Resumo O conceito One Health reconhece que a saúde humana está claramente ligada à saúde dos animais e do ambiente. As infecções causadas por bactérias resistentes aos antibióticos carbapenêmicos tornaram-se um grande desafio nos hospitais devido às opções terapêuticas limitadas e consequente aumento da mortalidade. Neste estudo, investigamos a presença de Enterobacteriaceae resistentes a carbapenêmicos em 84 amostras de efluentes (42 hospitalares e 42 não hospitalares) de Campo Grande, Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Primeiramente, amostras de esgoto foram inoculadas em meio de cultura seletivo. As bactérias com susceptibilidade reduzida ao meropenem e ao ertapenem foram então identificadas e a sua susceptibilidade antimicrobiana foi determinada utilizando o sistema Vitek-2. Os genes blaKPC foram detectados por PCR e posteriormente confirmados por sequenciamento. Enterobacteriaceae resistentes a carbapenêmicos (CRE) foram identificadas em efluentes hospitalares (n=32) e não hospitalares (n=16), sendo as mais comuns Klebsiella pneumoniae e espécies do complexo Enterobacter cloacae. Este é o primeiro estudo a indicar a presença do gene blaKPC-2 em Enterobacteriaceae resistentes a carbapenêmicos, classificadas como prioridade crítica pela OMS, em esgoto hospitalar desta região. A disseminação de genes resistentes a antibióticos carbapenêmicos pode estar associada a patógenos clínicos. Sob condições favoráveis e cargas microbianas, bactérias resistentes e genes de resistência antimicrobiana encontrados no esgoto hospitalar podem se disseminar no meio ambiente, causando problemas de saúde. Portanto, devem ser implementadas regulamentações sobre tratamento de esgotos para minimizar a transferência de resistência antimicrobiana dos hospitais. ambiente tornaramse tornaram mortalidade 8 (4 4 Grande CentroOeste Centro Oeste Brasil Primeiramente seletivo Vitek2. Vitek2 Vitek 2. 2 Vitek-2 sequenciamento CRE (CRE n=32 n32 n 32 (n=32 n=16, n16 n=16 , 16 (n=16) cloacae blaKPC2 blaKPC- OMS região clínicos microbianas Portanto ( Vitek- n=3 n3 3 (n=3 n1 n=1 1 (n=16 n= (n= (n=1 (n

Abstract The One Health concept recognizes that human health is clearly linked to the health of animals and the environment. Infections caused by bacteria resistant to carbapenem antibiotics have become a major challenge in hospitals due to limited therapeutic options and consequent increase in mortality. In this study, we investigated the presence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in 84 effluent samples (42 from hospital and 42 from non-hospital) from Campo Grande, midwest Brazil. First, sewage samples were inoculated in a selective culture medium. Bacteria with reduced susceptibility to meropenem and ertapenem were then identified and their antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the Vitek-2 system. The blaKPC genes were detected using PCR and further confirmed by sequencing. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) were identified in both hospital (n=32) and non-hospital effluent (n=16), with the most common being Klebsiella pneumoniae and of the Enterobacter cloacae complex species. This is the first study to indicate the presence of the blaKPC-2 gene in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, classified as a critical priority by the WHO, in hospital sewage in this region. The dissemination of carbapenem antibiotic-resistant genes may be associated with clinical pathogens. Under favorable conditions and microbial loads, resistant bacteria and antimicrobial-resistance genes found in hospital sewage can disseminate into the environment, causing health problems. Therefore, sewage treatment regulations should be implemented to minimize the transfer of antimicrobial resistance from hospitals. environment mortality carbapenemresistant 8 (4 4 nonhospital non Grande Brazil First medium Vitek2 Vitek 2 Vitek- system sequencing Carbapenemresistant Carbapenem CRE (CRE n=32 n32 n 32 (n=32 n=16, n16 n=16 , 16 (n=16) species blaKPC2 blaKPC- WHO region antibioticresistant antibiotic pathogens loads antimicrobialresistance problems Therefore ( n=3 n3 3 (n=3 n1 n=1 1 (n=16 n= (n= (n=1 (n

