Resumen Introducción. El cafeto es un rubro de gran importancia a nivel mundial, al tener un impacto directo en la economía de los países. En Nicaragua representa el 25 % de las exportaciones. El agroecosistema de producción de cafeto está conformado por componentes que se encuentran por encima y debajo de la superficie del suelo. Objetivo. Estimar las poblaciones de macrofauna edáfica en agroecosistemas productivos de cafeto y su relación con la fertilidad del suelo y las prácticas de manejo. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó de mayo a agosto de 2023, en catorce sistemas productivos de cafeto, en la reserva natural Tepec-Xomolth La Patasta. Se realizaron monolitos de 25 × 25 × 20 cm extraídos del suelo; en cada sistema se trazaron tres transectos, separados a 50 m; los especímenes colectados se identificaron hasta nivel de familia. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva, modelos lineales generalizados, pruebas de hipótesis e índices de diversidad. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas (p < 0,5) para las comunidades rurales y las prácticas de manejo. La fertilidad del suelo varió de acuerdo con la altitud de las fincas. La macrofauna fue abundante en la comunidad Nueva Esperanza (20 672 individuos) y en el manejo de sombra (23 632 individuos). Se encontraron quince órdenes y 38 familias. Predominaron la clase Insecta y el grupo trófico de depredadores. La diversidad es alta y estable, resultado del manejo que realiza el productor. Conclusiones. La riqueza taxonómica y la abundancia de la macrofauna fueron similares en los sistemas evaluados, en específico los órdenes Haplotaxida, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera e Isopoda, donde sobresalen los detritívoros, omnívoros y depredadores. Se evidenció que el manejo del cultivo tiene un efecto directo en la diversidad edáfica; esto indica que los suelos son poco perturbados y existe un equilibrio ecológico.

Abstract Introduction. The coffee plant is an item of great importance worldwide, as it has a direct impact on the economy of the countries. In Nicaragua, it represents 25 % of exports. The coffee plant production agroecosystem is made up of components that are found above and below the soil surface. Objective. To estimate the populations of soil macrofauna in productive coffee plantation agroecosystems and their relationship with soil fertility and management practices. Materials and methods. The research was carried out from May to August 2023 in fourteen coffee plantation production systems in the Tepec-Xomolth La Patasta nature reserve. Soil monoliths measuring 25 × 25 × 20 cm were extracted, and three transects were established in each system, separated by 50 m. Specimens collected were identified at the family level. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, generalized linear models, hypothesis tests, and diversity indices. Results. Significant statistical differences (p<0.5) were found for rural communities and practices. Soil fertility varied according to the altitude of the farms, with abundant macrofauna in the Nueva Esperanza community (20,672 individuals) and shade management (23,632 individuals). Fifteen orders and 38 families were identified, with the insect class and the trophic group of predators predominating. Diversity was high and stable, a result of the management practices employed by the producers. Conclusions. Taxonomic richness and abundance of macrofauna were similar in the evaluated systems, specifically in the orders Haplotaxida, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Isopoda, where detritivores, omnivores and predators stand out. The study revealed that crop management directly affects soil diversity, indicating that the soils are minimally disturbed and there is ecological balance.

Abstract Introduction: Shade coffee farms are complex ecosystems and there is a need for better understanding of their function and environmental services. Some of their environmental functions are similar to forest ecosystems and biodiversity is important. Mammals play a crucial role in these agroecosystems, controlling vegetation abundance and composition, contributing to seed dispersal, nutrient recycling and soil maintenance through excavation and aeration. Objective: To identify the role of wild mammals in seed dispersal and food chain in Costa Rican coffee agroecosystems. Methods: We worked in Rincón de Mora, San Ramón, Costa Rica, from March 2019 to January 2022. We used Pixestt and Havahart traps, and camera traps, to examine feces and behavior; depending on species, sample size ranged between 2 and 87. Results: We identified 19 species of mammals. Heteromys salvini had coffee beans in its pockets. Echinosciurus variegatoides, Didelphis marsupialis and Philander melanurus fed on the local vegetation. Dasyprocta punctata had the most diet data; we found a beetle in the feces of Procyon lotor and observed Eira barbara chasing D. punctata. Conclusion: Coffee agroecosystems provide food for wild mammals, which in turn contribute to the coffee ecosystem as seed dispersers and population control.

Resumen Introducción: Las fincas de café con sombra son ecosistemas complejos y existe una necesidad de comprender mejor su función y servicios ambientales. Algunas de estas funciones son similares a las de los ecosistemas forestales y la biodiversidad es importante. Los mamíferos desempeñan un papel crucial en estos agroecosistemas, controlando la abundancia y composición de la vegetación, contribuyendo a la dispersión de semillas, al reciclaje de nutrientes y al mantenimiento del suelo mediante la excavación y la aireación. Objetivo: Identificar el papel de los mamíferos silvestres en la dispersión de semillas y en la cadena alimentaria en agroecosistemas cafetaleros de Costa Rica. Métodos: Trabajamos en Rincón de Mora, San Ramón, Costa Rica, desde marzo de 2019 hasta enero de 2022. Utilizamos trampas Pixestt y Havahart, y cámaras trampa, para examinar heces y comportamiento; dependiendo de la especie, el tamaño de la muestra osciló entre 2 y 87 individuos. Resultados: Identificamos 19 especies de mamíferos. Heteromys salvini tenía granos de café en sus mejillas. Echinosciurus variegatoides, Didelphis marsupialis y Philander melanurus se alimentaron de la vegetación local. Dasyprocta punctata tuvo la mayor cantidad de datos de dieta; encontramos un escarabajo en las heces de Procyon lotor y observamos un Eira barbara persiguiendo un D. punctata. Conclusión: Los agroecosistemas cafetaleros proporcionan alimento para los mamíferos silvestres, y estos contribuyen al ecosistema cafetalero como dispersores de semillas y controladores de población.

