu o castelo de Bayt Jibrīn, e o último cerco mameluco de Acre em 1291, durante o qual defendeu uma parte das muralhas da cidade. Os tópicos discutidos incluem o contributo da ordem para a defesa de vilas e cidades, nas quais ela não era a única, nem mesmo a principal proprietária, bem como a construção e posse de uma série de outras fortificações, desde castelos importantes a estruturas menores, incluindo torres e casas-fortes. Para cada caso, foi dada idêntica atenção aos edifícios e à estrutura administrativa de bailias e castelanias, através dos quais eram geridas e exploradas. À medida que a situação militar se tornava cada vez mais precária, durante o século XIII, a ordem também assumiu e manteve, por curto período, três castelos principais cujos proprietários não podiam defendê-los: Ascalon entre 1241 e 1247, Monte Tabor entre 1255 e 1263 e Arsūf entre 1261 e 1265.

Abstract This paper presents a historical and archaeological overview of the castles and other fortifications built and occupied by the Order of the Hospital of St John in the Kingdom of Jerusalem between 1136, when the order acquired the castle of Bayt Jibrīn, and the final Mamluk siege of Acre in 1291, during which it defended a section of the city walls. Topics discussed include the order’s contribution to the defence of towns and cities in which they were not the sole or even the major property owner, as well as their own construction and possession of a range of other fortifications from major castles to lesser structures, including towers and maisons fortes. In each case, equal attention is paid to the buildings themselves and to the administrative system of bailiffs and castellans through which they were managed and operated. As the military situation became ever more precarious during the 13th century, the order also took over and briefly held three major castles, whose owners were unable to defend them: Ascalon between 1241 and 1247, Mount Tabor between 1255 and 1263, and Arsūf between 1261 and 1265.

Abstract This article addresses a type of bank robbery, currently registered in all Brazilian regions, that shows the following characteristics: the assaults occur late at night or during the early hours; they are carried out by gangs, whose number of armed men vary from two to five dozens, their preferred targets are small and medium-sized cities. Using large-caliber weapons and explosives, robbers subtract amounts from two or more banks simultaneously. During such assaults, part of the gang attacks and obstructs the work of local public security forces and, thus, lay siege to neighborhoods and even entire cities for a few hours, subjecting the entire population. Before police reinforcements from neighboring towns can arrive, the bandits flee. Residents are often taken hostage and experience moments of fear and dread, even being shot when there are clashes between gangs and police. This article argues that the type of crime under analysis involves meticulous planning and investment in infrastructure and logistics, instrumental and performative use of violence, being understood as an economic activity and business by its practitioners. Regarding the sociability within such gangs, the study reveals the temporary and circumstantial condition of these groups, based on exchanges of knowledge, technical cooperation and “entrepreneurship” of the robbers, whose common objective is to obtain high amounts through their armed attacks. Research and data analysis, presented in this text, have ethnographic inspiration and fieldwork resorted to in-depth interviews and informal conversations with practitioners of these robberies, interviews with police chiefs and police officers, survey and analysis of news from newspapers, newscasts and web portals from all regions of Brazil. robbery characteristics hours dozens mediumsized medium sized largecaliber large caliber explosives simultaneously thus population arrive flee dread logistics violence groups knowledge entrepreneurship “entrepreneurship text indepth depth robberies officers newspapers Brazil

