Abstract Child Sexual Abuse (CDA), an uncomfortable reality for humanity whose numbers rise every year. Given the demands established by international organizations, this research represents a first approach to the phenomenon through a documentary and comparative review to identify CSA prevention programs developed in Mexico and other countries in search of granting Children and Adolescents (C&A) a dignified life and promote their rights to integrity. A qualitative study was implemented through a review of materials using documentary review as an analysis technique. Once the pertinent literature was located, the documentary record was carried out under a methodological process and the corresponding analysis was elaborated through a comparative technique. Within the results of the research, sexual education is insufficient at the basic level even though the SEP has provided material for its prevention without sufficient coverage and the school has become responsible for implementing programs that meet the needs of the context. In the present work, programs aimed at students, parents, teachers and civil organizations whose objectives are to inform, detect risk situations, promote health and provide self-care tools are identified.

Resumen El Abuso Sexual Infantil (ASI), una realidad incómoda para la humanidad cuyas cifras se elevan cada año. Ante las demandas establecidas por las organizaciones internacionales, esta investigación representa una primera aproximación al fenómeno a través de una revisión documental y comparativa para identificar los programas de prevención de ASI desarrollados en México y otros países en busca de otorgar a Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes (NNA) una vida digna y se promuevan sus derechos a la integridad. Se implementó un estudio cualitativo por medio de una revisión de materiales utilizando como técnica de análisis la revisión documental. Una vez localizada la literatura pertinente se procedió el registro documental bajo proceso metodológico y mediante una técnica comparativa se elaboró el análisis correspondiente. Dentro de los resultados de la investigación, la educación sexual resulta insuficiente en el nivel básico a pesar de que la SEP ha dotado de material para su prevención sin cobertura suficiente y la escuela se ha convertido en responsable de implementar programas que atiendan las necesidades del contexto. En el presente trabajo, se identifican programas dirigidos a alumnos, padres, maestros y organizaciones civiles cuyos objetivos son informar, detectar situaciones de riesgo, promover la salud y otorgar herramientas de autocuidado.

We investigated the timely initiation of antenatal care among Brazilian adolescents to support the national discussion on the gestational age limit for legal abortion. Using data from the Live Births Information System (SINASC) from 2020 to 2022, we correlated timely prenatal care (in the first trimester of pregnancy) with the adolescent's age, region, race/color, and education level. Considering the estimated age at conception, we estimate that 11,607 annual births result from vulnerable rape. Timely initiation increased with age, being 70.2% for all adolescents (<20 years), but only 55.6% for those under 13; 14.1% of adolescents started antenatal care at 22 weeks or more of gestation (28.3% among those <13 years). Timely initiation was lower in the North Region, among Indigenous girls, and among those with low educational attainment. The results challenge the recent legislative proposal to limit legal abortion for victims of vulnerable rape to up to 22 weeks of gestational age. Delays in recognizing pregnancy and communicating with the family contribute to the late initiation of antenatal care and the decision to abort. The proposed deadline for legal abortions will primarily affect the most socioeconomically and racially vulnerable adolescents.

Investigamos o início oportuno do pré-natal em adolescentes brasileiras para subsidiar a discussão nacional sobre o limite de idade gestacional para o aborto legal. Com dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) 2020-2022 correlacionamos o início oportuno do pré-natal (primeiro trimestre da gestação) com a idade da adolescente, região, raça/cor e escolaridade. Considerando a idade estimada na concepção, estimamos que 11.607 partos anuais resultam de estupro de vulnerável. O início oportuno aumentou com a idade, sendo de 70,2% para todas as adolescentes (<20 anos), mas de apenas 55,6% para aquelas abaixo de 13 anos; 14,1% das adolescentes iniciaram o pré-natal com 22 semanas ou mais de gestação (28,3% entre <13 anos). O início oportuno foi menor na Região Norte, entre meninas indígenas e entre aquelas com baixa escolaridade. Os resultados questionam o recente projeto de lei de limitar o aborto legal para vítimas de estupro de vulnerável até 22 de semanas de idade gestacional. Demoras no reconhecimento da gestação e na comunicação para a família contribuem para o início tardio do pré-natal e para a decisão de abortar. A proposta de limite do prazo para abortos legais irá atingir principalmente as adolescentes mais vulneráveis em termos socioeconômicos e raciais.