Resumen Los cafetales (Coffea arabica) de la región de la Montaña de Guerrero mantienen las características de un bosque, además contribuyen a la generación de recursos económicos que ayudan a un gran número de familias a mitigar parte de sus necesidades básicas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar la estructura y los usos de las especies de sombra de los cafetales en dos comunidades Me’phaa de la Montaña de Guerrero. Se muestrearon 12 parcelas en Tres Cruces (TC), Acatepec y La Ciénega (LC), Malinaltepec; se utilizó el método de punto-centro-cuadrado; a los árboles se les midió la distancia, altura, cobertura de copa y diámetro normal. Se estimó la diversidad alfa basada en la riqueza de especies (S), el Índice de Simpson, Shannon-Wiener y el número efectivo de especies (N0, N1 y N2), la similitud se calculó con el Coeficiente Jaccard (I J ) y se determinó el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI). Para reconocer los usos de los árboles se aplicaron entrevistas (50 en TC y 10 en LC) estructuradas a los cafeticultores. Se registraron 35 especies, 16 en Tres Cruces y 22 en La Ciénega, de las cuales 83.3 % fueron nativas, por lo que se clasifica como manejo tradicional. Alnus acuminata en LC y Myrsine juergensenii en TC fueron las de mayor IVI. Los cafeticultores señalaron a 24 especies en TC y 14 en LC que proporcionan sombra, generan materia orgánica, frutos, flores y combustibles; las especies más empleadas son Clethra mexicana y A. acuminata.

Abstract The coffee (Coffea arabica) plantations of the Montaña de Guerrero region preserve the characteristics of a forest and also contribute to the generation of economic resources that help a large number of families to meet some of their basic needs. The objective of this work was to identify the structure and uses of shade species in coffee plantations in two Me'phaa communities in the Montaña de Guerrero region. Twelve plots in Tres Cruces (TC), Acatepec and La Ciénega (LC), Malinaltepec, were sampled using the point-center-square method; trees were measured for distance, height, crown cover and normal diameter. The alpha diversity was estimated based on species richness (S), Simpson's Index, Shannon-Wiener’s Index, and the effective number of species (N0, N1 and N2); similarity was calculated with the Jaccard index (J I ), and the Importance Value Index (IVI) was determined. In order to identify the uses of the trees, structured interviews (50 in TC and 10 in LC) were carried out with coffee growers. Thirty-five species were recorded -16 in Tres Cruces and 22 in La Ciénega-, of which 83.3 % were native; therefore, the region is classified as under traditional management. Alnus acuminata in LC and Myrsine juergensenii in TC had the highest IVI. Coffee growers reported 24 species in TC and 14 in LC that provide shade, generate organic matter, fruits, flowers, and fuel. The most commonly used species are Clethra mexicana and A. acuminata.

Resumen El cultivo de café en agroecosistemas atípicos para esta especie afecta su crecimiento debido al efecto del clima, principalmente la temperatura y la radiación solar. En el año 2021, se estudiaron las variaciones en el microclima, los rasgos funcionales y plasticidad fenotípica del cafeto en dos gradientes altitudinales de la región Frailesca, Chiapas. En dos cafetales bajo sombra, situados a 600 y 1 000 msnm, se registraron la altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo, longitud de entrenudos ortotrópicos, ramas por planta, longitud de ramas plagiotrópicas, nudos totales por planta, hojas por planta, masa foliar específica y área foliar específica. Se registraron las variaciones diurnas de la radiación fotosintéticamente activa, temperatura del aire y humedad relativa. Tanto la radiación fotosintéticamente activa, como la temperatura del aire y las hojas por planta fueron mayores a 1 000 msnm debido la mayor cantidad de sombra existente en el cafetal situado a 600 msnm. La radiación fotosintéticamente activa e incidente en ambas altitudes estuvo por debajo de los puntos de compensación y saturación luminosa reportados para este cultivo, mientras que la temperatura del aire y las hojas por planta HR estuvieron fuera del rango recomendado para el cafeto. El diámetro del tallo, ramas por planta, longitud de ramas plagiotrópicas, la masa foliar específica y el área foliar específica, fueron mayores en los cafetos crecidos a 1 000 msnm. Se concluye que la variedad Costa Rica 95, mostró plasticidad fenotípica en respuesta a la gradiente altitudinal reflejada en incrementos en el índice de plasticidad de distancias relativas del diámetro del tallo y la masa foliar específica.

Abstract The cultivation of coffee in agroecosystems atypical for this species affects its growth due to the effect of climate, mainly temperature and solar radiation. In 2021, variations in the microclimate, functional traits, and phenotypic plasticity of the coffee tree were studied in two altitudinal gradients of the Frailesca region, Chiapas. Plant height, stem diameter, length of orthotropic internodes, branches per plant, length of plagiotropic branches, total nodes per plant, leaves per plant, specific leaf mass, and specific leaf area were recorded in two shaded coffee plantations located at 600 and 1 000 masl. Diurnal variations in photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature, and relative humidity were recorded. Photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature, and leaves per plant were greater at 1 000 masl due to the greater amount of shade existing in the coffee plantation located at 600 masl. The photosynthetically active and incident radiation at both altitudes was below the points of light compensation and saturation reported for this crop, while air temperature, leaves per plant, and RH were outside the recommended range for the coffee tree. Stem diameter, branches per plant, length of plagiotropic branches, specific leaf mass, and specific leaf area were higher in coffee trees grown at 1 000 masl. It is concluded that the Costa Rica 95 variety showed phenotypic plasticity in response to the altitudinal gradient reflected in increases in the relative distance plasticity index of stem diameter and specific leaf mass.

