ABSTRACT The Guatemalan Caribbean has a deepwater fishing area close to the shore around the Cayman Trench. This study reports the first record of the bluntnose sixgill shark (Hexanchus griseus) from this fishing area. Fishery-independent surveys using longlines at ~430-465 m depth, ~11 km northeast of El Quetzalito fishing village, were conducted in 2022 and 2023. Two bluntnose sixgill sharks were captured during these surveys. The sharks were females with total lengths of 300 and 310 cm, with morphological characteristics consistent with this species. These are the first confirmed records of bluntnose sixgill sharks in the western Caribbean Sea. Expanding coastal fisheries to deeper waters presents an emerging threat to deep-sea chondrichthyans in the region. Therefore, periodic fisheries monitoring is needed to estimate their vulnerability to fishing pressure.

Abstract Sharks of the genus Sphyrna are under intense exploitation globally. In Brazil’s northern coast, this genus represents a high proportion of fisheries landings and comprises four species. However, due to difficulty of specific identification when specimens are landed, most of the records are limited to the genus level. Here we analyzed the effectiveness of ITS2 (Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 of rDNA) fragment length protocol (Abercrombie et al., 2005) for identifying hammerhead shark species, comparing with the analysis of COI (Cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and ITS2 sequences. We evaluated samples of muscle tissue acquired in the main fishing ports of Maranhão: Carutapera, Raposa e Tutóia. Sampling was conducted between March 2017 to March 2018 and complemented with material deposited in collection (2015). COI results indicated the occurrence of endangered species which are prohibited to be landed. These include Sphyrna mokarran (67%), S. lewini (15%), S. tudes (3%), and S. tiburo (15%). For the ITS2 marker, we investigated the optimization of the protocol developed by Abercrombie (2005) for to improve the use in this geographical area througout design of a new primers. globally Brazils Brazil s coast However landed level ITS Internal rDNA al al. 2005 Cytochrome I sequences Maranhão Carutapera Tutóia 201 2015. 2015 . (2015) 67%, 67 67% , (67%) S 15%, 15 15% (15%) 3%, 3 3% (3%) 15%. marker (2005 primers 200 20 (2015 6 (67% 1 (15% (3% (200 (201 (67 (15 (3 (20 (6 (1 ( (2

Resumo Os tubarões do gênero Sphyrna estão sob intensa exploração em todo o mundo. No litoral norte do Brasil, esse gênero representa grande proporção dos desembarques pesqueiros e compreende quatro espécies. Porém, devido à dificuldade de identificação específica no momento do desembarque dos espécimes, a maioria dos registros limita-se ao nível do gênero. Aqui analisamos a eficácia do protocolo baseado no comprimento de fragmentos de ITS2 (Abercrombie et al., 2005) para identificar espécies de tubarão-martelo, comparando com a análise das sequências COI e ITS2. Foram avaliadas amostras de tecido muscular adquiridas nos principais portos pesqueiros do Maranhão: Carutapera, Raposa e Tutóia. A amostragem foi realizada entre março de 2017 a março de 2018 e complementada com material depositados em coleção (2015). Os resultados do COI indicaram a ocorrência de espécies ameaçadas cujo desembarque é proibido. Estes incluem Sphyrna mokarran (67%), S. lewini (15%), S. tudes (3%) e S. tiburo (15%). Para o marcador ITS2, investigamos a otimização do protocolo desenvolvido por Abercrombie (2005) para melhorar o uso nesta área geográfica através do desenho de novos primers. mundo Brasil Porém espécimes limitase limita se ITS al al. 2005 tubarãomartelo, tubarãomartelo tubarão martelo, martelo tubarão-martelo Maranhão Carutapera Tutóia 201 2015. 2015 . (2015) proibido 67%, 67 67% , (67%) S 15%, 15 15% (15%) 3% 3 (3% 15%. (2005 primers 200 20 (2015 6 (67% 1 (15% (3 (200 2 (201 (67 (15 ( (20 (6 (1 (2