Objetivos: Investigar os fatores associados à disposição para conhecer o estado sorológico para a sífilis entre estudantes do ensino superior. Métodos: Estudo transversal e analítico realizado com estudantes do ensino superior de Portugal. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de questionário on- line. Os dados foram analisados pela regressão logística de Poisson com variância robusta, utilizando o SPSS-24. Resultados: Incluídos 413 estudantes, maioria do sexo feminino, idade média de 20,5 anos e matriculada em cursos de saúde. Observou -se vulnerabilidades comportamentais como não uso do preservativo e uso de álcool/outras drogas; baixa percepção de risco e conhecimento ruim sobre sífilis. Menos da metade dos estudantes se dispuseram a realizar o teste para sífilis. Conclusões: A adesão ao rastreio para sífilis foi baixa e associada a fatores incomuns como menor conhecimento, baixa percepção de risco, menor idade e número de parcerias sexuais e frequentar cursos de áreas diferentes da saúde.

Objectives: To investigate the factors associated with the willingness to know the serological status for syphilis among higher education students. Methods: A cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted with higher education students in Portugal. Data collection was carried out through an online questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Poisson logistic regression with robust variance, utilizing SPSS-24. Results: A total of 413 students were included, the majority of whom were female, with an average age of 20.5 years, and enrolled in health-related courses. Behavioral vulnerabilities such as not using condoms and using alcohol/other drugs were observed; there was also a low-risk perception and poor knowledge about syphilis. Less than half of the students were willing to undergo the syphilis test. Conclusions: Adherence to syphilis screening was low and associated with uncommon factors such as lower knowledge, low risk perception, younger age, fewer sexual partnerships, and enrollment in courses outside the health field.

Objetivos: Investigar los factores asociados con la disposición a conocer el estado serológico para sífilis entre estudiantes de educación superior. Métodos: Estudio transversal y analítico realizado con estudiantes de educación superior en Portugal. La recogida de datos se realizó a través de un cuestionario en línea. Los datos se analizaron mediante regresión logística de Poisson con varianza robusta, utilizando SPSS-24. Resultados: Se incluyeron 413 estudiantes, la mayoría del sexo femenino, la edad promedio fue de 20,5 años y matriculados en carreras de salud. Observar vulnerabilidades de comportamiento como no usar condones y consumir alcohol u otras drogas; baja percepción de riesgo y escaso conocimiento sobre la sífilis. Menos de la mitad de los estudiantes estaban dispuestos a realizar la prueba de sífilis. Conclusiones: La adherencia al tamizaje de sífilis fue baja y se asoció con factores obvios como menor conocimiento, baja percepción de riesgo, menor edad y número de parejas sexuales y asistencia a cursos en áreas distintas a la salud.

Abstract Every year, thousands of students enter higher education, often facing personal and academic This study consists of the first national mapping of hate crimes with homophobic and/or transphobic motivations against sexual and gender diversity in Portugal. The objective of this article focuses on analyzing the process of monitoring and stratifying hate crimes with homophobic and/or transphobic motivations by the Portuguese State, verifying their specificities as a result of the current legal framework and the phenomena of underreporting, revictimization and impunity for these crimes. cases. This investigation carried out the mapping and identification of 33 Criminal Investigations, belonging to 20 districts of the Public Ministry between 2015 and 2020. After the identification of the Unique Crime Process Identifier Number - NUIPC by the Judiciary Police and authorization to consult the procedural documents to the Departments of Investigation and Criminal Action - DIAPs of the MP, the data collection process was carried out in 29 Criminal Inquiries. The present investigation consists of a descriptive study of mixed methods, carried out through document analysis through content analysis, with regard to data processing. The data collection instrument was supported by case reporting documents, notably: reporting records, news records and emails with records of criminal complaints. The complaints analyzed highlight the need to review the Brazilian legal framework in relation to hate crimes with homophobic and transphobic motivations, considering the “invisibility” of these records for official statistics and the absence of specific fields that collaborate in the process of identifying the motivation of these cases, as well as the difficulty in recognizing this violence by the competent authorities as hate crimes against Sexual Orientation Gender Identity Gender Expressions and Sexual Characteristics - OIEC of its victims, contexts that strengthen the process of invisibility of this data in Portugal, supporting the false statement that: “Everything is fine here!” when we consider the reality of this violence perpetrated daily in the country.