Resumen Objetivo: comprender mejor los problemas asociados a la gestión social del agua en seis comunidades indígenas a partir de datos cualitativos y cuantitativos obtenidos durante el periodo 2020-2021. Metodología: se realizó una investigación de tipo mixta y exploratoria de la cual se obtuvieron datos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Los datos cualitativos fueron resultado de los talleres en el marco del proyecto de investigación B9314 «Gestión social del agua en los territorios indígenas desde la sociología visual. Casos seleccionados en las provincias de Puntarenas y Limón»; mientras tanto, los cuantitativos provinieron de los análisis de calidad del agua en puntos clave identificados por la comunidad. Resultados: el estudio mostró que 13 de las 15 muestras de agua recolectadas revelaron predominantemente contaminación fecal de origen animal, pero también de origen antrópico. Según los talleres realizados en la comunidad, dicho resultado puede atribuirse a una posible combinación de factores de degradación ambiental, entre ellos, la usurpación de tierras por personas no indígenas, la deforestación, el crecimiento demográfico, la contaminación y la falta de políticas efectivas para proteger las fuentes de agua, tanto al interior de los territorios como a nivel institucional, lo que se agrava debido al limitado accionar del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados respecto al suministro de agua para consumo humano en los casos de estudio. Conclusiones: los problemas asociados a la gestión social del agua en las comunidades estudiadas son de naturaleza multicausal, por tal motivo, demandan procesos multidisciplinarios de capacitación y acompañamiento a fin de mejorar la calidad de vida de las poblaciones indígenas.

Abstract Objective: to provide a better understanding of the problems associated with the social management of water in six indigenous communities based on qualitative and quantitative data obtained during the 2020-2021 period. Methods: a mixed and exploratory research was carried out in which qualitative and quantitative data were obtained. The qualitative data is the result of the workshops carried out within the framework of the research project B9314 “Social management of water in indigenous territories from Visual Sociology. Selected cases in the provinces of Puntarenas and Limón”; while water analyzes are quantitative results obtained from water quality analyses conduct in key spots identified by the community. Results: The analyzes carried out showed that 13 of the 15 water samples collected presented fecal contamination, of predominantly animal origin, however, contamination of anthropic origin was also observed. The workshops carried out in the community indicate that this contamination can be associated with a combination of environmental degradation factors, probably related to the usurpation of land by non-indigenous people, deforestation, population growth, pollution and the lack of effective protection policies. of water sources, both within the territories and at the institutional level, which is aggravated due to the limited effective action of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers to carry out actions to supply water for human consumption in the case studies. Conclusion: The problems associated with the social management of water in the communities under study are of a multicausal nature and for this reason require multidisciplinary training and support processes to improve the quality of life of indigenous populations.

ABSTRACT Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) are technologies that dispense traditional storm sewers and are premised on sustainability. It was found that Frutal, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, suffers from problems with rainwater drainage and is in the process of updating its Master Plan. Therefore, this work aimed to discuss, in theoretical terms, the application of SUDS in this Municipality, presenting suggestions for its, as well as prospecting SUDS technologies to support future technical studies on the application of these technologies in the Municipality, also contributing to the literature on SUDS. For that, this study adopted a case study, literature review, and patent mapping as a methodological procedure. As a result, the work identified the critical points of flooding and erosion processes in the municipality of Frutal, emphasizing the problems of flooding in the Centro, XV de Novembro, Princesa Isabel, Jardim das Laranjeiras, Progresso, Novo Horizonte, and Caju districts, and erosion processes in the Ipê Amarelo and Waldemar Marchi districts. It exposes a series of SUDS guidelines that may lead eventual changes in the Master Plan and future legislative and technical projects, such as economic incentives and awareness campaigns about this technology, and provides examples of patented technologies that may be a reference for subsequent urban drainage actions, especially of the permeable pavement type, for areas with a high rate of soil occupation and with difficulties in installing surface drainage equipment. (SUDS sustainability Frutal Gerais Brazil Therefore discuss terms Municipality review procedure result Centro Novembro Isabel Laranjeiras Progresso Horizonte districts projects technology actions type equipment