Abstract Assessing the impacts caused by fisheries requires long-term data series and continuous landing monitoring, which are still scarce in several low and middle-income countries. Alternative approaches, such as fishers’ local ecological knowledge (LEK) have been employed to assess the history of marine resources and overcome the challenges of missing data. We documented temporal changes over the last 60 years in small-scale fisheries in Arraial do Cabo, Brazil. Interviews with 155 fishers revealed the capture of six shark species (one genus), all under extinction risk according to the global and the national Red Lists. Among these, Carcharhinus brevipinna, Carcharhinus plumbeus, and Isurus oxyrinchus are commercially important. While LEK suggests an increase in fishing efforts, with new fishing grounds emerging after 2006, the number of individuals caught has decreased over time. Historical shark exploitation has led to substantial declines in the catches of C. plumbeus and C. brevipinna, which have rare occurrences in the region. Although landing data are critical information for building local fisheries management plans and setting conservation strategies, monitoring in the region is discontinuous and should be prioritized by public policies. longterm long term middleincome middle income countries approaches (LEK 6 smallscale small scale Cabo Brazil 15 one genus, genus , genus) Lists these brevipinna important efforts 2006 time C strategies policies 1 200 20 2

Resumo Avaliar os impactos causados pela pesca requer dados de longo prazo e monitoramento contínuo das capturas, os quais ainda são escassos em vários países de baixa e média renda. Abordagens alternativas, como o conhecimento ecológico local dos pescadores (CEL), têm sido utilizadas para avaliar a história dos recursos marinhos e superar os desafios da ausência de dados. Documentamos mudanças temporais ao longo dos últimos 60 anos na pesca artesanal em Arraial do Cabo, Brasil. Entrevistas com 155 pescadores revelaram a captura de seis espécies de tubarões e um gênero, todas em risco de extinção de acordo com as Listas Vermelhas global e nacional. Entre essas espécies, Carcharhinus brevipinna, Carcharhinus plumbeus e Isurus oxyrinchus são comercialmente importantes. Embora o CEL tenha revelado um aumento nos esforços de pesca, com novos locais de pesca surgindo após 2006, o número de indivíduos capturados diminuiu ao longo do tempo. A exploração histórica de tubarões levou a declínios substanciais nas capturas de C. plumbeus e C. brevipinna, os quais possuem ocorrências raras na região. Embora os dados de desembarque sejam informações críticas para elaborar planos de gestão pesqueira local e estabelecer estratégias de conservação, o monitoramento na região é descontínuo e deveria ser priorizado por políticas públicas. renda alternativas CEL, , (CEL) 6 Cabo Brasil 15 gênero nacional brevipinna importantes 2006 tempo C conservação públicas (CEL 1 200 20 2

Abstract This paper describes the fishing profile and the temporal variation in the commercial landings of elasmobranchs in a global hotspot for their conservation and investigates the variables that influenced the landings. Census data on commercial catches were obtained between April 2008 and October 2010 from nine landing sites in Bragança (Pará, northern Brazil). Five vessel types, four fishing gears, and eight fishing techniques engaged with elasmobranch capture were identified. A total of 2,357 landings were recorded, with a total production of 354 t. The highest yields were recorded in 2009, with sharks being harvested mostly by small and medium-sized vessels, and batoids, by small vessels and canoes. Drifting nets and longlines played a prominent role in elasmobranch fisheries. The results show that the landings were influenced by days at sea, which is common in tropical fisheries. The elasmobranch data series is discontinuous as statistics are absent for most fishing sites albeit imperative for proper management, as well as relevant for decision-makers focusing on their conservation. 200 201 Pará, Pará (Pará Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) types gears identified 2357 2 357 2,35 35 t 2009 mediumsized medium sized batoids canoes fisheries sea management decisionmakers decision makers 20 235 2,3 3 23 2,