ABSTRACT. Agroforestry systems may show low CO2 efflux, and CO2 efflux contributes to sustainability. This work aimed to evaluate the soil CO2 efflux in coffee plantations cultivated in agroforestry and full-sun systems during the winter in high-altitude tropical climate regions. The work was carried out at three family farms (RO, GI, and PA) in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two treatments were established: coffee with and without trees, and 20 sampling spots for soil and gases. The air and soil temperatures in the agroforestry systems were lower than in the full-sun systems. The soil moisture content in agroforestry systems was higher than full-sun only on the GI. Except for the agroforestry systems in PA, all the other systems showed an increase in CO2 efflux with increasing soil moisture. This increase was more pronounced in agroforestry systems (RO), followed by full sun (RO). On the GI farm, this correlation was lower in the agroforestry system. Soil CO2 efflux was positively correlated with soil temperature and negatively correlated with total nitrogen, labile carbon and total organic carbon. Therefore, despite the microclimate stability promoted by the agroforestry systems in the winter, no decrease in the soil CO2 efflux was observed when compared to full sun systems. ABSTRACT CO sustainability fullsun highaltitude high altitude regions RO, RO (RO PA Gerais Brazil established trees 2 gases , (RO) RO. . farm system nitrogen Therefore

Resumo A rápida perda de viabilidade atrelada às dificuldades e limitações enfrentadas na conservação das sementes de café, são alguns dos desafios que os viveiristas têm enfrentado atualmente. Assim, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de cultivares de café arábica armazenadas, recomendadas para plantio nas regiões serranas brasileiras. Foram utilizadas sementes de 10 cultivares de café arábica: Catucaí-785/15; Catucaí-2SL; Catucaí-24/137; Japi; Arara; Acauã; Catuaí IAC-81; Mundo Novo IAC-379/19; Catuaí IAC-62 e Caturra IAC-479. As sementes foram colhidas no campo de produção de sementes de café arábica, no município de Marechal Floriano-ES. Em seguida, foram processadas e secas até atingir umidade de 35% ± 1%. Posteriormente, foram submetidas aos testes de germinação e vigor, e o restante das amostras armazenadas em ambiente natural de laboratório (25 ± 2 °C) por 24 meses. Após esse período, foram submetidas aos testes de condutividade elétrica, lixiviação de potássio, germinação e vigor. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dez cultivares, dois tempos de armazenamento, com quatro repetições de 25 sementes. O armazenamento de sementes de café arábica por 24 meses, resulta em queda na porcentagem de germinação. Sementes dos cultivares Catucai 24/137 e Arara, apresentam porcentagem de germinação semelhantes aos das sementes recém-colhidas. Sementes do cultivar Catuai IAC-62 apresentam resistência ao impacto negativo do armazenamento sobre o índice de velocidade de germinação. As sementes dos cultivares Caturra IAC-476 e Japi após 24 meses de armazenamento apresentam os menores índices de germinação e vigor. Os testes de condutividade elétrica e lixiviação de potássio são eficientes no auxílio da identificação de sementes que estão em estado avançado de deterioração. Sementes de cultivares de café arábica armazenadas por 24 meses, nas condições do presente estudo, proporcionam plântulas anormais. atualmente Assim objetivouse objetivou se brasileiras 1 Catucaí785/15 Catucaí78515 Catucaí 785/15 785 15 Catucaí-785/15 Catucaí2SL CatucaíSL 2SL SL Catucaí-2SL Catucaí24/137 Catucaí24137 137 Catucaí-24/137 Arara Acauã IAC81 IAC 81 IAC-81 IAC379/19 IAC37919 379/19 379 19 IAC-379/19 IAC62 62 IAC-6 IAC479. IAC479 479. 479 IAC-479 FlorianoES. FlorianoES Floriano ES. ES Floriano-ES seguida 35 1% Posteriormente vigor (2 °C C período casualizado 24137 24/13 recémcolhidas. recémcolhidas recém colhidas. recém-colhidas IAC476 476 IAC-47 deterioração estudo anormais Catucaí785 Catucaí785/1 Catucaí7851 78515 785/1 78 Catucaí-785/1 Catucaí24 Catucaí24/13 Catucaí2413 13 Catucaí-24/13 IAC8 8 IAC-8 IAC379 IAC379/1 IAC3791 37919 379/1 37 IAC-379/1 IAC6 6 IAC- IAC47 47 3 ( 2413 24/1 IAC-4 Catucaí78 Catucaí785/ 7851 785/ 7 Catucaí-785/ Catucaí2 Catucaí24/1 Catucaí241 Catucaí-24/1 IAC37 IAC379/ 3791 379/ IAC-379/ IAC4 4 241 24/ Catucaí7 Catucaí-785 Catucaí24/ Catucaí-24/ IAC3 IAC-379 Catucaí-78 Catucaí-24 IAC-37 Catucaí-7 Catucaí-2 IAC-3 Catucaí-