Resumo Este estudo consiste no primeiro mapeamento nacional de crimes de ódio com motivações homofóbicas e/ou transfóbicas contra a diversidade sexual e de género em Portugal. O Objetivo deste artigo centra-se na análise do processo de monitorização e estratificação dos crimes de ódio com motivações homofóbicas e/ou transfóbicas pelo Estado português, verificando suas especificidades em decorrência do enquadramento jurídico atual e dos fenómenos da subnotificação, revitimização e da impunidade destes casos. A referida investigação realizou o mapeamento e identificação de 33 Inquéritos Criminais, pertencentes à 20 comarcas do Ministério Público entre 2015 e 2020. Após a identificação do Número Único de Identificador de Processo Crime - NUIPC pela Polícia Judiciária e autorização para consulta das peças processuais aos Departamentos de Investigação e Ação Penal - DIAPs do MP, o processo de levantamento de dados foi realizado em 29 Inquéritos Criminais. A presente investigação, consiste em um estudo discritivo de métodos mistos, realizado através de análise documental por meio da análise de conteúdo, no que concerne ao tratamento de dados. O instrumento de levantamento de dados foi sustentado por documentos de denúncias de casos, designadamente: autos de denúncias, autos de notícias e e-mails com registos de queixas-crimes. As denúncias analisadas destacam a necessidade da revisão do enquadramento jurídico português em relação aos crimes de ódio com motivações homofóbicas e transfóbicas considerando a “invisibilidade” destes registos para estatísticas oficiais e a ausência de campos específicos que colaborem no processo de identificação da motivação destes casos, bem como a dificuldade do reconhecimento desta violência pelas autoridades competentes enquanto crimes de ódio contra a Orientação Sexual Identidade de género Expressões de género e Características Sexuais - OIEC de suas vítimas, contextos estes que fortalecem o processo de invisibilidade destes dados em Portugal sustentando a falsa afirmação de que: “Por aqui está tudo bem!” ao considerarmos a realidade desta violência perpetrada cotidianamente no país.

Abstract Background: Objectives: The COM-B model of capability, motivation, and opportunity was used to estimate the determinants of PrEP usage intention among men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods: Fourteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with MSM recruited through snowball sampling. The interviews lasted 30-60 minutes and were conducted via Zoom or telephone. The data were analyzed using Atlas Ti v.8 and mapped to capability, motivation, and opportunity domains. Results: Potential facilitators identified were the skills and interest in seeking information about PrEP (capability), social support and peer opinion (opportunity), and motivations to use PrEP as an additional tool in HIV prevention. The main barriers identified were stigma towards homosexuality and HIV (opportunity); healthcare system organization and financing (opportunity); perceived lack of ability to adhere to PrEP usage (capability); and monitoring of PrEP that could be attributed to personal and healthcare system factors (capability and opportunity). Conclusions: Four strategies are suggested to address these barriers: 1) adaptation of interventions that promote knowledge and skills for PrEP; 2) development of navigator interventions to engage organizations and leaders; 3) education and skills training for primary care physicians; and 4) improvement of sexual health care systems.

Resúmen Introducción: Estudios previos en relación con los determinantes del uso de la profilaxis preexposición al VIH en Colombia son escasos, en este estudio nos proponemos usar el modelo de capacidad, motivación y oportunidad COM-B para estimar los determinantes de la intención de uso de PrEP en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH). Metodología: se realizaron 14 entrevistas semiestructuradas con HSH reclutados por muestreo de bola de nieve, con una duración entre de 30-60 minutos, por zoom o teléfono. Se realizo un análisis de contenido y luego se realizó el mapeo de los temas con los dominios de capacidad, motivación y oportunidad. Resultados: Se encontró como posibles facilitadores las habilidades e interés para buscar información sobre PrEP (Capacidad), el apoyo social y la opinión de pares (oportunidad), y las motivaciones para usar la PrEP como una herramienta adicional en la prevención del VIH. Como barrera se resalta principalmente el estigma hacia la homosexualidad y el VIH (oportunidad), la organización y financiación del sistema de salud, (oportunidad), la percepción de falta de habilidad para cumplir con el uso de PrEP (capacidad), y la monitoria de PrEP que se pudiera atribuir a factores personales y del sistema de salud (capacidad y oportunidad). Consideraciones finales: se sugieren 4 estrategias para abordar esas barreras 1) adaptación de intervenciones que promuevan el conocimiento y las habilidades para PrEP, 2) desarrollos de intervenciones de navegantes que promuevan la participación de organizaciones y lideres, 3) educación y habilidades para médicos de atención primaria, 4) mejoramiento del sistema de atención en salud sexual.