Resumo O Brasil compreende um hotspot de biodiversidade da fauna de peixes Chondrichthyes, atualmente com 12 ordens, 44 famílias, 90 gêneros e mais de 200 espécies reconhecidas de tubarões, raias batóides e quimeras. Estas espécies habitam ambientes marinhos, estuarinos e dulcícolas de zonas costeiras e oceânicas do Oceano Norte Equatorial ao Atlântico Sudoeste. Registros da ocorrência de espécies no Brasil remonta do período Pré-Lineano. A era de ouro dos estudos zoológicos na Europa contribuiu para o conhecimento da fauna local com a descrição oficial de várias espécies nativas e endêmicas. O nascimento da Ictiologia no Brasil no início do século 20, contudo, representa o marco para a Sistemática de Chondrichthyes, quando cientistas nacionais publicaram a primeira lista de espécies registradas no país. Este estudo apresenta uma leitura histórica da pesquisa em Sistemática de Chondrichthyes no Brasil através de uma revisão da literatura de artigos revisados por pares sobre a taxonomia, filogenética e morfologia de peixes cartilaginosos. Tendências em pesquisa para o período de mais de 120 anos de dedicadas investigações científicas são aqui apontadas com relação ao escopo, área de estudo, metodologia, taxa-alvo estudado, e diversidade de gênero. Recomendações e prioridades em pesquisa são também indicadas para assistir cientistas e outras partes interessadas em esforços futuros da ciência e conservação de tubarões, raias e quimeras no país. 1 ordens 4 famílias 9 20 tubarões marinhos Sudoeste PréLineano. PréLineano Pré Lineano. Lineano Pré-Lineano endêmicas contudo país taxonomia cartilaginosos escopo metodologia taxaalvo taxa alvo estudado gênero 2

Abstract Brazil comprises one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots of the chondrichthyan fauna, currently with 12 orders, 44 families, 90 genera and over 200 species of sharks, batoids, and chimaeras. These species inhabit marine, estuarine and freshwater realms of coastal and oceanic zones from the North equatorial central to the South-western Atlantic Ocean. Reporting on species occurrence in Brazil goes back to the pre-Linnaean Period. The golden era of the European Zoological studies put in place the knowledge on the local fauna with many Brazilian endemic and native species being officially described. The birth of Ichthyology in Brazil in the early 20th century, however, represents the milestone for the Chondrichthyan Systematics in the country when national scientists published the first list of species. This study provides an historical overview of the Chondrichthyan Systematics research in Brazil through a literature review of peer-reviewed publications in shark taxonomy, phylogenetics and morphology. Scientific trends of over 120-year period of dedicated investigations are herein pointed out regarding research scope and subject area, methodology, target study taxa, and gender diversity. Research recommendations and priorities are further given to assist researchers and interested stakeholders on future efforts in shark science and conservation in the country. worlds world s 1 orders 4 families 9 20 sharks batoids chimaeras marine Southwestern South western Ocean preLinnaean pre Linnaean Period described th century however peerreviewed peer reviewed taxonomy morphology 120year year 120 area methodology taxa diversity 2

Abstract: Chimaeras or Ghost sharks (Subclass Holocepahli) have sexual structures called pre-pelvic claspers, and these structures are covered by dermal denticles. In this study, dermal denticles present in pre-pelvic claspers of the Cockfish, Callorhinchus callorynchus, were described in order to compare them with those of other known species of this subclass. Pre-pelvic claspers of 22 specimens were removed for further examination. Dermal denticles on the flat surface of pre-pelvic claspers were different when examining their size, shape, and number of cusps. Dermal denticles were classified as type A (three cusps), B (four cusps), C (five cusps), D (six cusps) and E (eight cusps). Dermal denticles with fewer cusps were located near the center, whereas those with more cusps were located towards the periphery. All types of dermal denticles were found in the largest individuals (> 40 cm length). Possible functions of the dermal denticles and the pre-pelvic clasper in the reproductive activity of this species are suggested.