RESUMO Sistemas de drenagem urbana sustentáveis (SUDS) são tecnologias que dispensam as tradicionais galerias pluviais e têm como premissa a sustentabilidade. Frutal, município do estado de Minas Gerais, sofre com problemas de drenagem pluvial e está em processo de atualização de seu plano diretor. O objetivo do trabalho é discutir, em termos teóricos, a aplicação dos SUDS nesse município, apresentando sugestões para seu plano diretor, bem como realizar a prospecção de tecnologias SUDS para fundamentar futuros estudos técnicos acerca da aplicação dessas tecnologias em Frutal, contribuindo com a literatura sobre SUDS. Para tanto, adotou como procedimentos metodológicos o estudo de caso, a revisão de literatura e o mapeamento de patentes. Como resultados, o trabalho identificou os pontos críticos de inundações e processos erosivos em Frutal, enfatizando os problemas de inundação nos bairros Centro, XV de Novembro, Princesa Isabel, Jardim das Laranjeiras, Progresso, Novo Horizonte e Caju, e de processos erosivos nos bairros Ipê Amarelo e Waldemar Marchi. Expôs uma série de diretrizes sobre os SUDS que poderão nortear eventuais mudanças no plano diretor e futuros projetos legislativos e técnicos, como incentivos econômicos e campanhas de conscientização acerca dessa tecnologia, e fornece exemplos de tecnologias patenteadas que poderão ser referência para posteriores ações de drenagem urbana, especialmente do tipo pavimentos permeáveis, sobretudo para áreas com elevado índice de ocupação do solo e com dificuldades para instalação de equipamentos superficiais de drenagem. (SUDS sustentabilidade Frutal Gerais discutir teóricos tanto caso patentes resultados Centro Novembro Isabel Laranjeiras Progresso Caju Marchi tecnologia permeáveis

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar los valores de la bacteria e indicador fecal Escherichia coli (EC) para aguas de mar de uso seguro y recreacional de la playa Pucusana, Lima. Materiales y Métodos: Las campañas de muestreos se realizaron una vez por semana en el estío del 2019 y fueron procesados en el Laboratorio de Microbiología de la FCB de la Universidad Ricardo Palma mediante colimetría y el método del número más probable (NMP). Resultados: Se comprobó la presencia de EC en todas las muestras analizadas, con valores promedio superiores a 1000 NMP/100 ml. en todas las muestras recogidas. Diez cepas fueron enviadas al INS que determinó que no existe ningún serotipo patogénico, y de acuerdo con regulación peruana la calificación es inaceptable. Conclusiones: Se demuestra la carencia de salubridad ambiental y su relevancia en salud pública. Los factores de riesgo son producidos principalmente por la producción y vertido de las aguas residuales llevados por los colectores al mar y aunque una importante proporción de estas aguas son procesadas en la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales PTAR Pucusana se identificaron vertimientos domésticos y municipales que descargan al Pacífico, problemática que debe tener un buen manejo y fiscalización ambiental porque deteriora el medio ambiente sobre todo los mares.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the values o f the bacteria and fecal indicator Escherichia coli (EC) for seawater of safe and recreational use of the Pucusana beach, Lima. Materials and Methods: The campaigns of samplings were carried out once a week in the summer of 2019 and were processed in the microbiology laboratory of the Faculty of Biological Sciences (FCB) of the Ricardo Palma University using colimetry and the method of the most probable number (NMP). Results: The presence of EC was verified in all the analyzed samples, with average values higher than 1000 MPN/100 ml. in all collected samples. Conclusions: The lack of environmental health and its relevance in public health is demonstrated. The risk factors are produced mainly by the production and discharge of wastewater. residuals carried by the collectors to the sea and although an important proportion of these waters are processed at the PTAR Pucusana Wastewater Treatment Plant. Domestic and municipal discharges that discharge into the Pacific were identified, a problem that must have good management and environmental control because it deteriorates the environment and the seas.

This research analyses some morphometric characteristics of a small basin called El Estero. The form, relief and drainage associated with the morphodynamics of the micro basin are analyzed. For the development of the research, topographic maps 1: 50 000 scale, GIS and the Excel program were used to calculate data. The objective was to know the morphometry of the stream, since it has caused several floods. For tis purpose, some basic measurements were calculated (surface, shape, microbasin length, channels, elevation, elevation of the main channel and number of lower-order channels). The basin in its upper part is characterized by a deeper V-shaped channel, with some presence of vegetable riparia, although there are certain erosive processes. The middle part is characterized by being located a city on a corrugated surface, the flow level is higher, and the series of sewers cause chaotic accumulations (plugs) and damage to the existing infrastructure, through flooding mainly during intense rainy events. The lower part of the micro-basin has a tectonic fault, characteristic for presenting a jump or cataract and in its margins strong erosive and sliding.