Abstract Sexual satisfaction is expressed as an evaluation to gauge the level of enjoyment in one’s sexual life. Studies of the sexuality of the LGBTIQ population have been limited, as this group grapples with taboos, repression, and social stigma, which impact various aspects of their lives, including health and sexual satisfaction. This study investigates the unidimensional scale of sexual satisfaction in the LGBTIQ population in Ecuador, We analyze how this scale is affected when compared to different sociodemographic variables. We utilized a quantitative, descriptive, correlational, and prospective methodology, applying a questionnaire to 625 residents of Ecuador to gather sociodemographic data and the Sexual Satisfaction Index (SSI). The results on the unidimensional scale of sexual satisfaction are as follows: 33% of respondents report sexual satisfaction, while 60.5% experience sexual dissatisfaction, and 6.6% undergo a severe stress experience. There is less sexual dissatisfaction among individuals living in Quito, males, homosexuals, those with a higher level of education, and Afro-Americans, with a P value < 0,005 that is statistically significant. A negative value of sexual satisfaction is observed in the studied population, emphasizing the need for further investigation into the causes and factors influencing sexual dissatisfaction. This will help us understand their needs and provide support in a safe and respectful environment due to ongoing discrimination.

Resumen La satisfacción sexual se expresa como una evaluación, para manifestar el nivel de agrado a la vida sexual. Los estudios en la sexualidad de la población LGBTIQ han sido poco profundizados, grupos rodeados de tabúes, víctimas de una represión y condenas sociales; afectando las diferentes dimensiones de la salud, como la satisfacción sexual. Este trabajo investiga la escala unidimensional de la satisfacción sexual en la población LGBTIQ Ecuador. Se analiza cómo esta escala es afectada al correlacionarse con las diferentes variables sociodemográficas. Se utiliza una metodología cuantitativa, correlacional descriptiva y prospectiva. Se aplica: cuestionario a 625 personas residentes en Ecuador con recogida de datos sociodemográficos, Índice de Satisfacción Sexual (ISS). Los resultados de la escala unidimensional de satisfacción sexual muestran que el 33 % de la población tiene satisfacción sexual, el 60,5 % experimenta insatisfacción sexual y un 6,6 % reporta una experiencia severa de estrés en esta área. Se observa una menor insatisfacción sexual en los residentes de la ciudad de Quito, en hombres, en personas homosexuales, en aquellos con un nivel educativo más alto y en individuos afrodescendientes, con un valor de p < 0,005, lo que indica una significancia estadística. Estos resultados reflejan un nivel negativo de satisfacción sexual en la población estudiada. Por lo tanto, se hace necesario continuar investigando la satisfacción sexual para comprender las causas y los factores que inciden en la insatisfacción sexual. Es crucial visibilizar las necesidades y los apoyos que requiere esta comunidad en un entorno seguro y respetuoso, especialmente considerando los constantes actos de discriminación que enfrentan.

Abstract Sexual harassment is a daily phenomenon that is currently attracting considerable attention in Ecuador both because of denunciations by the feminist movement and because of its greater visibility in the media. The objective of this article is to identify the subjective perception of Ecuadorian university students about sexual harassment in higher education institutions. Specifically, we are interested in understanding the cultural particularities that may limit the effectiveness of strategies aimed at preventing the problem in this context. To obtain data, we conducted interviews with 63 students between 18 and 23 years of age enrolled in a private university located in Quito. The results obtained show that sexual harassment is perceived to be less present in the university context than in other public spaces. The student body shows a critical attitude regarding the normalization of this problem in the country and the lack of information on sexuality, harassment, and sexual violence. However, they adopt a passive attitude towards it in accordance with the social attitude they observe. In addition, the results indicate that sexual harassment affects women and LGTBI people significantly more.