ABSTRACT The Northeastern Pacific (NEP) population of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) is genetically distinct from the rest of the world. This uniqueness results from adult fidelity to central California and Guadalupe Island aggregations sites. The strong mitochondrial genetic structure between the white sharks of central California and Guadalupe Island is also present, which indicates female philopatry. To date, few studies using nuclear DNA have found evidence of genetic patterns in the NEP white shark population, which could indicate that these sharks exhibit sex-biased dispersal. In this study, we evaluated the genetic structure, connectivity, and genetic diversity of NEP white sharks using samples from the southern California Bight (SCB), Baja California (including Sebastian Vizcaino Bay), the Gulf of California, and Guadalupe Island (GI) using nDNA (i.e. microsatellite loci). A total of five loci were successfully genotyped in 54 individuals. The patterns found in this study indicated low levels of genetic diversity among all localities (observed heterozygosity: Ho = 0.47), likely due to a founder effect. A slight genetic structure was present for NEP localities in this study (FST = 0.045, P = 0.0001), mainly identified between the SCB and GI locations. A sibship assignment analysis indicated low and moderate probabilities of full- and half-siblings between white shark juveniles from coastal areas, suggesting a high degree of connectivity between nursery areas in the NEP. Our results suggest that juveniles can mask the genetic structure in coastal zones.

Resumen En diciembre de 2021 se desarrolló la primera expedición a los montes submarinos de las dorsales de Malpelo y de Yuruparí. En total se exploraron ocho montes submarinos por medio de BRUVS (Baited Remote Underwater Video Systems). Se desplegaron 48 BRUVS, registrando cinco especies pelágicas (Sphyrna lewini, Mobula birostris, Pteroplatytrygon violácea, Kajikia audax y Istiophorus platypterus), donde Pteroplatytrygon violácea constituyó un nuevo registro para la región. En todas las zonas se registraron especies pelágicas, aunque los tiburones se asociaron exclusivamente a los montes al oeste de las dorsales, en especial al monte conocido como Bajo Navegador, el más somero de la región. Este trabajo es un primer paso para orientar las siguientes exploraciones de estos ecosistemas.

Abstract In December 2021, we conducted the first expedition to the seamounts of the Malpelo and Yuruparí ridges. Eight seamounts were explored using Baited Remote Underwater Video Systems (BRUVS). A total of 48 BRUVS were deployed, registering five pelagic species (Sphyrna lewini, Mobula birostris, Pteroplatytrygon violacea, Kajikia audax and Istiophorus platypterus) where Pteroplatytrygon violacea constituted a new record for the region. Pelagic species were recorded in all seamounts, although sharks were exclusively associated with the seamounts to the west of the ridges, especially in the area known as Bajo Navegador, the shallowest seamount in the region. This work is a first step to guide the following explorations of these ecosystems.

Resumen Este artículo analiza los factores biológicos de los elasmobranquios más comunes en Bahía Santa Elena, en el Área de Conservación Guanacaste en el Pacifico norte de Costa Rica. Debido a un vacío de información científica marino-costera que origina un fallo del sistema de manejo, no hay enfoque de resiliencia en las poblaciones sujeto de conservación. Se utilizó el método de muestreo mensual desde septiembre de 2015 hasta agosto de 2016. Mediante censo subacuático, uso de un trasmallo y visita en los puestos de recibo de pescado de Cuajiniquil se determinó la diversidad, abundancia relativa, distribución de las especies, aspectos biométricos, biología reproductiva y estructura de tallas de captura; también se aplicó una encuesta a 120 pescadores para conocer la percepción social en factores del desarrollo sostenible. Se trabajó con una muestra de 289 individuos que dio como resultado que los meses de mayor precipitación se relacionan con picos de los índices de diversidad, con poca distribución espacial, donde se presenta un remplazo estacional de especies, entre las que destaca el arribo de Rhinopterasteindachneri, Mobulamunkiana, durante los meses lluviosos y Mustelushenlei junto con Sphyrnalewini durante los vientos alisios. El periodo de desove principal para Myliobatiformes se ubica antes de diciembre, pero Urotrygonnana presenta un segundo periodo en julio. Se concluye que la biometría indica un mayor número de organismos juveniles para tiburones y adultos para rayas. La pesca con trasmallo de fondo se caracterizó por bajo rendimiento económico, lo que incide en la captura de juveniles de S. lewini, y este ingreso económico no se beneficia de los bienes naturales intangibles presentes en BSE que son patrimonio del Estado.