Resumen En esta investigación se analizan algunas características morfométricas de la microcuenca hidrográfica de la quebrada El Estero. Se analizan la forma, relieve y drenaje asociada a la morfodinámica de la microcuenca. Para la elaboración de la investigación se utilizaron mapas topográficos escala 1:50.000, SIG y el programa de Excel para el cálculo de datos, así como trabajo de campo. El objetivo fue conocer la morfometría de la microcuenca, dado que es una quebrada que ha causado varias inundaciones. Para ello se calcularon ciertas mediciones básicas (superficie, forma, drenaje, elevación, desnivel del cauce principal y orden de cauces, entre otros). La microcuenca en su parte alta se caracteriza por un cauce más profundo en forma de V, con cierta presencia de vegetal riparía, aunque existen ciertos procesos erosivos. La parte media se ubica una ciudad en una superficie ondulada, donde, aunado a un mayor caudal, y una serie de alcantarillas de poco diámetro causan acumulaciones caóticas (tapones) y daños a la infraestructura existente, por medio de inundaciones durante eventos lluviosos intensos. La parte inferior la microcuenca presenta una falla tectónica, característico por presentar un salto o catarata y en sus márgenes fuertes procesos erosivos y de deslizamiento.

The Hartbeespoort Dam, located 40 km west of Tshwane on the Crocodile River, is an extremely eutrophic water body. Situated in one of the most economically active areas of South Africa, it receives a high nutrient input from wastewater treatment works (WWTW), leaking sewers, as well as urban and agricultural runoff. The Metsi a Me programme, which ran from 2006 to 2016, aimed to mitigate in-lake nutrient stocks using biomanipulation, including the physical removal of Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) and Microcystis aeruginosa (blue-green algae). Using Department of Water and Sanitation water quality and flow data, the annual influxes and outfluxes of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) to the Hartbeespoort Dam were calculated. Through literature review and comparison with previous studies, the relative importance of nutrient removal from biomass harvesting in relation to retained nutrients was assessed. The average nutrient influx from rivers during hydrological years 2010/11 to 2016/17 was 582 t-a-1 TP and 4 687 t-a-1 TN, with trends for both TN and TP being significantly positive over this period. TP influx increased by 77.8 t-a-1 every year and TN influx increased by 456 t-a-1, reversing a long-term negative trend. Average annual dam retention + removal (calculated as the difference between river inputs and outputs, i.e., including sedimentation, biomass removal and denitrification losses) was 358 t P and 2 195 t N. A best estimation of nutrient removal from water hyacinth and algal harvesting was 2.1 t-a-1 P and 11.5 t-a-1 N, and 3.9 t-a-1 P and 40 t-a-1 N, respectively. An estimated 341 t-a-1 P and 674-1 288 t-a-1 N was sedimented. Denitrification losses are poorly quantified but are possibly comparable to sedimentation. River outfluxes increased by 28.4 t-a-1 TP and 110 t-a-1 TN, smaller rates than the influxes, suggesting increasing retention per annum. Upgrading WWTWs in the catchment and refurbishing leaking and overflowing sewers is the most appropriate long-term solution.

RESUMO O conceito de transporte de sedimentos no limite de deposição em galerias de drenagem representa uma condição operacional que evita deposição de sedimentos, mantendo a capacidade de descarga dos tubos. Neste trabalho, essa condição foi analisada aplicando uma Rede Neural Artificial Perceptron Multi Camadas (RNA-PMC) para a obtenção da concentração volumétrica no limite de deposição, utilizando 544 dados experimentais disponíveis na literatura. Foram avaliadas diferentes combinações de parâmetros de entrada e configurações do modelo, demonstrando sua sensibilidade para tais variações. Através do presente estudo é demonstrado que o modelo proposto supera o desempenho das equações existentes, levando a estimativas mais assertivas na determinação da concentração volumétrica no limite de deposição resultando valores de R2 = 0.92, Erro Percentual Absoluto Médio (MAPE) = 35.09% e Erro Absoluto Médio (MAE) = 59.84ppm. Com base nas análises realizadas, o estudo indica uma equação para uso em casos de extrapolações da concentração volumétrica no limite de deposição em galerias de drenagem. O uso da equação apontada está associado à base teórica utilizada em seu processo de obtenção. Este trabalho inclui, portanto, mais um conceito para uma melhor metodologia de se obter as condições de limite de deposição.