Resumen El acoso sexual constituye un fenómeno cotidiano que actualmente está acaparando una considerable atención en Ecuador, tanto por la denuncia del movimiento feminista como por su mayor visibilidad a través de los medios de comunicación. El objetivo de este artículo es identificar la percepción subjetiva del estudiantado universitario ecuatoriano sobre el acoso sexual en los centros de educación superior. En específico, nos interesa comprender las particularidades culturales que pueden limitar la eficacia de las estrategias orientadas a la prevención del problema en dicho contexto. Para la obtención de los datos realizamos entrevistas a 63 estudiantes de entre 18 y 23 años con matrícula en una universidad privada ubicada en Quito. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que se percibe menor presencia del acoso sexual en el contexto universitario que en el resto de los espacios públicos. El estudiantado muestra una actitud crítica con respecto a la normalización de este problema en el país y a la falta de información sobre la sexualidad, el acoso y la violencia sexual. Sin embargo, establecen una actitud pasiva frente a ello, en concordancia con la actitud social que observan. Los resultados también sugieren que el acoso sexual afecta significativamente más a las mujeres y a personas LGTBI.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Precocious puberty is defined as the progressive appearance of pubertal signs at an age below 2.5 standard deviations (SD) from the mean for a given population. There is a lack of epidemiological studies on this condition in our country. Objective: To determine the characteristics of precocious puberty and to evaluate the age of onset of secondary sexual characteristics in a population of girls under 8 years of age. Materials and Methods: This was an observational, descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study. Population: girls under 8 years of age, who consulted at a referral hospital from January 2017 to December 2021. The variables analyzed were age at the onset of symptoms, age at consultation, education, place of residence, reason for consultation, signs and symptoms, changes in bone age, positive response to the GnRH test and etiological association with changes found in brain MRI and pelvic ultrasound, as well as the therapeutic approach. Results: 48 female patients under 8 years of age entered the study. The onset of symptoms occurred on average at 5.4 +/- 2.27 years, in 31.3% of all patients at the age of 6-7 years. Predominant diagnosis was central precocious puberty and 68.8% of GnRH stimulus tests were positive. Conclusion: The average age of onset of pubertal development in this group of girls was 5 years, earlier than described in the literature, with unknown etiology in most cases.

RESUMEN Introducción: La pubertad precoz se define como la aparición progresiva de signos puberales a una edad por debajo de 2,5 desviaciones estándar (DE) de la media para una población determinada. Se carece a nivel nacional de estudios epidemiológicos sobre esta afección. Objetivo: Determinar las características de la pubertad precoz para evaluar la edad de inicio de las características sexuales secundarias en una población de niñas menores de 8 años. Materiales y Métodos: El presente estudio es de tipo observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, de corte transversal. La población incluyó niñas menores de 8 años, que consultaron en un hospital de referencia, durante el periodo de enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2021. Como variables se analizó la edad al inicio de los síntomas, edad a la consulta, escolaridad, procedencia, motivo de consulta, signos y síntomas, cambios en edad ósea, respuesta positiva a la prueba con GnRH y asociación etiológica con cambios hallados en la RMN cerebral y ecografía pélvica; así como el abordaje terapéutico. Resultados: Ingresaron al estudio 48 pacientes de sexo femenino, menores de 8 años de edad. El inicio de los síntomas se presentó en promedio a los 5,4 +/- 2,27 años, siendo la edad de 6-7 años el 31,3% del total de pacientes. El diagnóstico predominante fue el de una pubertad precoz central y de las pruebas de estímulo con GnRH, el 68,8% resultaron positivas. Conclusión: La edad promedio de inicio del desarrollo puberal en este grupo de niñas fue 5 años, adelantado en relación a la literatura clásica, con etiología no conocida en la mayoría de los casos.

Resumen. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la actividad sexual reciente (en el mes previo a la entrevista) reportada por las mujeres adultas mexicanas y sus variaciones de acuerdo con la edad, la escolaridad, el tamaño de la localidad de residencia, la situación de unión, la intención de tener un hijo y si tiene hijos pequeños, comparando dos encuestas en el tiempo (Enfes 1987 y Enadid 2018). Con las mujeres unidas en 2018, se estudia la relación entre la actividad sexual y la antigüedad de la unión, el tipo de unión (matrimonio y unión libre) y el orden de la unión. Como resultados destacan mayor reporte de relaciones sexuales en 2018 que en 1987, en especial entre las mujeres solteras y las de mayor edad. A mayor escolaridad declaran en mayor proporción haber tenido relaciones sexuales. La intención de tener un hijo aumenta la posibilidad de tener relaciones sexuales, y estar embarazada o tener hijos pequeños, la disminuye. La edad y la duración de la unión disminuyeron la actividad sexual reciente sólo en las mujeres mayores de 45 años.

Abstract. The article aims to examine the sexual activity of adult women in Mexico (during the previous month before the interview), investigating the variations based on age, education, locality size, union status, intention to have a child, and whether the women have young children, comparing two surveys over time (Enfes 1987 and Enadid 2018). Women in 2018 who were in a union were studied to determine the relationship between sexual activity and the age, type (marriage versus consensual union), and order of union. Compared to 1987, the results show higher rates of reporting sexual intercourse in 2018, especially among older and single women. The higher the level of schooling, the higher the proportion of women who reported having had sexual intercourse. Intention to have a child increases the odds ratio of having sex, and being pregnant or having young children decreases. Age and length of union decreased recent sexual activity only among women older than 45 years.