Abstract This article analyzes the biological factors of the most common elasmobranchs in Bahía Santa Elena, in the Guanacaste Conservation Area in the north Pacific of Costa Rica. Due to a lack of marine-coastal scientific information there is a system failure of management, leaving without a resilience approach to the populations subject to conservation. The monthly sampling method was used from September 2015 to August 2016, diversity, relative abundance, species distribution, biometric aspects, reproductive biology and catch size structure were determined by means of an underwater census, the use of a trammel net and a visit to the Cuajiniquil fish reception posts. A survey was applied to 120 fishermen to know the social perception regarding the factors of sustainable development. I worked with a sample of 289 individuals, among the main results, it was obtained that the months with the highest rainfall are related to peaks of the diversity indices, with little spatial distribution. A seasonal replacement of species is presented, highlightingthe arrival of Rhinopterasteindachneri, Mobulamunkiana, during the rainy months and Mustelushenlei and Sphyrnalewini during the Trade Winds. The main spawning period for Myliobatiformes is located before December, however Urotrygonnana presents a second period in July. It is concluded that biometry indicates a greater number of juvenile organisms for sharks and adults for rays, bottom gillnet fishing was characterized by low economic performance, which affects the capture of juveniles of S. lewini, this economic income does not benefit from the intangible natural assets present in BSE that are State assets.

Abstract This essay discusses the issue of scientific publishing policies and distinguishes three types of journals: the large or giant commercial publishers that represent sharks or predators of science and its operators and funders, the fraudulent predatory ones that publish virtually anything without proper review for a publication fee, and the journals outside the Western Eurocentric or the United States/Canada axis that are often free or charge much lower fees to authors and generally offer open access of articles. In this sense, it was demonstrated through the scientific content curation methodology that both journals from large publishers and predatory or fraudulent journals are predatory. Thus, researchers should avoid predatory or fraudulent journals since publishing in these vehicles constitutes scientific misconduct, but it is necessary that there is a decolonial rupture in the sense of valuing local, national or regional journals, especially in the Latin American, Iberoamerican, Eastern European, Asian and other countries that also develop quality and important science, because the knowledge generated locally interests the society and the managers to solve our problems and not only be published in English, with restricted access, which hinders its apprehension by the priority target audiences to face the challenges and make the educational, political, economic, cultural and technological transformations that Latin America and the developing world demand.

Resumo O presente ensaio discute a questão das políticas editoriais científicas e distingue três tipos de periódicos: as grandes ou gigantes editoras comerciais que representam tubarões ou predadores da ciência e de seus operadores e financiadores, os predatórios fraudulentos que praticamente publicam qualquer coisa sem a devida revisão, mediante taxa de publicação e os periódicos fora do eixo eurocêntrico ocidental ou dos Estados Unidos/Canadá que muitas vezes são gratuitos ou cobram taxas bem menores aos autores e oferecem, geralmente, acesso aberto dos artigos. Neste sentido, demonstrou-se por meio da metodologia da curadoria científica de conteúdo que tanto os periódicos de grandes editoras quanto os predatórios ou fraudulentos são predadores. Deste modo, pesquisadores devem evitar periódicos predadores ou fraudulentos uma vez que a publicação nestes veículos constitui má conduta científica, mas é necessário que haja uma ruptura decolonial no sentido de valorizar revistas locais, nacionais ou regionais, especialmente do contexto latinoamericano, iberoamericano, da Europa Oriental, Ásia e em outros países que também se desenvolve ciência de qualidade e importância, pois o conhecimento gerado localmente interessa à sociedade e aos gestores para resolver nossos problemas e não apenas serem publicados em inglês, com acesso restrito, o que dificulta sua apreensão pelos públicos alvo prioritários para enfrentar os desafios e realizar as transformações educacionais, políticas, econômicas, culturais e tecnológicas que a América Latina e o mundo em desenvolvimento exigem.