ABSTRACT The concept of sediment transport at the limit of deposition in storm sewers represents one operational condition that avoid deposition of sediments maintaining the discharge capacity of the pipes. In this study, this condition was analyzed applying one Artificial Neural Network Multilayer Perceptron (ANN-MLP) model to predict the volumetric concentration at the limit of deposition, using 544 experimental data from literature. It was evaluated different input variables combinations and model configurations, showing the sensitivity of the model with these changes. Through this study, it was demonstrated that the proposed model outperforms the existing equations, leading to more assertive predictions in the determination of volumetric concentrations at the limit of deposition, resulting in values of R2 = 0.92, Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) = 35.09 % and Mean Average Error (MAE) = 59.84 ppm. With the performed analysis, the study selects one equation to be used for extrapolations when determining the volumetric concentration at the limit of deposition in storm sewers. The selected equation is superior due to its theoretical basis. This work includes one more concept to a better methodology in obtaining the conditions of the flow at the limit of deposition.

ABSTRACT The objective of the work is to make a description of the viceregal hydraulic model that was built in the Historic Center of Lima under a pre-Hispanic system supplied with water by the Rímac river. From the foundation, Lima develops new architectural forms with various materials to develop a model capable of correctly managing water in the city. With urban planning, aqueducts, secondary channels, water boxes, nozzles, pipes, fountains, sewers and wells are built that will form part of the hydraulic model of the city of Lima. Through the results, new perspectives for the development of cities must be considered from a cultural, hydraulic, architectural and sustainable perspective.

RESUMEN El trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar una descripción del modelo hidráulico virreinal que se construyó en el Centro Histórico de Lima bajo un sistema prehispánico abastecido de agua por el río Rímac. A partir de su fundación, en Lima se aplican nuevas formas arquitectónicas con diversos materiales para desarrollar un modelo capaz de administrar correctamente el agua en la ciudad. Con el ordenamiento urbano se construyen acueductos, canales secundarios, cajas de agua, boquillas, tuberías, fuentes, alcantarillas y pozos que formarán parte del modelo hidráulico de la ciudad de Lima. A través de los resultados se deben considerar nuevas perspectivas para el desarrollo de las ciudades desde una visión cultural, hidráulica, arquitectónica y sostenible.

Ammonia is a toxic pollutant increasingly found in urban and industrial wastewater and unprotected surface water. Industry discharges and fertilizer run-off release ammonia into sewers and streams, overloading wastewater treatment plants and causing fish deaths in surface water such as rivers, sea and lakes. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of the microfluidic paper-based device (µPAD) for the quantification of ammonia in wastewater. The µPAD fabricated had an oval-shaped pattern which was designed using CorelDraw software. The hydrophilic zones were created by printing a chromatographic paper with a Xerox wax printer (Xerox colorqube 8570). The modified version of the colorimetric method using Nessler reagent was combined with microfluidic technologies to create a low-cost monitoring system for detection of ammonia in wastewater. The method allows for ammonia determination in the range of 0-5 ppm (mg/L) with a limit of detection of 3.34 ppm. This study indicated that a µPAD was successfully used to quantify the concentration of ammonia in wastewater.

This study presents preliminary results from a sewage-based surveillance to monitor the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the municipality of Niterói, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. By using ultracentrifugation method associated to quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) we detected SARS-CoV-2 in 41.6% (5/12) of raw sewage samples obtained from sewage treatment plants and sewers network in the city. This pioneer study carried out in Brazil aims to subsidise information for health surveillance concerning the viral circulation in different areas of the city and, revealed the insertion and importance of environmental virology in health public policies.

Resumen: La organización de los costureros a domicilio fue históricamente una tarea dificultosa, ya que esta modalidad de trabajo refuerza la atomización y fragmentación que el propio proceso de trabajo ya imprime a este colectivo. Sin embargo, esto no fue imposible entre las décadas del 30 y 40. Setenta años después, surge el Sindicato de Trabajadores a Domicilio Textil y Afines, que busca superar los problemas propios de estos trabajadores. En este trabajo, analizaremos los problemas del trabajo a domicilio para la organización sindical y el recorrido hecho por el nuevo sindicato.

Abstract: The organization of home working sewers was historically a difficult task, because this way of working reinforces the atomization and fragmentation that the work process itself already prints to this group. However, this was not impossible between the 30s and the 40s. Seventy years later, the Union of Textile Home Workers and Related Jobs emerged to overcome the problems of these workers. In this paper, we will analyze the problems of union organization for home workers and the trajectory of the new union.