Resumo Este artigo aborda uma modalidade de assaltos contra bancos atualmente registrada em todas as regiões do Brasil, que apresenta as seguintes características: os assaltos ocorrem a altas horas da noite ou durante as madrugadas; são efetuados por quadrilhas cuja quantidade de homens armados varia de duas a cinco dezenas; têm nas cidades de pequeno e médio porte seus alvos preferenciais. Utilizando armas de grosso calibre e explosivos, os assaltantes subtraem valores de duas ou mais agências bancárias em simultaneidade. Nessas ações, parte da quadrilha ataca e obstrui a atuação das forças de segurança pública locais e, com isso, domina bairros e até cidades inteiras por algumas horas, submetendo toda a população. Antes que possam chegar reforços policiais de cidades vizinhas, os bandidos empreendem fuga. Não raro, moradores são tomados como reféns e vivenciam instantes de medo e pavor, chegando mesmo a ser alvejados, quando há confrontos entre quadrilhas e policiais. Este artigo argumenta que a modalidade de crime em análise envolve minucioso planejamento e investimento em infraestrutura e logística, uso instrumental e performático da violência, sendo significada como atividade econômica e negócio por seus praticantes. Sobre a socialidade nas quadrilhas que efetuam tais ações criminais, salienta-se a condição temporária e circunstancial desses agrupamentos, baseados em trocas de saberes, cooperação técnica e “empreendedorismo” dos assaltantes, cujo objetivo comum é obter elevadas quantias em suas investidas armadas. A pesquisa e a análise dos dados, ora apresentadas, têm inspiração etnográfica e o trabalho de campo desenvolvido recorreu a entrevistas em profundidade e conversas informais com praticantes desses assaltos, entrevistas com delegados de polícia e policiais, levantamento e análise de notícias de jornais, telejornais e portais online de todas as regiões do Brasil. Brasil características madrugadas dezenas preferenciais explosivos simultaneidade isso população vizinhas fuga raro pavor alvejados logística violência criminais salientase salienta se agrupamentos saberes empreendedorismo “empreendedorismo armadas dados apresentadas jornais

Les caractéristiques usuelles de l’anorexie mentale — inanition, amaigrissement, aménorrhée — justifient que celle-ci soit prise en compte, du point de vue psychopathologique, bien plus en tant que “clinique de l’objet” que comme “dysfonctionnement alimentaire” ou “trouble de la représentation corporelle”. En effet, est mis ainsi en lumière non seulement le fait que la nourriture y vient présentifier l’“objet du désir” sous la forme du “rien”, mais aussi le fait que si le corps du sujet anorectique se consume, c’est parce qu’il est le siège d’une jouissance spécifique de la position féminine, d’une “jouissance Autre”, qu’il contribue paradoxalement de la sorte à contenir et à pacifier. lanorexie l anorexie inanition amaigrissement celleci celle ci compte psychopathologique clinique lobjet objet l’objet dysfonctionnement alimentaire trouble corporelle. corporelle . corporelle” effet désir rien, rien , “rien” consume cest c quil qu il dune d une féminine Autre, Autre Autre” pacifier “rien

Las características habituales de la anorexia nerviosa —hambre, emaciación, amenorrea— llevan a justificarla, desde el punto de vista psicopatológico, mucho más como una “clínica del objeto” que como una “disfunción alimentaria” o “trastorno de la imagen corporal”. En efecto, esto pone de relieve no solo el hecho de que la comida presentifica el “objeto de deseo” en forma de “nada”, sino también el hecho de que si el cuerpo del sujeto anoréxico se consume, esto se debe a la sed de un goce específico de la posición femenina, un “Otro goce” que paradójicamente contribuye a contenerlo y apaciguarlo. hambre, hambre —hambre emaciación amenorrea justificarla psicopatológico clínica objeto disfunción alimentaria trastorno corporal. corporal . corporal” efecto deseo nada, nada , “nada” consume femenina Otro apaciguarlo “nada

The usual characteristics of anorexia nervosa — starvation, emaciation, amenorrhea — justify that it be considered, from a psychopathological point of view, much more as a “clinic of the object” than as an “eating dysfunction” or a “disorder of body representation.” In fact, this highlights not only the fact that food presents the “object of desire” in the form of “nothing,” but also the fact that if the body of the anorectic subject is consumed, it is because it is the seat of a specific jouissance of the feminine position, an “Other jouissance,” which it paradoxically contributes to containing and pacifying. starvation emaciation considered view clinic object eating dysfunction disorder representation. representation desire nothing, nothing “nothing, consumed position Other jouissance, pacifying “nothing

Resumos As características habituais da anorexia nervosa — fome, emaciação, amenorreia — justificam que seja considerada, de um ponto de vista psicopatológico, muito mais como uma “clínica do objecto” do que como uma “disfunção alimentar” ou “desordem de representação do corpo”. De fato, isto realça não só o fato de a comida presentificar o “objeto de desejo” sob a forma de “nada”, mas também o fato de que se o corpo do sujeito anorético é consumido, é porque é a sede de um gozo específico da posição feminina, um “Outro gozo”, que paradoxalmente contribui para conter e pacificar. fome emaciação considerada psicopatológico clínica objecto disfunção alimentar desordem corpo. . corpo” objeto desejo nada, nada , “nada” consumido feminina Outro gozo, gozo” pacificar “nada