Abstract Sharks are among the marine organisms most impacted by intense fisheries, a worrying fact since they are key components in the trophic structure of ecosystems. In this context, fish landing data can help managers in shark conservation. This study characterized the landings of Carcharhinus acronotus, Mustelus cf. canis, and Sphyrna mokarran in the Mucuripe Embayment, Ceará, Brazil, along three study periods (1998–1999, 2006–2008, and 2015–2016). A total of 223 specimens were recorded from 227 site visits. Carcharhinus acronotus specimens measured from 50 to 139 cm in total length (TL), with a 1.3:1 sex ratio in favor of males. Most of the specimens recorded were adults (55.1% of males and 62.9% of females). Mustelus cf. canis varied from 64 to 133 cm in TL, with a sex ratio in favor of females (3.1:1). Most of the specimens recorded were adults (50% of males and 68% of females). Sphyrna mokarran specimens varied from 116 to 380 cm in TL, with a sex ratio of 7:1 in favor of males. Most of the specimens recorded were juveniles. This is the first fishery-dependent study to provide information on size and sex composition of these species for most of the southwestern equatorial Atlantic. fisheries ecosystems context conservation cf Embayment Ceará Brazil 1998–1999, 19981999 1998 1999 (1998–1999 20062008 2006 2008 2006–2008 2015–2016. 20152016 2015–2016 . 2015 2016 2015–2016) 22 visits 5 13 TL , (TL) 1.31 131 1.3 1 3 1.3: 55.1% 551 55 (55.1 629 62 9 62.9 females. females) 6 3.11. 311 3.1 (3.1:1) 50% (50 68 11 38 71 7 7: juveniles fisherydependent fishery dependent Atlantic 1998–1999 1998199 199 (1998–199 2006200 200 2006–200 2015201 2015–201 201 2 (TL 31 1. 55.1 (55. 62. 3.11 3. (3.1:1 (5 1998–199 199819 19 (1998–19 200620 20 2006–20 201520 2015–20 55. (55 (3.1: ( 1998–19 19981 (1998–1 20062 2006–2 20152 2015–2 (3.1 1998–1 (1998– 2006– 2015– (3. 1998– (1998 (3 (199 (19 (1