Abstract The rapid loss of viability, coupled with the difficulties and limitations in conserving coffee seeds, are some of the challenges that nurseries are currently facing. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the physiological quality of stored Arabica coffee seeds from cultivars recommended for planting in Brazilian mountainous regions. Seeds from 10 Arabica coffee cultivars were used: Catucaí-785/15, Catucaí-2SL, Catucaí-24/137, Japan, Arara, Acauã, Catuaí IAC-81, Mundo Novo IAC-379/19, Catuaí IAC-62, and Caturra IAC-479. The seeds were collected in the Arabica coffee seed production field, in the municipality of Marechal Floriano-ES. They were subsequently processed and dried in the shade, at room temperature, until reaching a humidity of 35 ± 1%, analyzed and stored in a natural laboratory environment (25 ± 2 °C), for 24 months. The following were analyzed: seed water content, germination, germination speed index, electrical conductivity and potassium leaching. The experimental design used was completely randomized, with ten cultivars, two storage times, with four replications of 25 seeds. Storing arabica coffee seeds for 24 months results in a drop in the germination percentage. Stored seeds of the Catucai 24/137 and Arara cultivars showed germination percentages similar to those of newly harvested seeds. Seeds of the Catuai IAC-62 cultivar maintain vigor during storage. The stored seeds of the Caturra IAC-476 and Japi cultivars showed a reduction in physiological quality. Electrical conductivity and potassium leaching tests are efficient in identifying seeds in an advanced state of deterioration. Seeds of Arabica coffee cultivars stored for 24 months, under the conditions of the present study, produce abnormal seedlings. viability facing Thus regions 1 Catucaí785/15, Catucaí78515 Catucaí 785/15, 785 15 Catucaí-785/15 Catucaí2SL, Catucaí2SL CatucaíSL 2SL, 2SL SL Catucaí-2SL Catucaí24/137, Catucaí24137 24/137, 137 Catucaí-24/137 Japan Acauã IAC81, IAC81 IAC 81, 81 IAC-81 IAC379/19, IAC37919 379/19, 379 19 IAC-379/19 IAC62, IAC62 62, 62 IAC479. IAC479 479. 479 IAC-479 field FlorianoES. FlorianoES Floriano ES. ES Floriano-ES shade temperature 3 1% (2 °C, C °C , °C) content index randomized times percentage 24137 24/13 IAC-6 IAC476 476 IAC-47 deterioration study seedlings Catucaí785 Catucaí785/15 Catucaí7851 78515 785/15 78 Catucaí-785/1 Catucaí24 Catucaí24/137 Catucaí2413 13 Catucaí-24/13 IAC8 8 IAC-8 IAC379 IAC379/19 IAC3791 37919 379/19 37 IAC-379/1 IAC6 6 IAC47 47 ( 2413 24/1 IAC- IAC-4 Catucaí78 Catucaí785/1 7851 785/1 7 Catucaí-785/ Catucaí2 Catucaí24/13 Catucaí241 Catucaí-24/1 IAC37 IAC379/1 3791 379/1 IAC-379/ IAC4 4 241 24/ Catucaí7 Catucaí785/ 785/ Catucaí-785 Catucaí24/1 Catucaí-24/ IAC3 IAC379/ 379/ IAC-379 Catucaí-78 Catucaí24/ Catucaí-24 IAC-37 Catucaí-7 Catucaí-2 IAC-3 Catucaí-

Abstract The conservation of the soil resource represents a preventive measure in the adequate use for current and future populations, however, in recent years the impact of climate change is increasingly common; with damage are tangible and often difficult to overcome. Additionally, producers do not always have the tools and technical support to make a combined use of the productive practice with soil conservation and this prevents preventive actions in the face of accelerated soil erosion by water. In this article, two design proposals for soil conservation works are presented that seek to mitigate the damage present on a farm in San Pedro Tarrazú, Costa Rica, where the problem of gully-type soil erosion is found. Hydrological variables and characteristics of the soil under study were determined to calculate soil loss by means of the universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), resulting in an average soil loss of 20.54 tons per hectare per year. year. Hence, the implementation of the designed conservation works is the key to significantly reduce soil loss. These works consisted of the design of terraces, trap-type infiltration ditches, live barriers, contour crops and trees for shade and soil tying.

Resumen La conservación del recurso suelo, representa una medida de prevención en el aprovechamiento adecuado para las poblaciones actuales y futuras, sin embargo, en los últimos años es cada vez más común el impacto del cambio climático; con daños tangibles y muchas veces difíciles de superar. Adicionalmente, los productores no siempre cuentan con las herramientas y el soporte técnico para hacer un uso combinado de la práctica productiva con la conservación suelo y esto impide las acciones preventivas ante la acelerada erosión del suelo por el agua. En este artículo, se presentan dos propuestas de diseño de obras de conservación de suelo que buscan mitigar los daños presentes en una finca en San Pedro de Tarrazú, Costa Rica, donde se encuentra la problemática de erosión de suelo de tipo cárcava. Se determinaron variables hidrológicas y características del suelo en estudio para hacer el cálculo de pérdida de suelo por medio de la ecuación universal de pérdida de suelo (RUSLE), dando como resultado, una pérdida de suelo en promedio de 20,54 Toneladas por hectárea al año. De ahí que la implementación de las obras de conservación diseñadas son la clave para reducir la pérdida de suelo significativamente. Estas obras consistieron en el diseño de terrazas, zanjas de infiltración tipo trampa, barreras vivas, cultivos a contorno y árboles para sombra y amarre de suelo.