Abstract: This paper investigates phosphorus dynamics in a highly polluted system composed of a drainage channel followed by a shallow reservoir in the city of Fortaleza, Brazilian semiarid. During the dry season, significant non-point source loads of total phosphorus originated from residences unconnected to sewers were identified along the channel, resulting in an increasing flow rate of untreated sewage towards the reservoir. During the rainy season, as a consequence of dilution, phosphorus concentrations decreased by about 5-fold. The results also revealed that the reservoir was acting similarly to a waste stabilization pond, with phosphorus removal efficiency of about 33%. Assuming one-dimensional flow for the channel and complete mixing for the reservoir, it was possible to adjust phosphorus decay coefficients of kc = 2.2 day-1 and kr = 22.8 year-1, respectively, which were higher than their corresponding values available in the literature. This was attributed mainly to the relatively high temperatures and shallow water depths. The results also revealed an inverse dependence of kc and kr on water and wind velocity, with potential thresholds of respectively 0.3 and 5.0 m/s for resuspension of bed sediments and internal phosphorus loading.

The watershed of the Cayo Guam River is affected by the anthropogenic activity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality of waters of the river from Hydrochemical point of view. It has been taken 13 samples in total around the river bed and in different points subsequent and previous to the polluted sources. To control terrestrial waters, the values of bacteriological, physical and chemical determinations were verified taking into consideration the regulations in force. It was concluded that the main source of water pollution is the exploration and exploitation of different deposits (lateritic, chromite, aggregate) on the riverbed. From the physical point of view, the waters turned out to be weakly basic, hydrocarbon-magnesium type I and soft waters because of its hardness and low calcium contents due to the lithology of the area; its coloration exceeds what is permissible in some sampling points. The presence of nitrites that show contamination by nearby sewers was also detected; showing bacteriological contamination at the point of higher concentration of nitrites. Although the pollution values are not alarming, some elements are above the norms.

La cuenca hidrográfica del río Cayo Guam es afectada por la actividad antrópica. Se realizó un estudio para evaluar, desde el punto de vista hidroquímico, la calidad de las aguas del río. A todo lo largo del cauce del río, en puntos anteriores a las fuentes contaminantes y posteriores a estas, se tomaron trece muestras en total. Los valores de las determinaciones químicas, físicas y bacteriológicas de las muestras se contrastaron con las normas cubanas vigentes para el control de las aguas terrestres. Se pudo establecer que la principal fuente de contaminación de las aguas es la exploración y explotación de distintos yacimientos (lateríticos, de cromitas, de áridos) en el cauce del río. Desde el punto de vista físico, las aguas resultaron ser débilmente básicas, hidrocarbonadas-magnésicas del tipo I y por su dureza, aguas blandas con muy bajos contenidos de calcio debido a la litología de la zona; su coloración está por encima de lo permisible en algunos puntos de muestreo. Se detectó asimismo la presencia de nitritos que evidencian contaminación por albañales cercanos; revelándose, además, contaminación bacteriológica en el punto de mayor concentración de nitritos. Aunque los valores de contaminación no son alarmantes, algunos elementos están por encima de las normas.

Resumo Hormônios estrogênicos, provenientes dos esgotos, atingem os corpos hídricos e podem causar perturbações aos organismos aquáticos. Os tratamentos secundários das estações de tratamento de esgoto (ETE) possibilitam alguma remoção destes compostos, mesmo em ETEs descentralizadas, apesar de ainda haver poucos estudos sobre elas. Em sistemas por lodos ativados, a eficiência tem sido relacionada ao tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH), à idade de lodo, à desnitrificação biológica e à carga de alimentação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar os hormônios estrona (E1), 17-β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) e 17-α-etinilestradiol (EE2) no esgoto e no efluente de uma ETE descentralizada por lodos ativados, além de caracterizar a ETE do Campus Universitário da EEL-USP quanto à matéria orgânica recebida, ao tempo de detenção hidráulica e a remoção de nitrogênio. Cromatografia líquida com detecção UV foi utilizada na determinação dos hormônios. Os resultados mostraram concentrações dos hormônios superiores às encontradas na literatura, em ambos: esgoto (5,158 ± 2,747; 7,434 ± 4,356; 5,200 ± 3,331 e 5,638 ± 4,312 μg L-1 de E1, E2, E3 e EE2) e efluente (5,062 ± 3,366; 4,191 ± 3,527; 7,743 ± 3,951, 2,550± 2,162 de E1, E2, E3 e EE2). No esgoto, as altas concentrações podem ser relacionadas à maior predominância de urina, visto os altos níveis de nitrogênio detectados, à menor geração de esgoto e a amostragem em período seco causando reduzida diluição dos hormônios. Remoção insuficiente dos hormônios devido a menor TDH (2h05) e irregularidade na desnitrificação (-54 a 61%) pode ser o motivo das altas concentrações de estrógenos no efluente. Ademais, a desconjugação dos hormônios pode ter ocorrido durante o tratamento.