Abstract This article includes the three phases of a gender-perspective research, whose objective was to identify the factors that promote and inhibit the entry and permanence of female students in the area of engineering at the University of Costa Rica. The study was framed in a mixed qualitative-quantitative design. In the first phase, of qualitative methodology, carried out from 2019 to 2020, individual and group interviews were conducted with students. In the second phase, of quantitative methodology, a survey was applied to female students, to identify the incidence of factors in the decision to enroll and remain in the career. Some of the main findings were the importance of skills in Mathematics, Chemistry and Physics in the choice, the UCR ranking and career statistics, as well as the effect of stereotypes in the potential of women in engineering. Regarding permanence, it is concluded that 47% of the women were affected by the macho environment and 21% by situations of sexual harassment. An interesting result was a high valuation of academic efficacy, self-concept and leadership among female students and how this helps them to continue with their studies. This information allowed the elaboration of a proposal to raise awareness among teachers about the factors that inhibit the choice and permanence of female students in in the field of Engineering to be put into practice in the Faculty.

Resumen Este artículo incluye las tres fases de una investigación desde la perspectiva de género, cuyo objetivo fue identificar los factores que favorecen y obstaculizan el ingreso y la permanencia de estudiantes mujeres en el área de las ingenierías de la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR). El estudio se enmarcó en un diseño mixto, cualitativo-cuantitativo. En la primera fase, de metodología cualitativa, llevada a cabo de 2019 a 2020, se realizaron entrevistas individuales y grupales con las estudiantes. En la segunda fase, de metodología cuantitativa, se les aplicó una encuesta a estudiantes mujeres para identificar la incidencia de los factores en la decisión de ingresar y permanecer en la carrera. Entre los principales hallazgos destacan la importancia de las habilidades en Matemáticas, Química y Física en la elección, el ranking de la UCR y las estadísticas de las carreras, así como el efecto de estereotipos acerca del potencial de las mujeres en ingeniería. En cuanto a la permanencia, se concluye que al 47 % de las jóvenes les afecta el ambiente machista y a un 21 % las situaciones de hostigamiento sexual. Un resultado interesante fue una alta valoración de eficacia académica, de autoconcepto y de liderazgo entre las estudiantes, y cómo esto les ayuda a seguir con sus estudios. Esta información permitió elaborar una propuesta de concienciación a personas docentes sobre los factores que dificultan la elección y la permanencia de las estudiantes mujeres en el área de Ingeniería para ponerla en práctica en la Facultad.

Migration, a prevalent global phenomenon, significantly impacts health, particularly in low- to middle-income countries. This article presents a rapid review aimed at mapping projects, lessons and policies concerning sexual and reproductive health (SRH), HIV and migration in southern Africa. Utilising a population-concept-context framework, the review focuses on understanding the scope, nature and extent of interventions, identifying lessons learnt, and assessing existing policies and strategies. A comprehensive search strategy and screening process resulted in 19 studies and reports for inclusion. The review highlighted diverse projects across southern Africa, addressing SRH and HIV among migrants, refugees and asylum seekers. Projects ranged from peer-education interventions to community-based referral systems, aiming to improve knowledge, access and outcomes related to SRH and HIV. The lessons learnt emphasised the importance of community involvement, healthcare worker (HCW) training and inclusive policies to address migrants' diverse needs effectively. Additionally, projects facilitated cross-border collaborations and policy integration, enhancing access to SRH-HIV services and migrant health rights. Despite these efforts, challenges persist, including gender-based violence, financial barriers and xenophobic attitudes among HCWs. Limited access to comprehensive sexuality education and social protection for migrants underscores the need for further policy development and implementation. Nevertheless, existing policies, such as Botswana's inclusive HIV treatment policy and South Africa's National Strategic Plan for HIV, TB and STIs, demonstrate steps towards ensuring migrants' rights to healthcare.

Abstract Background: The right to access safe and high-quality sexual and reproductive healthcare is part of the well-being of all people. There is a scarcity of clinical guidelines regarding transgender (TG) specific family planning. Objective: This synthesis of information intends to describe the approach towards the TG population’s sexual health. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in the MEDLINE and Scopus databases, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement. The quality of retrieved studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Qualitative Checklist for qualitative studies and an adapted version of the Quality Assessment Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022371962). Results: From the 671 articles retrieved, 13 fulfilled the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and were selected to perform the in-depth analysis. Phenomena of interest were subdivided into patient and provider-level issues, contraception, fertility preservation, and cancer screening. Contraception can have many purposes, including the prevention of pregnancy, and frequently exerts an impact on gender dysphoria. A great percentage of TG patients believe that testosterone may be used as a contraceptive method, which prevents recognition of their pregnancy risk. Providers’ lack of formal education plus the discrimination TG people face contribute to the rising of myths and misinformation among the population. Most TG people desire to be parents, but the question of whether biologically or not is mostly undefined. TG people do not routinely undertake pelvic examinations or PAP smears. Conclusion: The present review outlines the urge to develop guidelines for TG sexual and reproductive health. Primary care doctors are vital in managing TG people’s health concerns.