ABSTRACT Cordia trichotomais a native species with economic potential due to its wood quality. However, knowledge regarding the production of quality seedlings of the species is still incipient. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the use of agricultural residues as a substrate compound and the shading intensities in the nursery phase forCordia trichotomaseedlings production. Five substrate compositions were tested: S1 (80% CF-coconut fiber- and 20% CCC-carbonized coffee husks); S2 (60% FC and 40% CCC); S3 (80% FC and 20% CAC-carbonized rice husk); S4 (60% FC and 40% CAC); S5 (100% commercial substrate). Also, we tested four different shading levels: 0%; 30%; 50%;80%. The experiment was in a factorial design with a completely randomized design. At 180 days, we measured seedling height, stem diameter, shoot dry mass, and root system dry mass and calculated the robustness index and Dickson Quality Index. We observed that carbonized husks provided lower growth than the use of a commercial substrate in all analyzed variables. Furthermore, shading provided negative quadratic growth in the analyzed variables. Thus, it is recommended the use of commercial substrate and shading of 50% in seedlings of Cordia trichotoma

RESUMO Cordia trichotoma é uma espécie nativa que possui grande importância econômica devido à valorização da qualidade de sua madeira. No entanto, os conhecimentos quanto a produção de mudas de qualidade da espécie ainda são incipientes. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar o uso de resíduos agrícolas como composto de substrato e as intensidades de sombreamento em fase de viveiro, para a produção de mudas de Cordia trichotoma. Foram testadas cinco composições de substrato: S1 (80% FC-fibra de coco- e 20% CCC-casca de café carbonizada); S2 (60% FC e 40% CCC); S3 (80% FC e 20% CAC-casca de arroz carbonizada); S4 (60% FC e 40% CAC); S5 (100% substrato comercial). E quatro diferentes níveis de sombreamento: 0%; 30%; 50%; 80%. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial. Foram mensurados aos 180 dias, a altura das mudas, o diâmetro de coleto, a massa seca da parte aérea, a massa seca do sistema radicular e calculados o índice de robustez e o Índice de Qualidade de Dickson. Foi observado que o uso de cascas proporcionou crescimento inferior ao uso de substrato comercial, em todas as variáveis analisadas. Ademais, o sombreamento proporcionou comportamento quadrático negativo nas variáveis analisadas. Assim, recomenda-se a utilização de substrato comercial e de sombreamento de 50%, em mudas de Cordia trichotoma.

Resumen Este estudio se enfoca en la riqueza de especies, abundancia, diversidad y variación estacional de las arañas en dos cultivos de café con diferente manejo y una porción de bosque tropical en dos municipios de la región Costa de Oaxaca, México, utilizando la colecta manual, agitación del follaje y trampas de caída. Se recolectaron 2,210 arañas pertenecientes a 35 familias, 100 géneros y 146 especies. El inventario incluye 51 nuevos registros de especies para Oaxaca. Los valores de completitud de dos estimadores indican que el nivel de representación de los inventarios oscila entre el 68.25 % y el 78.44 %, mientras que la proporción de singletons fue de 33.72 % y 38.14 %. La abundancia de arañas en la estación lluviosa fue significativamente menor que durante la estación secas. La abundancia de arañas en el Bosque Tropical fue significativamente menor que en el Monocultivo con el método de agitación de follaje. El Policultivo fue el sitio con menor abundancia de arañas con el método de trampas de caída. Las curvas de rarefacción no mostraron diferencias significativas en la riqueza de especies entre los sitios y estaciones. La prueba t de Hutcheson mostró que la diversidad de arañas fue significativamente menor en el Monocultivo que en el Bosque Tropical durante la estación lluviosa. Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento de la aracnofauna de México y particularmente del estado de Oaxaca.

Abstract This study focuses on species richness, abundance, diversity, and seasonal variation of spiders in two coffee plantations with different crop management and a portion of tropical forest in two municipalities of La Costa region of Oaxaca, Mexico, using manual collection, foliage beating and pitfall traps. We collected 2,210 spiders belonging to 35 families, 100 genera and 146 species. The inventory includes 51 new species records for Oaxaca. Completeness values for two estimators indicate that the level of representation of inventories range from 68.25% to 78.44%, and the proportion of singletons range from 33.72% to 38.14%. Spider abundance in the rainy season was significantly lower than during the dry season. Spider abundance in the Tropical Forest was significantly lower than Monoculture site with the foliage beating method. Polyculture was the site with the lowest spider abundance with the pitfall traps. Rarefaction curves did not show significant differences in species richness between the sites and seasons. Hutcheson t-test showed that spider diversity was significantly lower in Monoculture than Tropical Forest during the rainy season. This study contributes to the knowledge of the arachnofauna of Mexico and particularly of the state of Oaxaca.