Abstract Estrogenic hormones from sewers reach water bodies and can disrupt aquatic organisms. Secondary treatment of sewage treatment plants (STP) can remove some of those hormones, even in decentralized STPs, although there are few studies regarding this. In activated sludge systems, efficient removal has been attributed to hydraulic retention time (HRT), sludge age, biological denitrification and organic load. This study sought to quantify the hormones estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) in the sewage and effluent of a decentralized STP with activated sludge, and also to characterize this college campus STP regarding received organic matter, hydraulic retention time and nitrogen removal. Hormone levels were determined by liquid chromatography with UV detection. The results showed hormone concentrations far superior to those found in the literature in both the sewage (5.158 ± 2.747; 7.434 ± 4.356; 5.200 ± 3.331 e 5.638 ± 4.312 μg L-1 of E1, E2, E3 and EE2) and the effluent (5.062 ± 3.366; 4.191 ± 3.527; 7.743 ± 3.951, 2.550 ± 2.162 of E1, E2, E3 and EE2). In the sewage, the high concentration could be related to a large predominance of urine, given the high level of nitrogen detected, or to low generation of sewage and to sample collection in dry periods causing decreased dilution of hormones. Insufficient removal of estrogens due to short HRT (2h05) and irregular denitrification (-54 to 61%) can be the reason for high concentrations of estrogens found in the effluent. Furthermore, deconjugation of hormones may have occurred during treatment.

Abstract: This paper presents a numerical model for simulating mixed flow (free surface and pressurized flow) in closed conduits through the one-dimensional Saint Venant equations for free surface flow and the method Preissmann slot to consider the pressurized flow. To solve the equations the finite volume method with a high resolution scheme is used. The used scheme is the Godunov method with the Roe solver Riemann with precision of first order, plus a second-order corrections to obtain the high resolution WAF-TVD scheme. The mixed flow is a common phenomenon in storm sewers, tunnels, pipes of hydroelectric installations, filling/draining pipes, storage collectors, etc. The pressurized flow in close conduits can be generated from downstream end, upstream end and both ends simultaneously; the first one is the most common, therefore will be evaluated in this study. To demonstrate the performance of the model, the numerical model is applied to a reference test and a two laboratory tests existing in the technical literature. The results show that the numerical model is able to reproduce the experiments with good accuracy. This shows that the model is suitable to simulate subcritical, supercritical and transcritical (from subcritical to supercritical and from supercritical to subcritical flow) free surface and mixed flow.

Resumen: En este trabajo se presenta un modelo numérico para la simulación de flujo mixto (flujo en lámina libre y flujo en presión) en conductos cerrados a través de las ecuaciones de Saint Venant en una dimensión para flujo en lámina libre y con el método de la ranura de Preissmann para considerar el flujo en presión. Para la resolución de las ecuaciones se emplea el método de los volúmenes finitos con un esquema de alta resolución. El esquema utilizado es el método de Godunov con el Riemann solver de Roe de primer orden de precisión, más unas correcciones de segundo orden para obtener el esquema de alta resolución WAF-TVD. El flujo mixto es un fenómeno bastante común en colectores pluviales, túneles, tuberías de obras de toma de instalaciones hidroeléctricas, llenado/vaciado de tuberías, colectores de almacenamiento, etcétera. La entrada en carga en los conductos se puede generar desde el extremo aguas abajo, desde el extremo aguas arriba y por ambos extremos simultáneamente, siendo la primera la más común y, por lo tanto, la evaluada en este trabajo. Para demostrar la actuación del modelo, éste se aplica a un caso de referencia y a dos ensayos de laboratorio existentes en la literatura técnica. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el modelo numérico es capaz de reproducir los experimentos con buena precisión. Con ello se demuestra que el modelo es idóneo para simular flujo en lámina libre en régimen lento, rápido y transcrítico (de lento a rápido y de rápido a lento), y flujo mixto.