Resumo Os tubarões estão entre os organismos marinhos mais impactados pela pesca intensa, fato preocupante uma vez que são componentes fundamentais na estrutura trófica dos ecossistemas. Nesse contexto, dados de desembarques pesqueiros podem auxiliar gestores na conservação dos tubarões. Este estudo caracterizou os desembarques de Carcharhinus acronotus, Mustelus cf. canis e Sphyrna mokarran na enseada do Mucuripe, Ceará, Brasil, ao longo de três períodos de estudo (1998–1999, 2006–2008 e 2015–2016). Um total de 223 espécimes foi registrado em 227 visitas ao local. Espécimes de Carcharhinus acronotus mediram de 50 a 139 cm de comprimento total (CT), com razão sexual de 1,3:1 a favor dos machos. A maioria dos espécimes registrados era adulta (55,1% dos machos e 62,9% das fêmeas). Mustelus cf. canis variou de 64 a 133 cm em CT, com razão sexual a favor das fêmeas (3,1:1). A maioria dos espécimes registrados era adulta (50% dos machos e 68% das fêmeas). Espécimes de Sphyrna mokarran variaram de 116 a 380 cm em CT, com razão sexual de 7:1 a favor dos machos. A maioria dos espécimes registrados era juvenil. Este é o primeiro estudo dependente da pesca a fornecer informações sobre tamanho e composição sexual dessas espécies para a maior parte do sudoeste do Atlântico Equatorial. intensa ecossistemas contexto cf Mucuripe Ceará Brasil 1998–1999, 19981999 1998 1999 (1998–1999 20062008 2006 2008 2006–200 2015–2016. 20152016 2015–2016 . 2015 2016 2015–2016) 22 local 5 13 CT , (CT) 1,31 131 1,3 1 3 1,3: 55,1% 551 55 (55,1 629 62 9 62,9 fêmeas. fêmeas) 6 3,11. 311 3,1 (3,1:1) 50% (50 68 11 38 71 7 7: juvenil Equatorial 1998–1999 1998199 199 (1998–199 2006200 200 2006–20 2015201 2015–201 201 2 (CT 31 1, 55,1 (55, 62, 3,11 3, (3,1:1 (5 1998–199 199819 19 (1998–19 200620 20 2006–2 201520 2015–20 55, (55 (3,1: ( 1998–19 19981 (1998–1 20062 2006– 20152 2015–2 (3,1 1998–1 (1998– 2015– (3, 1998– (1998 (3 (199 (19 (1

Abstract The abundance and movement patterns of lemon sharks ( Negaprion brevirostris) at Lama Bay, Biological Reserve Rocas Atoll, were reassessed by visual census. We considered tides and daylight periods to plan our observations during two expeditions in 2015. Using daily visual counts, the mean abundance of individuals was 29 in austral summer (maximum 35) and 31 in winter (maximum 41). The results indicated that the local lemon shark population might have recovered after 18 years of a substantial drop in mean abundance. In addition, the movement pattern of the species corroborated previous studies related to their fidelity to the birthplace. These results justify the need of continuous monitoring of lemon sharks over the course of time at Rocas Atoll using non-lethal and non-invasive techniques. brevirostris Bay census 2015 counts 2 maximum 35 3 41. 41 . 41) 1 addition birthplace nonlethal non lethal noninvasive invasive techniques 201 4 20

Abstract Reviews can be useful to provide an overview of specific knowledge areas to facilitate research guidelines and the comparison of study results. Therefore, we aimed to detect regions, environments, and taxonomic groups of elasmobranch that lack information on their feeding ecology and consequently need further attention. Using specific keywords on diet and feeding studies, we searched for articles on the trophic and feeding ecology of elasmobranchs. We found an increase in studies over the last 24 years, with an emphasis on stomach contents and stable isotopes. The USA, Australia, Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil were the countries with the highest number of published articles. Australia, the USA, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, South Africa, Spain, Uruguay and India were the countries with the highest number of species studied. Estuarine and freshwater environments seem to need more attention, since studies on species in these environments were scarce (~3%). The total number of shark and ray species studied showed no significant differences (164 and 186, respectively), but most of the articles reviewed concerned sharks (67.5%). The larger elasmobranch families also need more attention, especially demersal species such as Rajidae, Dasyatidae, Arhynchobatidae, and Sycliorhinidae. Feeding studies only analyze some of the data deficient (DD) species (~7%) included in the IUCN Red List, pointing to the need to obtain more information about them. results Therefore regions attention elasmobranchs 2 years isotopes USA Australia Mexico Argentina Africa Spain ~3%. 3 ~3% . (~3%) 164 (16 186 respectively, respectively , respectively) 67.5%. 675 67.5% 67 5 (67.5%) Rajidae Dasyatidae Arhynchobatidae Sycliorhinidae DD (DD ~7% 7 (~7% List them ~3 (~3% 16 (1 18 67.5 6 (67.5% ~7 (~7 ~ (~3 1 ( 67. (67.5 (~ (67. (67 (6