Resumo O intenso preparo e revolvimento do solo em cultivos, com o tempo, reduz a quantidade e a qualidade da matéria orgânica do solo. Diante desse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar os estoques de carbono do solo e frações lábeis sob sistema agroflorestal (SAF) e topossequências em brejo de altitude, em Taquaritinga do Norte, Pernambuco, Brasil. O estudo foi desenvolvido na fazenda Yaguara, e as áreas estudadas foram mata nativa com 4,57 ha e plantio de café sombreado com mata nativa com 25,59 ha. As amostras de solos foram coletadas em quatro trincheiras 1,5 x 1,5 x 0,60 m, com distância de 50 metros. Foram coletados solos nas profundidades de 0-20, 20-40 e 40-60 cm, seguido de análises químicas, físicas e densidade para determinação dos estoques de carbono no solo e frações lábeis. A área com café sombreado apresentou maiores valores de estoques de carbono no solo nas profundidades de 0-20 cm e 20-40 cm. Na profundidade de 40-60 cm, a topossequência de topo do SAF apresentou maior estoque de carbono com 11,73 Mg ha-1, seguido da área com vegetação nativa com 10,6 Mg ha-1 , encosta com 9,23 Mg ha-1 e pedimento com 7,00 Mg ha-1. Verificou-se que a topossequência de topo com café sombreado exibiu maior estoque de carbono lábil na profundidade 0-20 cm com o valor de 1,06 Mg ha-1, sucedido das áreas de pedimento (SAF) com 0,88 Mg ha-1, mata nativa com 0,79 Mg ha-1e encosta com 0,67 Mg ha-1. No entanto, a área de vegetação nativa apresentou o maior valor de carbono lábil na profundidade de 40-60 cm. Concluiu-se que a área com café sombreado na topossequência topo mostrou grande capacidade para elevar os estoques de carbono total e estoques de carbono lábil da matéria orgânica do solo. cultivos tempo contexto (SAF altitude Norte Pernambuco Brasil Yaguara 457 4 57 4,5 2559 25 59 25,5 15 1 5 1, 060 0 60 0,6 m metros 020, 020 20, 20 2040 40 20-4 4060 40-6 químicas 0-2 1173 11 73 11,7 ha1, ha1 106 10 6 10, ha- 923 9 23 9,2 700 7 00 7,0 ha1. 1. Verificouse Verificou se 06 1,0 088 88 0,8 079 79 0,7 ha1e hae 1e 067 67 entanto Concluiuse Concluiu 45 4, 255 2 25, 0, 02 204 20- 406 40- 0- 117 11, 92 9, 70 7, 08 8 07

Abstract Intense soil preparation and disturbance in crops, over time, reduces the quantity and quality of soil organic matter. Given this context, this work aimed to determine soil carbon stocks and labile fractions under agroforestry system (AFS) and toposequences in an altitude marsh, Taquaritinga do Norte, Pernambuco, Brazil. The study was carried out at the Yaguara farm, and the areas studied were native forest with 4.57 ha and coffee plantation in shade with native forest with 25.59 ha. Soil samples were collected in four trenches measuring 1.5 x 1.5 x 0.60 m, with a distance of 50 meters. Soils were collected at depths of 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm, followed by chemical, physical and density analyzes to determine soil carbon stocks and labile fractions. The area with shaded coffee showed higher values of soil carbon stocks at depths of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm. At a depth of 40-60 cm, the AFS top toposequence showed the highest carbon stock with 11.73 Mg ha-1, followed by the area with native vegetation with 10.6 Mg ha-1, slope with 9.23 Mg ha-1 and pediment with 7.00 Mg ha-1. It was found that the top toposequence with shaded coffee exhibited a greater stock of labile carbon at depth 0-20 cm with a value of 1.06 Mg ha-1, followed by the bedding areas (SAF) with 0.88 Mg ha-1, native forest with 0.79 Mg ha-1 and slope with 0.67 g kg-1. However, the area of native vegetation showed the highest value of labile carbon at a depth of 40-60 cm. It was concluded that the area with shaded coffee in the top toposequence showed great capacity to increase total carbon stocks and labile carbon stocks of soil organic matter. crops time matter context (AFS marsh Norte Pernambuco Brazil farm 457 4 57 4.5 2559 25 59 25.5 15 1 5 1. 060 0 60 0.6 m meters 020, 020 20, 20 2040 40 20-4 4060 40-6 chemical 0-2 1173 11 73 11.7 ha1, ha1 1, 106 10 6 10. 923 9 23 9.2 ha- 700 7 00 7.0 ha1. 06 1.0 SAF (SAF 088 88 0.8 079 79 0.7 067 67 kg1. kg1 kg kg-1 However 45 4. 255 2 25. 0. 02 204 20- 406 40- 0- 117 11. 92 9. 70 7. 08 8 07 kg-

Resumen Introducción. El cambio climático puede alterar las reservas de carbono (C) almacenado en los sistemas agroforestales con café. Objetivo. Simular las reservas de C en la biomasa aérea (ABOC) y suelo (COS) a una proyección de cincuenta años bajo la línea base y con escenarios de cambio climático en sistemas agroforestales con café, mediante el modelo CO2Fix. Materiales y métodos. En el año 2020, se estableció la línea base de C total (ABOC + COS) en veinticinco parcelas de café orgánico de la Sociedad Catuaí Amarillo S. de S.S, Chocamán, Veracruz, México. Las parcelas se clasificaron en tres diseños agroforestales: D1 (árboles de sombra-café en laderas), D2 (árboles de sombra-café-plátano en laderas) y D3 (árboles de sombra-café-plátano en el valle). Se utilizó el modelo CO2Fix para simular las reservas de C total a una proyección de cincuenta años bajo la línea base y con escenarios de cambio climático en los tres diseños agroforestales con café. Resultados. El C total en la línea base fue de 124,59, 107,43 y 102,320 t ha-1, para D1, D2 y D3, respectivamente. Se presentaron disminuciones entre 0,77 y 8,75 t ha-1 en las reservas de C total bajo escenarios de cambio climático en los tres diseños agroforestales evaluados. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los diseños agroforestales en la línea base y bajo escenarios de cambio climático. Aunque se constataron variaciones, las reservas de C total se mantuvieron a lo largo del tiempo. La cohorte de árboles fue la principal fuente de almacenaje del C total. Conclusión. Fue posible simular, en una proyección de cincuenta años, las reservas de carbono en la biomasa aérea y suelo en la línea base, bajo los diferentes escenarios de cambio climático, mediante el uso del modelo CO2Fix, en sistemas agroforestales con café de la Sociedad Catuaí Amarillo S. de S.S.