Resumo Introdução: O acesso a cuidados de saúde sexuais e reprodutivos seguros e de alta qualidade faz parte dos direitos e bem-estar de todas as pessoas. Há uma escassez de diretrizes clínicas específicas para a população transgénero (TG). Objetivo: Esta revisão sistemática pretende descrever a abordagem da saúde sexual da população TG. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistematizada em duas bases de dados, MEDLINE e Scopus, seguindo os Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement. A qualidade dos estudos foi avaliada utilizando o Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Qualitative Checklist para estudos qualitativos e uma versão adaptada do Quality Assessment Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies. O protocolo foi registado na plataforma PROSPERO (CRD42022371962). Resultados: Dos 671 artigos recuperados através da pesquisa, 13 cumpriram os critérios de inclusão e exclusão e foram selecionados para análise. Os fenómenos de interesse foram subdivididos em problemas relativos ao paciente e ao prestador de cuidados, contraceção, preservação da fertilidade e rastreio de cancro cervical. Os métodos contracetivos podem ser usados com vista à prevenção da gravidez, tendo também impacto na disforia de género. Uma percentagem significativa dos utentes TG acredita que a testosterona pode ser usada como método contracetivo, o que os impede de reconhecer o seu risco de engravidar. A escassez de educação formal dos profissionais de saúde neste tema, aliada à discriminação da população TG, contribui para o aumento dos mitos em saúde. A maioria dos TG deseja a parentalidade, não definindo preferência relativamente a filhos biológicos ou não. A realização de exame pélvico e rastreio do cancro cervical não é rotineira na população TG. Conclusão: A presente revisão reforça a relevância e necessidade de desenvolver guidelines no âmbito da saúde sexual e reprodutiva da população TG. Os cuidados de saúde primários são de vital importância na gestão dos problemas de saúde desta população.

School history textbooks in South Africa are essential teaching and learning materials for most history teachers and learners, because they are often the only materials used to engage with the past. These textbooks are also considered to contribute to the construction of an ideal citizenry, as well as fostering national identity, unity, and reconciliation (Bertram and Wassermann 2015; Bam, Ntsebeza and Zinn 2018). However, our concern is that while textbooks appear to be used to construct an ideal citizenry who is supposed to have reconciled and united into one national identity, there also appears to be a concerted effort to exclude, within both the written and visual texts of the textbooks, those South Africans who identify as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex, Queer/Questioning, Asexual, and many other identities (LGBTIQA+). Through abyssal and post-abyssal epistemology as our theoretical frameworks, and critical discourse analysis as our tool of analysis we were able to investigate how four history textbooks across four grades within the Senior and Further Education and Training phase that we purposively and conveniently sampled continue to exclude LGBTIQA+ contributions and experiences within the knowledge base of the school history curriculum, despite the pivotal role some played during the struggle against apartheid. We have since concluded that the erasure of the LGBTIQA+ community amounts to another dehumanising act against this group of people that is epistemic, existential, and ontological in nature. We also argue that this act denies all history teachers and learners, irrespective of their sexual orientations, the opportunity to engage with diverse historical contributions and experiences of all South Africans.

Abstract In this article we analyze how the social violence of organized crime is manifested in schools through the reproduction of a patriarchal order that materializes through processes of school precariousness, the formation of models of tense and dialogic masculinity, as well as daily practices of hierarchization, sexual division of schoolwork and the sexualization of the female body in schools. For this, an ethnographic study was carried out in which the staff of six basic education schools in Michoacán collaborated; Direct and participant observation, informal talks, group, and individual interviews were used. We identify that the patriarchal order established by organized crime in the regions is intertwined with the conditions of dismantling and job insecurity in the basic education sector, so that the necessary circumstances are provided for the reproduction of this order through different violent practices inside schools. This is facilitated by the alliances, silences, complicities, and fear of male school workers, who are attracted or subdued by the model of warrior masculinity that has displaced teacher masculinity. We conclude that within the schools in these contexts the gender device is reproduced according to the conditions of violence and territoriality related to organized crime.