Resumen Introducción: El conocimiento sobre el comportamiento reproductivo y requisitos de hábitat de apareamiento de los tiburones grandes, incluido el tiburón limón, Negaprion brevirostris, es escaso, lo que dificulta los esfuerzos de conservación. Objetivo: Describir un área en el Océano Atlántico ecuatorial utilizada como zona de apareamiento y las interacciones precopulatorias del tiburón limón con base en informes proporcionados por ciencia ciudadana. Métodos: Buzos recreativos, guías de buceo y guardaparques del Área Marina Protegida (AMP) en el archipiélago Fernando de Noronha (FEN) llevaron registros de comportamientos de cortejo, hembras con cicatrices de apareamiento, hembras preñadas y machos adultos, entre 2004 y 2019. Resultados: Las aguas poco profundas entre 0.5 y 2 m de profundidad son utilizadas como áreas de apareamiento por N. brevirostris durante el verano austral (diciembre a marzo). Un lugar específico, dentro del AMP (laguna de Buraco da Raquel), fue identificado como el principal sitio de agregación y apareamiento de adultos de N. brevirostris en FEN. Conclusiones: Registros de ciencia ciudadana permitieron identificar aguas poco profundas como sitios clave para la reproducción de este tiburón en FEN. Los resultados resaltan el potencial de las contribuciones de la ciencia ciudadana al conocimiento de los tiburones en la naturaleza y muestran que las AMP son esenciales para la conservación del hábitat de tiburones con poblaciones decrecientes a lo largo de la costa brasileña, como N. brevirostris. Presentamos recomendaciones de gestión para proteger a N. Brevirostri, allí y en otros lugares.

Abstract Introduction: Knowledge on the mating behavior and habitat requirements of large sharks, including the lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris, is scarce, hampering conservation efforts. Objective: To describe an area in the Equatorial Atlantic used as a mating ground by N. brevirostris, as well as part of the species pre-copulatory behaviors based on citizen reports. Methods: Between 2004 and 2019, recreational divers, dive guides and rangers from the Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (FEN) recorded courtship behaviour, females with mating scars, pregnant females, and adult males. Results: N. brevirostris was recorded mating in shallow waters (0.5-2 m deep) during the austral summer (December to March). A specific location in the MPA, Buraco da Raquel lagoon, was the main aggregation and mating site for adult N. brevirostris in FEN. Conclusions: Citizen science records allowed the identification of shallow waters as key sites for the reproduction of this shark in FEN. Results highlight the potential of citizen science contributions to knowledge of sharks in nature and show MPAs as essential for habitat conservation of sharks with decreasing populations along the Brazilian coast, such as N. brevirostris. We present management recommendations to protect N. brevirostris there and elsewhere.

Resumen Restos dentales de seláceos fueron recolectados en la caverna Gabinarraca, en Venado de San Carlos. Estos fósiles se encontraron en litofacies tipo grainstone, asociados a ambientes de estuario lagunar carbonatado característicos de la Formación Venado de edad Mioceno Superior-Plioceno. Entre los restos de tiburones recuperados destacan ejemplares juveniles de Carcharocles megalodon asociado a ambientes sublitorales y ambientes de aguas salobres. El hallazgo de estos restos permite evidenciar que especies como el Carcharocles megalodon utilizaron las aguas someras del Mioceno donde actualmente se localiza Venado de San Carlos como zona de crianza.

Abstract Remains of selachians have been collected at the Gabinarraca cave. These fossils were found in grainstone type lithoacies from the Upper Miocene carbonated lagoon and estuarine sediments of Venado Formation. Among the sharks remains are notorious the juvenile specimens of Carcharocles megalodon associated to a shallow marine and brackish waters environments. The discovery of these remains shows that species such as Carcharocles megalodon used the shallow waters of the Miocene where Venado de San Carlos is currently located as a breeding area.