Abstract Introduction. Climate change can alter carbon (C) stocks stored in coffee agroforestry systems. Objective. To simulate C stocks in the aboveground biomass (ABOS) and soil (COS) at a fifty-years projection under the baseline and climate change scenarios in agroforestry systems with coffee, using the CO2Fix model. Materials and methods. In 2020, the baseline total C (ABOC + COS) was established in twenty-five organic coffee plots of the Catuai Amarillo S. de SS Society, Chcaman, Veracruz, Mexico. The plots were classified into three agroforestry designs: D1 (shade trees -coffee on slopes), D2 (shade trees -coffee-banana on slopes), and D3 (shade trees -coffee-banana in the valley). The CO2Fix model was used to simulate the total C stocks at a fifty-years projection under the baseline and climate change scenarios in the three agroforestry designs with coffee. Results. The total C in the baseline was 124.59, 107.43, and 102.320 t ha-1 for D1, D2, and D3, respectively. There were decreases between 0,77 and 8,75 t ha-1 in the low total C stocks under climate change scenarios in the three agroforestry designs evaluated. There were no statistically significant differences between agroforestry designs in the baseline and under climate change scenarios. Although variations were found, total C stocks were maintained over time. The tree cohort was the main storage source of total C storage. Conclusion. It was possible to simulate, in a fifty-year projection, the carbon stocks in aboveground biomass and soil in the baseline, under different climate change scenarios, using the CO2Fix model, in agroforestry systems with coffee from the Catuai Amarillo S. de S.S. Society.

Resumen Los sistemas agroforestales (SAF’s) de café tienen un alto potencial en la captura de carbono (C) gracias a la gran diversidad de especies leñosas usadas como sombra. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el potencial de captura de carbono en la biomasa vegetal aérea, mantillo y la materia edáfica en diferentes profundidades de suelo en cinco diferentes SAF’s de café en la región cafetalera de Huatusco, Veracruz, México. Los sistemas agroforestales estudiados fueron: a pleno sol (03.PSC-MZ, 04.PSC-ZI), especializados (05.ESP-MZ, 06.ESP-MZ, 07.ESP-CH) y se compararon con un bosque mesófilo de montaña CRUO (02.BMM-CH) y un potrero (01.POT-TH). El SAF con el mayor contenido de C en biomasa aérea, estimado con ecuaciones alométricas, fue el 05.ESP-MZ, con 373.75 Mg ha-1, seguido del 07.ESP-CH con 231.88 Mg ha-1, 04.PSC-ZI con 123.96 Mg ha-1, 03.PSC-MZ con 61.08 Mg ha-1, 06.ESP-MZ con 45.95 Mg ha-1, 02.BMM-CH 456.64 Mg ha-1 y 01.POT-TH 3.14 Mg ha-1. Respecto al C orgánico total el sistema 05.ESP-MZ obtuvo el mayor valor con 477.54 Mg ha-1 y el 06.ESP-MZ el menor con 108 Mg ha-1. La implementación y conservación de los SAF del café es vital ya que contribuye a mitigar el impacto ambiental negativo como las emisiones de CO2 a la atmósfera, compactación del suelo y pérdida de biodiversidad en flora y fauna que otros sistemas productivos han ocasionado.

Abstract Coffee agroforestry systems (AFSs) have a high potential in carbon (C) sequestration thanks to the great diversity of woody species used as shade. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for carbon sequestration in aerial plant biomass, plant litter and soil matter at different soil depths in five different coffee AFSs in the coffee-growing region of Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico. The agroforestry systems studied were: in full sun (03.PSC-MZ, 04.PSC-ZI), specialized (05.ESP-MZ, 06.ESP-MZ, 07.ESP-CH) and were compared with a cloud forest (02.BMM-CH) and a paddock (01.POT-TH). The AFS with the highest C content in aerial biomass, estimated with allometric equations, was 05.ESP-MZ, with 373.75 Mg ha-1, followed by 07.ESP-CH with 231.88 Mg ha-1, 04.PSC-ZI with 123.96 Mg ha-1, 03.PSC-MZ with 61.08 Mg ha-1, 06.ESP-MZ with 45.95 Mg ha-1, 02.BMM-CH 456.64 Mg ha-1 and 01.POT-TH 3.14 Mg ha-1. Regarding the total organic C, the 05.ESP-MZ system obtained the highest value with 477.54 Mg ha-1 and the 06.ESP-MZ the lowest with 108 Mg ha-1. The implementation and conservation of coffee AFSs is vital since it contributes to mitigating the negative environmental impact such as CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, soil compaction and loss of biodiversity in flora and fauna that other production systems have caused.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades físico- hídricas y químicas y el stock de carbono orgánico del suelo bajo un cultivo intercalado de café conilon (Coffea canephora P.) y a pleno sol en las planicies costeras de Espírito Santo, Brasil. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron café intercalado con árbol de goma de caucho (CAG) y a pleno sol (PS) en el área 1; café intercalado con papaya (CP) y a pleno sol (PS) en el área 2; café intercalado con coco (CC), a pleno sol (PS), y un área de vegetación nativa (VN) en el área 3. Se midieron las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo y sus reservas de carbono orgánico en capas de 0-0.4 m. En el área 1, el CAG mostró una menor densidad aparente y temperatura del suelo, y una mayor porosidad total y macroporosidad. En el área 2, CP presentó una mayor capacidad de agua disponible, contenido de agua en el suelo, mejor fertilidad del suelo y menor temperatura de este. En el área 3, CC presentó una mayor porosidad total, capacidad de agua disponible y stock de carbono orgánico en el suelo. VN presentó propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo que limitan el desarrollo de los cultivos agrícolas. Los cafetales de Conilon pueden mejorar la calidad físico-hídrica y química del suelo en comparación con el cultivo a pleno sol y la vegetación nativa en las planicies costeras, lo cual varía según el cultivo intercalado.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical- hydrological and chemical properties and organic carbon stock of soil under intercropped conilon coffee (Coffea canephora P.) and in full sun in the coastal tablelands of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The treatments evaluated were coffee intercropped with rubber tree (CR) and in full sun (FS) in the area 1; coffee intercropped with papaya (CP) and in full sun (FS) in the area 2; coffee intercropped with coconut (CC), in full sun (FS), and an area of native vegetation (NV) in the area 3. The physical and chemical properties of the soil and its organic carbon stocks were measured in layers of 0-0.4 m. In area 1, CR showed lower soil bulk density and temperature, and higher total porosity and macroporosity. In area 2, CP presented higher available water capacity and soil water content, better soil fertility, and lower soil temperature. In area 3, CC presented higher total porosity, available water capacity, and soil organic carbon stock. NV presented physical and chemical properties of soil that limit the agricultural development of the crops. Conilon coffee plantations can improve the physical-hydrological and chemical quality of soil compared to cultivation in full sun and native vegetation in the coastal tablelands, which varies according to the intercropped culture.