Resumen En este artículo analizamos cómo las violencias sociales del crimen organizado se manifiestan en las escuelas mediante la reproducción de un orden patriarcal que se materializa a través de procesos de precarización escolar, de la conformación de modelos de masculinidad tensionadas y dialogantes, así como de prácticas cotidianas de jerarquización, división sexual del trabajo escolar y la sexualización del cuerpo femenino en las escuelas. Para ello, se realizó un estudio etnográfico donde colaboró el personal de seis escuelas de educación básica en Michoacán; se recurrió a la observación directa y participante, charlas informales, entrevistas grupales e individuales. Identificamos que el orden patriarcal que establece el crimen organizado en las regiones se entrama con las condiciones de desmantelamiento y precarización laboral del sector de educación básica, de modo que se disponen las circunstancias necesarias para la reproducción de este orden a través de distintas prácticas violentas al interior de las escuelas. Esto es facilitado por las alianzas, silencios, complicidades y el miedo de los trabajadores escolares varones, quienes se ven atraídos o sometidos por el modelo de masculinidad guerrerista que ha desplazado a la masculinidad magisterial. Concluimos que al interior de las escuelas en estos contextos se reproduce el dispositivo de género acorde a las condiciones de violencia y territorialidad relacionadas con el crimen organizado.

Abstract The “public policy for the full guarantee of the rights of LGBT people”and on gender identities and sexual orientations in the Capital District has been implemented for almost 12 years. After its formalization, it has been implemented during the four district administrations that have governed. During this period, it has materialized through programs that have had the general objective of “guaranteeing the full exercise of the rights of people from the LGBT sectors as part of the production, social management and collective well-being of the city” (Concejo de Bogotá, 2009, p. 2); through four strategic processes: i) institutional strengthening at the district and local levels; ii) co-responsibility in the exercise of rights; iii) communication and education for cultural change; and iv) the production and application of knowledge (Acuerdo 371, 2009). This document analyzes the factors that led to its adoption in Bogotá, presents some of its main achievements, and offers recommendations for its strengthening. For the analysis, the application of the multiple currents approach is used as the main theoretical model. This approach focuses on understanding the political dynamics and processes that, at different levels and occurring independently and in parallel, have managed to come together at a specific moment (window of opportunity) to position politics as a viable institutional alternative based on the action of some political entrepreneurs (Zahariadis, 2010). In order to take stock of joint actions and to take into account how cultural and collective imaginaries about the community have affected their impact, the analysis is complemented by the framework of promoting coalitions (Sabatier y Weible, 2010) and the social construction framework and policy design (Ingram et al. 2010).

Resumen La “política pública para la garantía plena de los derechos de las personas LGBT” y sobre identidades de género y orientaciones sexuales en el Distrito Capital lleva casi 12 años en implementación. Después de su formalización, ha sido implementada durante las cuatro administraciones distritales que han gobernado desde entonces. Durante este periodo, se ha materializado a través de programas que han tenido por objetivo general “garantizar el ejercicio pleno de derechos de las personas de los sectores LGBT como parte de la producción, gestión social y bienestar colectivo de la ciudad”(Concejo de Bogotá, 2009, p. 2); esto, por medio del desarrollo de cuatro procesos estratégicos: i) el fortalecimiento institucional en los niveles distritales y locales; ii) la corresponsabilidad en el ejercicio de derechos; iii) la comunicación y educación para el cambio cultural; y iv) la producción y aplicación de conocimientos y saberes (Acuerdo 371, 2009). Este documento analiza los factores que llevaron a su adopción en Bogotá, presenta algunos de sus principales logros y ofrece recomendaciones para su fortalecimiento. Para el análisis se recurre a la aplicación del enfoque de las corrientes múltiples como modelo teórico principal; este enfoque se concentra en entender las dinámicas y procesos políticos que, en distintos niveles y ocurriendo de manera independiente y paralela, han logrado confluir en un momento específico (ventana de oportunidad) para posicionar a la política como una alternativa institucional viable a partir de la acción de unos emprendedores de política (Zahariadis, 2010). Con el fin de hacer un balance sobre las acciones conjuntas y para tener en cuenta cómo los imaginarios culturales y colectivos sobre la comunidad han afectado su incidencia, el análisis se complementa con el marco de las coaliciones promotoras (Sabatier y Weible, 2010) y el marco de la construcción social y diseño de políticas (Ingram et al., 2010).