ABSTRACT Studies related to climate change and agricultural value chains have in common the growing concern on conserving water resources. Thus, the concept of the water footprint stands out, which measures the amount of water (in volume) necessary to produce a unit (in mass) of a given product. Among Brazilian agricultural activities, coffee farming emerges as one of the most important, even though the crop is sensitive to potential climatic changes, especially to the increase in temperature and periods of drought. An alternative to mitigate the effects of climate change is shade management, which is common in agroforestry systems. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of shade management on the water footprint of coffee activity in the region of “Matas de Minas”. The water footprint was calculated for the field and product processing phase. Despite reducing the evapotranspiration of the coffee plant, shade management provided an increase in the water footprint, since it decreased the crop yield. The water footprint data obtained are expressive, with a calculated value of 13,862 m3 t-1 for full sun management and 16,895 m3 t-1 for shade management, in which both are the most recommended for the agricultural sector.

RESUMEN En el municipio de La Unión Nariño, el cultivo del café es la principal actividad económica y se maneja bajo diferentes sistemas de producción: café sombra, café semisombra, café-plátano, y café sin sombra; debido a su alto grado de heterogeneidad, a los productores y técnicos se les dificulta la toma de decisiones que garanticen la sustentabilidad de estos agroecosistemas; la sustentabilidad, se evaluó y comparó mediante procedimientos estadísticos multivariados, se seleccionó un conjunto mínimo de variables (CMV), con la integración de estos valores se conformó el subíndice ambiental, económico y social, que permitieron comparar la sustentabilidad de los sistemas de producción mediante el método AMOEBA (A general Method for ecological and Biological Assessment). Para valorar la sustentabilidad, se elaboró el Índice General de Sustentabilidad (IGS), construido a partir de un Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) de las variables estandarizadas; la información obtenida, se integró en un índice que permitió calificar los sistemas a través del Biograma de Sustentabilidad. En el estudio, se encontró que desde el punto de vista económico, social y ambiental, los sistemas de producción café bajo sombra con una calificación de 0,649 y café semisombra con 0,601, se ubica en la categoría de sustentabilidad buena; los sistemas café sin sombra y café plátano, con valores 0,405 y 0,490, según la escala de valoración se ubican como sistemas en un estado regular de sustentabilidad. Lo anterior, permitirá analizar los puntos críticos y muy críticos, comprender y evaluar los potenciales para plantear soluciones que sean factibles para acercar los sistemas a la sustentabilidad buena u óptima.

ABSTRACT In the municipality of La Unión Nariño, coffee cultivation is the main economic activity and is managed under different production systems: shade coffee, semi-shade coffee, banana-coffee, and coffee without shade. Due to their high degree of heterogeneity, it is difficult for producers and technicians to make decisions that guarantee the sustainability of these agroecosystems. Sustainability was evaluated and compared using multivariate statistical procedures and a minimum set of variables (CMV) was selected. With the integration of these values the environmental, economic, and social sub-index was formed, which allowed comparing the sustainability of production systems through the AMOEBA method (A general Method for Ecological and Biological Assessment). To assess sustainability, the General Sustainability Index (IGS) was developed, built from a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the standardized variables. The information obtained was integrated into an index that allowed qualifying the systems through the Sustainability Biogram. The study found that from the economic, social, and environmental point of view, the shaded coffee production systems with a rating of 0.649 and semi-shaded coffee with 0.601 are located in the category of good sustainability. The shade-free coffee and banana coffee systems, with values of 0.405 and 0.490 according to the assessment scale, are located as systems in a regular state of sustainability. The foregoing conclusion will allow analyzing the critical and very critical points, which helps with understanding and evaluating the potential to propose solutions that are feasible to bring the systems closer to good or optimal sustainability.